INGLÉS 1ª EVALUACIÓN GRAMMAR 1. Simple and continuous forms

INGLÉS 1ª EVALUACIÓN
GRAMMAR
1. Simple and continuous forms
2. Use to + infinitivo // be used to + −ing // get used to + −ing // would
1) Used to −> solía
Didn´t use to −> no solía
Did (sujeto) use to −> ¿solía...?
Implica que las situaciones ya no se dan.
Nunca puede utilizarse con for y since.
2) Be used to + −ing −> estar acostubrado a
Cambia el verbo be, pero used to nunca cambia.
3) Get + used to + −ing: acostumbrarse
Cambia el verbo get, pero used to nunca cambia.
Ex:
− Sandra used to live in Madrid (but now she lives in Valencia). Sandra vivía en Madrid (pero ahora vive en
Valencia).
− Sandra was used to living in Madrid. Sandra estaba acostumbrada a vivir en Madrid.
4) Would: describe hábitos del pasado.
Es sinónimo de used to y del past simple.
No se suele utilizar.
No se ultiliza para describir estados. Si se quiere describir un estado del pasado se utiliza used to o el past
simple.
3. Future forms
1) Will + infinitivo
Uso: − Decisiones que se toman mientras se habla.
− Predicciones.
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En la 1ª persona se puede utilizar shall, pero no es frecuente.
2) Going to
Uso: − Intenciones y planes.
− Predicciones evidentes.
3) Present continuous
Uso: − Planes a corto plazo (con preparativos, fecha, hora...)
4) Present simple
Uso: − Hechos para los que se tiene una hora o una fecha.
5) Future continuous (will be + −ing // won´t be + −ing // will (sujeto) be + −ing)
Uso:
− Acciones futuras que se desarrollarán durante un periodo de tiempo, coincidiendo además con otra acción.
Ex: We can´t come round at seven becouse we´ll be having dinner.
− Acciones futuras que ya se hayan planificado.
Ex: This time next week, I´ll be living in Estepona.
6) Future perfect (will have + −ed/3ªcol // won´t have + −ed/3ª col // Will (suj) have + −ed/3ªcol)
Uso:
− Cosas que se habrán completado en un momento determinado del futuro. Se suele utilizar by para
especificar de qué momento futuro estamos hablando.
Ex: By the time I´m 30, I´ll have travelled around the world.
Will you have finished your studies by 2006?
7) Future time clauses
After (después de) − as (cuando) − as sonn as (en cuanto) − before (antes de) − by the time (para cuando) −
until (hasta que) − when (cuando) − while (mientras)
Detrás de ellos no se pueden utilizar will, going to o present continuous. Se suele utilizar present simple o
present perfect.
Ex: I´m going to speak to the manager when we get there
He´s taking his practical driving test as soon as he´s passed the theory
4. Reported speech
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1) Reported statements: tense changes
Present simple −−−−> past simple
Present continuous −−−−> past continuous
Past simple −−−−> Past perfect simple
Present perfect simple −−−−> past perfect simple
Will −−−−> would
Can −−−−> could
Must −−−−> had to
2) Reported statements: other changes
− Los verbos modales (should, could, would, might, ought to,etc) no suelen cambiar.
Ex: Jen might want to go −−> She said that Jen might want to go.
− Los pronombres:
I −−−−> she/he
You (de ti/a ti) −−−−> me
We −−−−> They
Our −−−−> Their
− Expresiones de tiempo y lugar:
Here −−−−> there
This −−−−> that
These −−−−> those
Now −−−−> then
Next weed −−−−> the following weed
Today −−−−> that day
Tonight −−−−> that night
Tomorrow −−−−> the following day/the next day
Yesterday −−−−> the day before/the previous day
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Last week −−−−> the week before / the previous week
3) Reporting verbs.
− Verbos con complemento indirecto. Dar órdenes o hacer peticiones.
Advise (aconsejar)
Ask (pedir)
Beg (rogar)
Invite (invitar)
Order (ordenar)
Remind (recordar)
Tell (decir)
Warn (avisar)
Ex: − Whatever you do, don´t tell your mum what happened! −−> He advised me not to tell my mum what
had happened.
− Please, don´t tell my mum! −−> He begged me not to tell his mum.
