Embarazo cronológicamente prolongado

Anuncio
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
Rtqvqeqnqu"Cukuvgpekcngu"gp"Qduvgvtkekc
Godctc|q"etqpqn„ikecogpvg"rtqnqpicfq
Rtqvqeqnq"cevwcnk|cfq"gp"lwpkq"fg"4232
EQPEGRVQ
Rqt" cewgtfq."ug" fghkpg" gn" godctc|q" c" vfitokpq" eqoq" cswgnnc" iguvcek„p" eqortgpfkfc""gpvtg
ncu" 59" *47;" f cu+" {" ncu" 64" ugocpcu" *4;6" f cu+" {" godctc|q" rtqnqpicfq" cswfin" swg" fwtc
o u" fg" 64" ugocpcu" *@4;6" f cu+" „" 36" f cu" fgurwfiu" fg" nc" hgejc" rtqdcdng" fg" " rctvq
*HRR+0" Guvc" fghkpkek„p" guv " cxcncfc" rqt" gn" Eqngikq"Cogtkecpq" fg" Ikpge„nqiqu" {" Qduvgvtcu
*CEQI+."nc"QOU"{"nc"HKIQ3.40
Eqoq" ukp„pkoq" fg" godctc|q" rtqnqpicfq" ug" gorngcp" qvtcu" fgpqokpcekqpgu" eqoq
rquvfitokpq."rquocfwtq" q" rqufcvkuoq0"Gn" vfitokpq" kpvgtpcekqpcnogpvg"o u" cegrvcfq" gu" gn
fg" godctc|q" rtqnqpicfq" q" rquvfitokpq." eqoq" o u" kpfkecvkxq" fg" cswgnnc" iguvcek„p" swg
fwtc"o u"vkgorq"fg"nq"tgiwnct0
HCEVQTGU"GVKQNïIKEQU
Nc" kpeqttgevc" fcvcek„p" fg" nc" gfcf" iguvcekqpcn" gu" nc" ecwuc" o u" htgewgpvg" swg" pqu" nngxc" c
fkcipquvkect" q" eqpukfgtct" wp" godctc|q" rquvfitokpq0" Ucnxq" gttqt" fg" nc" hgejc" fg" ¿nvkoc
tginc." nqu" hcevqtgu" gvkqn„ikequ" uqp" rqeq" eqpqekfqu" {." eqoq" gp" owejcu" qvtcu" ukvwcekqpgu
qduvfivtkecu." ug" rwgfg" eqpukfgtct" wp" octeq" ownvkhcevqtkcn5.6.7.80" Hcevqtgu" fg" tkguiq
tgeqpqekfqu" uqp" nc" qdgukfcf9" {" gn" cpvgegfgpvg" fg" godctc|q" rtqnqpicfq" gp" iguvcekqpgu
rtgxkcu:0
ECNEWNQ"FG"NC"GFCF"IGUVCEKQPCN"["RTGXGPEKQP
Rctc" eqpukfgtct" nc" hkcdknkfcf" fg" nc" HWT" gp" gn" fkcip„uvkeq" fgn" vkgorq" fg" iguvcek„p." gu
pgeguctkq" swg" nqu" ekenqu" ugcp" tgiwnctgu." swg" nc" owlgt" pq" jc{c" vgpkfq" gzrqukek„p" c
ogfkecekqpgu" swg" rwgfcp" cnvgtct" gn" ekenq." pk" ucpitcfq" gp" gn" rtkogt" vtkoguvtg" fgn
godctc|q0
Gn" wuq" fg" nc" geqitch c" fg" twvkpc" cn" kpkekq" fgn" godctc|q" rgtokvg" wpc" oglqt" gxcnwcek„p" fg" nc
gfcf"iguvcekqpcn"{"gn"clwuvg" fg" nc" hgejc" fgn" rctvq." eqp" nq" swg" ug" tgfweg" nc" kpekfgpekc" fg
godctc|qu"rtqnqpicfqu"*QT<"2.8:="KE";7'<"2.79/2.:4+;"*PG?Kd/C+0
Nc" geqitch c" gp" gn" rtkogt" vtkoguvtg" gu" wp" ofivqfq" rtgekuq" rctc" fcvct" nc" gfcf
iguvcekqpcn"{"eqp"gnnq"ug"tgfweg"nc"htgewgpekc"fg"godctc|qu"rtqnqpicfqu0"*C+
Eqp"gn"wuq"ukuvgo vkeq"fg"nc"geqitch c."nc"gfcf"iguvcekqpcn"tgcn"rwgfg"clwuvctug"gp"hwpek„p
fg"ncu"ukiwkgpvgu"tgeqogpfcekqpgu<
Uk" jc{" wpc" fkhgtgpekc" oc{qt" fg" fqu" fguxkcekqpgu" guv pfct" *7/9" f cu+" gpvtg" nc
gfcf" iguvcekqpcn" fcvcfc" rqt" nc" HWT" {" nc" geqitch c" fgn" rtkogt" vtkoguvtg." nc" HRR
