INFORME GLIFOSATO El glifosato es un herbicida de uso agrícola
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INFORME GLIFOSATO El glifosato es un herbicida de uso agrícola, no selectivo, para el control postemergente de las malezas anuales y perennes, que se puede utilizar en presiembra de soja, maíz, girasol; en pre-cosecha de trigo; y en cultivos perennes en aplicaciones dirigidas. Es de acción sistémica y una vez aplicado sobre las malezas, es absorbido por hojas y tallos verdes, y translocado hacia las raíces y órganos vegetativos subterráneos, ocasionando la muerte total de las malezas emergidas. Los efectos son lentos, sobre todo en especies perennes, donde después de transcurridos 4-5 días desde la aplicación comienza el amarillamiento y marchitamiento de hojas y tallos que culminan con la muerte total de las malezas. Es de uso muy difundido y esta autorizado no solo en nuestro país sino en otros países de alta vigilancia. Su aplicación, como la del resto de los agroquímicos debe ser realizada con el asesoramiento de un Ingeniero Agrónomo y respetando las indicaciones explicitas del marbete, como así también los cultivos para los que se encuentra autorizado, lo cual reduce ostensiblemente los riesgos para el medio ambiente y para el aplicador. El glifosato se encuentra inscripto en el Registro Nacional de Terapéutica Vegetal, en los términos del Manual de Procedimientos, Criterios y Alcances para el Registro de Productos Fitosanitarios en la Republica Argentina, aprobado por Resolución SAGPYA Nº 350/99. La mencionada Resolución, adopta para la Argentina la Quinta Edición del Manual sobre Elaboración y Empleo de las Especificaciones de la FAO para Productos destinados a la Protección de Plantas. El Glifosato es Clase IV -Producto que normalmente no ofrece peligro-, corresponde a una banda de color verde y la leyenda de CUIDADO en negro. La Clasificación Toxicológica responde a resultados de la evaluación de los ensayos efectuados por un Laboratorio acreditado para tal fin, en la Dirección de Laboratorio y Control Técnico de este Organismo. Dicha clasificación responde los parámetros establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud – OMS. La clasificación consta en la etiqueta de los producto, como así también las medidas precautorias generales, los riesgos ambientales, precauciones ambientales, el tratamiento de remanentes y envases vacíos, almacenamiento, acciones ante derrames, primeros auxilios, advertencias para el médico, consultas en caso de intoxicación, etc. Las mismas son: Medidas precautorias generales: Preparar el caldo al aire libre, usando los equipos de protección indicados. No pulverizar en días ventosos. El equipo de pulverización debe enjuagarse con agua luego de cada aplicación. Equipos de protección personal: Carga del Equipo: Protector facial, guantes de goma de nitrilo y botas de goma, camisa de mangas largas y pantalones largos. Aplicación: Protector facial, guantes de goma de nitrilo, camisa de mangas largas y pantalones largos. Riesgos ambientales: Aves: Prácticamente no tóxico. Peces y organismos acuáticos: Ligeramente tóxico Abejas: Virtualmente no tóxico. Se inactiva en contacto con el suelo, quedando fuertemente retenido, lo que hace improbable la contaminación de napas freáticas o cursos de agua. Los microorganismos del suelo descomponen este producto en elementos naturales, sin dejar residuos tóxicos. Debido a su baja tensión de vapor no produce vapores. No se acumula en los tejidos animales. Precauciones ambientales: No aplicar, drenar o enjuagar el equipo utilizado cerca de plantas deseables, ni en áreas donde se puedan extender sus raíces, ya que pueden resultar dañadas. Debe evitarse la contaminación directa de los cuerpos de agua ya sea durante la aplicación y uso del producto, o durante las operaciones de carga y limpieza del equipo, enjuague de envases vacíos, etc. Se debe dejar una franja sin aplicar (zona buffer) de al menos 5 metros en las riberas de cuerpos de agua permanentes naturales o artificiales que conecten con estos. Tratamientos de remanentes: Los remanentes del producto sin diluir pueden mezclarse con agua, en una concentración del 5 al 10%, y aplicarse sobre alambrados y zonas no cultivadas donde se quiera eliminar malezas. El remanente de la pulverización puede eliminarse del mismo modo, sin necesidad de dilución. Tratamiento y método de destrucción de envases vacíos: Los envases vacíos deben descontaminarse mediante triple enjuague. Para ello seguir los siguientes pasos: 1. Llenarlos envases con agua hasta 1/3 de su capacidad y taparlos firmemente. 