− That + sujeto + verbo
Admit (admitir)
Agree (acordar)
Announce (anunciar)
Complain (quejarse)
Declare (declarar)
Explain (explicar)
Insist (insistir)
Predict (predecir)
Promise (prometer)
Recommend (recomendar)
Reply (responder)
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Reveal (revelar)
Say (decir)
Suggest (sugerir)
Warn (avisar)
En el registro formal that se puede opitir.
Ex: I promise to write soon −−> She promised (that) she would write soon.
You need to be optimistic in this profession −−> He explained (to her) (that) she needed to be optimistic in
that profession.
− Hay verbos que pueden ir acompañados de otro verbo + −ing, si el sujeto de ambos es el mismo.
Suggest (sugerir)
Recommend (recomendar)
Apologize for (pedir disculpas por)
Ex: She suggested meeting at 7
He apologized for forgetting.
− Con suggest y recommend también se utiliza That + sujeto + should.
Ex: He suggested that we should meet later.
The doctor recommended that I should rest.
−Verbos como agree (acodar, aceptar) y offer (ofrecer) van seguidos por un infinitivo con to.
Ex: He agreed to come.
She offered to help.
4) Reported commands and requests:
El imperativo se utiliza para dar órdenes y hacer peticiones. En estilo indirecto:
sujeto + verbo + cd + infinitivo (con to)
Ex: Tell me the funniest joke you know −−−> She told him to tell her the funniest joke he knew.
En negativo se coloca not delate de infinitivo (con to)
Ex: Rember not to tell my mum. −−−> He reminded her not to tell his mother.
5) Reported questions:
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verbo + sujeto −−> sujeto + verbo
Ex: What´s your favourite comedy? she asked −−> She asked (me) what my favourite comedy was.
Wh− questions −−> wh− question
Ex: Why are you laughing? −−> He asked her why she was laughing.
No wh− questions −−> se añade if / whether
Ex: Are you feeling optimistic about the future? they asked us −−> they asked us if / whether we were feeling
optimistic about the future.
5. Modal verbs
− + infinitivo con to
− No −s
− No do/does
− Tienen una única forma.
1) Ability and permission
Can, could, be able to, be allowed to.
(puedo)
Be able to: habilidades.
Be allowed to: pedir permiso.
musn´t: prohibición firme.
2) Posibility and deducción
May, might, can, could, must
(puede que)
can´t: algo imposible
must / can´t: deducciones lógicas.
(debe de)
3) Obligation and necessity
Must, have to, need, should, ought to
Must (have to) = obligación
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Needn´t (don´t have to) = no obligación
Ought to, should y shouldn´t = consejos = had better
Had better / had better not. = amenazas también
Have to = must
but Don´t have to NO ES IGUAL A must´n.
Don´t have to = no es necesario.
Must´n = prohibido.
4) Perfect forms of modal verbs
− Must have + −ed/3ªcol: certeza o conclusión lógica del pasado
− Can´t have + −ed/3ªcol: imposible que sucediera en el pasado
− Might/may/could have + −ed/3ªcol: posibilidad en el pasado
− Could have + −ed/3ªcol: podía haber sucedido, pero ahora es imposible que suceda
− Should have + −ed/3ªcol: opinar aunque ahora ya no pueda cambiar
− Shouldn´t have + −ed/3ªcol: arrepentimiento o crítica a cosas pasadas
Adjetivo comparativo
1._SUPERIORIDAD = adj cortos (1sílaba/2en −y): −er than
adj largos(2,3 o 4 silabas):more + adj +than
2._INFERIORIDAD = less + adj +than
3._IGUALDAD = as + adj + as
Adjetivo superlativo
Adj cortos : the −est
Adj largos : the most + adj
1) Too + adj / adv = demasiado
2) (not) + adj / adv /sust + enough = (no) suficiente
Conditionals
If: si
Unlees: a no ser que
Even if: incluso si
As long as: mientras
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Providing that: con tal que
0.− Se acepta como cierto/da órdenes = If + present simple...,present simple/imperativo.
If you have a strong compaign, the public listens
1._Real/promesas o advertencias = If + present simple..., will + infinitive
If it rains, I will take the umbrella
2._Probable pero difícil = If + pasado simple..., would + infinitive
If I wan the lottery, I would buy a house
3._Imposible = If + past perfect (had+−ed/3ªcol)..., would have+ part
If I had lived in Italy, I would have spoken a perfect Italian
Wish + past / past perfect / would
1._ Wish + past simple/continuous = se desea que un hecho o situación presente sea diferente.
2._ Wish + would = quejas
3._ Wish / if only + past perfect simple/continuos/could have + past pasado
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