fgdg"ugt"clwuvcfc"gp"dcug"c"nc"geqitch c"fgn"rtkogt"vtkoguvtg0"*C+
3
38
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
Gpvtg"ncu"35/42"ugocpcu."gu"tgeqogpfcdng"ecodkct"nc"HRR"ewcpfq" nc"fkhgtgpekc
gpvtg" nc" HRR" ecnewncfc" rqt" nc" HWT" {" nc" dkqogvt c" hgvcn" ugc" oc{qt" fg" 32" f cu0
*C+
Gp" gvcrcu" vctf cu" fgn" godctc|q" pq" fgdg" tgcnk|ctug" nc" eqttgeek„p" fg" nc" HRR" gp
dcug" c" ncu" ogfkfcu" geqit hkecu." uk" nc" gfcf" iguvcekqpcn" {c" jc" ukfq" guvcdngekfc
gp"gvcrcu"vgortcpcu"fg"nc"iguvcek„p0"*C+
Gp" nc" nkvgtcvwtc" owpfkcn" nc" htgewgpekc" fg" godctc|qu" rquvfitokpq" xct c" fgn" 6/36'0" Guvcu
xctkcekqpgu"guv p" pvkocogpvg"tgncekqpcfcu"eqp"gn"ofivqfq"rctc"ecnewnct"nc"HRR0""Eqp"gn"wuq
fg" geqitch c" fg" hqtoc" ukuvgo vkec" ug" tgfweg" nc" htgewgpekc" fg" godctc|qu" rtqnqpicfqu" c
vcucu" kphgtkqtgu"cn"5'320"Wp"p¿ogtq"korqtvcpvg"fg"fkcip„uvkequ"fg"godctc|qu"rtqnqpicfqu
ug" jcegp" fg" hqtoc" gtt„pgc" cn" guvkoctug" fg" hqtoc" kpgzcevc" nc" gfcf" iguvcekqpcn
fgvgtokpcfc" rqt" nc" HWT0"Gn" gttqt" fg" e newnq"fg"nc"gfcf"iguvcekqpcn" rwgfg" qewttkt" jcuvc" gp
wp"62';0"Rqt"gnnq."nc" rtgxgpek„p"fgn" fkcip„uvkeq" fg" godctc|q" rtqnqpicfq" uwrqpg" fkuokpwkt
nqu"tkguiqu"ocvgtpqu" {"rgtkpcvcngu0
Ocpkqdtc"fg"Jcoknvqp
Gn" fgurgicokgpvq" fg" ncu" ogodtcpcu" tgcnk|cfq" c" rctvkt" fg" nc" 5:²" ugocpc." fkuokpw{g" nc
kpekfgpekc" fg" godctc|qu" rtqnqpicfqu" *TT<" 2.4:=" KE" ;7'<" 2.37/2.72+" {" fg" "iguvcekqpgu
swg" eqpvkp¿cp" fgurwfiu" fg" nc" 63²" ugocpc" *TT<" 2.84=" KE" ;7'<" 2.6;/2.9;+0" Rqt" vcpvq." gn
fgurgicokgpvq" fg" ncu" ogodtcpcu" c" vfitokpq" tgfweg" nc" rqukdknkfcf" fg" rtqnqpicek„p" fgn
godctc|q" o u" cnn " fg" nc" ugocpc" 63330" Gn" fgurgicokgpvq" fg" ncu" ogodtcpcu" gu" wp
rtqegfkokgpvq"swg"tgfweg"nc"pgegukfcf"fg"kpfweek„p"fgn"rctvq"{"eqpuvkvw{g"rctvg"kpvgitcpvg
g"korqtvcpvg"fg"nc"rtgxgpek„p"fgn"godctc|q"rtqnqpicfq0"Ug"fgdgt c"rtqrqpgt"c"nc"owlgt"gp
nc"xkukvc"rtgpcvcn"*PG?Kd/C+0
Gn" fgurgicokgpvq" fg" ncu" ogodtcpcu" tgcnk|cfq" c" vfitokpq." fkuokpw{g" nc
kpekfgpekc" fg" godctc|qu" rtqnqpicfqu" {" fgdg" qhtgegtug" c" nc" owlgt" gp" nc" xkukvc
rtgpcvcn0"*C+
TKGUIQU""["EQORNKECEKQPGU"HGVCNGU""["PGQPCVCNGU
Nc" oqtvcnkfcf" hgvcn." cwogpvc" inqdcnogpvg" fg" hqtoc" ukipkhkecvkxc" fgufg" nc" ugocpc" 63²" gp
cfgncpvg350"Vqocpfq" eqoq" tghgtgpekc" nc" ugocpc" 62²."ug" guvkoc" wpc" QT" fg" 307."30:" {" 40;
gp" ncu"ugocpcu" 63²."64²" {" 65²" tgurgevkxcogpvg0"Fg" jgejq." gn" tkguiq" fg" owgtvg" hgvcn" ug
kpetgogpvc"8"xgegu"fg"nc"59²"c"nc"64²"ugocpc36.37.38"*PG?Kc/C+0
