Market Research – Eastern Europe Fresh flowers in Hungary

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Market Research – Eastern Europe
Fresh flowers in Hungary
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Proexport – Colombia
Equipo de Trabajo
Dirección de Información Comercial
Jorge Luis Gutiérrez – Director
Fernando Piñeros – Subdirector Proyectos Especiales
Bibiana Gutiérrez – Analista de Inteligencia de Mercados
bgutierrez@proexport.com.co
www.proexport.gov.co
www.proexport.com.co
Calle 28 No. 13ª – 15, Piso 35
Tel: (571) 5600100
Fax: (571) 5600118
Bogotá, Colombia
GRUPO CONSULTOR
EUNITE, Nederland
Todos los derechos reservados. Ni la totalidad ni parte de este documento puede
reproducirse o transmitirse por ningún procedimiento electrónico o mecánico,
incluyendo fotocopias, impresión o grabación.
Estimado Empresario:
La búsqueda de acuerdos comerciales que nos permitan como país ampliar los
escenarios y mercados de exportación, nos reta como PROEXPORT a apoyar en
forma directa a los empresarios en sus iniciativas exportadoras, ofreciendo
servicios dentro de un modelo del gestión comercial y compartiendo un
conocimiento más detallado sobre los mercados y sus oportunidades.
Para lograr lo anterior, PROEXPORT, con inversión de recursos propios y de
cooperación técnica no-reembolsables del BID-FOMIN, emprendió una labor de
recolección y análisis de información de primera mano en los principales mercados
de interés a través de la contratación de consultorías internacionales
especializadas en investigaciones de mercados. Los resultados de estos trabajos
permitieron analizar y conocer la dinámica comercial de los sectores en los cuales
existe un potencial para nuestras exportaciones, así como detallar aspectos de
competitividad, información valiosa para la orientación de las iniciativas
exportadoras de nuestros empresarios.
La información que contiene este estudio, sobre la dinámica del sector, la
demanda y consumo, la situación competitiva de los productos, estructura y
características de la comercialización y logística de acceso al mercado, es una
contribución e invitación a profundizar y conocer aspectos que nos permitan
avanzar en la realización de negocios en escenarios internacionales.
Cordialmente,
Luis Guillermo Plata P.
Presidente PROEXPORT
Contents
1. Introduction .....................................................................................................................7
1.1
Introduction ...............................................................................................................7
1.2
Methodology..............................................................................................................7
2. General sector data ........................................................................................................9
2.1
Current market developments within the specified sector.........................................9
2.2
Sector’s participation in total GDP ..........................................................................11
2.3
Sector’s participation in employment ......................................................................11
2.4
Developments in production....................................................................................12
2.5
Sales-, export-, import, activities .............................................................................14
2.6
Available data about the sub sectors ......................................................................17
2.7
Recommendations ..................................................................................................18
3. Market composition and characteristics ....................................................................19
3.1
Market size..............................................................................................................19
3.2
Analysis of the apparent consumption dynamics ....................................................20
3.3
Governmental plans and programs .........................................................................20
3.4
Demand in the market .............................................................................................20
3.5
Recommendations ..................................................................................................23
4. Competition analysis ....................................................................................................25
4.1
Main trademarks available in the market ................................................................25
4.2
Features of the commercialized products ...............................................................26
4.3
Marketing and advertising strategies ......................................................................27
4.4
Participation in the market and segments that are served ......................................28
4.5
Quality of the product ..............................................................................................29
4.6
Expansion plans......................................................................................................29
4.7
Pricing strategy .......................................................................................................29
4.8
Segmentation of enterprises by sectors and its categorization ...............................31
4.9
Recommendations ..................................................................................................31
5. Distribution channels ...................................................................................................33
5.1
Distribution channels...............................................................................................33
5.2
Recommendations ..................................................................................................40
6. Commercial Access Guide...........................................................................................41
6.1
Preferential Tariffs...................................................................................................41
6.2
Tariffs imposed by major competitors .....................................................................42
6.3
Norms of origin........................................................................................................43
6.4
Barriers....................................................................................................................45
6.5
Import Licenses.......................................................................................................45
6.6
Quotas.....................................................................................................................49
6.7
Approvals & 6.8 Technical standards......................................................................49
6.9
Packaging ...............................................................................................................50
6.10 Import Documentation .............................................................................................50
6.11 Import Modalities or regimes involved in the process .............................................58
6.12 Requirements for import of samples and accompanied luggage ............................59
6.13 Website links to rules and regulations.....................................................................59
6.14 Flow chart of the process and related costs............................................................60
6.15 Recommendations ..................................................................................................61
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
7. Physical access ............................................................................................................63
7.1
General description of available transportation infrastructure in Hungary ...............63
7.2
Identification of ports, airports, roads- border passes- railways, waterways ...........64
7.3
Description of status, operation, security, costs, distances, transportation
arrangements and intercommunity customs............................................................73
7.4
Identification of other handling and distribution infrastructure .................................73
7.5
Identification of carriers that transport goods imported from Colombia ..................76
7.6
Alternatives of transport and carriers providing services from Colombia.................79
7.7
Costs of transportation from Colombia and main competing countries for
the three types of cargo (loose cargo, general cargo, refrigerated cargo)
in each modality of transport....................................................................................79
7.8
International Freight and Transportation Costs .......................................................80
7.9
Other costs involved in international physical distribution .......................................82
7.10 Physical distribution services address book ............................................................82
8. Recommendations to the exporter..............................................................................83
Annexes ................................................................................................................................85
Annex 1: Certificate of origin form A....................................................................................85
Annex 2: Plant health movement document........................................................................86
Annex 3: Phytosanitary certificate .......................................................................................87
Annex 4: DV1 Form.............................................................................................................89
Annex 5: Single Administrative Document (SAD) ...............................................................91
Annex 6: Photo documentation ..........................................................................................92
Annex 7: Companies Directories.........................................................................................94
6 Proexport Colombia
1.
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
This report aims at providing in-depth information on the flower sector in Hungary. The
report has been composed for PROEXPORT Colombia to provide Colombian exporters
with a practical guidebook on how to approach the Hungarian market. The report will
focus on all relevant aspects regarding market entry and has been drawn up in
accordance with the Terms of Reference. The main objective of the report is to offer
detailed information about the Hungarian market to Colombian entrepreneurs, gathering
and analyzing market information about the flower sector development within the market
as well as market access, product requirements, legal affairs and product
competitiveness, that is, useful information in order to identify the market’s general
trends and opportunities.
1.2 Methodology
The report is conceived as a compilation of edited information from numerous sources.
The most important information was taken from the Ministry of Economy and Transport
Hungary, Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Development and the Hungarian
Development Bank. All the used data is also the latest data available.
Enormous help was given by the Hungarian Association of Flower Wholesalers and its
workers and by the Agrarmarketing Centrum. Also helpful were the international
organizations dealing with the economic wellbeing of the flower industry in Hungary. The
International Monetary Fund (IMF) made a survey in 2004, which contained useful data
for this report and the World Trade Organization’s trade policy reviews in the years
1998, 2003 and 2004 were also beneficial. Additional information was acquired via the
Internet and drawn from major daily and weekly newspapers (Heti Világgazdaság /HVG/,
Népszabadság, Magyar Nemzet, Dísznövény kereskedelem, Floraculture International)
etc.
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2.
General sector data
2.1 Current market developments within the specified sector.
Hungary’s 93,000 km2 territory features a fairly typical continental climate: very hot and
dry in the summer and chilly, sometimes snowy in winters. These climatic conditions
help determine Hungary’s agricultural and horticultural possibilities. Both have long
traditions and have always been the most important strategic sectors in the country.
Almost 20% of the agricultural production is horticulture which is around
€ 1.4 billion.
Last year, the European Union expanded with ten countries. Throughout the European
floriculture industry, expectations were fairly high that these new members—who were
well on their way to incorporating free-market economics into their own political
systems—would be a beacon of hope in an otherwise depressed European market.
Hungary is a prime target in terms of consumption and production for a number of
industries that run the gamut between software engineering, industrial manufacturing
and floriculture.
In October 2004, the international financial services and investment firm Price
WaterhouseCoopers published the “European Economic Outlook”, which showed that
the Hungarian economy was very balanced in the second quarter of 2004. Growth is
expected to pick up to around 3.6% in 2004 and 3.8% in 2005.” The national currency
(the forint) stabilized in 2004, which allowed the central bank to cut interest rates by
11%. However, the report cautions, “headline inflation has risen to over 7% on the back
of one-off hikes in VAT and excise duties, accelerating private sector wage growth and
higher oil prices.” Hungary also postponed the adoption of the euro as the country’s
official currency until at least 2010.
Hungary is beginning to look beyond its own borders for potential markets. Ornamental
plant production, particularly in Hungary, is increasing and some believe that with
sufficient volume, these growers will have no problem supplying the needs of Slovenia,
Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia-Montenegro, Bulgaria and Romania.
Since the regime change in the beginning of the nineties, the consumption of flowers in
Hungary increases every year. The growth rate of the consumption of cut flowers in the
years 1999 to 2003 amounted 10,3 %, the growth rate of the consumption of pot flowers
amounted even more: 12,4 %.
The domestic production of cut flowers and pot plants has developed near the large
towns, mainly Budapest, as well as in the southern western borderlands. As domestic
production of fresh flowers is restricted by climatic conditions and is therefore not able to
fully saturate the demand of the market, Hungarian imports of flowers increased in the
past few years, mainly from Israel, Colombia, Kenya and the Netherlands.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
The table shows how much land is used for growing flower and ornamental plants.
Table 2.1.1 Use of land for growing flowers and ornamental plants
Source: http://eurostat.cec.eu.int
10 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
2.2 Sector’s participation in total GDP
As can be witnessed in the table printed below, various sectors take up a different part
of the Hungarian Gross Domestic Production (GDP). Agricultural products combined,
amongst which flowers can obviously be counted, take an 8.0 % share of GDP. Because
total GDP has been rising in Hungary for the past few years, the share of income that is
spend on flowers is rising. This is easy to illustrate by imaging an average person just
given a pay rise; this person can suddenly buy luxury products such as flowers. So
proportionally this person ends up spending less of his salary on primary needs, such as
food, and more on luxury items, like flowers.
Table 2.2.1 Sector’s participation in total GDP (%)
Branch
1995
1996
1999
2000
2001
National economy
100
100
100
100
100
Agriculture
6,4
6,4
4,6
4,0
4,0
Food industry
4,2
4,0
3,2
3,4
3,7
Forestry
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
Agrarian economy altogether
10,9
10,7
8,1
7,7
8,0
Source: Central Hungarian Office of Statistics
Analysts expect a boom in the domestic production of bedding plants (annuals and
biennales), extra-large potted foliage plants and fragile, hard- to-transport cut flowers, as
freight costs and weight could prohibit imports. The country’s geographical advantages
and national traditions make Hungarian rose stock, flower seeds, dried flowers and
nursery plants competitive with Western European imports. In fact, Hungarian growers
hope to one day become the central distribution point between the Middle East and the
rest of Europe. Meanwhile, the import of cut flowers is on the rise as domestic
production switches to lower cost production methods, such as low-cost heating
measures and open field culture.
2.3 Sector’s participation in employment
The Central Hungarian Office of Statistics frequently researches different sector’s
participation in employment. The data emerging from these researches is printed below.
As can be seen in the first table, absolute numbers of employment have basically
remained the same and so have the relative numbers. Only the agricultural branch has
seen a significant loss in participation in employment; it lost some 25.000 workers over a
period of five years.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Table 2.3.1 Sector’s participation in employment (1000 persons)
Branch
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Branches
altogether
3 697,7
3 811,5
3 849,1
3 883,3
3 883,6
Agriculture
258,7
250,3
234,0
226,3
223,7
Forestry
Food
industry
20,1
158,6
20,1
17,7
17,1
17,2
155,1
152,2
158,0
161,2
Source: Central Hungarian Office of Statistics
Table 2.3.2 Sector’s participation in employment (%)
Branch
Branches
altogether
Agriculture
Forestry
Food
industry
1998
100,0
1999
100,0
2000
100,0
2001
100,0
2002
100,0
7,0
0,5
4,3
6,6
0,5
4,1
6,1
0,5
3,9
5,8
0,4
4,1
5,8
0,4
4,2
Source: Central Hungarian Office of Statistics
The flower sector in specific provides secure jobs and/or part-time income for 8,000 to
10,000 families.
2.4 Developments in production
Hungary’s total 320 ha of greenhouse production is divided between production under
glass (about 100 ha) and production under plastic (houses and tunnels, 200 to 220 ha).
Cut flowers, cut foliage, pot plants, annual young plants and nursery rootstocks are all
actively cultivated. Most production is cut flowers (70%), with pot plants taking 30%.
However, as the production in greenhouses is without subsidies, most of the
greenhouses are old and inadequate and therefore they do not compose serious
competitors for Colombian exporters.
Open field production includes nursery plants (1,200 ha), rose stock (120 ha), perennials
(10 ha), flower bulbs (60 ha), flower seed (35 ha), cut flowers (40 ha), dried flowers (250
ha) and young plants (15 ha).
Dianthus dominates cut flower production, with 30 million stems produced annually.
Gerberas are cultivated on 35 ha with an average yearly yield of 15 million stems; the
country’s 60 ha of roses annually yield 10 million stems. Other typical Hungarian crops
include cut bulb flowers (including lilies and iris) and cut and spray chrysanthemums.
Other cut flowers (such as alstroemeria and aster), cut foliage and gypsophila are also
12 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
produced and sold on the domestic market. Pot plants are produced on 30 to 40 ha. To
cover domestic consumption, this volume is supplemented by 20 to 30% of imported pot
plants (equivalent to about 12 ha of domestic production).
Table 2.4.1 Production of cut flowers in EU countries in € million
Source: EU Market Survey 2004
Table 2.4.2 European Flower and Plant Production
Total production Value in Euros
(millions)
area in ha (indoor
and outdoor)
No. of companies
Austria
1,982 (a)
240 (a)
1,357 (a)
Belgium
1,562
263
2,953
Czech Republic
215
43
3,000
Denmark
444
354
1,054
Finland
176
76
998
France
6,628
956
7,663
Germany
7,056
1,174
11,197
Greece
990
n/a
n/a
Hungary
600
95
3,000 (a)
Ireland
300
19
n/a
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Total production Value in Euros
(millions)
area in ha (indoor
and outdoor)
No. of companies
Italy
8,463
1,826
n/a
Netherlands
8,363
3,542
7,751
Norway
118
129
690
Poland
705
186
n/a
Portugal
240
n/a
704
Spain
7,617
345
6,454
Sweden
209
112
864
Switzerland
645
110
543
United Kingdom
7,670
473 (c)
9,400 (a)
Total
54,815
9,996
57,902
Source: AIPH International Statistics Flowers and Plants, 2004.
Table 2.4.3. Domestic flower production 2003.
