PASSIVE VOICE La voz pasiva se utiliza cuando queremos darle mayor importancia a la acción y no a quien la ha hecho. For example Voz Activa: They made this car in 1963. Voz Pasiva: This car was made in 1963. La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo auxiliar "to be" (ser/estar) y el participio pasado del verbo.(Past Participle) Subject + Verb To Be + Past Participle The book was written by Susan (El libro fue escrito por Susan) Voz Pasiva Presente: Se utiliza cuando el verbo de la oración activa está en presente. Ejemplo: Affirmative Form (active) She reads the newspaper (passive) The newspaper is read by her* Negative Form (active) She doesn’t read the newspaper (passive) The newspaper isn’t read by her* Voz Pasiva Pasada: Se utiliza cuando el verbo de la oración activa está en pasado. Ejemplo: Affirmative Form (active) They wrote a letter (passive) A letter was written by them* Negative Form (active) They didn’t write a letter (passive) A letter wasn’t written by them* *Remember: Cuando usamos en las oraciones pasivas los pronombres (I, you, she, he, it, we, they) tenemos que usar los Object Pronouns (me, you, her, him, its, us, them) Ejemplo: The door was painted by us (we) CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com EXERCISES I. Write ACTIVE or PASSIVE 1. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare ________________ 2. Tom eats a lot of fruits and vegetables ________________ 3. The house was sold last year ________________ 4. Mike didn’t find his keys ________________ 5. Susan and Marie are reading the newspaper ________________ 6. He was drinking a coke yesterday afternoon ________________ 7. Cartoons are watched by the children ________________ 8. The horse is ridden by the boy ________________ 9. The teacher is teaching the lesson ________________ 10. The house was painted last summer ________________ II. Change the following sentences into passive voice 1. The cat climbs the tree. ____________________________________ 2. John wrote a letter. ____________________________________ 3. They don’t invite ten friends to the party. ____________________________________ 4. Paul and I build a new house. ____________________________________ 5. The police didn’t catch the thieves yesterday. ____________________________________ 6. The secretary answered the phone. ____________________________________ 7. Marie doesn’t make the cake. ____________________________________ 8. The students didn’t use the computers yesterday ____________________________________ CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com PAST CONTINUOUS Se usa el pasado continuo (en inglés Past Continuous) para enfatizar que una actividad estaba en progreso durante un período de tiempo. En la estructura de la oración afirmativa, se usa el pasado del verbo BE (WAS/ WERE) y el verbo principal con la terminación ING de la siguiente forma: (+)Affirmative Sentence: Subject + WAS / WERE + VERB+ING + complement . For example: Little Ron was playing in his playpen yesterday afternoon. The children were playing in the playground yesterday afternoon. (-)Negative Sentence: Subject + WASN'T / WEREN'T + VERB+ING + complement . For example: Little Ron wasn't playing in his playpen yesterday afternoon. The children weren't playing in the playground yesterday afternoon. (?) yes/no questions: WAS/WERE + Subject + VERB+ING + complement For example: Was Little Ron playing in his playpen yesterday afternoon? - Yes, he was. Were the children playing in the playground yesterday afternoon? -No, they weren't. ?WH questions WH + WAS/WERE + Subject + VERB+ING + complement For example: What was little Ron playing yesterday afternoon? Where were the children playing yesterday afternoon? PAST SIMPLE CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com Se usa el Pasado Simple (en inglés Simple Past) para hablar de eventos que iniciaron y se terminaron en el pasado. En la estructura de la oración afirmativa, los verbos principales se conjugan de forma directa. Los verbos regulares toman la terminación ED, mientras que los irregulares siguen su propia terminación. La estructura gramatical es de la siguiente forma: AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE (+) SUBJECT + VERB (IN THE PAST TENSE) + COMPLEMENT For example: Regular Verb Little Ron played soccer last saturday. / Irregular Verb Little Ron broke my vase yesterday. Regular verbs Irregular Verbs Infinitive like play cook dance watch study listen to Infinitive