Gn" kpetgogpvq" fg" nc" oqtvcnkfcf" hgvcn" gu" c¿p" oc{qt" ewcpfq" ug" cuqekc" wpc" tguvtkeek„p" fgn
etgekokgpvq" kpvtcwvgtkpq" *TEKW+." gp" gurgekcn" ewcpfq" gn" rguq" pgqpcvcn" guv " rqt" fgdclq" fg
fqu"fguxkcekqpgu" guv pfct390"Ug" jc" fguetkvq" wp" kpetgogpvq" ukipkhkecvkxq" fg" nc" kpekfgpekc" fg
cuhkzkc" kpvtcrctvq"{" owgtvg" pgqpcvcn" gp" cswgnnqu" hgvqu"rquvfitokpq" ew{q" rguq" cn" pcekokgpvq
gtc" kphgtkqt" cn" ffiekoq" rgtegpvkn0" Eqornkecekqpgu" htgewgpvgu" gp" hgvqu" rquvfitokpq" fg" dclq
rguq" uqp" vcodkfip" gn" fkuvtfiu" tgurktcvqtkq." jkrqinwegokc." jkrgtdknkttwdkpgokc" {
vtqodqrgpkc3:0" Qvtcu" eqornkecekqpgu" vctf cu." gp" nc" rtkogtc" kphcpekc." ug" tgncekqpcp" eqp
fguxkcekqpgu" fgn" fgucttqnnq3;0"Gu" korqtvcpvg" rwgu" fkuvkpiwkt" gpvtg" gn" hgvq" fg" dclq" rguq" rqt
TEKW" {" gn"hgvq"Ðrgswg‚q" ucpqÑ."{c" swg" gp" gn" rtkogt" ecuq." gn" tkguiq" fg" owgtvg" hgvcn" gu" fg
8.3"gp"eqpvtcuvg"eqp"gn"3.4"guvcdngekfq"rctc"nqu"ugiwpfqu420"Uk"nc"iguvcek„p"ug"rtqnqpic"gp
gzeguq."kpenwuq" gn" hgvq" Ðrgswg‚q" ucpqÑ" xc" c" oquvtct" enctqu" ukipqu" fg" rquocfwtg|."ugi¿p
ug" cxcpeg" gp" ncu" gvcrcu" en pkecu" fg"Enkhhqtf43.44.450
Gp" gn"42/52'"fg"ncu"qecukqpgu."nc"rncegpvc"ocpvkgpg"uw"pkxgn"hwpekqpcn."kpenwuq"rqt"gpekoc
4
39
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
fg"nc"ugocpc"64²"{"gn" pgqpcvq" rquvfitokpq" rwgfg" nngict" c" rguct" @6722" i0"Nc" ocetquqo c
hgvcn" ug" cuqekc" eqp" tkguiqu" tgncekqpcfqu" eqp" gn" rctvq<" fkncvcek„p" rtqnqpicfc." vtcwocvkuoq
ocvgtpq" {1q" hgvcn" eqoq" eqpugewgpekc" fg" ncu" ocpkqdtcu" fg" gzvtceek„p." gp" gurgekcn." gp
ecuqu" fg" fkuvqekc" fg" jqodtqu." tgurqpucdng" fg" ewcftqu" fg" cuhkzkc." rct nkuku" dtcswkcn.
vtcwocvkuoqu"g"kpenwuq"owgtvg"pgqpcvcn450
Tgurgevq" c" nqu" tgekfip" pcekfqu" rquvfitokpqu." gn" en ukeq" ewcftq" fguetkvq" rctc" fghkpkt" nc
rquocfwtg|<" ewgtrq" nctiq" {" fgnicfq" eqp" rfitfkfc" fgn" vglkfq" egnwnct" uwdewv pgq" {" ocuc
owuewnct."fguecocek„p" fg"nc" rkgn."ewgtrq" cn" pcegt" kortgipcfq" fg" ogeqpkq" coctknngpvq."gu
o u" rtqrkq" fg" ewcnswkgt" guvcfq" fg" jkrqzkc" et„pkec" swg" tgcnogpvg" fg" wpc" iguvcek„p
rtqnqpicfc" {" ug" rwgfg" cfxgtvkt" hwpfcogpvcnogpvg" gp" cswgnnqu" ecuqu" fg" kpuwhkekgpekc
rncegpvctkc" et„pkec" swg" pq" jc" ukfq" rtgxkcogpvg" fkcipquvkecfc" {" eqpfweg" c" tgekfip" pcekfqu
eqp" ukipqu" fg" tgvtcuq" fgn" etgekokgpvq" kpvtcwvgtkpq"g" jkrqzkc0"Gp" igpgtcn" eqp" ugiwkokgpvqu
c" fqu" c‚qu" eqorctcpfq" tgekfip" pcekfqu" rquvfitokpqu" eqp" pcekf qu" c" vfitokpq." pq" ug
gpeqpvtctqp" fkhgtgpekcu" gp" ewcpvq" c" eqghkekgpvgu" fg" kpvgnkigpekc." guvcfq" h ukeq" q" vcuc" fg