Cut flowers
Cut greens
Dry flowers
Pot plants
Outdoor production
(ha)
55
20
25
21
Indoor production
(ha)
173
10
0
83,6
Production (million
euros)
43,4
2,45
2,26
54,26
Source: AIPH International Statistics Flowers and Plants, 2004
2.5 Sales-, export-, import, activities
Table 2.5.1 Export and import data of the floriculture sector ( € x 1000 )
1991
1993
1995
1997
Cut flower export
55.08
16.02
85.82
98.77
Cut flower import
362.51
1637.12
2673.72
3103.46
Dried flower export
254.43
277.00
420.05
480.74
Living ornamental plant export
516.78
337.75
356.90
549.59
Living ornamental plant import
849.34
2299.06
2925.87
2558.96
14 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Rose stem export
232.19
321.89
531.41
868.03
Flower-seed export
187.59
207.09
332.39
361.89
Flower-seed import
228.73
330.68
467.34
638.83
Source: www.kertnet.hu
Table 2.5.2 New EU member states exports of cut flowers and foliage, 2003, value in € thousand,
volume in tons
Source: Eurostat, 2004
Table 2.5.3 Imports by the new EU member states of cut flowers and foliage, 2003,
€ 1000 / tons
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Source: Eurostat, 2004
According to AIPH statistics from 2000 and 2002, the export of Hungarian ornamentals
has decreased by nearly 1 million euro, while imports have increased from 9 million euro
to 29 million. Dried flowers (1 million euro) and raised stock (406,000 euro) top the list of
Hungarian exports. In terms of imports, 2.2 million dianthus stems came into Hungary in
2002, mostly from Spain. The import of propagation materials is also on the rise
because Hungarian growers have realized that starting from high-quality basic material
can result in a larger selection of varieties of better quality. The import volume of cut
foliage and other durable, versatile items such as eucalyptus, palm leaf, pittosporum,
protea, leucadendron, philodendron, fatsia and others is also rapidly rising.
General economic trends found their way into the floriculture sector. According to
statistics from the Dutch Wholesale Board (HBAG), exports from the Netherlands to
eight of the ten new EU members had increased by nearly 8% by October 2004.
Hungary showed the strongest growth in exports (+19.4%), followed by Poland (+10%).
Pot plant and bedding plant exports to Eastern European countries increased by 12%
and propagation materials experienced a 17% jump; meanwhile, cut flower exports rose
by a modest 5.5%.
The ornamental flower and plants production is not sufficient to cover the internal
market. In 2002, 2.2 million carnations were imported. These originated for 70% from
Spain. Pot plants usually come from the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Italy and
Spain, as well as roses and chrysanthemums.
It is expected that the export of flowers to the ten new member states will grow with 12%
each year, based on the expected growth in level of consumption. This growth in the
demand for foreign flowers is expected to be the highest in Hungary and the Czech
Republic.
Table 2.5.4 Main suppliers of fresh flowers to Hungary per flower variety value-wise, 2004
Roses (CN 06031010)
Import value
1) Netherlands
2) Israel
3) Kenya
€ 5 307 850
€ 84 830
€ 53 480
16 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Roses (CN 06031010)
Carnations (CN 06031020)
Import value
Import value
1) Spain
2) Netherlands
3) Colombia
€ 403 650
€ 102 630
€ 35 690
Chrysanthemums (CN 06031050)
1) Netherlands
2) Italy
3) Spain
€ 2 180 680
€ 6 220
€ 3 390
Source: DG Trade
The import of augmentation material is on a rise, which shows that national growers are
trying to get a higher quality and a larger supply with a more varied assortment.
The main Hungarian export products in this market are dried flowers and rose pedicles.
The cheaper export products are mainly sold to Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Serbia- Montenegro, Bulgaria and Romania, where domestic production and flower
markets are very poor. Shipments from Hungary could quickly reach these destinations.
2.6 Available data about the sub sectors
As for the sector of cut flowers, the production of roses, gerberas, and carnations is the
most important, as these cut flowers are the most popular in Hungary. The total
production value of the cut flower sector is 22 billion forint (86,9 million EUR), within
which greenhouse cut and potted ornamental plants represent 8-9 billion forint (31,6 –
35,6 EUR) and garden-tree nursery products represent 5 billion forint (19,74 EUR) of
production value. The main cultivation areas are: the south of the Great Hungarian Plain,
Budapest and its environs and West- Transdanubia. As for ornamental plants, this sub
sector includes 4500 farmers and more than 3000 traders; it provides living for 35.000
people in Hungary.
Because a tariff position matrix is not available, this chapter presents minimum,
maximum and average prices quoted on major flower stock markets. The biggest
wholesale market in Hungary is near to Budapest. The wholesale prices of this market
influence the floricultural sector in the whole country.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Table 2.6.1 Prices paid to producers for cut flower products procured for processing or resale
(EUR/kilogram)
Products
Chrysanthemums
Carnations
Gerbera
Gladioli
Lilies
Roses
2003.
Jan-Dec.
0,348
0.161
0,252
0,223
0,739
0,333
2004.
Jan-Dec.
0.334
0,14
0,212
0,60
0,713
0,317
2004.
Jan-Aug.
0,30
0,318
0,20
0,651
0,710
0,333
2005.
Jan-Aug.
0,330
0,154
0,245
0,677
0,414
0,289
Source: Central Office of Statistics
Table 2.6.2 Prices of wholesale flower markets (EUR/ single flowers)
Products
Chrysanthemums
Carnations
Gerbera
Gladioli
Lilies
Roses
2003.
Jan-Dec.
0,442
0,164
0,259
0,250
0,831
0,261
2004.
Jan-Dec.
0,444
0,155
0,256
0,216
0,868
0,276
2004.
Jan-Aug.
0,528
0,162
0,260
0,263
0,900
0,287
2005.
Jan-Aug.
0,436
0,146
0,2336
0,236
0,860
0,271
Source: Central Office of Statistics
2.7 Recommendations
Both production and consumption of flowers have been increasing in the past few years.
Expenses on flowers, both cut flowers as pot plants are increasing as households’
disposable incomes are growing.
Due to the climatic conditions, Hungary’s domestic production of cut flowers and pot
plants is not able to fully saturate the demand of the market. Therefore, Hungarian
imports of flowers increased in the past few years, with no reduction expected in the
future. The Hungarian flower market will see a rising trend in the upcoming years.
Therefore, the Hungarian fresh flower sector is definitely important, so there is a
relatively big potential for new entrants. However the main supplier for Hungary is the
Netherlands, followed by Spain. Colombian exporters will face though competition from
the Netherlands, as this country has a vast share in the Hungarian flower market.
To enter the Hungarian flower market is therefore not easy, but as the consumption of
flowers is growing and the production is expected to decline in the future, there definitely
is potential for Colombian exporters.
18 Proexport Colombia
3. Market composition and characteristics
3.1 Market size
43% of the Hungarian flower supplies originates from the Netherlands. This share is so
big, because the Netherlands have a logistic advantage over other flower producing
countries such as Spain. The local production in Hungary is quite low and it is expected
to decline even more in the future, because currently local producers are not able to
compete with foreign import, both price and quality wise.
The production of ornamental crops is the fastest developing sector, growing by 7 to 8%
each year due to the annual enlargement of production areas and production volumes.
According to statistics from the Hungarian Professional Ornamental Plant Growers and
Traders’ Association and Commodity Board, approximately 2,400 ha of open field and
320 ha of covered facilities (glass 100 ha and 220 ha for plastic houses) are used for
flower production, which produces € 184 million worth of flowers annually.
Of the open ground cultivation 1200 ha is used by tree nurseries, 250 ha for dried
flowers, 120 ha for rosebushes, 60 ha for flower bulbs, 40 ha for fresh cut flowers and 35
ha for flower seeds.
The total growth of cut flowers in Hungary is divided among 60 ha of carnations (30
million pieces), 60 ha of cut roses (10 million pieces) and 35 ha of gerberas (15 million
pieces). 25 ha are annually used to grow 2 million lilies and 5 million irises.
Chrysanthemum is grown on 20 ha, which results are 6 million stems and 7 million
bushes.
The total surface of cultivation (based on estimates) is added up of the following
cultures.
Table 3.1.1 Surface of cultivation of fresh flowers in Hungary
Proexport Colombia
Carnation
60 ha
Gerbera
40 ha
Rose
30 ha
Bulbous plants
25 ha
Autumn Chrysanthemum
20 ha
Other cut: Alstroemeria
5 ha
Asters
30 ha
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Gypsophila and cut greens
15 ha
Total:
220 ha
Source: www.kertnet.hu
3.2 Analysis of the apparent consumption dynamics
Table 3.2.1 apparent consumption of fresh cut flowers 2004, in EUR
Production
+ Import
-/- Export
2004
19.000.000
12.471.321
288.850
= Apparent Consumption
31.182.471
Source: Own calculations
As table 3.2.1 shows, domestic production of fresh cut flowers is not sufficient to cover
the Hungarian demand. Therefore a large part of the flowers offered in Hungary are
imported from third countries, most of them being other European Union member states.
A small part of domestic production and import is being (re-) exported again. This
usually concerns the lower quality produce, which can be sold at low prices abroad.
3.3 Governmental plans and programs
During the era of socialism, ornamental plant producers had a “privilege”. Unlike other
sectors of the national economy, they were not obliged to produce a certain volume. Cut
flowers were considered a luxury product, so growers could produce relatively freely.
This freedom made it easier for Hungarian growers to become accustomed to the
country’s transitioning market brought about by the political changes of 1989. In
comparison with neighboring (former) socialist countries, Hungarian growers had great
advantages that allowed domestic production to survive. They successfully controlled
the aggressive penetration of Dutch flowers to the Hungarian flower market. The
grower’s union even prevented the Dutch from building a wholesale market in Hungary
and in the 1990s eventually financed and built their own. Today the Flora Hungária
wholesale market operates on 18,500 m2 in Szigetszentmiklós. Currently there are
however no government plans, concerning the fresh cut flower sector, running.
3.4 Demand in the market
Consumers are becoming more and more demanding. They have become more aware
of what they want to buy and are becoming professional buyers. Besides, consumers
ask for wider choices in product quality levels depending on the purpose of the
purchase, as well as for higher levels of service and a wider and deeper assortment.
20 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Consequently, in the floricultural export business, selling is no longer considered
synonymous with selling simple products but so called - precisely 'fitted'- products for
each individual consumer.
Table 3.4.1 Information on the new EU member states
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
The graph above contains data on:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
Inhabitants
Average bruto income a month
GDP
GDP per capita
Average growth of GDP 2003-2007
Level of welfare
Consumption of pot plants per head
per year
Consumption of fresh flowers per head
per year
% of net income used to buy flowers
and plants
Export 2002 (total ornamental
production)
Growth in respect to 2001
Export 2002 (cut flowers)
Growth in respect to 2001
Export 2002 (pot and garden plants)
Growth in respect to 2001
Dutch share in cut flowers
Dutch market share in pot plants
Source: Dutch Flower Agency,2002
22 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
As we can see from the graph above the consumption of fresh flowers per head in 2002
is € 12,50 and concerning the pot plants per head per year it is around € 6,50. In total
the Hungarians spent 0.51 % of their income on flowers and plants. The level of
consumption has seen quite a rise; in 2001 per capita consumption of fresh cut flowers
averaged just € 10,70.
Flowers in Hungary are mainly bought as a gift, usually because of someone’s name
day. In this case flowers are purchased by relatives or friends. Price noticeably go up
around the name days of the most popular names. The production is also focused
around these days. Mothers’ day and more recently, Valentines’ day, also provide an
increase in flower sales.
3.5 Recommendations
Hungary does not have an ideal climate for flower production and not enough financial
resources to grow them on covered areas. Therefore Hungarian domestic production
has being going down for the past few years and a further decline is expected in the
future. Current local producers are not able to compete with foreign import, both price
and quality wise. Especially large producers and suppliers such as the Netherlands, will
continue to dominate the European flower market.
The average level of consumption in Hungary will rise as a consequence of the
increasing disposable income, which enables buyers to buy products that were
previously considered to be luxury items. Export to Hungary will therefore grow with
more than 12%, which promises a considerable rise in consumption. This enlargement
of the market could offer potential for flower suppliers from third countries, such as
Colombia.
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4. Competition analysis
4.1 Main trademarks available in the market
Because of the type of the product under study, no particular trademark can be
distinguished. Mostly, customers consider the type of flower important, as well as
freshness and do not pay attention to trademarks or the company producing it. Most
Hungarians buy their flowers in retail shops where customers choose between products
(variety, color, and price) and do not pay attention to any particular trademarks.
In Hungary, annually 30-33 million pieces of flowers and ornamental plants are
cultivated for commercial purposes. 20-22 million of this are annual- and 10-12 million
are bi-annual flowers. While the previous is cultivated mainly in greenhouses (either
covered with plastic or not), the latter is grown mainly in free-range cultivation. Of the
total cultivation area, 20-22 ha is in greenhouses and 8-10 ha is free-range cultivation.
Besides cut flowers, ornamental plants are very popular amongst Hungarian
consumers. In 1990, The Ornamental Plant Association was established. This
association acts as a representative of interests for organizations and individuals active
in ornamental plant cultivation and distribution.
Flora Hungaria Ornamental Plant Growers Association
President: Dr. Sándor EKE
Address: H-2370 Dabas, Szent István u. 90.
Phone: (+36 20) 410 361
Fax: (+36 29) 367 086
fhde@matavnet.hu
There are several growers of cut flowers and ornamental plants on the Hungarian
market. Flower producers generally import flowers as well. Besides that, they often act
as retailers and wholesalers. The most important growers are mentioned below.
However, as most producers also are importers, wholesalers and retailers, the majority
of important companies is mentioned in chapter five.
Kocsis Flóra
This company can be found in the biggest and oldest agricultural region of Hungary, in
the delta of the river Tisza and river Maros. Their activity includes flower and plant
growing and trading. They produce roses for already 25 years, mainly tea hybrid roses.
Rosebushes and high stam roses are available in whole year. Next to roses, the
company grows cut flowers like tulip, lily, hyacinth and iris.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Kocsis Flóra Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft.
H-6771 Szeged, Szegfü u. 4 (Garden: H-6771 Szeged, Föld u.)
Hungary
e-mail: info@kocsisflorakft.hu
Telephone: +36-62-540-102
Fax: +36-62-540-103
Aster Dísznövény
This company produces all kinds of fresh flowers for decorations. They mainly focus on
special species (also tropical) of plants and flowers.
Hunyadvár u. 62.
1165 Budapest,
Hungary
Tel.: +36-1/407-4689
Fráter Rózsafaiskola
This company is specialized in producing all kinds of roses, stam roses, tea hybrid roses
etc.
Marostorok út.
6771 Szeged,
Tel.: +36-30/9436-748
Fax:+36-62/405-380
e-mail: fraterrozsa@vnet.hu
Gombos Kertészet
This company specializes in the production of cut lilies. They produce in greenhouses
which makes it possible to produce the whole year. They offer the largest color selection
in Hungary.
