HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE ESTAT ACTUAL TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN I PERSPECTIVES INDUSTRIALS DE L’EMMAGATZEMATGE ELECTROQUÍMIC D’ENERGIA ELÈCTRICA A través dels supercapacitadors per l’emmagatzematge d’energia Mireia Blanes 1 de total m.blanes@fae.es OUTLINE • FAE OVERVIEW o R&D in FAE SUPERCAPACITORS STRATEGY IN FAE HAGA CLIC PARA oMODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN • o SUPERCAPACITORS INTRODUCTION o o SUPERCAPACITORS PERFORMANCE o CLASSIFICATION ADVANTADGES-DISADVANTADGES COMPARED TO BATTERIES o • APPLICATIONS o HYBRID VEHICLE ULTRACAPACITORS COMBINED WITH BATTERIES o STORAGE FOR ENERGY HARVEST o CASE STUDIES • • MARKET CONCLUSIONS 22de oftotal 22 FAE OVERVIEW FAE - Francisco Albero S.A.U. designs and produces electrical and electronic products for the automotive market. It offers a wide range of products with over 3,000 references. FAE exports 75% of its turnover and is currently present in more than 80 countries. HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN FAE is specialized in developing components which provide information to the Electronic Control Unit (ECU), Oxygen sensors, Temperature and Pressure Sensors, Timing Sensors, Knock Sensors and others. 33de oftotal 22 R&D IN FAE Since 2000, investment in R+D has been in excess of 5% of annual sales. In collaboration with several technical centres, other products have been developed in several fields beyond automotive components: HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN 44de oftotal 22 SUPERCAPACITORS STRATEGY HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN Hybrid/electric vehicle market is expected to grow over the long term due to higher government fuel efficiency standards and increasing gas prices. Ultracapacitors will need to be adopted in hybrid/ electric vehicle power systems. 55de oftotal 22 EDLC: STRUCTURE • An EDLC consists of two non-reactive porous plates suspended within an electrolyte and separated by a membrane. HAGA CLICelectrostatically PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE • Store energy by polarizing an electrolytic solution. Though it is an electrochemical are no chemical reactions involved in its energy storage mechanism. TÍTULO device DEL there PATRÓN • As voltage is applied, charge accumulates on the electrode surfaces. Ions in the electrolyte solution diffuse across the separator into the pores of the electrode of opposite charge. Thus, a double-layer of charge is produced at each electrode. • In ultracapacitors, charge separation distance is determined by the size of the ions in the electrolyte, which are attracted to the charged electrode. This charge separation is much smaller than can be accomplished using conventional dilectric materials. The combination of enormous surface area and extremely small charge separation gives the ultracapacitor its outstanding capacitance relative to conventional capacitors http://www.enerize.com/superCap.php 66de oftotal 22 EDLC: PRINCIPLE OF CONSTRUCTION • Current collector: Metal contacts are used as current collectors . HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE • Electrode: activated carbon highly TÍTULO DELHighly PATRÓN porous, with extraordinarily high specific surface area, good conductivity, high temperature and chemical stability and also corrosion resistant • • Electrolyte: It contains dissolved and solvated ions that migrate to and from the electrodes during charge and discharge. Electrolytes can be aqueous and organic. Separator must provide electronic insulation between the electrode of opposite polarization and must support ionic conduction from one electrode to another. http://www. murata.com 77de oftotal 22 ADVANTADGES-DISADVANTAGES COMPARED TO BATTERIES ü Advantages û Disadvantages ü Rapid charging: it takes a second to û They have low energy density HAGA CLICcharge PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE completely. û Individual cell shows low voltage TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN ü High power storage: It stores huge û They have higher self-discharge as amount of energy in a small volume. compared to battery. ü Faster release: Release the energy much faster than battery. ü Good reversibility ü Long life: It works for a large number of cycles. ü Low toxicity of materials used. 88de oftotal 22 SUPERCAPACITORS CLASSIFICATION TheEL maximum or rated HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR ESTILO DE voltage of the capacitor depends on TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN the electrolyte used in the device. 99de oftotal 22 APPLICATIONS HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN 10 10de oftotal 22 SUPERCAPS IN HYBRID VEHICLE HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN IDTechEx_Europe2016 Printed Electronics 1111de oftotal 22 SUPERCAPS IN HYBRID VEHICLE In regenerative systems the energy capture comes from the vehicle braking system and is subsequently used in HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE acceleration. TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN Ultracapacitor technology is ideally suited to REGENERATIVE BRAKING because: ü They deliver many times more power for weight than lithium-ion batteries. ü They have efficiencies of up to 98%. ü They are tolerant of high temperatures. ü They charge almost instantly. ü They are one of the cheapest technologies available for power discharges below 15 secs. It’s projected that as many as half of new cars will be fitted with these systems by 