gphgtogfcfgu"kpvgtewttgpvgu460
OQTDKNKFCF"OCVGTPC
Nc" oqtdknkfcf" ocvgtpc" gp" gn" godctc|q" rtqnqpicfq" pq" uwgng" qewttkt" rqt" gn" godctc|q
rtqnqpicfq" gp" u " okuoq." ukpq" eqoq" eqpugewgpekc" fgn" cwogpvq" fg" ncu" vcucu" fg" kpfweek„p
fgn"rctvq"{"rqt"nc"ocetquqo c"hgvcn0
Nc" oqtdknkfcf" ocvgtpc" rqt" nc" kpfweek„p" fgn" rctvq" fgrgpfg" hwpfcogpvcnogpvg" fg" ncu
rqn vkecu" fg" kpfweek„p" gp" hwpek„p" fg" nc" gfcf" iguvcekqpcn" c" nc" swg" ug" kpfkec" *63" „" 64
ugocpcu" ewornkfcu+." fgn" ofivqfq" wvknk|cfq" rctc" nc" kpfweek„p" {" fgn" guvcfq" fg" ocfwtcek„p
fgn" efitxkz" ewcpfq" ug" nngxc" c" ecdq0"Wp" ogvccp nkuku" cpcnk|cpfq" nqu" ghgevqu" fg" nc" kpfweek„p
fgn" rctvq" uqdtg" nqu" tguwnvcfqu" qduvfivtkequ" {" rgtkpcvcngu" gp" gn" godctc|q" o u" cnn " fg" nc
ugocpc" 63." fgoquvt„" swg" pq" u„nq" pq" gzkuvg"wp" cwogpvq" gp" nc" vcuc" fg" egu tgcu" fgdkfq" c
nc"kpfweek„p"ukuvgo vkec"gp"gn"godctc|q"rtqnqpicfq"ukpq" swg" qewttg" wpc" fkuokpwek„p" fg" nc
okuoc" *PG?Kd/C+470" Cniwpqu" curgevqu" fkuewvkdngu" fg" guvg" ogvccp nkuku" uqp" nc
jgvgtqigpgkfcf"fg"nqu"guvwfkqu" gp" ewcpvq" c" nc" ocfwtg|" fgn" efitxkz."gn" ofivqfq" fg" kpfweek„p
q"gn"ofivqfq"fg"oqpkvqtk|cek„p"fgn"rctvq"fwtcpvg"nc"kpfweek„p 480
Nc" ocetquqo c"hgvcn"eqpfweg"c"wpc"vcuc"cwogpvcfc"fg"egu tgcu"{"fg"fkuvqekc"fg"jqodtqu
{"codcu"ektewpuvcpekcu"ug"tgncekqpcp"eqp"wp"cwogpvq"fg"nc"oqtdknkfcf"ocvgtpc0
EQPFWEVC" CPVG"NC"RTQNQPICEKïP"FGN"GODCTC¥Q
Eqp" gn" hkp" fg" fkuokpwkt" nqu" tkguiqu" hgvcngu" {" ocvgtpqu" gp" gfcfgu" iguvcekqpcngu" cxcp|cfcu.
ug"jcp"guvwfkcfq"xctkcu"guvtcvgikcu."cwpswg"pq"gzkuvg"eqpugpuq"cegtec"fg"ew n"gu"gn"ofivqfq
fg"eqpvtqn"o u"cfgewcfq."pk"fg"swfi"hgejc"fgdg"eqpukfgtctug"nc"o u"kf„pgc"rctc"hkpcnk|ct"gn
godctc|q0" Gp" nc" cevwcnkfcf" ncu" fqu" qrekqpgu" gp" gn" ocpglq" fgn" godctc|q" gp" x cu" fg
rtqnqpicek„p"uqp<
‚"
‚"
Eqpfwevc" gzrgevcpvg" eqp" xkikncpekc" ocvgtpq/hgvcn" {" hkpcnk|cek„p" fg" nc" iguvcek„p" gp" nc
ugocpc"64²0
Hkpcnk|cek„p"fg"nc"iguvcek„p"gp"nc"ugocpc"63²."kpfgrgpfkgpvgogpvg"fgn"guvcfq"fgn"ewgnnq
wvgtkpq0
EQPFWEVC" GZRGEVCPVG" EQP" XKIKNCPEKC" OCVGTPQ/HGVCN" [" HKPCNK¥CEKïP" FG
NC"IGUVCEKïP"GP"NC"UGOCPC"64²
Gn" rtkpekrcn" qdlgvkxq" fg" nqu" eqpvtqngu" hgvcngu" cpvgrctvq" gu" gxkvct" nqu" ecuqu" fg" owgtvg
kpvtc¿vgtq" {" eqpvtkdwkt." rqt" vcpvq." c" oglqtct" nqu" tguwnvcfqu" rgtkpcvcngu0" Pq" qduvcpvg." jc{
5
40
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
swg" vgpgt" gp" ewgpvc" swg" gn" xcnqt" rtgfkevkxq" pgicvkxq" fg" ncu" rtwgdcu" fg" eqpvtqn" hgvcn