Tanya 65
6764 Balata
Tel.: +36-20/9821-284
Fax: +36-62/278-342
e-mail: gomboskert@vnet.hu
4.2 Features of the commercialized products
Hungarian consumers rarely buy cut flowers or pot plants for themselves. High prices,
the standard of living and tradition mean that flowers are bought primarily as gifts. Name
days are the most important occasions for celebrations. The most common names in
Hungary are Catherine (25th November), Maria (12th September) and Elisabeth (19th
November)
Name days mark sharp increases in flower consumption and prices. Graduations
(celebrated in early June) are important flower-giving celebrations, as is Mother’s Day
(the first Sunday in May). Valentine’s Day was introduced by the Hungarian Association
26 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
of Florists about ten years ago. Since then, flower sales in February have increased
annually. In contrast, interest in celebrating socialist holidays like International Women’s
Day is on the wane (on this 7 March holiday men are expected to give flowers to the
women in their lives as a gesture of appreciation).
Another important flower day in Hungary is All Saints’ Day (1 November), when singlestemmed, large-flowered white or yellow chrysanthemums are brought to cemeteries.
Tradition also dominates the major holidays of Christmas and Easter.
Flowers as rose are common gifts when visiting a friend, celebrating a birth and
comforting someone in the hospital. Sending large and expensive bouquets through
delivery services is becoming fashionable. Flower arrangements are common in
government offices, at public events and on television shows. This latter exposure is
allowing Hungarian consumers to become acquainted with (and potentially imitate)
Western European flower consumption habits.
In Hungary, except for All Saint’s day, no special kinds of flowers are bought on name
days, Mother’s day and other kinds of holidays. Each person chooses a single flower or
a bouquet according to his budget and taste. However there are preferences such as
roses (at Valentine’s Day) and lilies. Carnations are also sold in large number due to its
accessible price.
Flowers are sold especially in flower shops, which can be found on the streets,
underpasses and shopping centers. With the arrival of supermarket-chains, more and
more bouquets are bought there, however most people still prefer buying flowers in retail
shops. For examples of bouquets, please refer to the annexes.
The most important sales dates:
14 February, Valentine’s Day
7 March, International Women’s Day
March or April, Easter
First Sunday in May, Mother’s Day
Early June, Graduation
1 November, All Saints’ Day (white or yellow chrysanthemums)
4.3 Marketing and advertising strategies
Hungarian flower producers are not very well organized. There are various associations
of flower and plants producers, but their active participation is quite low; they have no
websites and publish no magazines. Actively advertising oneself in the Hungarian flower
market therefore usually happens within trade fairs
and exhibitions. A list of the biggest events related
to the flower market in Hungary and internationally,
are displayed below.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
The most important Hungarian horticulture fair is the Hortus Hungaricus International
Horticultural Exhibition and Trade Fair held annually. In 2006, it will be held from 22-24
September 2006.
In 2005, 365 exhibitors where present of which 14% where from abroad. Fresh cut
flowers make 10% of the exhibition. The Hortus Hungaricus is considered to be one of
the most important horticultural events in Eastern and Central Europe. The exhibition
has a total surface area of 15,000 m2. Products of ornamental plant growers, vegetable,
fresh cut flowers, medical plant and spice, and grape and wine sectors are presented.
The majority of the exhibition area is devoted to ornamental plants – cut flowers, pot
plants, dried flowers, landscape and park architecture, ornamental nursery -, but the
presence of the fresh cut flower sector is substantial too.
Besides the Hortus Hungaricus, International fair are of importance as well. The most
important Western European horticulture fairs that are of importance for Colombian
exporters are listed in the table below.
Table 4.3.1 Main European Horticulture Fairs
Name
Hortifair
Location
Amsterdam (the
Netherlands)
Frequency
Annually
(November)
IPM
Essen (Germany
Annually (January)
Description
Cut flowers,
(ornamental) plants
and florists’
requisites
Cut flowers, plants,
equipments and
florists’ requisites
Source:www.flowercouncil.org
4.4 Participation in the market and segments that are served
Traditionally, cooperatives and grower associations have had significant influence on the
market. The Floracoop Flowermarket, Budaörs, was founded and organized by stateowned cooperatives and companies in 1984. Located near Budapest, a space shortage
led to the opening of Flora Hungária in 1993. This wholesale market was founded by
growers who are still the owners and operators. The Flower Market on Szent László
Street is in the heart of Budapest. This flower distribution center was organized to offer
more suitable opening hours than those of the Floracoop.
Virágpaletta PO (Flower Palette producers’ organization) was founded in 1997 with the
purpose of preventing the expansion of Dutch exports. Owned by Hungarian flower
growers, Virágpaletta operates 13 wholesale flower markets around the country, with
varying levels of success and effectiveness. Virágpaletta primarily sells the products of
its members, but each manager can also choose to supplement the offerings of
individual markets.
28 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Wesseling Hungária is a Dutch-owned wholesale flower market also located in
Budapest. Open all day, this market offers convenient and favorable purchasing
conditions. Products of Dutch origin are the main offerings, but the operator of this
market can buy any kind of quality domestic products that suits stipulated delivery
conditions. Meanwhile next door, a 100% German-owned wholesale center for florists’
supplies operates under similar purchasing conditions.
4.5 Quality of the product
Hungarians especially like very brightly colored flowers. They are particulairly fond of
pink, purple and bright yellow. Some flowers are artificially colored to get this desired
result. Flowers are mostly bought separately or in flower tributes.
Bouquets are becoming more and more popular, but are still too expensive for the
average Hungarian.
4.6 Expansion plans
There are no real expansion plans concerning the Hungarian flower producers. The
majority is struggling to keep their businesses alive in the face of the harsh competition
from other European Union member states, such as the Netherlands.
4.7 Pricing strategy
The rose is the number one cut flower being sold in Hungary. Almost all flowers sold in
Hungary originate from the Netherlands. In 2002, 3,266 million pieces of roses were sold
at the Aalsmeer auction, at a total turnover of € 699,8 million. € 5 million worth of roses
was sold to Hungarian importers and wholesalers.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Table 4.7.1 Average prices at Dutch auctions, 2002-2003 per stem
The average price of a rose almost has not changed since 1998-2002. At the Dutch
auction the price per piece averages € 0.20. Prices vary from flower to flower, depending
on the quality and amount offered; Sacha, for example, ranges at € 0.09 and Passion
was sold at € 0.35 per piece.
In the Hungarian wholesale market, roses are sold at different prices, because they are
first bought and transported from the Netherlands. A single rose for example goes for
about € 0.33 to € 0.74. More expensive types of imported roses, usually originating from
Central Africa, cost € 0.82 to € 0.98. When a customer buys that same rose in a flowers
store in Hungary, they have to pay anywhere between € 2.05 to € 2.46 to be able to take
it home.
The most important flowers on market are roses, carnations, gerberas, gladioli, lilies and
chrysanthemums. Retail prices of these flowers are presented in the table below.
30 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Table 4.7.2 Retail prices of the most important flowers 2005 (EUR/single flower)
Products
Chrysanthemums
Carnations
Gerbera
Gladioli
Lilies
Roses
2005.
Jan-Dec.
0,64
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
2,50
4.8 Segmentation of enterprises by sectors and its categorization
Hungary has four main growing areas: the south of the Great Hungarian, which focuses
on cut and dried flowers, ornamental bushes and flower bulbs. The second one is the
area around Budapest which mainly grows cut flowers en pot plants under cover and
has a great number of tree nurseries; the area around Györ has a lot of cut flowers
under glass cover. Finally West-Trans-Danubia is famous for its ornamental bushes and
pot plants.
4.9 Recommendations
As Hungary’s standard of living improves, the country’s flower consumption is expected
to increase in value. With the country’s new membership into the European Union,
florists and growers have to face new problems and challenges. Not everyone will
survive in this huge market, where Hungarians are not only consumers but also
competing producers for other European countries.
It will be very difficult to conquer a piece of the Hungarian flower market, since it is
already dominated by strong foreign competitors. To be able to get in touch with
Hungarian wholesalers and importers, it is highly recommendable to visit or participate in
one of the Hungarian or European flower trade fairs.
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5. Distribution channels
5.1 Distribution channels
A schematic overview of the Hungarian flower distribution channels is given below.
Figure 5.1.1 Imported cut flower distribution channels (%)
15
Importer
5
Wholesaler
70
Importer wholesaler
10
25
Wholesale Market
Retailer
55
100
Wholesaler
15
55
Consumer
Major distributors of ornamental plants to Hungary are the Netherlands, Germany,
Denmark, Italy, Spain, Israel and Austria. Trade is primarily handled by domestic
importers, but some producers have begun purchasing propagation materials on their
own.
While sales at small florist shops have experienced a decrease, flower shop chains
(especially those in hypermarkets) are increasingly having success. Flowering pot plants
offered by shopping centers and hypermarkets and bouquets sold at petrol stations are
becoming more common.
Traditionally, the Hungarian flower trade is centralized in Budapest, however this
situation is changing and other areas, like for example the South, become important as
well. The distribution system is professionalizing quickly in Hungary. Mostly wholesalers
distribute flowers to the retailers, bit as mentioned before, most producers also act as
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
importers, wholesalers and retailers, so the sector is somewhat diffuse. There is huge
competition between importers in Hungary, but they are also very often buying goods
from each other to supplement their goods. Some of importers import only pot plants,
while they get cut flowers from another importer.
The figure below shows the distribution in percents of the domestic production of cut
flowers
Figure 5.1.2 domestically grown cut flower distribution channel (in %)
30
15
Wholesaler
60
Grower
15
30
Wholesale Market
Retailer
45
98
Wholesaler
45
8
2
Consumer
Importers/ Wholesalers/ Distributors
As mentioned above, the production, the import, export, retail and the wholesale of
flowers in generally not divided. Mostly, companies dealing with production also play an
important role in flower import.
Oázis Kertészeti Kft.
One of the most important companies in the import of ornamental plants is Oázis
Kertészet, which also a retailer and a producer of flowers. The company has several
shops all over Hungary. The company deals with all kinds of plants and flowers. The
most important cut flowers the company deals with are roses, carnations, gerberas, lilies
and orchids.
KĘbányai út 47
1101 Budapest
Tel.: +36-1/261-3160
34 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Fax: +36-1/261-8782
e-mail: oazis@oazis.hu
http://www.oazis.hu
Európa 5 Kertcentrum
This importer imports all kinds of pot plants, mainly from the Netherlands and Germany,
but also from Belgium and Italy.
FĘ út ErdĘ 4.
2351 Alsónémedi,
Tel.: +36-29/338-851
Fax: +36-29/537751
e-mail: europa5garden@monornet.hu
Béker Kft.
This company is a wholesale dealer in the Flora Hungaria Wholesale Market. They
concentrate on fresh cut flowers and pot plants, but also textile flowers for decoration.
Ady E. u. 2.
4821 Ópályi
Tel.: +36-30/9451-538
Fax: +36-44/300-664
e-mail: artvizo@axelero.hu
Kis-Tisza Kft.
This company is an exporter and importer of cut flowers. They also produce cut flowers
themselves.
Kis-Tisza u. 6.
6640 Csongrád
Tel.: +36-63/483-021
Fax: +36-63/483-021
Most of the existing wholesalers are active on the market since the regime change in the
beginning of the nineties. These wholesalers’ importance is increasing from year to year.
There are a few important wholesale markets in Hungary where virtually all retailers buy
their goods from the wholesalers and importers active in Hungary. The wholesale
markets that are of importance for Colombian exporters are:
Flora Hungaria
The Flora Hungaria is the biggest and most influential Hungarian flower market. It is
located in Szigetszentmiklos, 17 km from Budapest. This private wholesale market was
established in 1993 by a number of growers. Today it has 450 members, and around
140 wholesalers and importers. The sales are divided as follows: 45% of cut flowers,
35% of accessories and dry flowers and 20% of pot plants. It works also as a forum. The
sales surface is 18,500 m2. Retailers are willing to travel to Flora Hungária from all over
the country because it allows them to buy everything in one place. To ensure better
distribution, the wholesalers’ network covers nearly the whole country.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Virágpaletta, the Hungarian Flower Growers, Distributors and Purchasers Association
The Virágpaletta is also a major wholesaler, established in 1997 by 36 private growers.
By 2000, the number of the members has risen till 75, where most of the growers owned
0.5 or 1 ha of covered fields. The Virágpaletta was established to prevent the Dutch
export expansion. The Association has spread all over the country, it has its markets in
13 cities all over Hungary. The prices are comparable with the Flora Hungaria in order to
compete with the Virágpaletta. Concerning the flower sales, it can be divided as follows:
cut flowers 60%, pot plants 35%, and balcony greens 5%.
Private Wholesalers Association - Floranet
Floranet was established in 2000, by ten private sellers. They have their markets in 17
cities all over the Hungary. The head office is in Budapest. The aim is to coordinate
distribution and sales domestic and imported flowers.
Floracoop Association
Traditionally, cooperatives and grower associations have had significant influence on the
market. The Floracoop Flowermarket, Budaörs, was founded and organized by stateowned cooperatives and companies in 1984. Located near Budapest, a space shortage
led to the opening of Flora Hungária in 1993. This wholesale market was founded by
growers who are still the owners and operators.
Szent Laszlo street market
The Flower Market on Szent László Street is in the heart of Budapest. It was established
in 1991 and is run by the Szent Laszlo family. This flower distribution center was
established to offer more suitable opening hours than those of the Floracoop.
Auctions
Auctions are wholesale markets created by the growers to market their products. The
first flower auctions were set up in the early 20th century in the Netherlands. Nowadays,
there are about 10 flower auctions in Europe, 4 of which are in the Netherlands.
Floricultural products submitted to the auctions are sold either by means of the auction
clock or through the Intermediary Office.
Of the flower auctions in the EU, three are of particular interest to exporters from
developing countries. These three auctions also have their own import departments that
can facilitate foreign suppliers with necessary support when supplying the auction. The
contact details of these three auctions are.
Aalsmeer Flower Auction (VBA)
Internationally oriented auction with an annual turnover of over € 1.6 billion in 2003, of
which € 995 cut flowers.
Legmeerdijk 313
1431 GB Aalsmeer, the Netherlands
36 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Phone: +31 (0)297 -393939
Fax : +31 (0)297 - 390039
E-mail : info@vba.nl
FloraHolland
Internationally oriented auction with 5 branches in Naaldwijk, Rijnsburg, Bleiswijk, Venlo
and Eelde in The Netherlands. In 2003, total turnover amounted to € 1.9 billion.
Middel Broekweg 29
Postbus 220
2670 AE Naaldwijk, the Netherlands
Phone: +31 (0)174 63 33 33
Fax: +31 (0)174 63 22 22
E-mail: Naaldwijk@floraholland.nl
NBV/UGA
Germany's leading sales organization and auction with an annual turnover of € 715
million in 2003.
Veilingstr. A1
47638 Straelen-Herongen, Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 2839 - 59 00
Fax: +49 (0) 28 39 - 59 1997
E-mail: marketing@nbv-uga.de
It is important to understand the importance of Dutch auctions as an international
distribution hub for products from developing countries. Hungarian importers are
especially oriented to the Aalsmeer Flower Auction, which is on of the most important
distribution channels of fresh flowers to Hungarian. The Netherlands' auctions in
particular function as a pivot around which the international floricultural trade revolves.
