5HY/DWLQRDP3VLTXLDWUtD Artículo original Niños criados en cautiverio 0LJXHO&KHUUR$JXHUUH&DUOD)UDQFROLQR'HO¿QD0LOOHU&RQVXHOR7RUUHJURVD2VRULR )HOLSH/HFDQQHOLHU0DUtD,QpV$UULHWD0DLWH3H\URX RESUMEN Antecedentes:8UXJXD\VXIULyXQDGLFWDGXUDPLOLWDUGHD'XUDQWHHVHODSVRGHWLHPSRDOJXQRVQLxRVQDFLHURQRIXHURQFULDGRV HQFDXWLYHULRMXQWRDVXVPDGUHVSUHVDV Objetivo:H[SORUDUORVHIHFWRVGHOFDXWLYHULRDWUDYpVGHODHYDOXDFLyQGHGLH]GHDTXHOORVQLxRVDFWXDOPHQWHHQODWHUFHUDGpFDGDGHODYLGD Material y método:VHPLGLyHODSHJR\ODVLQWRPDWRORJtDSVLFROyJLFDHQHVWHJUXSRGHGLH]QLxRV\HQRWURVLPLODUTXHVLUYLyFRPRFRQWURO /RVLQVWUXPHQWRVXWLOL]DGRVFRQHVWH¿QIXHURQOD(QWUHYLVWDGH3URWRWLSRGH$SHJR$GXOWR(3$$\HO/LVWDGR5HYLVDGRGH6tQWRPDV 6&/5/DLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVXQWUDEDMRLQWHUQDFLRQDOSXHVLQYROXFUDSDUWLFLSDQWHVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGHOD5HS~EOLFDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG &DWyOLFDGHO8UXJXD\\GHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGHO'HVDUUROORGH6DQWLDJRGH&KLOH Resultados:DDSHJRGHODPXHVWUDGHFDXWLYRVSUHVHQWyHOSURWRWLSRSUHGRPLQDQWHH[FHVLYDPHQWHVREUHSURWHFWRU3GHDSHJR LQVHJXUR(QFDPELRGHORVVXMHWRVGHOJUXSRFRQWUROSUHVHQWyDSHJRVHJXUR\VyORDSHJRSUHRFXSDGRDPELYDOHQWH33(O JUXSRFRQVWLWXLGRSRUVXMHWRVTXHVXIULHURQFDXWLYHULRWXYRSXQWXDFLRQHVVLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWHPiVDOWDVTXHHOJUXSRFRQWUROHQORVSURWRWLSRV \EVtQWRPDVSVLFROyJLFRVHVHJUXSRWDPELpQWXYRSXQWDMHVPiVDOWRVHQHO6&/5HQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQHOJUXSRFRQWURO Conclusiones:VHREVHUYyXQDFRUUHODFLyQVLJQL¿FDWLYDHQWUHORVVtQWRPDVSVLFROyJLFRV\HODSHJRHVGHFLUORVSXQWDMHVDOWRVHQVtQWRPDV SVLFROyJLFRVVHFRUUHODFLRQDURQFRQORVGHDSHJRLQVHJXUR\ORVEDMRVFRQHODSHJRVHJXUR Palabras clave: DSHJRFDXWLYHULRFULDQ]D(33$6&/5 ABSTRACT Background:8UXJXD\VXIIHUHGDPLOLWDU\GLFWDWRUVKLS'XULQJWKLVSHULRGVRPHFKLOGUHQZHUHERUQRUUDLVHGLQMDLOWRJHWKHU ZLWKWKHLUPRWKHUV Objective:([SORUHWKHSRVVLEOHHIIHFWVRIFDSWLYLW\RQWKHHDUO\OLYHVRIWHQRIWKRVHFKLOGUHQQRZLQWKHLUWKLUWLHVZKRDJUHHGWRWDNHSDUW LQWKLVVWXG\ Method and material::HPHDVXUHGWKHDWWDFKPHQWDQGSV\FKRORJLFDOV\PSWRPVLQWKLVJURXSRIIRUPHUFKLOGUHQUDLVHGLQFDSWLYLW\DQGLQ DVDPSOHFRQWUROJURXSXVLQJWKH3URWRW\SH$GXOW$WWDFKPHQW,QWHUYLHZ(33$DQGWKH6&/57KLVSDSHULVDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHQWHUSULVH LQYROYLQJUHVHDUFKHUVIURPWKH8QLYHUVLGDGGHOD5HSXEOLFDDQGWKH8QLYHUVLGDG&DWROLFDRI8UXJXD\DQGWKH8QLYHUVLGDGGHO'HVDUUROOR RI6DQWLDJRGH&KLOH Results:DDWWDFKPHQWRIWKHFDSWLYLW\VDPSOHVXEMHFWVREWDLQHGYDOXHVRISUHGRPLQDQWLQVHFXUHDWWDFKPHQWSURWRW\SH3RYHU SURWHFWLYH7KHFRQWUROJURXSVKRZHGSUHGRPLQDQWVHFXUHDWWDFKPHQWLQRIWKHVXEMHFWVDQGFRQFHUQHGDPELYDOHQWDWWDFKPHQWLQ 33ESV\FKRORJLFDOV\PSWRPVWKHUHDUHVWDWLVWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQSURWRW\SHDQGEHWZHHQWKHFDSWLYLW\VDPSOHDQGWKH FRQWUROJURXSZLWKKLJKVFRUHVLQWKHFDSWLYLW\JURXS7KH6&/5VKRZVDKLJKOHYHORISV\FKRORJLFDOV\PSWRPVLQWKHFDSWLYLW\VDPSOH Conclusion:7KHUHLVDFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQDWWDFKPHQWDQGSV\FKRORJLFDOV\PSWRPV+LJKHUSV\FKRORJLFDOV\PSWRPVFRUHVFRUUHODWHG ZLWKLQVHFXUHDWWDFKPHQWZKHUHDVORZV\PSWRPVFRUHVFRUUHODWHGZLWKVHFXUHDWWDFKPHQW Keywords: DWWDFKPHQW(33$6&/5FDSWLYLW\ &DWHGUiWLFR HQ SVLFRORJtD GH QLxRV \ DGROHVFHQWHV \ SVL FRWHUDSHXWD SVLFRDQDOtWLFR 8QLYHUVLGDG &DWyOLFD 8UXJXD\ PDFKHUUR#PHGQHWRUJX\ &DWHGUiWLFRDVRFLDGRSVLFyORJR8QLYHUVLGDGGHOD5HS~EOLFD 8UXJXD\FDUODI#KFHGXX\ &DWHGUiWLFR SVLFyORJR \ SVLFRWHUDSHXWD SVLFRDQDOtWLFR 8QL YHUVLGDG&DWyOLFD8UXJXD\GHO¿QDPLOOHU#HGXRUJX\ 3VLFyORJR 8QLYHUVLGDG GHO 'HVDUUROOR 6DQWLDJR GH &KLOH FRQVXHORWRUUHJURVD#JPDLOFRP &DWHGUiWLFR\SVLFyORJR8QLYHUVLGDGGHO'HVDUUROOR6DQWLDJR GH&KLOHÀHFDQQHOLHU#XGGFO 8QLYHUVLGDG&DWyOLFD8UXJXD\DUULHWDP#DGLQHWFRPX\ 38 3VLFyORJD8QLYHUVLGDG&DWyOLFD8UXJXD\UXELDSH\#JPDLOFRP &RUUHVSRQGHQFLD 0LJXHO &KHUUR$JXHUUH &RUUHR HOHFWUyQLFR PDFKHUUR#PHGQHWRUJX\ 5HFLELGRHQHUR$FHSWDGRPDU]R (VWHDUWtFXORGHEHFLWDUVHFRPR&KHUUR*XHUUH0)UDQFROLQR& 0LOOHU'7RUUHJURVD&/HFDQQHOLHU)$UULHWD0,\FRO1LxRVFULD GRVHQFDXWLYHULR5HY/DWLQRDPGH3VLTXLDWUtD Revista Latinoamericana de Psiquiatría Volumen 11, núm. 2, enero-marzo 2012 Niños criados en cautiverio Q8UXJXD\GXUDQWHODGLFWDGXUDGHD KXERQLxRVTXHSDGHFLHURQFDXWLYHULRMXQWRDVXV PDGUHVSULYDGDVGHOLEHUWDGHQFXDUWHOHV$FWXDOPHQWHDTXHOORVQLxRVWLHQHQHQWUH\DxRVGHHGDG \SDUHFHQELHQLQWHJUDGRVVRFLDOPHQWHSHURGXUDQWHDxRV HYLWDURQKDEODUGHORVGRORURVRVPRPHQWRVYLYLGRVWDOFXDO RFXUUHFRP~QPHQWHFRQORVVREUHYLYLHQWHVGHVLWXDFLRQHV WUDXPiWLFDV 5HFLpQ KDFH PiV R PHQRV GRV DxRV HVRV QLxRV GHcidieron constituirse como grupo y pudieron empezar a KDEODUGHOVXIULPLHQWRYLYLGR3HQVDPRVTXHVHFXPSOLy HQHOORVORTXHVRVWLHQH0RVNRYLW]DTXHOORVTXHVXIULHURQ FDXWLYHULRHQODVWHPSUDQDVHWDSDVGHODYLGDFRPRPXFKRVQLxRVGXUDQWHOD6HJXQGD*XHUUD0XQGLDOWDUGDURQ PXFKRVDxRVHQSRGHUUHIHULUVHDOWHPD1 $OHQWHUDUQRVGHODH[LVWHQFLDGHOJUXSRSURFXUDPRV FRQWDFWDUORFRQPXFKDFDXWHODSXHVH[LVWtDHOWUHPHQGR desafío de enfrentar el sufrimiento padecido por ellos con XQDDXWpQWLFDSRVWXUDpWLFD6HUHDOL]DURQYDULDVUHXQLRQHV SDUDFRQRFHUORV\FUHDUXQFOLPDGHFRQ¿DQ]DPXWXDHQ HO TXH IXHUD SRVLEOH KDEODU GH KHFKRV TXH SUHYLDPHQWH KDEtDQHYLWDGRPHQFLRQDU 6HJ~Q.UHOOHOSRGHUFRQWDUVXKLVWRULDDDOJXLHQTXH ODYDORUD\HVFXFKDFRQUHVSHWRSXHGHKDFHUORVVHQWLUVH ELHQ2SRUORFXDOQRVDWUHYLPRVDLPDJLQDUTXHQRVVHQWLUtDPRVJUDWDPHQWHUHFRPSHQVDGRVVLORVD\XGiEDPRVD PLWLJDUSRUORPHQRVHQSDUWHHOLQWHQVRGRORUTXHKDEtDQ VXIULGRGXUDQWHDxRV/XHJRGHKDEHUDFUHFHQWDGRQXHVWUD PXWXDFRQ¿DQ]DDOFDERGHYDULDVUHXQLRQHVSURSXVLPRV DOJUXSROOHYDUDFDERXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHWXYLHUDSRU REMHWLYRFRQRFHUHOWLSRGHLPSDFWRTXHODH[SHULHQFLDGH KDEHUQDFLGRHQFDXWLYHULRRKDEHUSHUPDQHFLGRSRUDOJ~Q WLHPSRHQpOMXQWRDVXVPDGUHVSXGRWHQHUHQVXVYLGDV (OUHVXOWDGRGHHVDLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVORTXHSUHVHQWDUHPRV a continuación. E Fundamentos de la investigación &RLQFLGLPRV FRQ =HDQDK \ 6P\NH TXH VRVWLHQHQ FLWDQGRD%RZOE\TXHODFDOLGDGGHOFXLGDGRSDUHQWDOTXH XQQLxRUHFLEHHQORVSULPHURVDxRVGHYLGDHVGHYLWDO LPSRUWDQFLDSDUDVXVDOXGPHQWDOIXWXUD(ODSHJRMXHJD XQUROLPSRUWDQWHHQODYLGD\HOGHVDUUROORGHORVVHUHV KXPDQRV FRPR PXHVWUDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH LPSRUWDQWHV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV8QHMHPSORHVHOWUDEDMRGH6FKRUHTXH demuestra la importancia del apego seguro en la estructuUDFLyQGHOKHPLVIHULRGHUHFKRGHOFHUHEUR\HQODFDSDFLGDG GHHQIUHQWDUHOHVWUpV2WURVDXWRUHVH[SORUDQODUHODFLyQ HQWUHHODSHJRVHJXUR\ORVQLYHOHVySWLPRVGHFRUWLVROTXH