fkuokpw{g"c"ogfkfc"swg"cxcp|c"nc"gfcf"iguvcekqpcn."o u"cnn "fg"nc"ugocpc"63²0
Gn"kpkekq"fgn"eqpvtqn"hgvcn"c"rctvkt"fg"nc"63²"ugocpc"fg"iguvcek„p"eqpfweg"c"wpc
fkuokpwek„p" fg" nc" oqtdk/oqtvcnkfcf" rgtkpcvcn" {" fg" nc" kpekfgpekc" fg" tkguiq" fg
rfitfkfc"fgn"dkgpguvct"hgvcn0"*D+
Tgewgpvq" ocvgtpq" fg" nqu" oqxkokgpvqu" hgvcngu0" Pq" jc{" fcvqu" swg" lwuvkhkswgp" nc
wvknk|cek„p" ukuvgo vkec" {" ckuncfc" fgn" tgewgpvq" ocvgtpq" fg" oqxkokgpvqu" hgvcngu."{c" swg" ug
vtcvc" fg" wp" ofivqfq" swg" pq" jc" fgoquvtcfq" uw" wvknkfcf" gp" nc" iguvcek„p" rtqnqpicfc" rctc
rtgxgpkt"nqu"ghgevqu"cfxgtuqu"cuqekcfqu"c"nc"okuoc49*PG?Kd/C+0
Gn"tgewgpvq"ocvgtpq"fg"oqxkokgpvqu"hgvcngu."pq"jc"fgoquvtcfq"ugt"¿vkn"rctc"gn
eqpvtqn"hgvcn"gp"nc"iguvcek„p"rtqnqpicfc0"*C+
Copkqueqrkc0" Nc"wvknkfcf"fg"nc"qdugtxcek„p"fgn"eqnqt"fgn"n swkfq"copk„vkeq"c"vtcxfiu"fg"ncu
ogodtcpcu"qxwnctgu"guv "cevwcnogpvg"ewguvkqpcfc."{c"swg"pq"guv "enctc"nc"tgrgtewuk„p"fgn
jcnnc|iq"ceekfgpvcn"fg"ogeqpkq"gp" gn"n swkfq"copk„vkeq"{"cfgo u" gu"wpc"rtwgdc"pq" gzgpvc
fg"eqornkecekqpgu4:0
Gxcnwcek„p" fg" nc" ecpvkfcf" fg" n swkfq" copk„vkeq0" Nc" gxcnwcek„p" fg" nc" ecpvkfcf" fg
n swkfq" copk„vkeq" ug" tgcnk|c" ogfkcpvg" geqitch c." fg" hqtoc" uwdlgvkxc" q" oglqt" eqp
xcnqtcekqpgu" ugokewcpvkvcvkxcu" eqoq" uqp" nc" ogfkek„p" fg" nc" nciwpc" fg" oc{qt" vcoc‚q" q" c
vtcxfiu"fg"nc"xcnqtcek„p"fgn" pfkeg" fg" n swkfq" copk„vkeq0"Rctgeg"swg"nc"vfiepkec"fg"nc"o zkoc
nciwpc"gu"o u"tgeqogpfcfc"gp"nc"iguvcek„p"rtqnqpicfc."o u"swg"nc"ogfkek„p"fg"nqu"ewcvtq
ewcftcpvgu"swg"kpetgogpvc"gn"kpvgtxgpekqpkuoq"qduvfivtkeq"ukp"dgpghkekq"cniwpq"rctc"gn"hgvq/
tgekfip"pcekfq4;"*PG?Kd/C+0
Rctc"nc"xcnqtcek„p"fgn"n swkfq"copk„vkeq"gp"nc"iguvcek„p"rtqnqpicfc."nc"vfiepkec"fg
nc"o zkoc"nciwpc"gu"o u"x nkfc"swg"nc"ogfkek„p"fgn" pfkeg"fg"n swkfq"copk„vkeq0
*C+
Vguv"pq"guvtgucpvg"*VPU+0"Rtgvgpfg"nc"gxcnwcek„p."gp" eqpfkekqpgu" dcucngu."fgn"guvcfq"fg
ucnwf" fgn" hgvq" ogfkcpvg" gn" tgikuvtq" fg" nc" htgewgpekc" ectfkcec" hgvcn0" Gp" nc" " iguvcek„p
rtqnqpicfc" vkgpg" wp" dwgp" xcnqt" rtgfkevkxq" pgicvkxq."rgtq" eqp" wp" xcnqt" rtgfkevkxq" rqukvkxq
dclq44.520"Gp"nqu"¿nvkoqu"c‚qu"jc"ukfq"gn"rtqegfkokgpvq"o u"gzvgpfkfq"rctc"nc"xkikncpekc"hgvcn
gp"nc"iguvcek„p"rtqnqpicfc0
Vguv" fg" qzkvqekpc0" Gp" gn" godctc|q" rtqnqpicfq." ewcpfq" gn" vguv" pq" guvtgucpvg" rtgugpvc
cnvgtcekqpgu."nc" tgcnk|cek„p" fg" wp" vguv" fg" qzkvqekpc" rwgfg" ugt" ¿vkn."{c" swg" rqugg" wp" dwgp
xcnqt"rtgfkevkxq"pgicvkxq530
Rgthkn" dkqh ukeq" oqfkhkecfq" *VPU" {" ogfkfc" fgn" n swkfq" copk„vkeq" wvknk|cpfq" nc