Through their concentration of supply and demand, they act as a price-setting
mechanism for the trade and have developed into a major centre for the distribution of
domestic and foreign grown products to the European markets. The Dutch auctions now
handle about handle 89 percent of the Dutch produce and 70 percent of imported
flowers. The auctions dominate the world trade and determine the prices, in particular in
Europe, where they have a 30 to 40 percent market share in cut flowers. The auctions in
the Netherlands are cooperatives, owned by domestic growers and open to membership
for all growers in the EU, but not yet for growers outside the EU. Their main purpose is
to handle produce from their member growers. The Federation of Dutch Flower Auctions
(VBN) is the coordinating centre.
Dutch wholesalers are the customer base of the auctions. They typically focus on
exports and their infrastructure is developed to coordinate product flows, which are sold
all-over Europe.
Besides the auctions in the Netherlands and the NBV/UGA auction in Germany, other
countries also have national auctions. Although the importance of these auctions for
international trade is small compared to the Dutch auctions, some of them are gaining in
significance.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Figure 5.1.3 Distribution network of the cut flower trade in the European Union
Source: EU Market Survey 2004
Retailers
In the nineties the domestic flower trade has been structurally reformed. The big retail
trade chains disappeared and many flower stores opened around the country. Different
types of retailers can be distinguished.
x
x
x
x
Underpass trade; where the flowers are sold from baskets, which are of low
quality
Street kiosks, stalls; in this category, the sellers are people specialized in
flowers, with a good knowledge of the flowers they sell
City markets
Hypermarkets (mostly international chains like Auchan, Cora, Tesco, Metro,
Interspar)
38 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Table 5.1.4 Data about physical distribution of retail sales (cut flowers)
%
60
25
5
8
2
100
Flower shops
Kiosk, stalls
Street sales
City markets
Hypermarkets (malls)
Total
Source: Hungarian Association of Flower Wholesalers
Table 5.1.5 Data about retailers who buy (cut flowers) from
Wholesale markets
Wholesalers
Not from wholesale, but
directly from growers
Total
Domestic %
45
40
15
Import %
60
40
100
100
Source: Hungarian Association of Flower Wholesalers
Although the market share of hypermarkets is rather small, their share is growing.
International Do It Yourself (DIY) chains as Bricostore and BauMax, began offering
flowers and ornamental plants as well for relatively low prices. Therefore, these
companies may develop into big competitors for other retailers in the sector.
The most important DIY chains are:
BauMax Magyarország Rt.
Since 1992, BauMax is present in Hungary. The company has 14 stores all over the
country. They have six shops in Budapest and shops in GyĘr, Székesfehérvár, Pécs,
Szeged, Kecskemét, Debrecen and Nyíregyháza.
BAU-MAX ÉpitĘ- és Szolgáltató Ltd.
Komócsy street 14
1141 Budapest
Bricostore
Bricostore has shops in Hungary since 1997.
Bricostore Hungaria Barkácsáruház Kereskedelmi Kft.
Anker köz 2-4
1061 Budapest
Praktiker
Praktiker Építési - és Barkácspiacok Magyarország Ltd.
1095 Budapest Mester u 87.
Adószám: 12136849-2-44
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Agents
The role of agents is growing in all European countries, in Hungary as well. Before the
regime change, the import of ornamental plants and cut flowers was regulated by
government owned companies. After the privatization, these companies continued their
businesses privately. Nowadays, agents play an important role in transferring flowers
from air-transport-based to auction-based packaging and exporters. The number of
agents in Hungary is growing, but still very small. Besides this, most agents are working
alone and are not registered. The number of agents active on the markets changes
frequently. Due to this, it is very hard to provide detailed information about the most
important agents on the market.
5.2 Recommendations
As importers, distributors, retailers and even producers generally overlap each other in
Hungary, the best way to enter the Hungarian flower market is by directly contacting the
leading companies in the market. The Hungarian flower wholesale market is centralized
and therefore relatively easy to enter. This way of supplying the Hungarian market is
more economic than through the (Dutch or German) auctions since many levels of the
distribution channel can be left out. However, supplying via auctions needs more
organizing activity such as transportation.
Auctions are very important sales channels in Hungary as well as in whole Europe. In
order to supply an auction, the exporter has to have an annual license to supply specific
varieties over a specific period. An exporter should have at least three flights per week,
and must supply an agreed percentage of his output. Failure to comply can mean that
the license is not renewed the following year.
40 Proexport Colombia
6. Commercial Access Guide
6.1 Preferential Tariffs
All goods entering the EU are subject to import duties. External trade conditions are
mostly determined by EU regulations. Hungary also uses the EU´s Harmonized Tariff
Schedule (Nomenclature) on the TARIC (Integrated Tariff of the European Community)
which is issued by the Commission and the Member States for the purpose of applying
Community measures relating to import and exports. The level of the tariffs depends on
the country of origin and the product. If there is not a special trade agreement in force,
the general import tariff (conventional duty) applies.
In January 2005 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1810/2004 entered in force which is
binding in all Member States. In its Part Two “Schedule of Customs Duties”, Section II
“Vegetable products” Chapter 6 deals with”Live Trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and
the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage”. The subcategories 0601, 0602, and 0603
contain the fresh cut flowers relevant for this report.
Colombia is included in the general system of preferences – GSP. This agreement
allows products originating in the countries concerned to be imported at preferential
tariffs or, for the least developed countries, duty-free. A “Certificate of Origin Form A”
has to be filled in by the exporter and issued by the competent authorities. Tariff
contingents and tariff ceilings do not exist anymore.
According to international agreements Colombia is included in the SPGE group of
preferences and therefore benefits from 0% tariff preference on the basis on Regulation
(EC) No 2501/2001 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 2331/2003.
Until July 1st 2005, this meant that Colombian exporters could introduce so-called “nonsensitive” products at a 0% tariff rate and “sensitive” products, such as all products
under nomenclatures code 0601, 0602 and 0603 at a 3.5% reduced rate.
However since July 1st 2005, Colombia is a member of the GSP Plus program, which
assists the countries of the Andean Community, such as Colombia, in their battle against
drugs. The GSP Plus will officially enter into force on the 1st January 2005, but has
already started to run in its preliminary form for 14 countries on the 1st July 2005.
Exporters based in one of the GSP Plus programs are also exempt from duties on
sensitive products. Therefore all flowers and flower buds can be imported into the
European Union from Colombia duty free.
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6.2 Tariffs imposed by major competitors
Major Colombian competitors in the fresh cut flower market are Spain and the
Netherlands. Since them both are European Union member states they do not face
tariffs of any kind.
Other important competitors are countries that also belong to the GPS Plus group
(Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Pakistan,
Panama, Peru and Venezuela) and therefore a 0% preferential tariff relate to them as
well. Israel, Turkey and LOMA (e.g. Kenya or Zimbabwe) also benefit from a 0% tariff
preference.
On the other hand, the SPGL group (e.g. Thailand, China, South Africa and India) has a
1,6% tariff preference for 0601 group and a 8,5% tariff preference for CN 0603,
excluding Chile having 3,4% tariff preference.
The conventional rates for third countries that not have a general system of preferences
with the European Union are the following:
Figure 6.2.1: EU Tariff schedule
CN code
0601
0601 10
0601 10 10
0601 10 20
0601 10 30
0601 10 40
0601 10 90
0601 20
0601 20 10
0601 20 30
0601 20 90
0603
Description
Bulbs, tubers, tuberous roots, corms,
crowns and rhizomes, dormant, in
growth
or in flower; chicory plants and roots
other than roots of heading 1212:
Bulbs, tubers, tuberous roots, corms,
crowns and rhizomes, dormant:
Hyacinths
Narcissi
Tulips
Gladioli
Other
Bulbs, tubers, tuberous roots, corms,
crowns and rhizomes, in growth or in
flower;
chicory plants and roots:
Chicory plants and roots
Orchids, hyacinths, narcissi and tulips
other
Cut flowers and flower buds of a kind
suitable for bouquets or for ornamental
purposes, fresh, dried, dyed, bleached,
42 Proexport Colombia
Conventional rate of
duty (%)
Supplementary
unit
5,1
5,1
5,1
5,1
5,1
p/st
p/st
p/st
p/st
-
Free
9,6
6,4
-
Fresh flowers in Hungary
0603 10
0603 10 10
0603 10 20
0603 10 30
0603 10 40
0603 10 50
0603 10 80
0603 90 00
impregnated or otherwise prepared:
Fresh:
Rose
Carnations
Orchids
Gladioli
Chrysanthemums
Other
Other
(1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
10
p/st
p/st
p/st
p/st
p/st
-
Source: TARIC, Simulation date 10/06/2005
6.3 Norms of origin
To be able to benefit from the GSP Plus 0% duties on sensitive and non-sensitive
products it is necessary to prove that the product that is being imported is really from
Colombia or another GSP (Plus) country. Some products clearly originate in a given
country, e.g. because they are grown there from local seed. These are called “wholly
obtained” goods. But increasingly in today’s world, others are not produced in a single
country.
In general terms, products are wholly obtained in a particular beneficiary country (or in
the EC, in the case of cumulation) if only that country has been involved in their
production. Even the smallest addition or input from any other country disqualifies a
product from being "wholly obtained". In the case of flowers this means that the flowers
have to be grown and harvested within Colombia.
In practice, except for naturally-occurring and related products, situations where only a
single country is involved in the manufacture of a product are relatively rare.
Globalization of manufacturing processes has resulted in many products being made
from parts, materials etc. coming from all over the world. Such products are not, of
course, wholly obtained, but they can nevertheless obtain originating status.
The condition is that the non-originating materials used (in practice: the materials
imported into the beneficiary country) have undergone "sufficient working or processing".
It must be stressed that only the non-originating materials need to be worked or
processed sufficiently. If the other materials used are by themselves already originating
(either by virtue of being wholly obtained, or by having been worked or processed
sufficiently), they do not have to satisfy the conditions set out.
What can be considered as sufficient working or processing, depends on the product in
question. For the products that belong under Chapter 6, all fresh cut flowers, the
requirements are that the working or processing carried out on non-originating materials,
which confers originating status is manufacture in which:
1
From 1 January to 31 May: 8, 5; from 1 June to 31 October: 12; from 1 November to 31 December: 8, 5.
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-
All materials of Chapter 6 used are wholly obtained and
The value of all the materials used does not exceed 50 of the ex-works price of the
product
Figure 6.3.1 sufficient working or processing requirements
Source: Official Journal of the European Union
There are three principal forms of proof used in the context of the EC GSP:
The certificate of origin Form A 2 , used as proof of origin at import into the EC and in
regional cumulation.
o Regional cumulation can be present between the countries of one of the
regional groups recognized by the EC GSP4. 3 Materials originating in one
country of the group which are further worked or processed in another
beneficiary country of the same group are considered to originate in the
latter country.
x The Invoice Declaration, which can be used for goods whose total value does not
exceed € 6000 (Article 89).
x The Movement Certificate EUR1, which may be used as may an invoice declaration,
when goods are exported to beneficiary countries from the EC in the context of
bilateral cumulation. (Article 90a).
o Under bilateral cumulation, materials originating in the EC, within the
meaning of the EC GSP RoO, and further worked or processed in a
beneficiary country, are considered to originate in the beneficiary country.
x
2
We kindly refer you to the annexes for an example of Form A
The regional groups (listed in Article 72) are:
- Group I: Brunei-Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
Vietnam;
- Group II: Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Panama, Peru,
Venezuela;
- Group III: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.
3
44 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
The period of validity of a proof of origin is 10 months.
6.4 Barriers
Levying of any customs duty or charge having an equivalent effect and the application of
any quantitative import restriction or measure having an equivalent effect are prohibited
in trade with third countries.
For exporters in developing countries legislative standards enforced through EU
legislation and possibly through EU member states, increasingly pose obstacles when
exporting to the EU. Although standards are developed in order to protect consumers,
environment or improve the harmonization of the internal EU market; they are often seen
as technical, non-tariff barriers to trade or as a green wall protecting the fortress of
Europe when looking at environmental standards.
When looking at the situation of exporters in developing countries who would like to
access the EU market, there are many differences to overcome. Differences between
the EU and third countries in their technical regulations and conformity assessment
procedures are based on legitimate origins, such as differences in local preferences
regarding health, safety and the environment, and differences in levels of income and
labor conditions.
Moreover, exporters in developing countries often are critically constrained by the lack of
important issues such as:
- Access to credit and insurance and investment climate
- Human and physical capital, management and marketing skills
- Sufficient facilities for transport and storage infrastructures
- Transparent legal and regulatory framework
- Awareness and knowledge
- Participation in the development of standards
- Certifying bodies, test laboratories, standardization institutes etc.
Therefore, the standards in the EU could be seen as obstacles when accessing the EU
market, though official barriers do not longer exist.
6.5 Import Licenses
Plant Health Control
The imports into the European Union (EU) of plants, plant products and any other
material capable of harboring plant pests (e.g. wooden products and containers, soil,
etc) may be subject to the following protective measures, as established by Directive
2000/29/EC:
1.
2.
Import Bans;
Phytosanitary certificate and/or phytosanitary certificate for re-export;
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3.
4.
5.
Customs Inspection and plant health checks;
Importers Register;
Advance notice on imports.
These phytosanitary measures are intended to prevent the introduction and/or spread of
pests and organisms harmful to plants or plant products across the EU boundaries.
Those measures enforce the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)–FAO, to
which EU Member States are contracting parties and which sets out the basic rules and
control procedures to secure a common and effective action to protect the countries'
agricultural and forestry resources.
The IPPC requires every contracting country to establish a national plant protection
organization to inspect growing crops and to report on pests and control them. A
complete listing of the national plant protection organizations (NPPOS) can be found at
the official website for the IPPC (http://www.ippc.int/).
French Overseas Departments and Spanish Canary Islands, in view of its agricultural
and ecological characteristics, may request additional conditions to those laid down in
the Directive assuming they are justified on grounds of the protection of health and life of
plants in their territories.
Directive 2000/29/EC establishes several exemptions for each phytosanitary measure
(e.g. plants and plant products for trial, scientific purposes, work on varieties selection;
internal transit; small quantities that do not pose a risk of spreading harmful organisms
etc.). They are usually granted for a limited period, subject to special import conditions
and to a specific license.
1. Import bans 4
Member States shall ban the introduction into their territory of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Certain particularly dangerous harmful organisms, which are listed in Annex I,
Part A.
Plants and plant products listed in Annex II, Part A, where they are
contaminated by the relevant harmful organisms listed in that part of the Annex.
Plants or plant products listed in Annex III, Part A, where they originate in
the relevant countries referred to in that part of the Annex.
Plants, plant products and other objects listed in Annex IV, Part A, except
for those meeting the special requirements indicated in that part of the Annex.
In relation to wood packaging, the new provisions introduced by Directive 2004/102/EC
establish that wood packages of any type (cases, boxes, crates, drums, pallets, box
pallets and other load boards, pallet collars, etc) shall go through one of the approved
4
All appropriate annexes can be found at http://export-help.cec.eu.int/
46 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
treatments to FAO International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 and bear
the corresponding mark.
Decision 2005/51/EC, authorizes Member States to provide derogations with regard to
the prohibitions referred to in point 14 of Annex III Part A and point 34, section I, Part A,
Annex IV above mentioned for soil originating in certain third countries under specific
conditions provided for in the Annex of the same Decision and destined for treatment in
dedicated hazardous-waste incinerators.
