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Agricultural Economics Research Review
Vol. 28 (No.2) July-December 2015 pp 351-357
DOI: 10.5958/0974-0279.2016.00013.6
Research Note
A
Efficiency of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme in Karnataka:
A Comparative Study of Commercial and Co-operative Banks§
C
Department of Agricultural Economics, Professor Jayashankar Telanagana State Agricultural University,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Telanagna
b
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur-584 104, Karnataka
B
La secuencia de preparación del documento será la siguiente:
S.M. Jainuddina*, G.M. Hiremathb and Suresh S. Patilb
a
A Título: Deberá ser lo más conciso posible, con un máximo de 15 palabras, reflejando el contenido del
trabajo, además debe ser traducido al inglés. Texto: 16 pts. negrita.
B Autor(es): Nombre y apellidos. Texto: 12 pts. negrita.
D Resúmenes: Cada artículo se acompañará de dos resúmenes, uno en castellano (Compendio) y uno en
inglés (Abstract), que no excedan de 250 palabras en cada caso. Texto: titular 11 pts. negrita, cuerpo 10
pts. regular.
E Palabras claves: Máximo cinco (5) palabras que tengan relación directa con el tema tratado en el
artículo, tanto en castellano como en inglés. Texto: titular 10 pts. negrita, cuerpo 10 pts. regular.
F Clasificación JEL (Q#): Introducir código de acuerdo con el sistema usado por la revista Journal of
Economic Literature (JEL), con relación a la sección: “Q Economía agraria y de los recursos naturales;
Economía de medio ambiente y de la ecología”. Texto: titular 10 pts. negrita, cuerpo 10 pts. regular.
3 cm
21 cm
C Institución a la que pertenecen: Nombre de la institución, departamento, cargo, ciudad.
Texto: 10,5 pts. regular
D
E
Key words: KCC, cost of credit, efficiency of credit, number of KCCs renewed, farm credit
JEL Classification: Q14, Q16, Q13
G
The 12th Five-Year Plan seeks to achieve 4 per cent
growth in the agricultural sector through development
of new technologies. The introduction of new
technologies has led to intensive use of inputs resulting
in manifold increase in the requirement of credit. To
address the credit needs of resource-poor farmers, the
Government of India introduced Kisan Credit Card
(KCC) Scheme in August 1998 with the objective of
providing timely and adequate credit to the farmers in
a cost-effective and flexible manner. Three agencies
enstrusted to implement the KCC Scheme were
* Author for correspondence
G Introducción: Incluye breve revisión bibliográfica pertinente al trabajo y a los objetivos del mismo. La
introducción debe finalizar con un párrafo en la que se planteen los objetivos. Texto: titular 12 pts. negrita,
cuerpo 11 pts. regular.
H Datos y métodos: Descripción breve de la metodología planteada, dando énfasis a los métodos
originales o a las modificaciones importantes a técnicas o equipos conocidos. Los procedimientos
analíticos y estadísticos deben ser descritos claramente. Texto: titular 12 pts. negrita, cuerpo 11 pts.
regular.
F
Introduction
Email: smjainu@gmail.com
§ This paper has been extracted from M.Sc. thesis entitled
“Performance of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme in
Karnataka: An Economic Analysis” submitted by the first
author to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur,
in 2013.
commercial banks, cooperative banks and regional
rural banks (RRBs). Among these three agencies, the
commercial banks have issued highest KCCs (45.33%),
followed by cooperative banks (40.30%) and RRBs
(14.37%) up to March 2012. Among these states, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh are leading
in the issue of KCCs. In Karnataka, the KCC Scheme
is being implemented by all the three agencies since
its inception and it stood 7th in the issuance of KCCs
as at the end of March 2012. With this background,
the present study was taken up with the objective of
assessing the efficiency KCC scheme among the
implementing institutions.
Data and Methodology
H
The study was conducted in the Bellary district
wherein the density of KCCs distribution per
operational holding was found to be highest among
the districts of the north-east Karnataka region. From
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Abstract
To provide timely and adequate credit to the farmers in a cost-effective and flexible manner, the Kisan
Credit Card (KCC) Scheme was introduced in 1998-99. The present study has analysed the efficiency of
KCC scheme in the Bellary district of Karnataka among the designated financial institutions. The efficiency
of KCC scheme has been estimated by two approaches: (i) cost of credit approach, and (ii) number of
KCC cards renewed. The study has revealed that the cost as percentage of loan amount was higher in
borrowing from commercial banks (8.54%) than from co-operative banks (2.81%). There is not much
difference in the number of KCCs renewed and the percentage of recovered amount in both the financial
institutions.
Guía de Elaboración
D o c u m e n t o s
I
J
Resultados: Se describirán, en forma lógica, objetiva, exacta y de manera fácil de comprender e
interpretar las tendencias más relevantes del trabajo, las cuales pueden ser expresadas principalmente en
forma de cuadros y figuras, los cuales deben ir insertos en el texto. Texto: titular 12 pts. negrita, cuerpo
11 pts. regular.
c i e n t í fi c o s
the district selected, 10 commercial and 10 cooperative
(Primary Agricultural Cooperative Society) banks were
selected based on the number of KCCs distribution.
From the selected banks, top three branches each of
commercial banks (SBI Sirguppa, SBI Sirgeri and SBI
Kamalapur) and co-operative banks (PACS Sirguppa,
PACS Sirgeri and PACS Kamalapur) were identified
for selection of KCC card holders. From each seleceted
bank branch, 30 farmers representing small and large
categories were selected making the sample size of 180
farmers. For the study both primary and secondary data
were used. The primary data relating to borrowing,
repayments, interest cost of borrowing and non-interest
costs were collected from 90 KCC holders of
commercial banks and co-operative banks. The
secondary data related to the number of KCCs issued,
amount sanctioned, scale of finance for different crops
and interest rate were collected from the concerned
bank officers.
Tablas: El título de las tablas se escribirá alineado a la izquiera, con negrita, con mayúscula la primera
letra, acompañado por la numeración respectiva; su ubicación será usando las dos columnas de texto del
documento y de ser necesario al final del mismo se especificarán notaciones con la finalidad de aclarar la
información reflejada en los mismos. En el ejemplo se encuentra el formato y diseño de las tablas para su
aplicación. Texto: titular 10 pts. negrita, cuerpo 10 pts. regular. Notas 10 pts. cursiva (titular) regular
(cuerpo).
Results
Different components of transaction cost, viz.
travel, documentation, information, enforcement and
contract are presented in Table 2. There was little
variation among the category of farmers, but the
variation was higher across the institutions. The average
travel cost worked out to be higher for a commercial
bank borrower (` 69.79) than for a co-operative bank
borrower (` 29.10) as almost all villages have cooperative banks and commercial banks operate for a
cluster of villages. Though travel cost was found less
for a co-operative bank borrower, the average number
of visits were more (4.33) compared to a commercial
bank borrower (2.49).
The efficiency of KCC scheme was estimated by
adopting two approaches, viz. cost of credit approach
and number of KCC cards renewed in the particular
year.
In the case of documentation cost, the scenario was
different. This cost was found to be almost 2.5 - times
higher for a co-operative bank borrower (` 872) than a
commercial bank borrower (` 355) due to the
To analyze the determinants and their influence
on the performance of KCC scheme, the ordinary least
square model was applied. To work out the efficiency
of KCC scheme, data related to number of KCC issued
and number of KCC renewed per branch were collected
from 10 commercial bank branches and 10 co-operative
bank branches. The tabular analysis was carried out to
estimate the percentage share of transaction cost,
interest cost, total cost of credit and recovery per cent.
I
J
For calculating cost of credit, interest cost and
transaction/non-interest cost (travel, documentation,
contract, etc.) were taken into account. The interest
cost was calculated based on the interest rate charged
by different financial institutions and data are presented
in Table 1. The average amount borrowed per farmer
in the case of commercial banks varied from ` 1,10,587
(small farmers) to ` 2,51,830 (large farmers). In the
case of co-operative banks, the credit range was found
to be lower (` 55,971 for small farmers and ` 1,36.289
for large farmers) than the commercial banks. The
overall interest cost for the commercial bank was higher
7.76 per cent (` 14,068) than these of co-operative
banks, 1.22 per cent (` 1,168). The interest rate was
lower in co-operative banks because of the state policy
of providing subsidized credit to farmers through cooperative banks.
Table 1. Interest cost of credit incurred by different categories of farmers
Particulars
Small
farmers
(N*=45)
Average amount borrowed (`)
Average interest cost (`)
1,10,587
7,576
(6.85)
Commercial banks
Large
All
farmers
farmers
(N*=45)
2,51,830
20,559
(8.16)
1,81,209
14,068
(7.76)
Small
farmers
(N*=45)
Co-operative banks
Large
All
farmers
farmers
(N*=45)
55,971
454
(0.81)
1,36,289
1,881
(1.38)
96,130
1,168
(1.22)
Note: Figures within the parentheses indicate interest cost as per cent of amount borrowed.
*
N is number of sample respondents in respective categories of farmers
352
Guía de Elaboración
Table 7. Factors behind the better performance of KCC scheme in financial institutions
K Discusión: Es el análisis o interpretación que hace el autor de manera rigurosa de los resultados
obtenidos en la investigación, además de contrastarlos con los resultados de otros autores. Es
importante finalizar esta sección con un párrafo donde se reflejen las implicaciones prácticas o teóricas
de la investigación. Texto: titular 12 pts. negrita, cuerpo 11 pts. regular.
L Conclusiones: Aquí se indicará en forma lógica, concisa y en orden de importancia los hechos nuevos
descubiertos y su aporte o contribución a la ciencia. Eventualmente, se podrán incluir
recomendaciones, que constituyan la acción a seguir basándose en las conclusiones. Texto: titular 12
pts. negrita, cuerpo 11 pts. regular.
Particulars
Commercial bank KCC holders
Coefficients
t-stat
Intercept
Age
Education
Family size
Land size
Membership
#
R
Adjusted R2
2
M Implicaciones de Política: Se describen las posibles implicaciones que la investigación pueden tener
en mejorar la política pública agraria. Texto: titular 12 pts. negrita, cuerpo 11 pts. regular.