be go read write have sing see Simple Past liked played cooked danced watched studied listened to Simple Past was, were went read wrote had sang saw NEGATIVE SENTENCE (-) SUBJECT + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + VERB INFINITIVE FORM + COMPLEMENT For example: Little Ron didn't play soccer last saturday. Little Ron did not break my vase yesterday. YES/ NO QUESTIONS (?) DID + SUBJECT + VERB INFINITIVE FORM + COMPLEMENT For example: CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com Did Little Ron play soccer last saturday? Did Little Ron break my vase yesterday? Yes, he did. No, he didn't. WH- QUESTIONS (WH- ?) WH- + DID + SUBJECT + VERB INFINITIVE FORM + COMPLEMENT For example: What did Little Ron play last saturday? -He played soccer. Where did Little Ron play soccer last saturday? -He played soccer at the park. Simple Past Tense and Past Continuous Tense using When and While En algunos casos, se puede usar tanto el pasado simple como el pasado continuo en una oración, mediante el uso de "while" y "when". Por lo regular, while se usa junto con la oración en pasado continuo, y when se usa junto con la oración en pasado simple. For example: While I was talking to you yesterday, little Ron broke my favorite vase. I was talking to you yesterday, when little Ron broke my favorite vase. El pasado continuo se refiere a una acción que estaba en progreso, mientras el pasado simple se refiere a otra acción que interrumpió la acción previa. Note como se forman las oraciones negativas e interrogativas en estos ejemplos. -Did you see the new talk show on TV last night? -No, I didn't. I was working at that time. -Daddy, what were you doing when I called you yesterday? - I was working on my computer EXERCISES CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com I. Change in Past Simple these verbs 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . II. Come: 6. Keep: Live: 7. Cry: Have: 8. See: Answer: 9. Stop: Become 10 . Drive: 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . Fly: Write: Study: Read: Go: Complete with Past Simple tense 1. My friends ________________ (not travel) to New York last summer. 2. __________ Clara _________ (wait) for the bus yesterday? 3. Students ______________ (study) for the English test last day. 4. Peter ________________ (finish) his work. 5. I ______________ (not live) in Brazil in 2005. 6. __________ my mother __________ (clean) my bedroom? 7. Thomas ______________ (not go) to the beach last summer. 8. Sara ______________ (break) a window yesterday. 9. We ______________ (talk) on the phone ten minutes. 10. The president ______________ (fly) to London last month. III. Complete with Past Continuous 1. I ________________ (drink) a milk at breakfast. 2. Peter _______________ (write) an e-mail to the headmaster. 3. The baby _________________ ( not cry) all night. 4. The child _______________ (not watch) TV. 5. Susan and Marie _________________ (play) volleyball yesterday. 6. The dog ______________ (not eat) its food. 7. ___________ the boy ____________ (play) pc games? 8. ___________ they _____________ (read) “The Lord of the Rings”? 9. Mary ______________ (run) in the competition. 10. The students _______________ (practice) sports yesterday evening. IV. Complete the sentences with Past Simple and Past Continuous 1. While I __________ (wash) the dishes, I __________ (break) a glass. 2. I ___________ (drive) home when the accident __________ (happen) CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com 3. My mother ___________ (sleep) when the telephone ________ (ring) 4. While Paul _______ (talk) on the phone, John ______ (open) the door. 5. We _________ (walk) on the park when the dog _____ (bit) her. MODALS: MUST, HAVE TO, CAN, COULD, SHOULD, a. Must - Have to Se usa "must" cuando el que habla decide si es necesario hacer una acción. For example: -We must clean the kitchen this weekend. - Yeah! We must. It is really dirty. Y se usa have to cuando alguien más o una circunstancia externa hacen que una acción sea necesaria. I just remember that I have to see Lily right now. - Yeah, right! But after washing up, man. Recordemos que también se usa "must" para concluir que algo ha sucedido o que algo es verdad. -I need a mug. There aren't any in the cupboard. -Well, there must be one in the sink,...but not a clean one. Notemos que la forma negativa de "must" es: must not or mustn't y significa prohibición. Para ver la forma negativa de have to, veamos