Certain areas of the EU, that are free from plant pests established elsewhere in the EU,
have been designated as “protected zones” and may be affected by special bans and
requirements to prevent spreading of harmful organisms to particular crops (Annex I Part
B; Annex II Part B; Annex III Part B and Annex IV Part B) .
2. Phytosanitary certificate and/or phytosanitary certificate for re-export.
Imports of plants and plant products listed in Annex V, Part B, which are all products
belonging under Chapter 6 including all kinds of fresh cut flowers must be accompanied
either by an official “phytosanitary certificate” or a”phytosanitary certificate for re-export”
(in case the consignment after being dispatched from a third country, has been stored,
repacked or split up in another non-EU country).
Those documents certify the phytosanitary conditions of plants and plants products, and
also that the shipment has been officially inspected, complies with statutory
requirements for entry into the EU and is free of quarantine pests and other harmful
pathogens.
They shall be at least in one of the official languages of the EU and shall be issued by
the designated authorities of the third country of export or re-export and made out not
more than 14 days before the date on which the plants, plant products or other objects
covered by it have left the country of issuance.
Phytosanitary certificates shall be issued in compliance with the provisions of the IPPC
and taking into account the FAO International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No
12 on Guidelines for phytosanitary certificates. 5
3. Customs inspection and plant health checks.
In addition to the above mentioned certificates, the plants and plant products listed in
Annex V, Part B shall, from the time of their entry in the EU, be subject to customs
inspections and supervision by the responsible official bodies.
The inspections shall consist in:
5
For an example of a phytosanitary certificate, please see the annexes
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Documentary checks establishing that the required certificates, alternative
documents or marks have been issued or satisfied
x
Identity checks establishing that the plants, plant products or other objects
conform to the ones declared on the required documents and
x
Plant health checks establishing that the plants, plant products or other objects,
including their wood packing material if any, comply with the specific requirements and
phytosanitary measures specified in Directive 2000/29/EC and can be imported into the
EU.
x
The inspections must be made at the point of entry into the EU at the proper Member
State’s border inspection post (BIP). However, identity checks and plant health checks
may be carried out at the place of destination provided that there is satisfaction of
specific guarantees and documents regarding transport of plants and plant products
determined for each particular case
4. Importers register
Importers, whether or not producers, of plants, plant products or other objects, listed in
Annex V, Part B, must be included in an official register of a Member State under an
official registration number.
5. Advance notice on imports
Member States may require airport authorities, harbor authorities, importers or operators
to give, as soon as they are aware of the imminent arrival of a consignment of plants,
plant products and other objects advance notice to the customs office of point of entry
and to the official body of point of entry.
In addition and without prejudice to provisions of Directive 29/00, plants, plant products
and any other material capable of harboring plant pests may be subject to emergency
measures.
Additional information for Hungary
Health control procedure
Health inspection has to be applied for by the importer or his representative prior to the
importation by submitting a plant health movement document 6 (Növényútlevél száma),
accompanied by an enclosure of the mandatory certificates related to the goods in
question. 7
In addition to the verification of the documents, the authorities at the customs points of
entry will inspect the products upon arrival by identity and/or physical checks. Sampling
6
7
Please see the annexes for an example of a plant health movement document
For the full document in English we refer you to the annexes
48 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
procedures for quality analyses can be carried out at designated control laboratories.
Additional checks can be executed at all stages of the supply chain.
If the results of the inspection procedures have been proven to be favorable for the
importation of the goods, the commodities can be released for free circulation.
Health controls of plants and plant products are only carried out at designated Border
Inspection Posts - BIPs (Ellenorzo állomások).
Competent authority / competent bodies
FöldmĦvelésügyi és Vidékfejlesztési Minisztérium - FVM (Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Area Development)
Növény- és Talajvédelmi FĘosztály (Plant Protection and Soil Conservation Department)
Kossuth Lajos tér 11.
H-1055 Budapest
Tel: (+36) 1 301 4214
Fax: (+36) 1 302 0408
E-mail: szabol@posta.fvm.hu
Website: http://www.fvm.hu
6.6 Quotas
Quotas have been assigned by the European Union to specific countries for specific
products, which allow for the controlled importation of specific products.
There are however no quotas for any of the products under Chapter 6 originating from
Colombia.
6.7 Approvals & 6.8 Technical standards
Quality standards for flowers are fixed in the Regulation (EEC) No 316/68. The
European consumers demand an extremely high quality of fresh cut flowers. The above
mentioned regulation determines quality requirements, classification of produce, sizing,
quality and length tolerances, packaging rules and marking.
High quality of cut flowers is requested by Hungarian consumers. As Hungary is an EU
member, the quality requirements are outlined by the EU law. Regulation (EEC) No
316/68 fixes general standards for flowers. These rules include minimal requirements,
tolerance for quality and branding. The regulation determines minimum quality
requirements, requirements for class I, II and extra class.
The minimum requirement specifies that flowers must be carefully cut and be in a proper
phase of development. Flowers in class I must be of a good quality and possess the
feature characteristics for a given flower variety. The flowers must be fresh, whole and
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
free of disease, pests, damages and alien substances. Shoots must be strong and solid
in order to be able to carry flowers.
Flowers in II class must be also fresh, complete and free of disease and pests. However,
the flowers may have some imperfections such as small distortions, mechanical
damages or not serious damages caused by pests. On the other hand these
imperfections cannot decrease quality, appearance and utility of flowers.
The unit of package of I class flowers can have 5% of insignificant imperfections, of II
class flowers 10%. Extra class consists of flowers classified as I class but without any
imperfections.
Quality standards also describe rules of sorting according to the length of flower
(including a head of flower). In a package unit the difference between the longest and
the shortest flower must not exceed 2,5 cm for flowers up to 20 cm, 5 cm for flowers 2060 cm and 10 cm for flowers longer than 60 cm.
6.9 Packaging
Packaging of cut flowers has to satisfy a number of conditions, mainly lying in the field of
handling, and the protection of the quality and presentation. EU regulation 802/71, a
supplement to EU regulation 316/68, specifies also minimum standards concerning
packaging and presentation.
A unit of presentation (bunch, bouquet, box, and the like) must consist of 5, 10 or a
multiple of 10 pieces. However, this rule does not apply to flowers normally sold single
flowers normally sold by weight and flowers for which seller and buyer agree expressly
to derogate from the provisions concerning the number of flowers in a unit of
presentation.
Each package must contain flowers of the same genus, species or variety and of the
same quality class, and must have reached the same stage of development. However,
mixtures of flowers or mixtures of flowers with foliage of different genius, species or
variety are permitted so long as products of the same quality class are used and that
they are appropriately marked.
6.10 Import Documentation
When importing products from a third country, like Colombia, into the European Union
six different documents are required;
1) Commercial invoice
50 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
The commercial invoice is a record or evidence of the transaction between the exporter
and the importer. Once the goods are available, the exporter issues a commercial
invoice to the importer in order to charge him for the goods.
The commercial invoice contains the basic information concerning the transaction and it
is always required for customs clearance.
It is similar to an ordinary sales invoice, though some entries specific to the exportimport trade are added. The minimum data generally included are the following:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Information on the exporter and the importer (name and address)
Date of issue
Invoice number
Description of the goods (name, quality, etc.)
Unit of measure
Quantity of goods
Unit value
Total item value
Total invoice value and currency of payment. The equivalent amount must be
indicated in a currency freely convertible to EUR or other legal tender in the
importing Member State
The terms of payment (method and date of payment, discounts, etc.)
The terms of delivery according to the appropriate Incoterm
Means of transport
No specific form is required. The commercial invoice is to be prepared by the exporter
according to standard business practice and it must be submitted in the original along
with at least one copy. It generally needs not be signed. In practice, the original and the
copy of the commercial invoice are often signed. The commercial invoice may be
prepared in any language. However, a translation into English is recommended.
2) Customs Value Declaration
The Customs Value Declaration is a document which must be presented to the customs
authorities where the value of the imported goods exceeds EUR 10 000. The Customs
Value Declaration must be drawn up conforming to form DV 1 8 , laying down provisions
for the implementation of the Community Customs Code. This form must be presented
with the Single Administrative Document (SAD).
The main purpose of this requirement is to assess the value of the transaction in order to
fix the customs value (taxable value) to apply the tariff duties.
The customs value corresponds to the value of the goods including all the costs incurred
(e.g.: commercial price, transport, insurance) until the first point of entry in the EU. The
8
Please see the annexes for a sample of a DV1 form
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
usual method for establishing the Customs value is using the transaction value (the price
paid or payable for the imported goods).
In certain cases the transaction value of the imported goods may be subject to
adjustment which involves additions or deductions. For instance:
x
x
commissions or royalties may need to be added to the price;
the internal transport (from the entry point to the final destination in the
Community Customs Territory) must be deducted.
The customs authorities shall waive the requirement of all or part of the customs value
declaration where:
the customs value of the imported goods in a consignment does not
exceed
EUR 10 000, provided that they do not constitute split or multiple consignments
from
the same consignor to the same consignee, or
x
the importations involved are of a non-commercial nature; or
x
the submission of the particulars in question is not necessary for the
application of the Customs Tariff of the European Communities or where the
customs duties provided for in the Tariff are not chargeable pursuant
to
specific
customs provisions.
x
3) Freight insurance
The insurance is an agreement by which the insured is indemnified in the event of
damages due to a risk covered in the policy. Insurance is all-important in the transport of
goods because of its exposure to risks during handling, storing, loading or transporting
cargo, and other rare risks, such as riots, strikes or terrorism.
There is a difference between the goods' transport insurance and the carrier's
responsibility insurance. The transport insurance is a contract whose covered risks, fixed
compensation and indemnity are let to the holder's choice. Nevertheless, the hauler’s
responsibility insurance is determined by different regulations depending on the means
of transport, indemnity is limited by the weight and value of the goods and is only given if
the transporter was unable to evade responsibility.
The insurance invoice is required for customs clearance only when the relevant data do
not appear in the commercial invoice indicating the premium paid for insuring the
merchandise.
The standard extent of the transporter's responsibility is laid down in the following
international conventions:
52 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
1. Road freight
International transport of goods by road is governed by the Convention for the
Contract of the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR Convention) signed
in Geneva in 1956.
Under this Convention, the road hauler is not responsible for losses of or damages
to the goods if he proves that they arise from:
x
x
x
the merchandise's own defect(s);
force majeure;
a fault by the loader or consignee.
There is no European Union's regulation regarding indemnifications for road freight.
2. The rail carrier
International transport of goods by rail is regulated by the Convention concerning
Intercarriage by Rail (CIM Convention), signed in Bern in 1980.
The rail carrier is not responsible for losses of or damages to the goods if he proves
that they arise from:
x
x
x
the merchandise's own defect(s);
force majeure;
a fault by the loader or consignee.
With reference to compensation, there is currently no European regulation.
Indemnification is normally limited to a maximum amount per gross kilo lost or
damaged. This system means that, for the most part, the company is unlikely to
receive anything approaching the value of its goods.
3. The shipping company
The 1968 International Convention on Bill of Lading, better known as "The Hague
Rules" or the "Brussels Convention" dictates the marine carrier's responsibilities
when transporting international goods.
The shipping company is not responsible for losses of, or damage to, the goods if it
proves that they arise from:
x
x
x
the merchandise's own defects and loss in weight during transport;
a nautical mistake by the crew;
a fire;
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
x
x
x
x
x
x
if the ship is not seaworthy;
force majeure;
strikes or a lock-out;
a mistake by the loader;
hidden defects on board ship, which went unnoticed during rigorous inspection;
an attempt to save lives or goods at sea.
As far as compensation is concerned, there is currently no harmonization at the
European Union level. It is normally limited to a certain sum per kilogram of lost or
damaged goods. This system causes the same problems as with rail accidents, the
exporter is likely to lose much of the value of the goods.
4. The air carrier
The 1929 Warsaw Convention as well as the Montreal draft Treaty of 1975
determines that the air carrier is not responsible for damages or loss of goods if it is
proved that:
x
x
x
the carrier and associates took all the measures necessary to avoid the damage
or that it was impossible for them to be taken (force majeure);
the losses arise from a pilotage or navigation mistake;
the injured party was the cause of the damage or contributed to it.
Concerning the injured party's indemnification, there is no European standard.
Compensation is normally limited to a set amount per gross kilogram of damaged or
lost goods.
The air carrier can state specific reservations at the time of receiving the cargo.
These reservations will be written on the air consignment note (ACN) (air transport
contract) and will be used as evidence. However, airlines will normally refuse
dubious packages or those not corresponding to the ACN.
4) Customs Import Declaration (SAD)
All goods imported into the European Union (EU) must be declared to the customs
authorities of the respective Member State using the Single Administrative Document
(SAD) 9 , which is the common import declaration form for all the Member States, laid
down in the Community Customs Code (Regulation (EEC) 2913/92.
The declaration must be drawn up in one of the official languages of the EU which is
acceptable to the customs authorities of the Member State where the formalities are
carried out.
9
See annexes
54 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
The SAD may be presented either by:
x
x
Using an approved computerized system linked to Customs authorities; or
Lodging it with the designated Customs Office premises.
The main information that shall be declared is:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Identifying data of the parties involved in the operation (importer, exporter,
representative ...)
Custom approved treatment (release for free circulation, release for consumption,
temporary importation, transit ...)
Identifying data of the goods (Taric code, weight, units), location and packaging
Information referred to the means of transport
Data about country of origin, country of export and destination
Commercial and financial information (Incoterms, invoice value, invoice currency,
exchange rate, insurance...)
List of documents associated to the SAD (Import licenses, inspection certificates,
document of origin, transport document, commercial invoice...)
Declaration and method of payment of import taxes (tariff duties, VAT, Excises,
etc)
The SAD set consists of eight copies; the operator completes all or part of the sheets
depending on the type of operation.
In the case of importation generally three copies shall be used: one is to be retained
by the authorities of the Member State in which arrival formalities are completed, other
is used for statistical purposes by the Member State of destination and the last one is
returned to the consignee after being stamped by the customs authority.
Documents associated to the SAD
According to the operation and the nature of the imported goods, additional
documents shall be declared with the SAD and shall be presented together with it.
The most important documents are:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Documentary proof of origin, normally used to apply a tariff preferential treatment
Certificate confirming the special nature of the product
Transport Document
Commercial Invoice
Customs Value Declaration
Inspections Certificates (Health, Veterinary, Plant Health certificates)
Import Licenses
Community Surveillance Document
Cites Certificate
Documents to support a claim of a tariff quota
Documents required for Excises purposes
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x
Evidence to support a claim to VAT relief
5) Freight documents
Depending on the means of transport used, the following documents are to be filled in
and presented to the customs authorities of the importing European Union (EU) Member
State (MS) upon importation in order for the goods to be cleared:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bill of Lading
FIATA Bill of Lading
Road Waybill (CMR)
Air Waybill (AWB)
Rail Waybill (CIM)
ATA Carnet
TIR Carnet
Bill of Lading
The Bill of Lading (B/L) is a document issued by the shipping company to the
operating shipper which acknowledges that the goods have been received on board
serving as proof of receipt of the goods by the carrier obliging him to deliver the
goods to the consignee. It contains the details of the goods, vessel and port of
destination. It evidences the contract of carriage and conveys title to the goods,
meaning that the bearer of the Bill of Lading is the owner of the goods.