VHVHJUHJDQSDUDHQIUHQWDUHOHVWUpV'HVGHRWUDSHUVSHFWLYD)RQDJ\UHVDOWDODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODSHJRVHJXUR HQHOGHVDUUROORGHODIXQFLyQUHÀH[LYD\HQODKDELOLGDG GH GHVHQWUDxDU LQWHQFLRQHV *XWWPDQQ6WHLQPHW] \ &URZHOOGLFHQTXHODWHRUtD\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQIDWL]DQ ODFRQWULEXFLyQGHOVLVWHPDGHDSHJRHQHOGRPLQLRGHOD UHJXODFLyQ HPRFLRQDO GH ODV DWULEXFLRQHV VRFLDOHV GH ODVRFLDOL]DFLyQGHOGHVDUUROORPRUDO\GHODWUDVPLVLyQ LQWHUJHQHUDFLRQDOGHFRQGXFWDVWRGRVKHFKRVUHOHYDQWHV con respecto a los desórdenes externalizados. 1XPHURVRV HVWXGLRV LQGLFDQ TXH HO DSHJR VHJXUR D XQ FXLGDGRU VH DVRFLD FRQ DOWD VRFLDELOLGDG HOHYDGR FXPSOLPLHQWR GH ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV SDUHQWDOHV \ PiV HIHFWLYDUHJXODFLyQHPRFLRQDO(JHODQG citando a BronIHQEUHQQHUHQIDWL]DODLPSRUWDQFLDGHXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQ HFROyJLFDSDUDFRQVLGHUDUORVYtQFXORVGHDSHJRHQUD]yQ GHORVYDULDGRVFRQWH[WRV\FRQGLFLRQHVTXHSXHGHQDIHFWDU DODVPDGUHVDORVQLxRV\DODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOORV $OJXQDVLQÀXHQFLDVVRQLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDSURPRYHUR GLVWRUVLRQDUHODSHJRVHJXURLQIDQWHFXLGDGRUSRUHMHPSOR ORVHYHQWRVYLWDOHVHVWUHVDQWHVHOVRSRUWHIDPLOLDU\VRFLDO \ODSVLFRSDWRORJtDPDWHUQD6DEHPRVTXHDSDUWLUGHHVWDV primeras relaciones los infantes forman representaciones PHQWDOHVGHVtPLVPRVGHORVRWURV\GHOYtQFXORHQWUH DPERV3RUORWDQWRQRHVGLItFLOVXSRQHUTXHHQHOFDVR GHQLxRVFULDGRVHQFDXWLYHULRSXHGHDSDUHFHUDOJ~QWLSR GHGLVWXUELRTXHDIHFWHODFDOLGDGGHODSHJR (QHORWURH[WUHPRKD\WUDEDMRVTXHEXVFDQUHODFLRQDU el tipo de apego desarrollado por el infante con ciertos WLSRV GH SVLFRSDWRORJtD TXH SXHGH DSDUHFHU PiV WDUGH =HDQDK \ 6P\NH LQVLVWHQ HQ TXH DXQTXH WUDEDMRV PX\ LPSRUWDQWHV KD\DQ SRVWXODGR HO PD\RU ULHVJR GH WUDVWRUQRV GH DQVLHGDG GHVyUGHQHV GH FRQGXFWD GLVUXSWLYD GHVyUGHQHVGLVRFLDWLYRVDEXVRGHVXVWDQFLDVGHOLQFXHQFLD \ WUDVWRUQRV GH SHUVRQDOLGDG HQWUH ORV QLxRV FRQ DSHJR LQVHJXUR\HVSHFLDOPHQWHDSHJRGHVRUJDQL]DGRKDFLDVXV FXLGDGRUHVSULPDULRVKDVWDDKRUDQRVHKDSRGLGRDVRFLDU ODVFODVL¿FDFLRQHVGHDSHJRFRQVHFXHODVGHGHVyUGHQHV SVLTXLiWULFRV HVSHFt¿FRV +HFKD HVWD VDOYHGDG D¿UPDQ VLQHPEDUJRTXHORVGLVWXUELRVWHPSUDQRVGHODSHJRVH DVRFLDQFRQXQPD\RUULHVJRGHWUDVWRUQRVSVLTXLiWULFRV *XWWPDQQ6WHLQPHW]\&URZHOOD¿UPDQTXHHODSR\R LQDGHFXDGRGHORVFXLGDGRUHVHVKLSRWpWLFDPHQWHHOPD\RU factor de riesgo de que aparezcan desórdenes externaliza- Revista Latinoamericana de Psiquiatría Volumen 11, núm. 2, enero-marzo 2012 39 Cherro-Aguerre M y col. GRVSRUTXHH[LVWHHQWRQFHVXQDGpELO³UHGGHVHJXULGDG´ TXHSRUIDOWDGHVXSHUYLVLyQ\SRUHVFDVRFRPSURPLVR QRSURWHJHDOQLxRGHORVULHVJRVGHOHQWRUQRFRQODFRQVLJXLHQWHLQGLIHUHQFLDGHOQLxRKDFLDHOFXLGDGRGHVtPLVPR \KDFLDORVYDORUHVSDUHQWDOHV\VRFLDOHV (QWHQGLPRVUHOHYDQWHSUHJXQWDUQRVVLQXHVWURJUXSRGH QLxRVFDXWLYRVVXIULyGLVWRUVLRQHVHQVXVYtQFXORVGHDSHJR como consecuencia del trauma que experimentaron y si DUUDVWUDEDQDOJXQDIRUPDGHSVLFRSDWRORJtD MATERIAL Y MÉTODO (QHVWHHVWXGLRVHDSOLFDURQGRVLQVWUXPHQWRV/D(VFDOD GH 3URWRWLSRV GH$SHJR$GXOWR (3$$ \ OD Symptom Checlist-90-R6&/5 /DEPAAGH6WUDXVV/RER'URVW\3LNRQLVYDOLGDGD HQ&KLOHSRU0DUWtQH]*X]PiQ\1XxH]0HGLQDHQHODxR 16SHUPLWHXQDHYDOXDFLyQFXDQWLWDWLYDGHSDWURQHV GHDSHJRDGXOWRHQWUHVFDWHJRUtDV8QDFDWHJRUtDFRUUHVSRQGHDXQtQGLFHJOREDOGHDSHJRVHJXUR\ODVRWUDVGRV FRQVWLWX\HQtQGLFHVJOREDOHVGHDSHJRLQVHJXUREDMRGRV VXEPRGDOLGDGHV XQD HV SUHRFXSDGRDPELYDOHQWH \ OD RWUDHYLWDWLYRUHFKD]DQWH&RQEDVHHQHVWDFDWHJRUL]DFLyQHOLQVWUXPHQWRSHUPLWHGHVFULELUVLHWHSURWRWLSRVGH DSHJRXQRVHJXUR\VHLVLQVHJXURV/RVSURWRWLSRVVRQ 3SURWRWLSRVHJXUR3H[FHVLYDPHQWHGHSHQGLHQWH3 UHODFLRQHVLQHVWDEOHV3H[FHVLYDPHQWHVREUHSURWHFWRU 3 H[FHVLYDPHQWH DXWRFRQWURODGR 3 H[FHVLYDPHQWH DXWyQRPR3HPRFLRQDOPHQWHLQGLIHUHQWH3DUDFRGL¿FDUODHYDOXDFLyQHVQHFHVDULRHVWDEOHFHUWRGRVORVYDORUHV de apego seguro e inseguro. El prototipo 1 es seguramente DSHJDGRORVSURWRWLSRV\FRUUHVSRQGHQDDSHJR LQVHJXURWLSRSUHRFXSDGRDPELYDOHQWH\ORVSURWRWLSRV \FRUUHVSRQGHQDDSHJRLQVHJXURWLSRHYLWDWLYR UHFKD]DQWH Symptom Checlist-90-R (SCL-90-R)GH'HURJDWLV YDOLGDGRHQ8UXJXD\SRU1DMVRQ)UDQFROLQR\9LHUDHQ HO DxR es un cuestionario autoadministrado que PLGHQXHYHGLPHQVLRQHVVLQWRPiWLFDVSULPDULDVVRPDWL]DFLyQ620REVHVLYRFRPSXOVLYR2&VHQVLELOLGDG LQWHUSHUVRQDO ,6 GHSUHVLyQ '(3 DQVLHGDG $1; KRVWLOLGDG+26DQVLHGDGIyELFD3+2%LGHDFLyQSDUDQRLGH3$5SVLFRWLFLVPR36<0LGHRWURVWUHVtQGLFHV JOREDOHVTXHVRQ el tQGLFHGHVHYHULGDGJOREDO*6,TXH mide el malestar psicológico general; el índice de síntomas SRVLWLYRVGHPDOHVWDU36',TXHPLGHODLQWHQVLGDGGH 40 ORVVtQWRPDV\HOWRWDOGHVtQWRPDVSRVLWLYRV367TXH HVHOQ~PHURGHVtQWRPDVDXWRHYDOXDGRV /DLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHOOHYyDFDERFRQGRVPXHVWUDVGH LQGLYLGXRVFDGDXQD La muestra A³QLxRVFDXWLYRV´FRPSXHVWDSRUVHLV PXMHUHV\FXDWURKRPEUHVGHHGDGHVFRPSUHQGLGDVHQWUH \DxRVWRGRVORVFXDOHVFRPSDUWLHURQHOFDXWLYHULR FRQVXVPDGUHV'RVSHUVRQDVHQODPXHVWUDHUDQPHOOL]DV QRLGpQWLFDV8QDGHODVSHUVRQDVGHODPXHVWUDIXHFRQFHELGDHQFDXWLYHULR La muestra BHOJUXSRFRQWUROFRPSXHVWDSRUVHLV PXMHUHV\FXDWURKRPEUHVGHHGDGHVFRPSUHQGLGDVHQWUH \DxRVFX\RQLYHOVRFLRFXOWXUDO\HGXFDFLyQHUDQ FRPSDUDEOHVFRQORVGHODPXHVWUD$SHURTXHQRKDEtDQ VXIULGRFDXWLYHULR'RVSHUVRQDVGHODPXHVWUDHUDQKHUmanas. /RVLQWHJUDQWHVHQVXFRQMXQWR¿UPDURQXQFRQVHQWLPLHQWRLQIRUPDGR\WXYLHURQODRSRUWXQLGDGGHFRQRFHU LQGLYLGXDOPHQWHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ7RGRV ORVLQGLYLGXRVGHODVPXHVWUDVOOHQDURQ¿FKDVGHLGHQWL¿FDFLyQFRQVXVGDWRV$FDGD¿FKDVHOHDVLJQyXQQ~PHURD PDQHUDGHFyGLJRSDUDSUHVHUYDUHODQRQLPDWRGHTXLHQHV SDUWLFLSDURQGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ6yORGRVSHUVRQDVHQHO equipo tenían conocimiento de la identidad de los integrantes de la muestra. (QODSULPHUDHWDSDGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHHQWUHYLVWyD ORVYHLQWHPLHPEURVGHODPXHVWUD7RGDVODVHQWUHYLVWDV IXHURQ FRQGXFLGDV SRU GRV LQWHJUDQWHV GHO HTXLSR /DV HQWUHYLVWDV IXHURQ JUDEDGDV \ OXHJR ERUUDGDV SRU RWURV GRVPLHPEURVGHOHTXLSR/DVWUDQVFULSFLRQHVGHODVHQWUHYLVWDVIXHURQFRGL¿FDGDVSRUGRVPLHPEURVGHOHTXLSR GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GHO 'HVDUUROOR GH 6DQWLDJR GH &KLOH /RV FXHVWLRQDULRV GH OD 6&/5 OOHQDGRV GXUDQWH OD HQWUHYLVWDIXHURQFRGL¿FDGRVSRUXQDGRFHQWHGHO'HSDUWDPHQWR GH 3VLFRORJtD 0pGLFD GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH OD 5HS~EOLFD/DFRPSDUDFLyQHQWUHORVGRVJUXSRVJUXSR GH³QLxRVFDXWLYRV´\JUXSRFRQWUROVHDQDOL]yHVWDGtVWLFDPHQWHDSOLFDQGRSUXHEDVGH0DQQ:KLWQH\\7WHVW \ VH KLFLHURQ DGHPiV FRUUHODFLRQHV