2022. Renewable and sustainable Energy Reviews 39 (2014) 1119-1126 12 12de oftotal 22 http://articles.sae.org/11845/ SUPERCAPS IN HYBRID VEHICLE START-STOP SYSTEMS Start-stop applications enable an engine to shut down when it comes to a HAGA PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO stopCLIC at a red light, or when sitting in traffic. As soon DE as the driver resumes, ultracapacitors then provide a short burst of energy that restarts the TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN motor. Ultracapacitors are already installed in over 1 million start/stop vehicles to support the restart of the engine. This application is the first one that is potentially a mass market application in the world-wide auto industry. research report-UCD-ITS-RR-14-23 13 13de oftotal 22 ULTRACAPACITORS COMBINED WITH BATTERIES DRAWBACKS OF BATTERIES IN HYBRID VEHICLES • Rapid, deep discharges to power acceleration apply stress to batteries and shorten HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE their life. To make batteries last longer, they are usually oversized, adding volume, weight and cost to the energy storage system. TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN • Batteries perform poorly at low temperatures and the high temperatures common in engine compartments also impair battery performance, shorten battery life and can create serious safety hazards. http://www.maxwell.com/ It is demonstrated that an integrated system combining batteries with ultracapacitors dramatically improve braking energy recuperation efficiency and eliminate the need for battery over-sizing, reducing the weight and cost of the entire system. 14 14de oftotal 22 STORAGE FOR ENERGY HARVEST Renewable energies where the supercapacitor improves the reliability of the grid. HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE • The power generated by WT and PV systems is highly dependent on weather TÍTULO DELNatural PATRÓN conditions. variations in wind speed and sunlight causes power fluctuations in those systems. In addition, it is difficult to store the power generated for future use. • Since supercapacitors are easily charged/discharged in various powers, they are suitable for energy storage of energy harvesters which have unstable power generation device. J.M. Miller, Power and Energy Series 59 , 149 15 15de oftotal 22 CASE STUDIES Yangshan Deep Water Port, Shanghai ISSUE Quay cranes cause significant voltage fluctuationsDE on the local grid for 10-15 HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO seconds at a time. TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN The port is located at the end of a 20 mile bridge, and increasing the transmission line capacity was deemed too costly. SOLUTION An energy storage system to smooth out voltage fluctuations caused by crane operation, without requiring a larger transmission line. Supercap System Specification: 3 MW rated power, 17.2 kWh stored energy 20 seconds of reserve power • STATUS AND RESULTS: Fully operational for 18 months ü 38% reduction in peak demand grid energy ü Est. $2.9M in energy savings (1 million cycles, 10 years) ü Est. $41M in savings related to improved efficiency/reduced maintenance on transmission lines (8000h operation/yr.,10 years) http://www.maxwell.com/ 16 16de oftotal 22 MARKET The ultra capacitor market has grown through application to consumer electronics. The most typical case is mobile phone applications such as memories and time clocks. Based on these applications, the global ultra capacitor market recorded 480 billion won in 2011. HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE However, it DEL is expected that the market growth will be led by transportation applications in the TÍTULO PATRÓN future, reaching 840 billion won in 2015 and 1 trillion 250 billion won in 2020 at the annual growth rate of 11.3%. The ultra-small and small product (less than 1F) markets are expected to grow slightly, but the medium and large product (more than 1F) markets will grow. It is also expected that the ultra-large product market (more than 1000F) will grow rapidly especially in the field of transportation. 17 17de oftotal 22 SMALL AND MEDIUM ULTRACAPACITOR COMPANIES HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN 3000F Maxwell Ultracapacitor Renewable and Sustainable Reviews 39 (2014) 1119-1126 5000F Yunasko hybrid ultracapacitor Skeleton Technologies founded in 2009 YUNASKO LTD founded in early 2010 3000F Nesscap Ultracapacitor 18 18de oftotal 22 3200F Skeleton Technologies device CONCLUSIONS HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO • Ultracapacitors offer a promising alternative approachDE to meeting the increasing power demands of energy storage systems and electronic devices. With their high TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN power density, ability to perform in extreme temperatures, and millions of chargerecharge cycle capabilities, • It’s fast energy release, make supercapacitors the best choice for high peak power function, applications such as regenerative braking and start-stop systems • Supercapacitors are easily charged/discharged in various powers. Therefore they are suitable for energy storage of energy harvesters with unstable power generation. • Analyses of the hybrid/electric vehicle market project that global annual sales will reach 3.8 million units by 2020. • Supercapacitors improve the performance of batteries and prolong their life. 19 19de oftotal 22 HAGA CLIC PARA MODIFICAR EL ESTILO DE TÍTULO DEL PATRÓN 20 20de oftotal 22 Thank you