The Bill of Lading may be a negotiable document. A number of different types of
bills of lading can be used. "Clean Bills of Lading" state that the goods have been
received in an apparent good order and condition. "Unclean or Dirty Bills of Lading"
indicate that the goods are damaged or in bad order, in this case, the financing
bank may refuse to accept the consignor's documents.
FIATA Bill of Lading
The FIATA Bill of Lading is a document designed to be used as a multimodal or
combined transport document with negotiable status which has been developed by
the International Federation of Forwarding Agents' Associations (FIATA).
Road Waybill (CMR)
The road waybill is a document containing the details of the international
transportation of goods by road, set out by the Convention for the Contract of the
International Carriage of Goods by Road 1956 (the CMR Convention). It enables
the consignor to have the goods at his disposal during the transportation. It must be
issued in quadruplicate and signed by the consignor and the carrier. The first copy
is intended for the consignor; the second remains in the possession of the carrier;
56 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
and the third accompanies the goods and is delivered to the consignee. Usually, a
CMR is issued for each vehicle.
The CMR note is not a document of title and is non-negotiable.
Air Waybill (AWB)
The air waybill is a document proving the transport contract between the consignor
and the carrier's company. It is issued by the carrier's agent and falls under the
provisions of the Warsaw Convention. A single air waybill may be used for multiple
shipments of goods; it contains three originals and several extra copies. One
original is kept by each of the parties involved in the transport (the consignor, the
consignee and the carrier). The copies may be required at the airport of
departure/destination, for the delivery and in some cases, for further freight carriers.
The air waybill is a freight bill which evidences a contract of carriage and proves
receipt of goods.
The IATA Standard Air Waybill is used by all carriers belonging to the
International Air Transport Association (IATA) and it embodies standard conditions
associated to those set out in the Warsaw Convention.
Rail Waybill (CIM)
The rail waybill (CIM) is a document required for the transportation of goods by rail.
It is regulated by the Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail 1980
(COTIF-CIM). The CIM is issued by the carrier in five copies, the original
accompanies the goods and the duplicate of the original is kept by the consignor
and the three remaining copies are intended for internal purposes of the carrier. It is
considered the rail transport contract.
ATA Carnet
ATA carnets are international customs documents issued by chambers of
commerce in most major countries throughout the world for the purpose of allowing
the temporary importation of goods, free of customs duties and taxes. ATA carnets
can be issued for the following categories of goods: commercial samples and
advertising film, goods for international exhibition and professional equipment. 10
TIR Carnet
TIR carnets are customs transit documents used for the international transport of
goods a part of which has to be made by road. They allow the transport of goods
10
Further information may be obtained in the International Chamber of Commerce's website:
http://www.iccwbo.org/index_ata.asp
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
under a procedure called the TIR procedure, laid down in the 1975 TIR Convention,
signed under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
(UNECE) 11
The TIR system requires that the goods travel in secure vehicles or containers, all duties
and taxes at risk throughout the journey are covered by an internationally valid
guarantee, the goods are accompanied by a TIR carnet, and customs control measures
in the country of departure are accepted by the countries of transit and destination.
6) Packing list
The packing list (P/L) is a commercial document accompanying the commercial invoice
and the transport documents, and providing information on the imported items and the
packaging details of each shipment (weight, dimensions, handling issues, etc.)
It is required for customs clearance as an inventory of the incoming cargo.
The data generally included are:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Information on the exporter, the importer and the transport company
Date of issue
Number of the freight invoice
Type of packaging (drum, crate, carton, box, barrel, bag, etc.)
Number of packages
Content of each package (description of the goods and number of items per
package)
Marks and numbers
Net weight, gross weight and measurement of the packages
No specific form is required. The packing list is to be prepared by the exporter according
to standard business practice and it must be submitted in the original along with at least
one copy. It generally needs not be signed. However, in practice, the original and the
copy of the packing list are often signed. The packing list may be prepared in any
language. However, a translation into English is recommended.
6.11 Import Modalities or regimes involved in the process
After 1st May 2004 the custom free zones in Hungary no longer exist. Before this date
those zones were regarded as a foreign entity within the Hungarian borders by customs
officials. When importing products into these zones custom duties and VAT payment
could be postponed till the products were actually brought into the Hungarian market.
11
Website; http://www.unece.org/trans/bcf/tir/welcome.html.
58 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
6.12 Requirements for import of samples and accompanied luggage
The requirements for the import of samples are the same as for the general import of
flowers, because flowers are a perishable product. 12
6.13 Website links to rules and regulations
ƒ
http://europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/dds/en/qotcau.htm
- The quotas page of EU
ƒ
http://europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/dds/cgi-bin/tarchap?Lang=EN
- The page of TARIC provides calculation of duty rates
ƒ
http://europa.eu.int/comm/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin
/index_en.htm
ƒ
ƒ
12
http://www.srs.cz
- The State Phytosanitary Administration
ƒ
http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l11060.htm
- Common Organization of the Agricultural Markets
ƒ
http://www.cs.mfcr.cz/info/taric/taric2005.pdf EU Tariff schedule – TARIC
- Integrated Tariff of the European Community
ƒ
http://europa.eu.int/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc
&lg=EN&numdoc=31968R0316&model=guichett
- Regulation (EEC) No 316/68 of the Council of 12 March 1968 fixing
quality standards for fresh cut flowers and fresh ornamental foliage
Source: Dutch Customs Office
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
6.14 Flow chart of the process and related costs
6.14.1 Flow chart of the process and related costs
Goods
Customs
guarantee
and
Import
docume
nts
Customs
agent or
Hungarian
subsidiary
Handling
of
customs
proceedin
Transportation of
goods to the
inland Customs
Office
Declaration
for the
chosen
customs
regime
The duties
are paid or
the custom
debt is
secured
Confirmation
of customs
declaration
that serves as
VAT
documentatio
Source: Calculation by EUNITE BV
In general, only EU entities can clear goods for customs in Hungary. Non-EU entities
can carry out customs proceedings only on goods under the transit regime or under
temporary admission. In other cases, foreign entities can clear goods for Hungarian
customs only in exceptional cases with the permission of the Customs Office.
A foreign company exporting to Hungary and wishing to import into the country must
either establish a Hungarian subsidiary to handle importation or engage a customs
agent to handle customs proceedings. It is usual practice that the Hungarian purchaser
of imported goods will handle customs proceedings.
When imported goods reach the EU border, they are released to the transit regime. The
customs debt (all import duties that would apply on import under free circulation) must
be secured with a customs guarantee at this time. The goods must then be transported
to the inland Customs Office of final destination without delay. Here the goods are
declared for the chosen customs regime based on the customs declaration filed by the
importer (or his customs agent). The final customs debt assessed by the Customs Office
is either paid or guaranteed, depending on the import regime and the conditions
negotiated with the Customs Office.
60 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
If import duties are properly paid (or the customs debt is secured), the Customs Office
issues a confirmed customs declaration, which serves as a VAT document for the
reclaim of import VAT. In general, import VAT is applied on the total declared customs
value of imported goods and the applicable amount of customs duty and any other
charges levied by the Customs Office (e.g., excise duty).
From 1 January 2005, importers can reclaim the amount of import VAT paid by including
the amount in their regular VAT returns, provided the importer is registered for
Hungarian VAT.
VAT rates are the same as for domestic products, currently 25%, 15% or 5%. The VAT
for fresh cut flowers is 15%. Importers registered for Hungarian VAT can normally
recover import VAT costs, provided a valid customs declaration (tax document) is
obtained from the Customs Office.
Customs Valuation is on an ad valorem basis. The Customs Law declares the principle
of the prompt payment of the "customs debt." Customs debt comprises the customs
duty assessed, the general turnover tax (VAT), the consumption tax, any statistical fees
and the customs clearance fee (1% on goods originating from GATT member countries),
and any miscellaneous fees such as road fund contributions and/or environmental
protection fees. The customs debt is due and payable within 5 business days following
notification thereof.
6.15 Recommendations
We recommend potential flower exporters to Hungary to get in contact with some or all
of the above mentioned institutions. The best way to avoid any difficulties would be to
get in contact with a Hungarian lawyer specialized in this field, who can provide useful
tips and guidelines on the best and most efficient ways of entering the market.
Proexport Colombia
61
7. Physical access
This chapter describes various ways and means to transport fresh cut flowers to
Hungary. The highest effort was put in to give a detailed overview of various road, train
and sea routes from Colombia to Budapest, with an emphasis on inter-European Union
transportation. Price details are offered wherever possible, however it is important to
keep in mind that after accession of the Eastern European countries to the EU,
competition within the transportation market has become murdering. Therefore
forwarders are extremely cautious with revealing price information and because of this it
might be more useful for potential exporters from Colombia to contact transportation
companies themselves. Contact details of various transportation companies are
presented below.
7.1
General description of available transportation infrastructure in
Hungary
By (rail) road
The railroad network extends over 7.606 km, of which 2.191 km are electrified. The train
is mostly used for the transportation of the goods. Just like road transportation, this
sector was privatized. Therefore, the infrastructure is directly administered by the
territorial communities. The privatization and the concession of activities of the public
service in 1998 accelerated the modernization of the structures to match the European
standards.
By air
The unique international airport of the country is Budapest-Ferihegy. The main airline
company MALEV Hungarian Airlines is intended for passengers and MALEV air Cargo
for freight transportation. In 1999, the freight transportation recorded an increase of 26
% as compared to the previous year.
By sea
Since Hungary is landlocked on all sides, direct entry by sea is not possible. However
entering from nearby ports and than transportation by truck to f.e. Budapest is definitely
amongst the possibilities. However, when transporting fresh cut flowers from Colombia
to Europe, it is not possible to use water transport since this way of transport is far too
slow. No transport company would guarantee the freshness of flowers after transport
when water transport is used. Therefore, cut flowers are mostly first transported by air to
a mayor airport in Europe and later by truck or, in some cases, by train.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
7.2
Identification of ports, airports, roads- border passes- railways,
waterways
Border Crossing Points
Because Hungary has six neighboring countries, there are various points on the
Hungarian border where the country can be entered. However the all have different
opening hours and possibilities. Therefore a list of border crossing points (BCP) in the
Republic of Hungary with the different opening hours and the traffic passing through is
printed below.
Table 7.2.1 BCPs on the external border of the European Union
Road
Name of border crossing point
ZáhonyCsop
Opening hours of Traffic through the BCP
the BCP
a) Hungarian-Ukrainian border
night Goods and passenger traffic; Veterinary and phitosanitary border
& day station; Post for the transport of double-use products and
technologies, cultural values, drugs and psychotropic substances and
dangerous waste
Ártánd-Bors
Battonya-Turnu
Gyula-Varsand
Csengersima-Petea
64 Proexport Colombia
b) Hungarian-Romanian border
night & day
Goods and passengers
traffic; Post for the
transport of double use
products and
technologies, cultural
values, drugs and
psychotropic substances
and dangerous waste
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic (restriction of 3,5
tons)
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic; Post for the
transport of cultural
values, drugs and
psychotropic substances
and dangerous waste
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic; Post for the
transport of dangerous
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Kiszombor-Cenad
night & day
Nagylak-Nadlac
night & day
Méhkerék-Salonta
night & day
RöszkeHorgos
TompaKelebija
waste
Goods and passenger
traffic (restriction of 3,5
tons)
Goods and passenger
traffic; Veterinary and
phitosanitary border
station; Post for the
transport of double-use
products and
technologies, cultural
values, drugs and
psychotropic substances
and dangerous waste
Goods and passenger
traffic (restriction of 3,5
tons)
c) Hungarian-Serbian border
night Goods and passenger traffic; Veterinary and phitosanitary border
& day station; Post for the transport of double-use products and
technologies, cultural values, drugs and psychotropic substances
and dangerous waste
night Goods and passenger traffic; Post for the transport of drugs and
& day psychotropic substances and dangerous waste
d) Hungarian - Croatian border
Barcs-Terezino Polje
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic
Berzence-Góla
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic (restriction of 20
tons)
Drávaszabolcs-Donji Miholjac
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic; Post for the
transport of dangerous
waste
Letenye-Gorican
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic; Veterinary and
phitosanitary border
station; Post for the
transport of double-use
products and
technologies, cultural
values, drugs and
psychotropic substances
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65
Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Udvar-Knezevo (road)
night & day
and dangerous waste
Goods and passenger
traffic
Railway
a) Hungarian-Ukrainian border
night & day
Eperjeske-Batyevo
Záhony-Csop
night & day
Railway goods traffic;
Veterinary
and
phitosanitary
border
station;
Goods and passenger
traffic; Post for the
transport of dangerous
waste
b) Hungarian - Romanian border
Tiborszállás-ÁgerdĘmajor-Carei
night & day
International goods and
passenger traffic
Biharkeresztes-Episcopia Bihorolui
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic; Post for the
transport of double-use
products and
technologies, cultural
values and dangerous
waste
Kötegyán-Salonta
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic
Lökösháza-Curtici
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic; Phitosanitary
border station; Post for
the transport of
dangerous waste
Nyírábrány-Valea lui Mihai
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic
c) Hungarian - Serbian border
Kelebia-Subotica
66 Proexport Colombia
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic; Veterinary and
phitosanitary border
station; Post for the
transport of double-use
products and
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Röszke-Horgos
night & day
technologies, cultural
values and dangerous
waste
Goods and passenger
traffic
d) Hungarian - Croatian border
Gyékényes-Koprivnica
night & day
Magyarbóly-Beli Monastir
night & day
Murakeresztúr-Kotoriba
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic; Veterinary and
phitosanitary border
station; Post for the
transport of dangerous
waste
Goods and passenger
traffic
Goods and passenger
traffic; Post for the
transport of double-use
products and
technologies and cultural
values
Source: Hungarian Customs Office
Table 7.2.2 BCPs on the internal border of the European Union on the river Danube
Mohács
night & day
határkikötĘ
Baja
Ro-Ro from sunrise
pier
till sunset
Goods and passenger traffic; Phitosanitary border
station; Post for the transport of dangerous waste
Vessels dealing with combined transportation and
transportation and their staff
On the river Tisza:
Szeged border pier
from sunrise till
sunset
Passenger and goods
traffic
IV. By air
Budapest Ferihegy International Airport
Proexport Colombia
night & day
Goods and passenger
traffic; Veterinary and
phitosanitary border
station; Post for the
transport of double-use
products and
technologies, drugs and
67
Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Debrecen
International Airport
08.00-20.00
psychotropic
substances, cultural
values and dangerous
waste
International goods and
passenger traffic
Source: Hungarian Customs Office
Hungary is a transit country with more Trans-European Network lines on its territory.
These are between the Slovenian and Ukrainian border (No. 1), between Austria and
Romania (No. 2) and between Slovakia and Serbia-Montenegro (No. 3).
Borders
Hungary has a land area of 93 thousand square kilometers. It has borders with seven
countries, of which 4 are important for this report, namely the following:
1. Austrian, where the transports from Germany come from. The most important road
border stations are Hegyeshalom-Nickelsdorf and Rábafüzes-Heiligenkreutz. The
trains come over Hegyeshalom.
