estilo indirecto cambios

ESTILO INDIRECTO
Usamos el Estilo Indirecto cuando estamos contando o informando de algo que ha ocurrido generalmente en un lugar diferente y a
menudo en un momento distinto de aquellos en los que estamos.
CAMBIOS
1. Pronombres: varían con las circunstancias. El sentido común determinará qué pron. personales se deberán usar.
2. Adverbios de tiempo y lugar: aunque existen otras posibilidades, éstas son las más habituales
This
That
Tomorrow
The day after, the following day
Here
There
Last week
The previous week; the week before
Ago
Before
Now
Then
Today
That day
Come
Go
Yesterday
The day before
Bring
Take
3. ESTRUCTURA: La estructura de las frases cambia dependiendo de su tipo:
a) Enunciativas: el verbo introductorio es say seguido de “that”. Si pensamos mencionar la persona a la que se refiere la frase
utilizaremos el verbo tell:
He said: “James has lost his watch”. = He said that James had lost his watch.
He said to Julie: “James has lost his watch”. = He told Julie that James ...
b) Interrogativas: verbo introductorio ask seguido del pronombre interrogativo de la frase directa o de “if” o “whether” si es una frase
de “sí/no”, pero nunca se utiliza “that” en frases interrogativas.
He said: “What time is it?" = He asked what time it was.
He said:“Is your sister coming tonight?” = He asked if/whether my sister was coming that night.
c) Imperativas: el verbo introductorio siempre es tell seguido de la persona a quien va dirigida la orden y de una oración de infinitivo
con “to”:
He said: “Tom, go to bed, it’s too late.” = He told Tom to go to bed because it was too late.
Aunque a veces se utiliza el verbo “ask” si la orden tiene forma de petición educada:
He said: “Tom, could you go to the shop for me?” = He asked Tom to go to the shop for him.
d) Sugerencias: el verbo introductorio suele ser “suggest” y la oración de información irá en gerundio. Cuando haya que mencionar
la persona a la que se sugiere una acción, ésta será un adjetivo posesivo o un pronombre objeto
OR. INTRODUCCIÓN
OR. DE INFORMACIÓN
ENUNCIATIVAS
TOLD + pron. obj.
SAID TO + pron. obj.
(THAT) frase
INTERROGATIVAS
ASKED + pron. obj.
WONDERED
IF + frase
PRON. INTERROG + frase
IMPERATIVAS
TOLD + pron. obj.
ASKED + pron. obj.
TO + infinitivo
SUGGESTED + pron. obj.
SUGGESTED + adj. poses.
gerundio
ADVISED + pron. obj.
TO + infinitivo
SUGERENCIAS
4. Verbos: Casi todos los tiempos verbales cambian, a excepción de los condicionales y el pretérito pluscuamperfecto.
Present (eats) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Past (ate)
Simple Past/Present Perfect (ate / has eaten). . . Past Perfect (had eaten)
Future (will eat). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conditional (would eat)
Imperative (eat). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Infinitive (to eat)
a) En algunos casos el verbo no cambia en la frase de estilo indirecto:
• Cuando el verbo introductorio va en presente:
She says she's arriving at Heathrow
• Verdades universales y hechos más o menos permanentes (incluyendo hábitos o acciones repetidas)
She told me that many shops in London are always open on Sundays
• los modales would, could, may, might, ought to, should , used to:
I used to live in China = She said she used to live in China
He said: “I would do it if I had the money” = He said that he would do it if he could.
b) Una de las cosas que pueden cambiar son los verbos introductorios, dependiendo del tipo de frase y de las circunstancias del caso.
Estos verbos sustituirán a los signos de exclamación y otros de la frase de E.D.
• Statements: assure, boast (about + subst), comment, inform, mention, remark, tell, ...
Algunos no usan la estructura tradicional, sino que rigen TO + INF: agree, promise, refuse, threaten ...
He said that he would do it = He agreed to do it
He said he wouldn't lend her any more money = He refused to lend her ...
Otros rigen gerundio: accuse + obj + of + -ing, admit, deny, apologize for, insist on ...
• Questions: el “THAT” de las frases enunciativas cambia por IF/WHETHER, Verbos: ask, want to know*, enquire*, wonder*,
beg me to tell him, implore, ... (los que levan asterisco no llevan O.I.).
Hay que mencionar el uso de WHETHER:
He asked me whether I wanted to go by air or by sea
He asked me whether or not I wanted to insure my luggage
• Commands, requests: Los verbos introductores dependen de la relación entre los hablantes: advise, ask, beg, command,
encourage, forbid, implore, invite, order, recommend, remind, request, shout to, tell, urge, warn, ... Todos ellos usan la
estructura Vb + obj + TO INF (el verbo ask no lleva objeto indirecto). La estructura TO BE TO + INF sustituye a order:
He ordered me not to open the door = He said I was not to open the door
• Exclamations: pueden omitirse en la frase indirecta o usar verbos de sentido común: curse, greet, thank, wish, congratulate,
swear
"What a ..." = He said that it was a ..." "Good morning, people" = He greeted us
"Damn the child, he's spilled the wine on my coat" = He was angry at the child for spilling .../He expressed annoyance at
having wine spilled ...
• Advice: además de tell hay otras estructuras:
"If I were you I would/should ..." = He advised me to ...
"You should .../You'd better ..."
"
"
"I'd be very grateful if you ..." = He politely asked me to ...
"If your brakes are bad you shouldn't drive too fast" = He said that if ... I shouldn't/ He told/advised me not to drive if...
Let's ... = He suggested + GER (Let's go to the cinema = He suggested going to the cinema)
Do ... = He advised/urged + obj + INF (Talk to her = He advised/urged/told me to talk to her)
Cuando let no es sugerencia tiene otro tratamiento: "I don't care, let the government fix it" = He said that he didn't care and
that the government ought to fix it.
REPORTING VERBS
Statements
C Accuse + object + of GER
C Add + that
C Admit + GER
C Agree + to INF / that
C Answer + that
C Apologize + for GER
C Argue + that
C Assure + s.o. + that
C Boast that
C Comment on
C Complain (to s.o.) about noun / of GER
C Declare + that
C Deny + GER
C Explain (to s.o.) + that
C Inform (s.o.) that / of something
C Insist + on + GER
C Mention that
C Object + that / to + adj poses + GER
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Observe that
Offer + to INF / object + noun
Point out + that
Promise + to INF / object + noun
Refuse + to INF / that
Remark + that
Remind + s.o. + to INF
Reply + that
Say (to s.o.) that
Scold s.o. for + GER
Tell s.o. that
Threaten + to INF/with STH
Questions
C Ask (s.o.) to
C Enquire / Want to know / Wonder if
Exclamations
C Greet s.o.
C
C
C
C
C
C
Wish
Congratulate s.o. for + GER / noun
Thank s.o. for GER /noun
Curse (against)
Swear + at = use bad language
Express annoyance / irritation / surprise at the fact
that
C Exclaim with surprise that
C Give an exclamation of
Suggestions
C Advise s.o. + to INF
C Recommend + GER / s.o. to INF
C Suggest + GER
Order /Request
C Ask /Advise / Beg /Command /Encourage / Entreat /
Forbid / Implore / Invite / Order / Recommend /
Remind / Request / Tell / Urge / Warn s.o. to inf.