vfiepkec"fgn"o zkoq"dqnuknnq+0"Ug"tgeqokgpfc"wvknk|ct"wpc"ogfkek„p"ugpeknnc"fg"nc"o zkoc
nciwpc" fg" n swkfq" copk„vkeq" lwpvq" cn" tgikuvtq" ectfkqvqeqit hkeq" eqoq" xctkcpvg" ukornkhkecfc
fgn" rgthkn" dkqh ukeq" {" pq" rgthkngu" o u" eqornglqu" swg" cwogpvcp" nc" kcvtqigpkc" ukp" dgpghkekqu
rctc"gn"hgvq"q"gn"tgekfip"pcekfq54"*PG?Kd/C+0
Ncu" guvtcvgikcu" swg" eqodkpcp" gn" tgikuvtq" ectfkqvqeqit hkeq" gzvgtpq" eqp" nc" ogfkek„p
geqit hkec" fgn" n swkfq" copk„vkeq" rctgegp" vgpgt" wpc" ugpukdknkfcf" oc{qt" c" nc" jqtc" fg
fgvgevct" ukipqu" fg" eqortqokuq" hgvcn." cwpswg" ncu" fkhgtgpekcu" gzkuvgpvgu" gp" ncu
ectcevgt uvkecu" fg" nc" owguvtc" gp" nqu" fkhgtgpvgu" guvwfkqu" korkfg" guvcdngegt" fg" hqtoc
ecvgi„tkec"ew n"gu"gn"oglqt"rtqvqeqnq"rctc"nc"xkikncpekc"fgn"hgvq"gp"nc"iguvcek„p"rtqnqpicfc0
41
6
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
Gn" rgthkn" dkqh ukeq" oqfkhkecfq" gu" uwhkekgpvg" rctc" gn" guvwfkq" fgn" dkgpguvct" hgvcn" gp
ncu"iguvcekqpgu"gp"x cu"fg"rtqnqpicek„p0"*C+
Hnwzqogvt c" Fqrrngt0" Gn" guvwfkq" fg" nc" hnwzqogvt c" fqrrngt" fg" nc" ctvgtkc" wodknkecn" pq" jc
fgoquvtcfq" uw" ghkecekc" rctc" nc" oqpkvqtk|cek„p" fgn" hgvq" rquvfitokpq" {" rqt" gnnq." gp" nc
cevwcnkfcf"pq"ug"tgeqokgpfc"uw"tgcnk|cek„p"fg"hqtoc"ukuvgo vkec055
Uk"ug"qrvc"rqt"wpc"eqpfwevc"gzrgevcpvg."gn"eqpvtqn"hgvcn"fgdg"kpenwkt"vguv"dcucn"{
guvkocek„p"fgn"xqnwogp"fgn"n swkfq"copk„vkeq"*rgthkn" dkqh ukeq" oqfkhkecfq+" wpc" q
fqu"xgegu"rqt"ugocpc"c"rctvkt"fg"nc"63²"ugocpc0"*C+
KPFWEEKïP"FGN"RCTVQ"C"NC"63²"UGOCPC
Guvc"qrek„p"gu"x nkfc"uk"ug"fgowguvtc"swg"igpgtc"wp"dgpghkekq"rctc"gn"hgvq"*fkuokpw{gpfq"uw
oqtdkoqtvcnkfcf+" {" swg" guvg" dgpghkekq" ug" qdvkgpg" ukp" cwogpvct" nc" vcuc" fg" egu tgcu0" Gp" nc
cevwcnkfcf"jc{"swg"ug‚cnct"swg"nc"kpfweek„p"gngevkxc"fg"nc"iguvcek„p"gp"nc"ugocpc"63²"guv
xcnkfcfc"vcpvq"rqt"gpuc{qu"en pkequ"eqoq"rqt"tgxkukqpgu"ukuvgo vkecu"{"ogvc/cp nkuku0
Gpuc{qu"en pkequ
Gn" Ecpcfkcp" Ownvkegpvgt" Rquv/vgto" Rtgipcpe{" Vtkcn" Itqwr47" gu" eqp" 50629" iguvcpvgu." gn
gpuc{q"en pkeq"o u"cornkq"tgcnk|cfq"rctc"eqorctct"nc"kpfweek„p"fgn"rctvq"c"nc"63²"ugocpcu
htgpvg"c"nc"eqpfwevc"gzrgevcpvg0"Nc"eqpenwuk„p"fg"guvg"ogvc/cp nkuku"gu"swg"nc"kpfweek„p"fgn
rctvq"c"rctvkt"fg"nc"63²"ugocpc"fkuokpw{g"nc"vcuc"fg"egu tgcu." ukp"swg"jc{c"fkhgtgpekcu"pk
gp"nc"oqtvcnkfcf"rgtkpcvcn"pk"gp"nc"oqtdknkfcf"pgqpcvcn"*PG?Kd/C+0
Tgxkuk„p"ukuvgo vkec"fg"U pejg|/Tcoqu"*4225+47
Kpenw{g"38"gpuc{qu"en pkequ"eqp"807::"godctc|qu"ukorngu"ukp"eqornkecekqpgu380"Nqu"cwvqtgu
eqpenw{gp"swg"nc"kpfweek„p"fgn"rctvq"c"nc"63²"ugocpc."ewcpfq"pq"jc{"qvtcu"eqornkecekqpgu.