HVWDGtVWLFDV SRU HO &RH¿FLHQWHGH3HDUVRQ RESULTADOS La EPPA en la muestra de cautivos y no cautivos /DPLWDGGHORVFDVRVREWXYLHURQXQDPD\RUSXQtuación en el prototipo P1; lo que indicaría que mantienen Revista Latinoamericana de Psiquiatría Volumen 11, núm. 2, enero-marzo 2012 Niños criados en cautiverio UHODFLRQHV HVWDEOHV VLJQL¿FDWLYDV \ VDWLVIDFWRULDV HQ HO WLHPSR(OLQGLYLGXRFRQItDHQTXHRWURVHVWDUiQDOOtSDUD D\XGDUORDSR\DUORRHQWHQGHUORVLpOVHORVSLGHVHVLHQWH FyPRGRWDQWRDOHVWDUFRQRWURVFRPRDOHVWDUVROR\WLHQH XQEXHQVHQWLGRGHVXSURSLDLGHQWLGDG $TXHOORVFDVRVHQORVFXDOHVHOSXQWDMHHVGRVGHVYLDFLRQHVHVWiQGDUPiVDOWRTXHODPHGLDQDFRUUHVSRQGHDORV 33\3GHODHVWUDWHJLDSUHRFXSDGRDPELYDOHQWHRVHD SUHVHQWDFLyQLQFRKHUHQWHGHH[SHULHQFLDVGHYLQFXODFLyQ H[FHVLYDSUHRFXSDFLyQHQDVSHFWRVSUREOHPiWLFRVGHVX KLVWRULDtQGLFHVGHXQDQHJDWLYDLPDJHQGHVtPLVPR\ SRVLWLYDLPDJHQGHORVRWURV\ORV3\3GHODHVWUDWHJLDHYLWDWLYRUHFKD]DQWHTXHVHUH¿HUHQDODFDUHQFLDGH UHFXHUGRVGHYLYHQFLDVUHODFLRQDOHVHVIXHU]RSRUPRVWUDU LQGHSHQGHQFLDGL¿FXOWDGSDUDFRPSDUWLUVHQWLPLHQWRVGH RWURV(QGHORVFDVRVVHREWXYRGRVSXQWDMHVGHDSHJR inseguro por encima de la mediana. Análisis estadístico de la EPAA en la muestra de cautivos y no cautivos $OFRPSDUDUORVSXQWDMHVGHODVPHGLDVHQWUHODPXHVWUD GHFDXWLYRV\QRFDXWLYRVVHHQFRQWUyXQDGLIHUHQFLDHVWDGtVWLFDPHQWHVLJQL¿FDWLYDHQORV333\3PHGLDQWH ODSUXHEDGH0DQQ:KLWQH\/DPXHVWUDGHFDXWLYRVREWXYRSXQWXDFLRQHVDOWDVHQORV3333HVWRHVVX HVWUDWHJLDGHDSHJRHVGHWLSRSUHRFXSDGRDPELYDOHQWH\ HYLWDWLYRUHFKD]DQWHFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDDSHJRVLQVHJXURV &RPRVHREVHUYDHQHO&XDGURODPXHVWUDGHQRFDXWLYRVWLHQHYDORUHVGHO3PiVDOWRVTXHODPXHVWUDGHQR FDXWLYRVSHURODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHHOORVQRIXHVLJQL¿FDWLYD Análisis de la SCL-90R: síntomas psicológicos en la muestra de cautivos (O&XDGURPXHVWUDORVYDORUHVGHODVPHGLDVGHO6&/ 5REWHQLGRVHQODPXHVWUDGHFDXWLYRVFRPSDUDGRVFRQ ORVYDORUHVGHODVPHGLDVGHSREODFLyQJHQHUDOXUXJXD\D \GHSREODFLyQSVLTXLiWULFDGHDFXHUGRFRQORVYDORUHVGH ODQRUPDYDOLGDGDHQODSREODFLyQXUXJXD\D &RPRVHDSUHFLDHQHO&XDGURORVYDORUHVREWHQLGRV SRU OD PXHVWUD GH FDXWLYRV VRQ PiV DOWRV TXH ORV GH OD SREODFLyQ JHQHUDO XUXJXD\D GH