2. Agitar enérgicamente los envases durante 30 segundos. 3. Verter el agua del enjuague en el tanque del aplicador. 4. Repetir dos veces más lospasos1 al3. Los envases plásticos descontaminados pueden ofrecerse para reciclado del material o pueden ser incinerados a llama viva a cielo abierto, manteniéndose alejado del humo. Almacenamiento Las soluciones de glifosato sólo deben mezclarse, almacenarse o aplicarse en recipientes de acero inoxidable, aluminio, fibra de vidrio, plástico o acero recubierto de plástico. No usar recipientes de acero galvanizado pues tanto el glifosato como sus soluciones reaccionan con esas superficies liberando gas hidrógeno que puede formar una mezcla gaseosa altamente combustible capaz de explotar en presencia de fuego. Mantener el producto en sus envases originales bien cerrados, y alejado de fuentes de calor, llamas o chispas, al resguardo de la luz solar. Mantener alejado de alimentos, otros plaguicidas, semillas, forrajes y fertilizantes. Almacenar en locales cerrados secos y ventilados, con piso impermeable; la construcción debe ser de material no combustible; de ser factible estos sitios deben estar provistos de sistemas automáticos de detección y extinción de incendios. No comer, beber ni fumar en estos lugares. Derrames Producto sin preparar o caldo de pulverización: mantener alejados a personas y animales. No fumar. Contener y absorber el derrame con un material inerte (arena, tierra) y recogerlo con pala. Enterrar en un sitio donde no haya posibilidades de contaminar cursos o napas de agua. Primeros Auxilios En cualquier caso conseguir ayuda médicaIngestión: No inducir el vómito. Dar a beber inmediatamente dos vasos de agua. No dar nada por boca si el accidentado está inconsciente. Llamar a un médico. Contacto con la piel: Quitar las ropas contaminadas; lavar inmediatamente la piel con abundante agua y jabón. Lavar las ropas contaminadas antes de reutilizarlas. Contacto con los ojos: Mantener manualmente los párpados abiertos y lavar los ojos con abundante cantidad de agua en forma constante durante por lo menos 15 minutos. Llamar a un médico. Inhalación: Retirar a un lugar ventilado y fresco. Si el accidentado no respira efectuar respiración artificial, preferiblemente boca a boca. Llamar a un médico. Advertencia para el médico (este item debe indicarse en color rojo): Producto que normalmente no ofrece peligro (Clase IV) No existe antídoto específico. Aplicar tratamiento sintomático. Es no irritante dermal y mínimo irritante ocular; es débil sensibilizante dermal. Síntomas de intoxicación aguda: El glifosato es un producto que normalmente no ofrece peligro (Clase IV) por las vías oral y dermal. Producto poco peligroso por la vía inhalatoria. Consultas en caso de intoxicaciones CENTRO NACIONAL DE INTOXICACIONES Hospital Nacional "Prof. Alejandro Posadas" Responsable: Dr. Osvaldo Curci Av. Presidente Illia y Marconi CP 1684 – El Palomar - Pcia. de Buenos Aires Tel: (011) 4658-7777 / 4654-6648 / 4469-9300 int.1102 Línea telefónica de cobro revertido: 0-800-333-0160 E-mail: cniposadas@intramed.net www.hospitalposadas.org.ar/toxico/cntoxico Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. UNIDAD DE TOXICOLOGÍA - Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez" GCBA Responsable: Dra. Elda Cargnel Sánchez de Bustamante 1399 CP 1425 - C. A. de Buenos Aires Línea telefónica de cobro revertido: 0-800– 444 TOXI (8694) Tel: (011) 4962-6666 Tel / Fax: 4962-2247 Fax: 4962-3762 E-mail: toxiguti@yahoo.com.ar Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. UNIDAD DE TOXICOLOGÍA - Hospital de Niños "Dr. Pedro de Elizalde" GCBA Responsable: Dra. María Elisa Fernández Avda. Montes de Oca 40 CP 1270 - C. A. de Buenos Aires Tel: (011) 4300-2115 / 4307-5842 / 4 Fax: 4307-7400 E-mail: hetoxico@intramed.net.ar Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. SERVICIO DE TOXICOLOGÍA - Hospital Escuela "José de San Martín" UBA Responsable: Dr. Eduardo Scarlato Paraguay 2201 CP 1120 – C. A. de Buenos Aires Tel: (011) 5950-8804 Tel/Fax: 5950-8806 E-mail: toxicologia@hospitaldeclinicas.uba.ar Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónic CENTRO DE ASESORAMIENTO Y ASISTENCIA TOXICOLOGICA Hospital Interzonal de Agudos Especializado en Pediatría "Sor María Ludovica" – Prov. de Buenos Aires Responsable: Dra. Ana María Girardelli Calle 14, Nro.1631 CP 1900 - La Plata - Pcia. de Buenos Aires Tel: (0221) 451-5555 (directo) o 453-5901(interno 1312 u opción 2) Fax: 453-5930 Línea telefónica de cobro revertido: 0-800-222-9911 E-mail: hntoxico@argentina.com Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. SERVICIO DE TOXICOLOGÍA - Sanatorio de Niños Responsable: Dr. Juan Carlos Piola Alvear 858 PB. A CP 2000 - Rosario – Pcia. de Santa Fe Tel/Fax: (0341) 448-0202 (24 hs). 