lo siguiente: You mustn't smoke in non-smoking areas PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE: MUST /HAVE-HAS TO PRESENT NEGATIVE: MUST NOT –MUSTN’T /DON’T-DOESN’T HAVE TO b. Can-Could Con can y could expresamos habilidad, posibilidad y permiso.. En términos generales se usa can para el presente y could para el pasado CAN COULD Present Past ____________________ v ability possibility permission CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com Let's see some examples: Ability: Possibility: -Could you go to the library yesterday? -No, I couldn't. It was too late. -Can you go now? - Yes, I can. Permission: -Well, Jenny. You can start exercising now. -Thank you, doctor. -The doctor said I could start exercising. -Great! Let's meet at the gym at 7. Liz can play the piano very well. She could play the piano at the age of eight. Es importante mencionar que cuando se pide permiso could es usado en el presente con un mayor grado de formalidad. Examples. -Could I open the window, sir? -Certainly. c. Should Se puede decir que usamos should cuando nos referimos a: PROBABILIDAD - OBLIGACION MORAL - CONSEJO (advice) For example: You should study for the test. It won't be easy. (Obligation) My grandparents are on the plane. They should be here by midday. (Probability) You should see the doctor at least once a year (Advice) CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com EXERCISES I. Complete these sentences with CAN / CAN’T/ COULD/ COULDN’T + one of these verbs: Come – Eat – Hear – Run – Sleep – Wait 1. I’m afraid I ______________ to your party next week. 2. When Tim was 16, he was a fast runner. He ____________ 100 metres in 11 seconds. 3. ‘Are you in a hurry?’ ‘No, I’ve got plenty of time. I ___________’. 4. I was feeling sick yesterday. I ______________ anything. 5. Can you speak up a bit? I _______________ you very well. 6. ‘You look tired’ ‘Yes, I _________________ last night’ II. Complete these sentences with MUST or HAVE TO (in the correct forms). Sometimes it is possible to use either, sometimes only HAVE TO is possible. 1. It’s later than I thought. I ____________ go now. 2. In Britain many children __________ wear uniform when they go to school. 3. When you come to London again, you __________come and see us. 4. You really _______ work harder if you want to pass the examination. 5. Julia wears glasses. She __________ wear glasses since she was very young. 6. Paul doesn’t like his new job. Sometimes he _________ work at weekends. III. Complete these sentences with MUSTN’T or DON’T/DOESN’T HAVE TO. 1. I don’t want anyone to know. You __________ tell anyone. 2. He __________ wear a suit to work but he usually does. 3. I can stay in the bed tomorrow morning because I _________ go to work. 4. Whatever you do, you ___________ touch that switch. It’s very dark. 5. Don’t make so much noise. We ______________ wake the baby. 6. Sue ____________get up early. She gets up early because she wants to. IV. For each situation, write a sentence with SHOULD or SHOULDN’T + one of the following: Go away for a few days Go to bed so late Look for another job Put some pictures on the wall Take a photograph Use her car so much CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com 1. (Liz needs a change) She should go away for a few days. 2. (My salary is very low) You ____________________________ 3. (Jack always has difficulty getting up) He ____________________________ 4. (What a beautiful view!) You ________________________________ 5. (Sue drives everywhere. She never walks) She _______________________ 6. ( Bill’s room isn’t very interesting) __________________________________ CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE HOW MUCH, HOW MANY & QUANTIFIERS A. Plural Nouns Nos vamos a referir a las formas plurales. Todos sabemos que a la mayoria de los sustantivos en inglés se les agrega "s" para formar el plural: Example: friends books apples doors plans cinemas days boys trees pictures Sin embargo, hay algunos sustantivos que no siguen esa regla: Example: person child tooth man woman mouse sheep people children teeth men women mice sheep there are lots of sheep on this prairie. my feet are aching. B. Countable Nouns Para los sustantivos contables utilizamos las siguientes expresiones "MANY" (muchos) se usa para preguntas y oraciones afirmativas y negativas. Example: How many cars are there in the parking lot? -There are 5 cars. I have many friends in my English class. I don't have many