10.46*
(0.59)
-0.04**
(0.15)
-0.03**
(0.04)
0.11**
(0.09)
0.78*
(0.06)
0.05**
(0.04)
Co-operative bank KCC holders
Coefficients
t-stat
17.81
-0.27
-0.81
1.23
14.19
1.41
9.95*
(1.32)
0.03**
(0.35)
0.09**
(0.08)
-0.29**
(0.18)
0.98*
(0.11)
—
0.79
0.77
7.53
0.08
1.08
-1.63
9.16
—
0.52
0.48
Note: Figures within the parentheses indicate the respective standard errors
#
Membership to Vevasaya Sangh (farmers group)
K Discussion
The regression coefficient of commercial bank KCC
holders showed that one year increase in the age of
farmers would lead to 0.4 per cent decrease in loan
amount under KCC scheme. Similarly, one per cent
increase in education of farmers would lead to 0.3 per
cent decrease in loan amount under KCC scheme.
In the case of cooperative bank KCC holders, the
regression results are opposite to that of commercial
bank KCC holders. The age, education and land size
were found positively significant, whereas family size
was negatively significant. The regression coefficients
of cooperative bank KCC holders show that one per
cent increase in education of farmers would lead to
0.9 per cent increase in the loan amount. The regression
coefficient of land size has shown a positive
significance in both the financial institutions. It
indicates that one per cent increase in land size would
lead to an increase in loan amount by about 7.8 per
cent in commercial banks and 9.8 per cent in
cooperative banks borrowed under KCC scheme. Based
on these results, we may conclude that the performance
of KCC scheme was better in cooperative banks than
in commercial banks.
L Conclusions
For sustainable development of agriculture, credit
is a crucial input but access of resource-poor farmers
to credit is limited. Hence, the Government of India
has taken several steps to increase the flow of credit to
the agricultural sector. One such measure was
introduction of KCC scheme in the year 1998. This
paper has evaluated the efficiency of KCC scheme in
Karnataka. The study has revealed that the cost as
percentage of loan amount was higher in borrowing
from commercial banks than from co-operative banks.
The number of KCCs renewed and recovery percentage
of KCC loan was found to be slightly higher in cooperative banks as compared to commercial banks. It
indicated that the efficiency of KCC scheme was higher
in the case of cooperative banks than commercial
banks. It was due to lower cost of credit and marginally
higher renewal of KCCs. The study has also revealed
that the recovery percentage was slightly higher in cooperative banks than in commercial banks. It could be
due to the subsidy subvention scheme attached with
co-operative banks.
Policy Implications M
Although the efficiency of KCC scheme has been
found higher in cooperative banks, the loan amount
was lower than by commercial banks in absolute value
and even less than the scale of finance fixed by the
district level technical committee. It may due to weak
resource position of cooperative banks which does not
allow to provide adequate loan amount to the farmers.
353
Guía de Elaboración
N Reconocimientos: El autor (es) pueden reconocer o agradecer a las personas, instituciones (públicas
o privadas), u organismos que crean pertinente realizarlo. Texto: titular 12 pts. negrita, cuerpo 11 pts.
regular.
Ñ Referencias: La lista de referencia deberá organizarse en orden alfabético por autor (es), seguido del
año de publicación. Deben incluirse los nombres de todos los autores de la referencia bibliográfica
citada. El orden de presentación de las referencias bibliográficas será el siguiente:
Revista: Apellido del autor, Nombre o inicial, año de publicación, titulo del artículo en la revista, nombre
de la revista, volumen, número y paginación correspondiente. Ejemplo:
allow to provide adequate loan amount to the farmers.
Hence, there is a strong need to strengthen the
cooperative banking system by infusing more
resources.
N Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the referee for valuable
comments that helped to significantly improve the
manuscript. The first author gratefully acknowledges
the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New
Delhi, for providing financial support under the ICARJRF Fellowship Scheme for the period 2011-13.
References
Ñ
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Obras colectivas: Apellido del autor, Nombre o inicial, año de publicación, nombre del artículo, editor
de la obra (Precedido de la palabra latina In), nombre de la obra, editorial, ciudad y paginación
correspondiente. Ejemplo:
Ortega, A.; S. K. Vasal; J. Mihl y C. Hershey. 1991. Mejoramiento de maíz resistente a los insectos. In:
F. G. Maxwell y P. R. Jennings (EDS). Mejoramiento de plantas resistentes a insectos. Editorial
LIMUSA. México. p. 391 – 442.
Libros: Apellido del autor, Nombre o inicial, año de publicación, nombre de la obra, editorial, ciudad o
país, número de páginas. Ejemplo:
Hernández, F. J. 1997. El cultivo del algodonero. Ediciones de la Universidad Ezequiel Zamora. Barinas,
Venezuela. 309 pp.
Texto: titular 12 pts. negrita, cuerpo 10 pts. regular con sangría. Nombre de la publicación: 10 pts.
cursiva.
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