La lámpara de Diógenes, Consistencia lógica, realidad los principios fundamentales Miguel López Astorga Introducción !"#$!!!%!%! & ' (! !%)* ' + ! ,!! !* )!%!-+!! '! ! !' * ! * &-' +!!* +) !! ! ! ! &! .!/ !!-&- )!0+1 -+!(!!2 ! 3%! + !3! 4 5 ) ! ! ! .! 6'712'! ! !-+! )%!!!!!!-8+6'7! !!!- ! !! !))!* -+!) !9 -!!-+! %* )!+!! +! )!! ):! -+! ! !8) / ! * -+!! ! -+!;* ) -+!!* !-+!% !* + !!* : & 6'712) !!! !!- * !!!!- !!; ! !-!<1=>=2?= !-* !-,-* (!:!@<the same attribute cannot at the same time belong and not belong to the same 149 subject in the same respect?1,-@A)2") * + + %) !-! 5)/&+ + ! ! !!+-+!-+!" -!) !!* ! -+!%!!8)+ )( ! ! ) : ! * !* +!'!* + !!' ! ' !! + !! 3& !-6'712 El principio de no contradicción y la metafísica =!* 6'712: * !!* ' ! +)!!! !!!!-= * * !! !!%)!! /)%! )/)! )-!, * <one and the same particle cannot both have and not have an electric charge at the same time?16'7@B25 -! !!!! &!+(! * !+( * )+& )C!!9'!'6'7!* @ It might be that it is not a metaphysically necessary condition for the existence of macrophysical objects that electric charges have a particular causal powers that they do; however, all that matters here is that in the actual world electric charges have the particular causal powers that they have and these powers emerge because electric charges act consistently. In other words, in the actual world the laws of physics require that one and the same particle either has or does not have an electric charge at any one time -otherwise this particular macrophysical construction would not be possible. 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¿Es la realidad lógica? 3!):-) +!-!!+& ! +* + ! -+! '!+-+!* ! &')+ ! ! , !'-* !-+!! ! % ! !!!- ! +-+! =* !'-* ) !'* E/:!* ! -+! ! +-+! ' 155 !- !! " ) ) ! )/ * ' ! % )! * !!!!- ! +-+!)%! )!! )!%! ! -+!))) ) ! &!)* ! -+!1W%!2! )!/ U &%! ) !!!!! !!!!! =!-7-! )= !'* !* !-+!! +-+! +&!! ! * !!! * !! !- !!!!5 ) !+ * !-+!!! * !* ! -+!! * !)+ ! * !%!/ * ! !-3'+ !%!! %!) * ) !! )/* ! )-! ! ! !!!! ")* !-3'+ )5!-)!* ! * !-+!!!* ! ) %!!6'7 129 !! !) * * !!%!-+!* !! * !-+!! !!!!-=* !! !! !) !+' !+ !!R!! * (! ) ! U &% ! ! !! * !) !!* !/ ! !! /X!!!6 * :)@!! X 5+ %)!!! !!!- ! !! XX! ) 156 8 !! & * ! !! )!- ! !!* ! ! ' !! !! !* * / ! )-!( ! !) ! ! Conclusiones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otas 5) !! / C! !+(!! 3 = * !!-!!:! )/!!* !+(!! &! ! * )+ * * !+(!! &! ! & !* !+(!!!!5) !:+* ! + + !+(!! Z! ! !-!!! )5!!!!- !!-% 5!!!!-)!!)60R$ ) !- 159 Bibliografía ,.[86\655812Metaphysics=!" J1 !+(Q 9.JK2=!C= 0R6R"$1L2Introducción a los conceptos y Tteorías de las ciencias físicas K!.( M,"6[ 1L2Crítica de la razón pura1 !!-T $!T S%&2T(:!= ]]]]]]]1L2Crítica de la razón pura1 !!-=.)2T,+ 8 \=5FT+ 12<6!!-@C:!!--+!? A Parte Rei, Revista de Filosofía, AT) ]]]]]]]12<5)60R$! !!-!? A Parte Rei, Revista de Filosofía, A)T ]]]]]]]1)2<5)!!/ !-? Filosofía y Culturas en Diálogo, 4[[BK , =;.5F95,KR.9,,1B2¿Salvar lo real? Materiales para una Filosofía de la CienciaT5!5! =R==5.M1B2!"#!$%#& . +M= =R==5.M1L2Unended Quest: An Intellectual AutobiographyS W3 =.[586$'12In Contradiction: A Study of the TransconsistentR:8! 5:53= 6,0MR6 512<6'#"3!T'!=!? Australasian Journal of Logic, LBL 645.8MV,M,0"5T,"91B2<5:versus[ .+@ 6'3/ !S!=))J +?Psychological Review, BBA Q,8R"=3'!12KS1!2<.+?'#()*+chology,0#'1T:2=+ ]]]]]]]12<.+) . ?Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, LB ]]]]]]] 1LL2 <83!? = " J' = 3 Q 12 Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science3)+3)+C= .!!-@) 9!)@) 160