teachers at school. Only two. CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com "FEW" --I see A FEW cars. -Are there MANY TREES in the park? -Yes, SOME -How MANY STARS can we see at night? -we can see LOTS OF stars. QUANTITY A few ]]]]]]]] Some ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Many ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Lots of/ A lot of ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Remember that words like trees, cars, and houses are COUNTABLE. C. Uncountable Nouns Ahora veremos el uso de MUCH y las expresiones de cantidad para los sustantivos no contables (Uncountable nouns). Por ejemplo: How much CHEESE do you buy? Just A LITTLE. Do you eat meat? Yes SOME How much MONEY would you like to receive if you won the lottery? I don't know I'd like to win A LOT OF MONEY. QUANTITY A Little ]]]]]]]]]]] Some ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Much ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] Lots of/ A lot of ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] ] Remember that words like paper, light, cheese, and water are UNCOUNTABLE. CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com EXERCISES HOW MUCH AND HOW MANY I. In some of these sentences “much” and “many” is incorrect. Correct where necessary a. We didn’t spend many money ___________________________ b. Sue drinks tea ___________________________ c. Tom has much friends ___________________________ d. Richard and Anna don’t go out much ___________________________ e. There are many kids in the yard ___________________________ f. I haven’t seen Dan much recently ___________________________ g. I have many things to do today ___________________________ II. Pick one of the words below and complete the sentences using “a few” and “a little” sugar – money – friends – furniture – people – time – toys a. We have a ____________________________to finish writing the report b. I had ________________________________so I only bought 2 pairs of shoes c. I invited ______________________________to my birthday party d. Add _________________________________to the cake e. I saw ________________________________people on the streets f. There are ____________________________on the shelf g. We bought ___________________________for the living room CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com III. Complete the sentences using much, many, a few, a little (one word only) a. She is very popular. She has ___________________friends b. Let's go for a coffee, we have __________________before we the train leaves c. _________________________people drive too fast d. I went to the beach _________________________ago e. She spoke _________________________________English f. We didn’t watch ____________________________T.V. last night g. We only have _______________________________money to spend today SOME AND ANY I. Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence a. There isn't some / any sugar in the pot b. Could you buy any / some cheese for the lasagna? c. Sorry Mike, I don’t have any / some money now d. Would you like some / any orange juice? e. I don’t need any / some help f. There are some / any kids playing in the yard g. It was a beautiful day, but I didn’t see some / any one in the park II. Complete each sentence with some or any a. I need ___________new shoes b. She didn’t read ___________book this summer c. Celia and Miguel wrote __________letters to their friends in Argentina d. “Could you lend me 10 dollars?” “Sorry, but I don't have _________ now” e. Diego picked _________flowers for his girlfriend f. I want to make a cake, but there isn't ___________flour g. “What are you doing tonight?” “I'm inviting __________friends for dinner” CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com III. Match the sentences in A with those in B A B a. Do you have…? _____ some questions to the witnesses b. The police has asked … _____ some money? c. We didn't buy... _____ any food in the fridge? d. Can you give me…? _____ some friends e. I don't have ... _____ any money here f. Is there…? g. Tonight, I’m going out with… _____ some advice? _____ any fruit in the supermarket CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com ZERO CONDITIONAL “Zero Conditional” es usado para referirnos al efecto (negativo o positivo) de una causa (acción, evento, estado). Generalmente, “zero conditional” posee ambos verbos en presente simple Ejemplo: If you are tired, take a rest (Si estás cansado, toma un