2. Slovakian, where the containers of Polish ports came through. In this case the
border of Rajka-Bratislava or Komárom is particulairly important. The trains going to
Budapest cross the border at Nagymaros.
3. Croatian, where the lorries come over Letenye. There are no big capacity train lines
in this direction, but the motorway runs all the way to the Hungarian border.
4. Slovenian, which has an access to the Croatian motorway and since 2001 has a
direct one-line train in the direction Koper, which was built by support of the
European Union and the Central European Initiative (CEI).
68 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Figure 7.2.3 Map of Hungary
Source: Hungarian Customs Office
Once the Budapest-Csepel Free Port was a sea port, but today because of the large
number of bridges across the Danube, it is a delta. Today the Hungarian most important
water way is the river Danube, which – through the Danube-Main-Rhine channel –
ensures the contact between Hungary and the Atlantic-ocean. The river ways do not
play an important role because ships are very slow and usually carry raw materials as
grain, coal, brick, etc.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Road, railway data
Length of roads (in km)
Romania
Hungary
Ukraine
Austria
European Union
198,603
188,203
169,491
200,000
4,634,810
Length of train lines (in km)
Ukraine
Romania
Czech Republic
Hungary
Austria
Switzerland
Slovakia
Croatia
Slovenia
22,473 2003
11,385 2003
9,520
2003
7,937
2003
6,021 2003
4,533 2003
3,661
2003
2,726
2003
1,201 2003
Main railway companies:
MÁV – Magyar Államvasutak (Hungarian State Railways)
Gysev-Roee – GyĘr-Sopron-Ebenfurt Vasutak (GyĘr-Sopron-Ebenfurt Railways)
Table 7.2.4 Number of foreign train coaches passing through Hungary annually
Ukrainian Romanian Serbian Croatian Budapest
Number of train
coaches in 2003
Number of train
coaches in 2004
108 430
122 840
109 341
134 564
0
475 175
116 097
156 951
125 689
127 656
0
526
Source: The Hungarian National Railway
70 Proexport Colombia
Total
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Graph 7.2.5 Number of train coaches in 2003/2004 compared
Source: The Hungarian National Railway
Explanation of the graph:
- Yellow: number of train coaches in 2003
- Blue: number of train coaches in 2004
- In the line below: total-Budapest-Croatian-Serbian-Romanian-Ukrainian
Table 7.2.6 Foreign lorries passing through Hungary annually
Lorries in pieces
2003
Lorries in pieces
2004
Ukrainian
Romanian
Serbian
Croatian
Budapest
Total
145 266
868 824
304 904
421 301
0
1 740 295
159 985
912 061
337 479
316 314
0
1 725 839
Source: The Hungarian National Railway
Mayor competitors of Colombia
Freight from the major competing countries is being transported by all of the listed ways,
however, regarding flower transport in specific, common practice in all competing
countries exporting flowers to Europe, is sending products from the country of origin to
the Netherlands and then forwarding it to Hungary. No transport company could
guarantee freshness of transported commodity when water transport is used. So, the
flowers are sent by air transport to Europe and then by trucks to their final destination.
Table 7.2.7 Transport used for importing flowers by various countries
Group
Example
Transport
ways used
European and close European
countries
Italy, Slovakia, Germany etc.
Road and rail transport to
Hungary
Other (oversea) countries
Africa as well as Southern American countries
Air transport to the main airports in the
Netherlands or Germany, than rail or road
transport to Hungary
Source: Hungarian Transportation Association
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Figure 7.2.8 Distances from the most important places for flower trade in the Netherlands and
Germany to Budapest
Place
Amsterdam
(airport)
Aalsmeer
(flower auction)
Straelen-Herongen
(flower auction)
Frankfurt
(airport)
Source: Hungarian Customs Office
Figure 7.2.9 Map of Hungary
Source: Lonely Planet Guides
72 Proexport Colombia
Country
Distance to Budapest (km)
The Netherlands
884
The Netherlands
894
Germany
994
Germany
834
Fresh flowers in Hungary
7.3 Description of status, operation, security, costs, distances,
transportation arrangements and intercommunity customs
Flowers and plants are mainly transported in special CC containers. The packaging is
standard and returnable. One truck semi-trailer can be freighted with 38 – 43 CC
containers (according to the type of semi-trailer). Some companies use special tandemaxle semi trailers/sets where 48 CC containers can be freighted. The container is mobile
as it has 4 wheels. Several shelves can be fit on the container for transport of flowers. A
part of the flowers are transported on a carrier’s pallet. 13
As the CC containers are relatively expensive (the price of a container ranges around
100 EUR) they have to be returned to the consignor. There are other types of containers
(trolleys) than the CC containers, like for example auction containers, euro containers,
e.g. yet the most used ones are the CC (by another name, Danish container trolleys).
Long distance flower transport
A "systems" approach to flower packaging and transport is presented integrating the
"bottom air" or "reverse flow" technologies. Trailer load quantities of flowers packed
properly in boxes designed with top and bottom vent holes can be cooled to their 7/8
cooling point in 10 to 12 hours if the refrigeration system is adequate. Such refrigeration
systems can be either of a trailer or an intermodal container design and have "T"-bottom
floor of at least 5.7 cm high, discharge temperature control, bottom air delivery pattern,
and at least 57 m3/min air movements at 5 cm water head pressure.
During the transportation of fresh cut flowers, the flowers must be kept strictly
conditioned. 14 Exporters can either transfer this commodity in special aircrafts or in a
personal one. 15 When transporting goods from the big Dutch or German harbors or
airports and the Dutch flower auction to Hungary it will most likely be cheaper to use a
Hungarian over a Dutch transporting company. Therefore, most competitors use roads
and rails to transport their goods to Hungary. The Hungarian transportation infrastructure
is still below the level of the Western countries, however reliable and secure. Virtually all
providers of road transportation in Europe offer transport in climate controlled truck. For
more information we refer to paragraph 7.5.
7.4
Identification of other handling and distribution infrastructure
The freight forwarders have their own storehouses and most of the storehouses below
belong to a forwarding company. Below is a list of storage, logistic and custom service
providers:
13
See more www.container-centralen.com
See more in chapter 7.3.
15
For available cargo agents and forwarders refer to the appendix.
14
Proexport Colombia
73
Market Researches in Eastern Europe
ABC European Air & Sea Cargo Distribution Hungaria Kft, Budapest, Közdülö 1-2,
Budapest, H-1181
Tel: +36 (06)1 294-2428, Fax: +36 (06)1 296-0404, e-mail: bud@abc-airsea.com,
Website: www.abc-airsea.com
Branch Offices - Budapest Airport, Igló utca, LRI-Cargo Bázis, H-1185 BudapestFerihegy. Tel: +36 (06)1 296-8191, Fax: +36 (06)1 296-7710, e-mail: bud@abcairsea.com
Gebrüder Weiss Kft, Vecses, Tel: +36 (06)29 553-900, Fax: +36 (06)29 553-953, email: rainer.mittl@weisslogistics.com, Website: www.gw-world.com
AES Kft, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 266-0183/4, Fax: +36 (06)1 266-3010, email: info@aescargo.com, Website: www.aescargo.com
AH Volán Kft, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 260-4406, Fax: +36 (06)1 260-5369,
Website: www.hartrodt.com
Airfarm Hungary Kft, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 431-8534, +36 (06)1 4318535, +36 (06)1 431-8476, Fax: +36 (06)1 261-2799, e-mail: airfarm@airfarm.org.hu,
Website: www.airfarm.com
Airmax Cargo Budapest Ltd, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 297-6106, Fax: +36 (06)1 2976105, e-mail: gabor@airmaxcargo.com, Website: www.airmaxcargo.hu
Aviart, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 427-0620, Fax: +36 (06)1 427-0619, email: aviart@vipmail.hu, Website: http://fly.to/aviart
.
Bellville Rodair International KFT, Budapest Airport, Tel: +36 (06)29 551-306,
Fax: +36 (06)29 551-311, e-mail: david.dines@brihungary.com or
attila.vereb@brihungary.com, Website: www.brihungary.com
Cargo Agencies Ltd Co, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 370-8606, Fax: +36 (06)1 369-3864,
e-mail: cargoag@cargoag.hu, Website: www.cargoag.hu, SITA: QIFDEMA
Cargo partner Hungaria Kft, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 294-2428, Fax: +36 (06)1 2960404, e-mail: bud@cargo-partner.com, Website: www.cargo-partner.com
Cargoline, Budapest Airport, Tel: +36 (06)1 296-9600, +36 (06)1 296-6756,
Fax: +36 (06)1 296-8621, e-mail: budap@cargoline.com
Cargoline Kft, Paty, Tel: +36 (06)23 556-600, Fax: +36 (06)23 556-681
Chapman Freeborn Air Market Ltd, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 235-7858,
(Airport Office) +36 (06)1 296-5483, (24H Mobile) +36 (06)30 951-3122,
Fax: +36 (06)1 235-7859, e-mail: bud@chapman-freeborn.com,
Website: www.chapman-freeborn.com, SITA: BUDFFLO
74 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Corstjens Worldwide Movers-Budapest, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 261-2651,
Fax: +36 (06)1 260-1055, e-mail: info@corstjens.hu, Website: www.corstjens.com
Danzas Ltd, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 296-8239, +36 (06)1 296-7430, +36 (06)1 2966062, Fax: +36 (06)1 296-8621, +36 (06)1 296-8238
Door To Door Express, Tatabanya, Tel: +36 (06)34 305 209, Fax: +36 (06)34 305 209,
e-mail: info@dtdexpress.hu, Website: www.dtdexpress.hu
Euro-Line Air Cargo Kft, Budapest Airport, Tel: +36 (06)1 296-5305,
Fax: +36 (06)1 296-5306, SITA: QIFANMA
Expeditors International Hungary Kft, Budapest Airport, Tel: +36 (06)2 955-2600,
Fax: +36 (06)2 955-2601
FastAir-Cargo Kft, Budapest Airport, Tel: +36 (06)1 296-8828, Fax: +36 (06)1 2968737, e-mail: tamas.baunoch@fastair-cargo.com, Website: www.fastair-cargo.com,
SITA: QIFALMA
Fix Bellville International Air Kft, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)29 551-306,
Fax: +36 (06)29 551-311, e-mail: david.dines@brihungary.com,
Website: www.bellvillegroup.com or www.brihungary.com
Hungarocargo International Forwarding Co Ltd, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 471-5150,
Fax: +36 (06)1 471-5151, (Head of Airfreight) +36 (06)1 296-7490, email: inbox@hungarocargo.hu or info@hungarocargo.hu,
Website: www.hungarocargo.hu
Hunicorn International Forwarding Ltd, Budapest, Tel: (Director) +36 (06)1 433-1318,
(Aircargo/Financial) +36 (06)1 433-1310, +36 (06)1 433-1314, Fax: +36 (06)1 260-1056,
e-mail: peter@hunicorn.hu, Website: www.hunicorn.hu
In Time International Forwarding & Courier Ltd, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 262-2222,
Fax: +36 (06)1 262-3333, e-mail: intime@intime.hu
Intercargo Hungary Kft, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 278-3133, Fax: +36 (06)1 278-3116,
e-mail: info@intercargo.hu
International Forwarding Solutions Ltd, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 264-3689,
Fax: +36 (06)1 264-3699, e-mail: ifs-barta@vnet.hu, Website: www.ifscargo.hu,
SITA: QIFARMA
JAS Cargoways Inc Kft, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 296-9600, Fax: +36 (06)1 2967912, +36 (06)1 296-7799, e-mail: general@jashungary.com,
Website: www.jashungary.com, SITA: QIFCJMA, QIFBLMA
Lagermax, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 414-6217, Fax: +36 (06)1 414-6202
MASPED Schenker Air & Sea Forwarding Ltd, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 452-8115,
Fax: +36 (06)1 452-8141, e-mail: Kaldor.Laszlo@masped-schenker.hu,
Website: www.masped-schenker.hu
Maurice Ward & Co Kft, Vecses, Tel: +36 (06)29 551-274, Fax: +36 (06)29 551-275, email: henrik.muller@mauriceward.com, Website: www.mauriceward.com
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Menlo Worldwide (Hungary) Kft, Vecses, Tel: +36 (06)29 55-1250,
Fax: +36 (06)29 55-1269
Multiway Cargo Ltd, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 290 59 19, Fax: +36 (06)1 291 56 17, email: mwcargo@mail.datanet.hu, Website: www.mwcargo.hu
NNR + Dachser Hungary Ltd, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)26 53-0279, Fax: +36 (06)26 334271, e-mail: yoshikuni.saima-nnr@dachser.com
RGW Express Kft, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)12 96-8810, +36 (06)12 96-5500/2,
Fax: +36 (06)12 96-6639, +36 (06)12 96-5500/2, e-mail: info@rgw-express.hu,
Website: www.rgw-express.hu, SITA: BUDFJMA
Seatrader Budapest, Budapest, Tel: +36 (06)1 424-7349, +36 (06)1 4247048, +36 (06)1 424-8462, Fax: +36 (06)1 424-7350, +36 (06)1 424-8463, email: info@seatrader.hu, Website: www.seatrader.hu
Yusen Air & Sea Service GmbH, Vecses, Tel: +36 (06)29 551-294,
Fax: +36 (06)29 551-290, e-mail: y-tabata@yuseneurope.com
Logmaster Kft, Tel: +36-27-538-800, Fax: +36-27- 538-820, Budapest, 1139, Vaci ut
85, Racz Miklos, www.logmaster.hu
Waberer’s Holding, Budapest, 1239, Nagykörösi ut 135, Tel: 421-6600, Fax: 421-6609,
www.waberers.com
Logsped Kft. Web page: www.logsped.hu
Tranzit Rt., Web page: www.tranzit.hu
Forcont, Budapest, 1092, Raday utca 16, Tel: 455-4020, Fax: 455-4021
Dunaferr Portolan, 1139 Budapest, Frangepan utca, 7, Tel: 465-6150, Fax: 465-6199,
Web page: www.portolan.hu, Web page: www.dunaferr.hu
Rynart Transport Kft. Web page: www.rynart.hu
7.5
Identification of carriers that transport goods imported from
Colombia
This section identifies various Hungarian forwarding companies which can transport
different products by road through Europe. When boarding in a Dutch or German harbor
like Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Rotterdam or Amsterdam it is always cheaper to have
these goods transported by transport companies from Hungary than by local Dutch and
German forwarders.
76 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Imported flowers mainly come from the Netherlands to Hungary by road or by plane, but
if it comes by plane it is more expensive. So, Hungarians prefer to transport the imported
flowers by road.
Hungarian Transportation Companies
Agentsped KFT.
1097 Budapest, Vaskapu utca 6/A
Tel: +36-1-476-0993, +36-1-476-8271
Fax: +36-1-215-0193, +36-1-216-1585, +36-1-216-1587
Birkart Logistics Magyarország Kft
Budapest, 1052 Deák Ferenc u 10
Tel: +36-1-266-4475
Fax: +36-1-317-3711
www.birkart.com
DUNAFERR Portolan Kft.