420-4463 (administrativo) Tel.Cel: (0341) 155 400-0019 E-mail: sertox@sertox.com.ar www.sertox.com.ar Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. TOXICOLOGÍA, ASESORAMIENTO Y SERVICIOS (T.A.S.) Responsable: Dra. Silvia Martínez Tucumán 1544 CP 2000 - Rosario – Pcia. de Santa Fe Tel / Fax: (0341) 424-2727 E-mail: toxico@toxicologia-tas.com.ar Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: todos los días 24 hs. SERVICIO DE INTOXICACIONES - Hospital de Niños Responsable: Dra. Nilda Gait Bajada Pucará s/n CP 5000 - Córdoba Tel: (0351) Conm 458-6400 / Guardia 458-6406/ Jef. de Toxicología 456-6455 E-mail: nilda.gait@cba.gov.ar Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: Todos los días, 24 hs. DEPARTAMENTO DE TOXICOLOGÍA, PREVENCIÓN Y LUCHA CONTRA LA DROGA – ASISTENCIA PUBLICA Y EMERGENCIA MEDICA Secretaría de Salud y Promoción - Municipalidad de San Miguel de Tucumán Responsable: Dr. Alfredo Córdoba Chacabuco 239 1er. P. CP 4000 – San Miguel de Tucumán Tel: (0381) 430-5449 int 26 Fax: 430-2499 E-mail: cordoba_alfredo@yahoo.com.ar Tipo de asistencia que se brinda: Personal y telefónica. Horario de Atención: lunes a viernes de 8 a 14 La aplicación del producto debe hacerse con el asesoramiento de un ingeniero agrónomo y respetando las indicaciones explicitadas en el marbete, lo cual reduce ostensiblemente los riesgos para la salud humana, animal y para el medio ambiente. Asimismo, se debe dar cumplimiento a las normativas provinciales y municipales correspondientes. A continuación se detalla la información que SENASA dispone sobre el producto: - Nota de la Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), otorgando el Reregistro del ingrediente activo glifosato (16 de Febrero de 2004). Resumen de la EPA de los resultados los estudios presentados para el Reregistro del ingrediente activo glifosato (Septiembre de 1993). Estudios completos. US Environment Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs Special Review and Reregistration Division, Septiembre de 2003. Información General - Historia del Herbicida Glifosato de Monsanto.(Junio 2005)(1) - Antecedentes documentales de Información sobre Glifosato.(Julio 2002)(2) Roundup y Salud Humana - Análisis de Riesgo y Evaluación de Seguridad.(Mayo 2005)(3) - Estudios de Estándares Toxicológicos.(Septiembre 2002)(4) - Toxicología Reproductiva.(Septiembre 2002) (5) - Resultados Reproductivos.(Febrero 2004)(6) - Estudios de Biomonitoreo.(Febrero,2004)(7) - Glifosato: Evidencias de producto no cancerígeno.(Septiembre 2005) (8) - Respuesta a Efectos diferenciales del Glifosato a células y enzimas placentarias humanas.(Junio 2005) (9) - Respuesta a los peores efectos tóxicos del glifosato.(Abril 2006) (10) - Respuesta a los alegatos sobre la generación de linfoma de Hodgkin's.(Julio 2002) (11) - Respuesta a los alegatos sobre la generación de células de leucemia.(Agosto 2002) (12) - Reporte sobre glifosato de “California Pesticida Illnes “.(febrero 2004) (13) - IBT y Craven Laboratorios.(Junio 2005) (14) Roundup y Medio Ambiente - Glifosato y Estudios Medio Ambientales.(Abril 2005)(15) - Glifosato y Deriva (Septiembre 2002) (16) - Glifosato y Calidad de Agua.(Noviembre 2003) (17) - Degradación del glifosato a Formaldehido.(Mayo 2005) (18) - Glifosato y Vida Media en el Suelo. (Octubre 2005) (19) No restricción de uso otoñal de glifosato en Dinamarca.(Abril 2005) (20) Glifosato no es degradado a Acido Fosfórico en el medio ambiente.(julio 2005) (21) Glifosato y Microorganismos en el sistema Soja RR.(Octubre 2005) (22) Roundup y Vida Salvaje - Glifosato y Vida Salvaje.(diciembre 2002) (23) - Uso Acuático del Glifosato en Australia.(Mayo 2003) (24) - Efectos del glifosato sobre la cría de salmones.(Mayo 2003) (25) - Resumen del Análisis de Riesgo Eco toxicológico del Herbicida Roundup.