descanso) “Zero Conditional” al igual que el resto de los condicionales, requiere del “if conditional” (si condicional) y éste puede ir tanto al principio de la oración como en el medio de ésta. Ejemplos If It is raining, take an umbrella with you (Si está lloviendo, lleva un paraguas contigo) Take an umbrella with you if it is raining (Lleva un paraguas contigo si está lloviendo) “Zero Conditional” es usado de la siguiente manera: (Affirmative Sentences): If + Verb (Simple Present) + Verb (Simple Present) Ejemplo If you feel sick, take an aspirin (Si te sientes enfermo, tómate una aspirina) (Negative Sentences): If + (Don’t / Doesn’t / Isn’t / Aren’t) + Verb + (Don’t / Doesn’t / Isn’t / Aren’t) + Verb Ejemplo If you aren’t sure, ask the teacher (Si no estás seguro, pregúntale al profesor) CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com EXERCISES I. Match the sentences in column A with those in column B A B 1. If you feel tired … ____ the roof is leaking 2. Go to the doctor if … ____ take a rest 3. If it’s raining … ____ take a bus 4. Call her later if … ____ if you feel sick 5. If you go to the supermarket … ____ wear a raincoat 6. Call the handy man if … ____ she doesn’t answer the phone 7. If your car doesn’t work … ____ bring some cheese II. Complete the sentences using the verbs in parentheses ( ) 1. If you ________________(be) hungry, ________________(eat) some fruits 2. ______________(call) Brenda if you ___________(need) more information 3. If Alicia ______________(go) to the party, I ___________(go), too 4. ________________(take) the subway if the streets ___________(be) crowded 5. If the music ___________(be) too loud, ___________(turn down) the volume 6. ____________(open) the windows if it _____________(be) too hot in here 7. ____________(go) to bed early if you ______________(be) sleepy CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com III. Translate the following sentences into Spanish 1. Take an aspirin if you have a headache __________________________________________________________ 2. Repair the computer if it is not working __________________________________________________________ 3. Watch T.V. if you are bored __________________________________________________________ 4. Have some water if you are thirsty __________________________________________________________ 5. Don’t go to the mountain if it is snowing __________________________________________________________ 6. Put on your glasses if you don’t see well __________________________________________________________ 7. Take a break if you are stressed __________________________________________________________ CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com FIRST CONDITIONAL “FIRST CONDITIONAL” es usado para referirnos a causas (acciones, eventos y estados) en el presente que tienen consecuencias y/o efectos (positivos o negativos) en el futuro Ejemplos If you don’t study, you will not pass the course (Si tú no estudias, no pasarás de curso) You will need a visa if you travel abroad (Tú necesitarás una visa si viajas a otro país) I will go to the party if you invite me (Yo iré a la fiesta si tú me invitas) Generalmente, “First Conditional” posee un verbo en presente simple (la causa) mientras que el efecto o consecuencia se expresa con el verbo en futuro (will + verbo) Ejemplo If you travel around, you will need a visa (Simple Present) (Future) “First Conditional” es usado de la siguiente manera: (Affirmative Sentences): If + Verb (Simple Present) + Will + Verb Ejemplo If you study, you will pass the exam (Negative Sentences): If + (don’t / doesn’t / isn’t / aren’t) + Will + (not) + Verb Ejemplo If I don’t study, you will not pass the exam CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com EXERCISES I. Re-write the following sentences and put them in the correct order Example you / will / exam / the/ pass / if / study / you If you study, you will pass the exam 1. she / won’t / if / you / invite / don’t / her / come _________________________________________________________ 2. get / will / sick / don’t / you / if / you / take care __________________________________________________________ 3. won’t / work / sick / if / he / is / he __________________________________________________________ 4. cloudy / if / is / it / rain / it / will __________________________________________________________ 5. buy / will / I / a new T.V. / this / if / doesn’t / work __________________________________________________________ 