Budapest,1139 Frangepán u 7.
Tel: +36-1-465-6150
Fax: +36-1-465-6199
www.portolan.hu
Jadran Shipping Kft
Budapest, 1055 Stollár Béla u 12/C
Tel: +36-1-353-2014
Fax: +36-1-353-3294
jadranshippin@axelero.hu
MASPED Logistics KFT.
Budapest, 2120 Dunakeszi Alagi major
Tel: +36-27-540-330
Fax: +36-27-540-331
Seahorse Kft
Budapest, 1121 Tállya u 16-18.
Tel: +36-1+212-7654
Fax: +36-1-213-8898
www.seahorse.hu
Mávcargo
Budapest, 1062, Andrássy út 73-75.
Tel: +36-1-432-3419
Fax: +36-1-351-7941
www.mav.hu
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Bilk kombiterminál RT.
Budapest,1239 Európa út 4.
Tel: +36-1-289-6000
Fax: +36-1-289-6060
bilkkombiterminal@bilkkombi.hu
Hungarocargo KFT.
1146, Budapest, Hungária körút. 140-144.
Tel: +36-1-471-5150
Fax: +36-1-471-5151
www.hungarocargo.hu
Pannoncont KFT.
1037, Budapest, Montevideó u. 4.
Tel: +36-1-430-3040
Fax: +36-1-436-7980
www.pannoncont.hu
One of the main providers of climate controlled road transportation throughout Europe is
Fresh logistics (Raben-Group). Fresh Logistics developed, as one of the first logistic
companies, a special dedicated system for fresh products. The quality of performed
services was confirmed by obtaining a HACCP certificate. The modern solutions
guarantee the highest quality of servicing the market, flexible reaction to its needs, faster
and prompt deliveries, professional stock management and detailed administration.
Fresh Logistics delivers goods of various volumes to indicated addresses - from one
consignment to full truck loads. Domestic deliveries to retail-, wholesale- and network
consignees are executed on the next working day. The company offers services of
international forwarding of consignments:
¾ groupage loads from 50 to 3 000 kg (fresh products from +2 to +6°C)
¾ part loads over 3 000 kg (fresh products from +2 to +6°C)
¾ full truck loads (frozen products, fresh products from +2 to +6°C, food
products with various temperature ranges: -18°C; +12°C; +18°C)
For more information please see: www.freshlogistics.com or the carrier website
www.raben-group.com
Another provider of climate controlled road transportation is Waberer’s. Waberer’s is
market leader in all segments of transportation in Hungary. It has the biggest privately
owned vehicle park of Eastern Europe. The Central commercial unites are divided in
three main sections:
¾ Complete and partial freight (FTL, LTL) transportation related carriages
and the assignments entrusted to their 600 subcontractors which are in
close relation with the company.
¾ Cold Storage department
78 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Waberer’s Holding Logisztikai
1239 Budapest NagykĘrösi út 351.
VAT: 10387128-2-44.
For more information please see: www.gw-world.hu
7.6 Alternatives of transport and carriers providing services from
Colombia
TAMPA – Transportes Aéreos Mercantiles Panamericanos S.A.
Address: Aeropuerto José María de Córdoba, Medellín Colombia
Tel: (57-4)-569-9200
Email: information@tampacargo.com
Fleet: Boeing 767 F
Activity: Cargo to South-America and USA
Founded: 1973
Lineas Aereas Suramericanas S.A.
Address: Av. Eldorado, entrada 2, interior 7, Bogotá, Colombia
Tel: (57-1)-413-8084
Email: marthagutierrez@lascargo.com
Fleet: Boeing 727 DC 9
Activity: cargo domestic, Mexico and the Caribbean
Founded: 1972
Aerolineas ATC S.A.
Address: Terminal de Carga Internacional, Bogotá, AA81001 Colombia
Tel: (57-1)-414-8470
Email: atcgot@colomsat.net.co
Fleet: Lockheed L101 1f, DC8
Activity: cargo in South-America, EU, USA
Information on exact prices can be given by forwarders. Unfortunately they were not
able to determine the price without knowing the exact amount of freight. They are able to
give potential clients the required information within a week.
7.7 Costs of transportation from Colombia and main competing
countries for the three types of cargo (loose cargo, general cargo,
refrigerated cargo) in each modality of transport.
Multiple transportation companies have been approached to be able to give price
information about transportation costs and possibilities from Colombia. However, due to
the though competition in this market, companies were unable and/or unwilling to
provide their pricelists, without a set amount of transport on which the quotation would
have to be based.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
7.8 International Freight and Transportation Costs
This section contains information on the related freight and transportation costs from the
larger European harbors by road to Budapest. It is quite difficult to obtain price
indications without a precise order, so the numbers below are rough estimates of costs
involved with the transportation of fresh cut flowers. For exact price information the
forwarding companies, whose details are displayed in this section and the other sections
of this chapter can be contacted.
Intercargo Hungary Kft.
Contactperson: Szabó Katalin, Sales Dept.
Tel: +36 1 278 3133 – ext 125
Fax: +36 1 278 3116
Sales Dept: sales@intercargo.hu
Website www.intercargo.hu
Price offer made by Intercargo:
Hamburg - Budapest door
Container
20' normál
40' normál
8 tons brute weight 16
€ 790,-
€ 1110,-
16,5 tons brute weight
€ 870,-
€ 1150,-
24 tons brute weight
€ 980,-
€ 1400,-
Costs include:
ƒ Rail transportation Hamburg
ƒ Rail terminal expenses
ƒ Expenses of custom
ƒ Delivery within Budapest
The costs do not include:
ƒ The shipment expenses (drop off, doc expenses, port expenses)
Metcosped Ltd.
Contactperson: Melinda Mlinkó
E-mail: melinda@metcosped.hu
Tel.: +36 1-462-2075
Mobile: +36 30-626-5121
Price offer Metcosped:
16
Brute weight = the weight of the product combined with the containers’ own weight
80 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Amsterdam airport 17 – Budapest door
Container
20' normál x 2
€ 1600
40' normál x 1
€ 1600
These costs are purely transportation costs. Any additional help with custom documents,
certificates etc. will be an extra charge for the exporter, as well as costs for cooling
trucks.
Seahorse Kft
Budapest, 1121 Tállya u 16-18.
Tel: +36-1+212-7654
Fax: +36-1-213-8898
www.seahorse.hu
Price offer Seahorse
Where it specifically concerns the transportation of fresh cut flowers, Seahorse KFT can
facilitate this in refrigerated containers from CFR Hamburg – DDU Budapest:
EUR 1.355,- / 20’ reefer ctr, upto 20,5 to cargo weight
EUR 1.355,- / 40’ reefer ctr, upto 19 to cargo weight
And from CFR Bremerhaven – DDU Budapest:
EUR 1.355,- / 20’ reefer ctr, upto 20,5 to cargo weight
EUR 1.355,- / 40’ reefer ctr, upto 19 to cargo weight
Rates including:
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Freight charges by road carriage ex Hamburg to Budapest door;
“Maut” charges
German toll
Empty return of ctr to Budapest ctr-depo (if Shipping line let us do it);
Rates excluding:
ƒ THC and handling charge in ports;
ƒ Customs formalities and documentation at the place of dispatch;
ƒ Storage charges of ctrs on terminals;
ƒ DEMMURAGE / DETENTION charges;
ƒ Outlays of phytosanitary and/or veterinary inspection;
ƒ Fees and outlays of any mighty customs inspection ordered random or incomplete by
Customs Authorities of Budapest terminal;
ƒ Duties and taxes relating to final clearance of goods at the place of arrival;
ƒ Demurrage charges of truck at the place of delivery (for stripping of ctrs 1 day is free,
for any additional day used in full or part for stripping € 210,-/truck/day is to apply)
17
Prices from the Flower auction in Aalsmeer will be virtually the same.
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
In that case the company has to move the container back to Hamburg, it has to charge €
370,-/20’ per container and € 660,-/40’ per container.
7.9
Other costs involved in international physical distribution
The additional fees for international physical distribution are presented below
Table 7.9.1 Additional distribution costs for water transport
Hamburg/Bremerhaven
EUR 80
EUR 180-290/20´
EUR 330-510/40´
Drop off
EUR 100-330 cont.
THC in the port
EUR 170
+ the costs for processing the container app. 100 Euro
Sluice fee
Container return
7.10 Physical distribution services address book
Contact details are found throughout this chapter arranged according to method of
transportation; either sea, road or train.
82 Proexport Colombia
8. Recommendations to the exporter
In many cases, growers of cut flowers in developing countries benefit from their climatic
conditions. This is often one of the most important factors that positively distinguish your
company from competitors in other countries, particularly from competitors in Europe.
Other positive factors are for example labor costs, availability and costs of land, etc.
Needless to say, there are also factors which weaken your competitive position.
European companies, for instance, have the advantage of being close to their customers
which in general facilitates the marketing of products and communication. Another
important difference is the fact that cultivation technology and input is readily available to
European companies.
Growers of cut flowers in other developing countries also represent an important group
of potential competitors.
Due to its trade structure, the cut flower industry is relatively open to new entrants and
you should expect increased competition. Constantly check with customers, suppliers
and your competition to see if they have heard of any new businesses. These sources
may also give you some insight in where and how the competition is selling their
products.
Of course, trade shows can be helpful for making contact with new customers and
learning about market developments. They can however also be used to find out more
about competition. If you sell cut flowers, take the time to attend industry trade shows to
see what your competition is like.
Exporting directly to European wholesalers is suitable for large as well as small and
medium-sized exporting companies. In general, European import / wholesale
companies, which offer a wide assortment of products to their customers, mostly prefer
to do business on an arm's-length basis without long-term contracts. Importers are often
on the lookout for specific products to complete their assortment. As the products which
importers are looking for can vary per company, information on the type of products and
varieties can best be obtained from these companies themselves.
When cut flowers are sent directly to the consumer countries rather than via the auctions
they leave out a number of links in the chain. This can save time and costs of
preparation for the auctions and onward transport. However, besides the advantages, it
also presents problems of its own like the need to get all the boxes to the buyers and
dealing with claims and collecting the money. Therefore selling fresh cut flowers through
one of the major Dutch auctions and thereby indirectly accessing the Hungarian market
might be highly recommendable.
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Annexes
Annex 1: Certificate of origin form A
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Annex 2: Plant health movement document
86 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Annex 3: Phytosanitary certificate
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
88 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Annex 4: DV1 Form
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
90 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Annex 5: Single Administrative Document (SAD)
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Annex 6: Photo documentation
Florists make all kinds of bouquets – modern ones, traditional ones, one-colored,
different-colored, with a few or with many flowers. As Hungarians prefer bright colored
flowers and bouquets, most bouquets are multicolor bouquets. The prices indicated in
this annex are no fixed retail prices, but average prices for these kinds of bouquets. The
prices may differ according to the size of the bouquets and the kind of flowers used.
6400 Ft (25,22 EUR)
6800 Ft (26,80 EUR)
9000 Ft (35,46 EUR)
7500 Ft (29,55 EUR)
92 Proexport Colombia
Fresh flowers in Hungary
3500 Ft (13,79 EUR)
4200 Ft (16,55 EUR)
6800 Ft (26,80 EUR)
6000 Ft (23,64 EUR)
11400 Ft (44,92 EUR)
8500 Ft (33,50 EUR)
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Market Researches in Eastern Europe
Annex 7: Companies Directories
Companies Directory
Country: Hungary
Sector: Fresh Flowers
Página Web
Idioma
Idioma del
Contenido
Directorios Europeos
http://www.kompass.com/
E
E; I; O
http://worldyellowpages.com/
I
I
http://www.europages.com/
E; I; O
E; I; O
Directorios Húngaros
94 Proexport Colombia
Información General de Empresas
Disponible sin Costo
Contenido: Nombre de la empresa;
País; Dirección; Teléfono; Fax; Sitio
Web; Numero de empleados; Fecha
de constitución; Capital; No de
registro; Identificación del IVA.
Descripción: Información de
empresas para 70 Países.
Opciones de Búsqueda: País;
Productos/Servicios; Empresa;
Sector; Subsector; Marcas;
Dirigentes; Códigos.
Contenido: Nombre de la empresa;
País; Dirección; Teléfono; Fax; Email; Sitio Web; Descripción corta de
la empresa y sus productos.
Descripción: Paginas amarillas Lista alfabética de productos y
servicios; lista de empresas; Permite
acceder a las páginas amarillas de
cada País; Acceso a una pagina de
Información de negocios con algunos
Países entre los que se encuentran
Polonia y Republica Checa.
Opciones de Búsqueda: País;
Productos/Servicios; Empresa;
Listado de productos; Listado de
países; Oportunidades de negocio
con algunos países.
Contenido: Nombre de la empresa;
País; Dirección; Teléfono; Fax; Sitio
Web; Productos/Servicios.
Descripción: Directorio en línea (en
25 idiomas) de la empresas europeas
mas dinámicas; Consulta gratuita de
las licitaciones publicadas en el diario
oficial de la Unión Europea; Directorio
impreso (en 6 idiomas) de los
compradores europeos mas
dinámicos; Directorio en CD-Rom (en
14 idiomas) de la empresas europeas
mas dinámicas. Permite contactar las
empresa vía intra mail.
Opciones de Búsqueda:
Productos/Servicios; Empresa;
Temática; País; Sector.
Requiere
Registro
Información
Adicional con
Costo
SI
SI
SI
NO
SI
SI
Fresh flowers in Hungary
Companies Directory
Country: Hungary
Sector: Fresh Flowers
Página Web
Idioma
Idioma del
Contenido
http://www.tudakozo.t-com.hu/
H
H
http://www.hungarytrade.co.uk/
I
I
http://www.internetszaknevsor.hu/
I
I
Directorios por Sector
http://www.foodtrader.com/
I
I
Información General de Empresas
Disponible sin Costo
Requiere
Registro
Contenido: Nombre; Dirección;
Ciudad; Teléfono; Descripción corta.
Descripción: Información de
empresas Húngaras.
Opciones de Búsqueda: Texto;
Región; Sector; Productos/Servicios.
Contenido: Nombre de la empresa;
Dirección; Teléfono; Fax; E-mail; Sitio
Web; Productos/Servicios.
Descripción: Comisión de Comercio
Húngara - Buscador de la oficina de
asuntos económicos, con Información
sobre las empresas Húngaras.
Opciones de Búsqueda: Lista de
proveedores; Sector;
Productos/Servicios.
Contenido: Nombre de la empresa;
Dirección; Teléfono; Fax; E-mail; Sitio
Web.
Descripción: Paginas amarillas de
Hungría - Listado de empresas
Húngaras.
Opciones de Búsqueda: Selección
de Categorías; Texto; Ciudad; País;
Sector; Productos/Servicios.
NO
Información
Adicional con
Costo
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
Contenido: Información sobre
potenciales compradores.
Descripción: Pagina especializada
en las industrias de alimentos y
agricultura.
Opciones de Búsqueda:
Productos/Servicios; Categorías
SI
SI
Idioma:
E: Español; I: Ingles; A: Alemán; C: Checo; H: Húngaro; P: Polaco; O: Otros; W: Idioma del Sitio Web
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