(Febrero 2005) (26) - “El impacto del glifosato en la biodiversidad y productividad de las comunidades acuáticas”.(Mayo 2005) (27) Fuentes: (1)- Monsanto Company. (2)- Review by John P. Giesy, Stuart Dobson and Keith R. Solomon, published in Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, (2000) Vol. 167, pp. 35120. The publication was based on their review of more than 250 documents. Review by Gary M. Williams, Robert Kroes and Ian C. Munro, published in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, (2000) Vol. 31, pp. 117-165. The publication was based on their review of nearly 200 documents. (3)- Gary M. Williams, M.D.; Roberts Kroes, Ph.D.; Ian C.Munro, Ph.D. (Mayo, 2005). (4)- FQPA (Food Quality Protection Act). (1996) Title IV, Section 408 (a)(4)(c). http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/foodqual/fqpa4.htm U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1993) Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate. EAP-738-F-93-011, September 1993, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf U.S. EPA (2000) Final Rule: Glyphosate; Pesticide Tolerance. Federal Register 65(188): 57957, September 27. (5)- European Commission (2002) Report for the Active Substance Glyphosate, Directive 6511/VI/99, Jan. 21. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/ph_ps/pro/eva/existing/list1_en.htm U.S. EPA (1993) Reregistration Eligibility Decision: Glyphosate. EAP-738-F-93011, September 1993, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf U.S. EPA (1997) Glyphosate; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions. Final Rule; Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register 62(154): 42921-42928. Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC (2000) Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 31(2):117-165. http://www.idealibrary.com/links/doi/10.1006/rtph.1999.1371 WHO (1994) Environmental Health Criteria 159: Glyphosate. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc159.htm (6)- AcquavellaJ.F, Alexander BH, Mandel JS, Gustin C, Baker B, Chapman P, Bleeke M. (2004). Arbuckle TE (2004) Ontario Farm Family Health Study: Development of Survey Instruments and pilot Study. 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Lavy T,Cowell J, Steinmetz JR, Massey JH (1992) Conifer seedling nursery exposture to glyphosate. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22:6-13. Mandel JS, Alexander BH, Baker B, Honeycutt R, Chapman P, Acquavella JF. (accepted for publication)Farm Family expopsture Study.Scandinavian Journal of Work & Environmental Health. World Health Organization (1994) glyphosate. Environmental Health criteria 159.World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. (8)-Dolier LH.(1991) Pre-Harvest use of glyphosate herbicide [Preharverst application of glyphosate (Roundup) herbicide]. Discussion Document D91-01.98p. Durkin PR. (2003)Glyphosate-Human health and ecological Risk Assessment. Final Report. SERA Report TR 02-43-09-04a. European commission (2002) Report for the Active Substance Glyphosate, Directive 6511/VI/99, January 21. EXTOXNET (1996)Pesticide information profile:Glyphosate. U.S.EPA. (1993) EPA R:E:D Fact: Glyphosate. EPA-738-F-93-011. 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Review of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 167:35-120. Heydens WF, Levine SL,Farmer DR, Han Z, Wall C, Papadopoulos V (2003)Non specific alteration of steroidogenesis in MA-10 leydig cells by supra-physiological concentrations of the surfactant in Roundup herbicide.Toxicological Sciences 72(S1):131 (conference abstract) Levine SL, Farmer DR, Heydens WF, Han Z, Wall C, Papadopoulos V(2003) Non specific alteration of steroidogenesis in vitro by supra-physiological levels of surfactant. Poster PH021, Society of environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22 nd Annual Meeting abstracts. Richard S, Moslemi S, Sipahutar H, Benachour N, Seralini GE. (2005)Differential effects of glyphosate and Roundup on human placental cells and aromatase. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(6):716-720.doi:10.1289/ehp.7728. Walsh LP, McCormick C, Martin C, Stocco DM. (2000) Roundup inhibits steroidogenesis by disrupting steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR)protein expression. 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