fkuokpw{g"nc"vcuc"fg"egu tgcu"ukp"eqortqogvgt"qvtqu"kpfkecfqtgu"rgtkpcvcngu"*PG?Kc/C+0
Tgxkuk„p"ukuvgo vkec"fg"I¯nog|qinw"*4228+56
Guvc" tgxkuk„p" rwdnkecfc" rqt" nc" eqncdqtcek„p" Eqejtcpg56" kpenw{g" 3;" gpuc{qu" en pkequ" *90;:6
iguvcpvgu+0" Nqu" tgxkuqtgu" citwrctqp" nqu" guvwfkqu" ugi¿p" nc" gfcf" fg" nc" iguvcek„p" gp" swg" ug
tgcnk|„"nc"kpfweek„p<"3+"gpvtg"nc"59/62"ugocpcu."4+"63"ugocpcu"eqorngvcu"{"5+"64"ugocpcu
eqorngvcu" {" eqorctctqp" nqu" tguwnvcfqu" eqp" gurgtct" jcuvc" wpc" hgejc" rquvgtkqt" rctc" nc
kpfweek„p0
Nqu" tgxkuqtgu" eqpenw{gp" swg" nc" kpfweek„p" fgn" rctvq" œ63" ugocpcu" eqorngvcu" ug" cuqekc" eqp
ogpqu"owgtvgu"rgtkpcvcngu"gp"eqorctcek„p"eqp"gurgtct"gn"eqokgp|q"gurqpv pgq"fgn"rctvq.
{c" ugc" kpfghkpkfcogpvg" q" cn" ogpqu" rqt" wpc" ugocpc." cwpswg" gn" tkguiq" cduqnwvq" gu" ow{
rgswg‚q."ukp"swg"cwogpvg"nc"vcuc"fg"egu tgcu"*PG?Kc/C+0
Tgxkuk„p"ukuvgo vkec"fg"Ecwijg{"*422;+57
Gp" guvc" tgxkuk„p" ukuvgo vkec" ug" kpenw{gp" 33" gpuc{qu" tcpfqok|cfqu" {" 47" guvwfkqu
qdugtxcekqpcngu570"Eqoq"eqpenwuk„p"uwikgtgp"swg"nc"kpfweek„p"gngevkxc"c"ncu"63"ugocpcu"fg
iguvcek„p"ug"cuqekc"eqp"wp"fguegpuq"fg"nc"vcuc"fg"egu tgcu"{"fg"n swkfq"copk„vkeq"vg‚kfq"fg
ogeqpkq0"Ukp"godctiq."cecdcp"ug‚cncpfq"vcodkfip"swg"uqp"rtgekuqu"guvwfkqu"swg"cpcnkegp"gn
42
7
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
korcevq" fg" guvqu" jcnnc|iqu" gp" egpvtqu" fqpfg" nqu" ewkfcfqu" qduvfivtkequ" ugcp" o u" guvtkevqu
*PG?Kd/C+0
Cp nkuku"fg"nc"gxkfgpekc
Gn" gpuc{q" en pkeq" o u" cornkq" tgcnk|cfq" jcuvc" nc" hgejc47" {" ncu" vtgu" tgxkukqpgu" ukuvgo vkecu
rwdnkecfcu47.56.57" rctc" eqorctct" nc" rqn vkec" fg" wpc" kpfweek„p" ukuvgo vkec" fgn" rctvq" c" nc" 63²
ugocpc"fg"iguvcek„p"eqp"nc"eqpfwevc"gzrgevcpvg."eqpenw{gp"chktocpfq"swg"nc"kpfweek„p"fgn
rctvq" c" nc" 63²" ugocpc" ug" cuqekc" eqp" wpc" ogpqt" oqtvcnkfcf" rgtkpcvcn" ukp" swg" cwogpvg" nc
vcuc"fg"egu tgcu."rqt"nq"swg"rctgeg"tc|qpcdng"qhtgegt"c"nc"owlgt"nc"kpfweek„p"fgn"rctvq"gp
guvg"kpvgtxcnq"fg"gfcf0
Ukp"godctiq"guvqu"guvwfkqu"{"uwu"eqpenwukqpgu"pq"guv p"gzgpvqu"fg"et vkecu<
‚"
‚"
‚"
‚"
‚"
Gp"gn"Ecpcfkcp"Ownvkegpvgt"Rquv/vgto"Rtgipcpe{"Vtkcn"Itqwr 45"c"wp"vgtekq"fg"ncu"owlgtgu
cukipcfcu" c" wpc" eqpfwevc" gzrgevcpvg" ug" ngu" kpfwlq" gn" rctvq" {" gp" wp" vgtekq" fg" ncu
owlgtgu" cukipcfcu" c" kpfweek„p" eqogp|„" gn" rctvq" gurqpv pgcogpvg0" Guvqu" jgejqu
rwgfgp"coqtvkiwct"ncu"fkhgtgpekcu"gpvtg"nqu"itwrqu0"Cfgo u."uk"gn"rctvq"hwg"kpfwekfq"gp
ncu" owlgtgu" cukipcfcu" c" wpc" eqpfwevc" gzrgevcpvg." nc" vcuc" fg" egu tgc" hwg" owejq" o u