PXMHUHV \ KRPEUHV HQ WRGDVODVGLPHQVLRQHV\VRQPX\VLPLODUHVDORVYDORUHV REWHQLGRV SRU OD SREODFLyQ SVLTXLiWULFD XUXJXD\D D H[FHSFLyQGHODGLPHQVLyQGHKRVWLOLGDGHQODTXHHOYDORU HQODPXHVWUDHVPHQRU/DSREODFLyQFDXWLYDREWLHQHXQ SXQWDMHHQODGLPHQVLyQGHDQVLHGDGIyELFD3+2%GH Cuadro 1&RPSDUDFLyQPHGLDVFDXWLYRVQRFDXWLYRV Muestra de cautivos (media) Muestra de no cautivos (media) Valor de P 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 SURWRWLSR VHJXUR 3 H[FHVLYDPHQWH GHSHQGLHQWH 3 UH ODFLRQHV LQHVWDEOHV 3 H[FHVLYDPHQWH VREUHSURWHFWRU 3 H[ FHVLYDPHQWH DXWRFRQWURODGR 3 H[FHVLYDPHQWH DXWyQRPR 3 HPRFLRQDOPHQWHLQGLIHUHQWH OD6&/5OLJHUDPHQWHPiVDOWRTXHHOSUHVHQWDGRSRU ODSREODFLyQSVLTXLiWULFDXUXJXD\DWDQWRIHPHQLQDFRPR PDVFXOLQD /D PXHVWUD IHPHQLQD GH FDXWLYRV DOFDQ]D SXQWDMHVGHOD6&/5TXHFRUUHVSRQGHQDODQRUPDXUXJXD\DGHSDFLHQWHVIHPHQLQRVSVLTXLiWULFRVDPEXODWRULRV H[FHSWRSDUDODKRVWLOLGDG+26\HOSVLFRWLFLVPR36< /DPXHVWUDPDVFXOLQDGHFDXWLYRVDOFDQ]DSXQWDMHVGHOD 6&/5VLPLODUHVDODQRUPDXUXJXD\DGHSDFLHQWHVPDVFXOLQRVSVLTXLiWULFRVDPEXODWRULRVHQtQGLFHGHVHYHULGDG JHQHUDO*6,VRPDWL]DFLyQ620REVHVLyQFRPSXOVLyQ 2%6GHSUHVLyQ'(3DQVLHGDGIyELFD3+2%\FRQ SXQWDMHVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQSDWRORJtDHQWRWDOGHVtQWRPDV 367tQGLFHGHVtQWRPDVSRVLWLYRV36',VHQVLELOLGDG LQWHUSHUVRQDO ,6 LGHDFLyQ SDUDQRLGH 3$5$OFDQ]D SXQWDMHV VLQ SDWRORJtD HQ DQVLHGDG $1; KRVWLOLGDG +267\SVLFRWLFLVPR36< /DPXHVWUDGHQRFDXWLYRVSUHVHQWDYDORUHVVLPLODUHVD ODVPHGLDVGHODSREODFLyQJHQHUDOXUXJXD\DWDQWRIHPHnina como masculina. /DFRPSDUDFLyQGHODVPHGLDVREVHUYDGDVHQHO6&/ 5GHODPXHVWUDGHFDXWLYRV\ODGHQRFDXWLYRVSRUOD SUXHEDWGH6WXGHQWVHGHVFULEHHQHO&XDGUR/DPXHVWUD GHFDXWLYRVSUHVHQWDGLIHUHQFLDVHVWDGtVWLFDPHQWHVLJQL¿FDWLYDVFRQSXQWDMHVDOWRVHQVtQWRPDVWRWDOHVSRVLWLYRV 367tQGLFHGHVHYHULGDGJOREDO*6,tQGLFHGHVtQWRPDVSRVLWLYRVGHPDOHVWDU36',VRPDWL]DFLyQ620 VHQVLELOLGDGLQWHUSHUVRQDO,6GHSUHVLyQ'(3DQVLHGDG $1;HLGHDFLyQSDUDQRLGH3$5 (Q HO &XDGUR VH PXHVWUD OD FRUUHODFLyQ HQWUH ORV SURWRWLSRVVHJXURHLQVHJXUR\OD6&/5DWUDYpVGHO Revista Latinoamericana de Psiquiatría Volumen 11, núm. 2, enero-marzo 2012 41 Cherro-Aguerre M y col. 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