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Los aliados crearon en 1944 la Autoridad Marítima Unida (“United Maritime Authority”), cuya finalidad era regular el tráfico marítimo en tiempos de guerra. Una vez finalizada la Guerra, en octubre de 1946, se constituyó un Consejo Consultivo Marítimo Provisional, como antesala en el establecimiento de una organización internacional con amplias competencias en el ámbito marítimo. En el año 1948, el Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas26 propuso la creación de una organización permanente para la seguridad marítima; sin embargo, la Convención que creó la Organización Consultiva Marítima Intergubernamental (OCMI), no fue ratificada hasta diez años más tarde27. La creación de esta organización, si bien aceptada por la mayoría, también estuvo marcada por la opinión en contra de sectores que consideraban innecesario y costoso la creación de un nuevo órgano específico28. Finalmente, la Convención sobre la creación de la Organización Consultiva entró en vigor el 17 de marzo de 1958; celebrándose la primera sesión de su Asamblea en enero de 195929. 25 BEKIASHEV, K., y SEREBRIAKOV, V., International Marine Organizations, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, La Haya, 1981, pág. 39. En esta obra se pone de manifiesto que a finales del siglo XIX ya habían surgido los primeros intentos para la creación de una organización internacional con competencias en el sector marítimo. Estas propuestas fueron discutidas en las Conferencias de Washington (1889), y de San Petersburgo (1912). Estos autores incorporan referencias doctrinales, que ya pronunciaban a favor del establecimiento de una organización a nivel internacional que pudiera actuar en todos los ámbitos vinculados con la seguridad marítima. Sobre la evolución de la OMI, O´NEIL, W.A., “IMO, 30 years of change, 30 years of progress”, Maritime Policy and Management, vol.30, núm.1, pág. 1-4. SRIVASTAVA, C., “Safer ships and cleaner oceans: thirty years' work of the international maritime organization”, Transport Reviews, vol. 9, núm.1, Enero 1989, págs. 45 – 57. DÍEZ DE VELASCO, M., Las Organizaciones Internacionales, 14ª ed., Tecnos, Madrid, 2006, pág. 380. Este autor señala entre los antecedentes de la OMI las actuaciones de la Comunicaciones y del Tránsito, que había preparado las Conferencias internacionales de Barcelona (1921) y Ginebra (1923). 26 Sobre la evolución de las Naciones Unidas desde su creación, su repercusión en el orden internacional, y sus posibles desarrollos futuros, BERTRAND, M., The United Nations. 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EUROPEA La regulación de la seguridad marítima en el entorno comunitario tiene su base en la política de transportes y la política ambiental, ya que la concepción que defendemos del término seguridad marítima exige de la adopción de disposiciones en ambos sentidos. El medio marino, y las disposiciones vinculadas al mismo no se encontraban dentro de las prioridades de los primeros Estados miembros. Esta afirmación se confirma en el texto del Tratado de Roma, que no incluía mención alguna a los mares y océanos; una de las principales consecuencias de esta omisión fue que la política pesquera de los países miembros, tuvo que ser incluida en la política agrícola. En lo que respecta a la política de transportes, el Tratado de Roma excluía expresamente la aplicación de sus disposiciones en este ámbito al transporte marítimo y aéreo, a la vez que disponía que el Consejo sería el encargado de establecer el procedimiento para la adopción de disposiciones específicas3. En lo que respecta al medio ambiente, no existían referencias en los Tratados constitutivos de la Comunidad4, ni la política ambiental aparecía reconocida como una competencia específica5. 3 El Tratado Constitutivo de la Comunidad Económica Europea establece, en su artículo 3, que el transporte será objeto de una política común. Los artículos 74 a 84 del Tratado establecen la regulación general de esta materia; el artículo 84.2 dispone: “El Consejo, por unanimidad, podrá decidir si, en qué medida y de acuerdo con qué procedimiento podrán adoptarse disposiciones apropiadas para la navegación marítima y aérea.” 4 Como ha recogido LOZANO CUTANDA, B., en Derecho Ambiental Administrativo, Madrid, 2003, pág. 190: “Los tres Tratados constitutivos de la Comunidad no contenían ninguna disposición que reconociera competencia a las instituciones europeas para actuar en materia de medio ambiente y, es más, las palabras “medio ambiente”, “ecología”, o “lucha contra la contaminación” ni siquiera aparecían en su texto. Ello es lógico si tenemos en cuenta que estos Tratados fueron aprobados en los años cincuenta, cuando aún no existía una conciencia generalizada a nivel internacional sobre el carácter limitado de los recursos naturales y la necesidad de frenar el proceso de deterioro de nuestro ecosistema”. Sobre el importante desarrollo de la política comunitaria, y su evolución desde la ausencia de referencias a la misma, hasta convertirse en una de las políticas más novedosas a nivel internacional, JORDAN, A., BROUWER, R., y NOBLE, E., “Innovative and responsive? A longitudinal analysis of teh speed of EU environmental policy-making, 1967-97”, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. VI, núm. 3, septiembre 1999, págs. 376-398. 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