6. She / repair / the roof / won’t / if / doesn’t / she / have / money __________________________________________________________ 7. I / go / will / he / calls / me / if __________________________________________________________ CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com II. Match the sentences in A with those in B A B 1. I will study if… ____ she buys the tickets 2. Mary will visit her parents if … ____ they will be tired tomorrow 3. If they don’t sleep now… ____ it gets cloudy 4. It will rain if… ____ you work very hard 5. If you break a mirror… ____ you can go to the party 6. You will be successful if … ____ you help me 7. If you behave well … ____ you will seven years of bad luck CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com PRESENT PERFECT Qué es el Presente Perfecto? El Presente Perfecto es usado para referirnos a una acción, evento o estado que comenzó en un punto inespecífico en el pasado y que continua hasta el presente o bien ha finalizado recientemente. Ejemplo I have lived in Santiago for 20 years (Yo he vivido en Santiago por 20 años) En simples palabras, “yo” ha vivido hace 20 años en Santiago. Sin embargo, no se menciona desde cuando exactamente. Además, la oración indica que hata el momento, "yo" sigue viviendo en la misma ciudad. Uso del Presente Perfecto Formamos el Presente Perfecto con: El verbo "Have" que actúa como verbo auxiliar Have: I, You, We, They Has : He, She, It Ejemplo I have just done my homework She has already finished her report Mientras que el Verbo Principal debe estar en su forma Participia (3era columna de de la lista de verbos irregulares y -ed para aquellos que son regulares) Ejemplo I have just done my homework (Yo he terminado mi tarea recién) Affirmative Sentences: Have / has + Past Participle form Ejemplo: We have gone to the beach two times this month CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com Negative Sentences: Ejemplo: We haven’t gone to the beach this month Questions: Ejemplo: Have you gone to the beach this month? Yes, I have // No, I haven’t Uso de Just, Already, Yet, Since, and For 1. “Just” : Recién / Recientemente / un momento atrás Ejemplo: They have just left the classroom (ellos han dejado la sala de clases hace un momento atrás) 2. “already”: Antes de lo esperado Ejemplo: Rose has already her homework (Rose ya ha terminado su tarea antes de lo esperado) 3. “Yet”: Todavíac (sólo en oraciones negativas a interrogativas) Ejemplo: Daisy and Tom haven't arrived yet (Daisy y Tom no han llegado todavía) 4: “Since”: Desde (lo usamos para indicar una fecha específica) Ejemplo: I have lived in Santiago since March, 1998 (Yo he vivido en Santiago desde Marzo de 1998) 4. “For”: Desde (lo usamos para indicar un periodo de tiempo general) Ejemplo: I have lived in Santiago for 15 years (Yo he vivido en Santiago por 15 años) Nótese que no se mencionan fechas específicas como en la oración anterior CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com EXERCISES I. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses a. I have _____________(write) a letter to my friend in Colombia b. She has _________________(do) the shopping today c. We haven’t ______________(pay) the electric bills yet d. Tom has _________________(study) mathematica all day long e. “Is Isabel here?” "No, she has just ________________(leave) f. The flight has already _____________________(arrive) g. Dan hasn't ________________(go) to bed yet II. Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence a. Richard has / have gone to the supermarket this morning b. Anne haven't / hasn't written the paper yet c. The teachers have / has worked hard all this year d. Charlie has / have bought a new car this month e. The kids haven’t / hasn’t cleaned up the bedroom f. “Have / has you seen Gloria these days?” “No, I haven’t / hasn’t” g. We have / has taken a lot of pictures today III. Complete these sentences using just, already, yet, since and for a. The mailman hasn't come ____________ b. I have ____________spoken to your sister c. “Has Mario bought a car?” No, He hasn’t _______________ d. Rita has worked in the company _______________April 2000 e. They have __________________eaten breakfast f. Sarah has ___________________got out of the hospital g. My parents have been married _________________30 years CASA MATRIZ · Av. Apoquindo 4499 · Piso 3 · Las Condes – Chile · Teléfono 2461040 · Fax 2289739 e-mail: info.cursos@tronwell.com · Visítanos en www.tronwell.com