Foreign value-added of country s

Fragmentación internacional
de la producción y la
inserción de LAC en Cadenas
Globales de Valor
Juan Blyde (IDB)
Kun Li (IDB)
Auditorio Raul Prebisch, INTAL
Buenos Aires, Argentina, 7 Junio 2012
Introducción
 Los procesos de producción están siendo cada vez más fragmentados
internacionalmente: para muchos bienes, el proceso de producción se separa en
diferentes etapas que se llevan a cabo en diversas partes del mundo. Los países
que se especializan en las diferentes etapas del proceso están vinculados en una
cadena global de valor.
 Desde el punto de vista de los países en desarrollo, el incremento de la
fragmentación internacional de la producción y el auge de las cadenas globales
de valor brinda oportunidades de producción y de comercio que prácticamente
no existían anteriormente.
 Esto es importante para LAC, una región con una base exportadora altamente
concentrada en sectores intensivos en recursos naturales
Introducción
 El BID está elaborando un reporte (2013) para mejorar nuestro entendimiento
sobre cuales son los retos asociados a esta forma de inserción internacional
 El reporte va a examinar información a diferentes niveles de agregación
(macro/industria/firma/casos) con el propósito de presentar un análisis
exhaustivo de hasta que punto LAC participa en estas cadenas globales de valor
y cuales son los determinantes de dicha participación
 No existen datos o metodologías que por si solas puedan captar todos los
matices relacionados con este tema. De allí la intención de combinar varios
niveles de información




Nivel macro (construcción de matrices insumo-producto internacionales)
Nivel industrial
Nivel firma
Nivel de casos (Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, México)
Objectives
 Measure fragmentation of production quantitatively
 Measure the extent to which LAC countries participate in GVCs
 Identify the position of LAC countries in GVCs
 Benchmark LAC against other countries and regions
Key Concepts
 (FV) Foreign value-added of country s: the value-added embodied in the
exports of country s that comes from all the other countries. This is a measure of
the extent to which imported inputs are used in the exports of country s.
 (IV) Indirect value-added of country s: the value-added of country s that is
embodied in the exports of all the other countries. This is a measure of the extent
to which the exports of country s are used as inputs in the exports of other
countries.
 Measure of GVC participation:
 Classic measure: FV/EX
 More general measure: (FV+IV)/EX
Key Concepts (cont.)
 Measure of GVC position: IV/FV
 If this ratio is high, the country tends to participate more as a provider of value added
to other countries than as a recipient of foreign value added; therefore, the country is
relatively upstream in the chain.
 Conversely, if this ratio is low, the country tends to participate more as a recipient of
foreign value added than as a provider of value added to other countries; therefore,
the country is relatively downstream in the chain.
 Participation and position are two dimensions of GVC
 Two countries lying in a similar position of the chain, can still have quite different
participation levels. Vice versa.
 We need both to complete the story.
International Input-Output Tables (II-O)
 A II-O example of 3-country, 2-sector
II-O (Production)
c1
c2
s1
s2
s1
s2
c3
s1
s2
value added
s1
c1
s2
s1
c2
s2
s1
c3
s2
 Identify the origin and use of intermediate goods and services by country and
sector
 Capture the value and source of imported inputs used directly and indirectly in
the production
International Input-Output Tables (II-O)
 The calculation requires:




Sectoral bilateral trade statistics
I-O table of domestic intermediate inputs
I-O table of imported intermediate inputs
Value of imported intermediate inputs from each trade partner
 GTAP data include bilateral trade statistics and I-O tables
 GTAP 7, 113 countries (regions), 57 sectors, year 2004
Foreign value added embodied in LAC’s
exports tends to be small
Share of foreign value added in gross exports
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
Source: IDB
Overall participation in GVC is also small
GVC participation
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Source: IDB
LAC countries are typically upstream in
the chain
GVC Position (IV/FV)
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Source: IDB
LAC, more FV (IV) in energy, agriculture and
food; Asia, in light and heavy manufacture
FV decomposition
IV decomposition
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
LAC
Source: IDB
ASIAPACIFIC
Energy
EU27
Agriculture
LAC
Food
LightManu
ASIAPACIFIC
HeavyManu
EU27
Service
Casos de estudio