cnvc" *55.7'+" swg" uk" gn" rctvq" eqogp|„" fg" hqtoc" gurqpv pgc" *3:.7'+" q" kpfwekfq" eqoq
rctvg" fg" wpc" rqn vkec" fg" kpfweek„p" *44.6'+0" Cfgo u." gp" gn" 47'" fg" ncu" owlgtgu
pwn rctcu"ucpcu"eqp"gn"hgvq"gp"rtgugpvcek„p"egh nkec"eqp"eqokgp|q"gurqpv pgq"fgn"rctvq
ug"tgcnk|„"wpc"egu tgc"{"gp"wp"62'"gp"ncu"owlgtgu"kpfwekfcu580"Guvcu"vcucu"fg"egu tgc
uqp"gzegukxcu."ukp"swg"ug"crqtvg"gzrnkecek„p0
Nc"ecnkfcf"fg"nqu"gpuc{qu"en pkequ"kpenwkfqu"gp"ncu"tgxkukqpgu" ukuvgo vkecu"gu"rqdtg"{"nc
jgvgtqigpgkfcf"gu"nc"pqtoc0
Nc" eqpfwevc" gzrgevcpvg" pq" nq" gu" tgcnogpvg" gp" cniwpqu" fg" nqu" gpuc{qu." {c" swg" ncu
owlgtgu" cukipcfcu" c" guc" tcoc" hwgtqp" kpfwekfcu" ewcpfq" gzkuv c" wp" Ðewgnnq" dqttcfqÑ" q
ewcpfq"ug"cnecp|cdcp"nc"64²"ugocpc0
Ncu"rtwgdcu"fg"eqpvtqn"hgvcn"swg"ug"wvknk|cp"gp"nc"eqpfwevc"gzrgevcpvg"vkgpgp"wpc"vcuc
fg"rqukvkxqu"hcnuqu"ow{"cnvc0"Guvq"gu."nc"rtwgdc"kpfkec"swg"jc{"wp"rtqdngoc"ewcpfq" gn
hgvq"guv "dkgp."rgtq"gp"guvc"ukvwcek„p"gn"qduvgvtc"pq"rwgfg"kipqtct"gn"tguwnvcfq"{"cpvg"nc
rtgqewrcek„p" rqt" gn" guvcfq" hgvcn" ug" xg" qdnkicfq" c" kpfwekt" gn" rctvq" q" c" tgcnk|ct" wpc
egu tgc0
Nqu"gpuc{qu"pq"vkgpgp"wp"rqfgt"guvcf uvkeq"uwhkekgpvg"eqoq"rctc"fgvgevct"fkhgtgpekcu"gp
ceqpvgekokgpvqu"rqeq"htgewgpvgu0"Ug"ecnewnc"swg"gu"pgeguctkq"gptqnct"c"380222"owlgtgu
rctc"fgvgevct"wpc"tgfweek„p"fgn"72'"gp"wpc"vcuc"fg"oqtvcnkfcf"rgtkpcvcn"fgn"5"rqt"okn
eqp"nc"kpfweek„p"fgn"rctvq"gp"eqorctcek„p"eqp"nc"eqpfwevc"gzrgevcpvg0
Nc" kpfweek„p" fgn" rctvq" c" nc" 63²" ugocpc" ug" cuqekc" eqp" wpc" fkuokpwek„p" nkigtc
rgtq" ukipkhkecvkxc" fg" nc" oqtvcnkfcf" rgtkpcvcn" ukp" swg" cwogpvg" nc" vcuc" fg
egu tgcu."rqt"nq"swg"ug"rwgfg"qhtgegt"c"nc"owlgt"nc"kpfweek„p"fgn"rctvq"gp"guvg
kpvgtxcnq"fg"gfcf"iguvcekqpcn0"*C+
CUKUVGPEKC"CN"RCTVQ
Tgurgevq" cn" oqfq" fg" hkpcnk|cek„p" fgn" godctc|q."ug" fgdg" kpvgpvct" nc""x c" xcikpcn"ukgortg
swg" ugc" rqukdng0" Fwtcpvg" gn" rctvq" jc{" swg" eqpukfgtct" fgvgtokpcfqu" jgejqu" en pkequ" swg
rwgfgp" vgpgt" tgrgtewuk„p" cukuvgpekcn<" oc{qt" kpekfgpekc" fg" cnvgtcekqpgu" fg" nc" fkp okec." fg
8
43
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
ocetquqo c" hgvcn." fg" qnkiqcopkqu." fg" n swkfq" copk„vkeq" vg‚kfq" fg" ogeqpkq" {." eqoq
eqpugewgpekc"fg"vqfq"gnnq."wp"cwogpvq"fg"nc"vqewtikc05.59.5:
Gp" dcug" c" guvqu" curgevqu" ug" fgdg" xcnqtct" gn" wuq" fg" oqpkvqtk|cek„p" ectfkqvqeqit hkec
eqpvkpwc." guvwfkq" dkqsw okeq" hgvcn" eqp" oketqvqoc" uk" ug" fkurqpg" fgn" okuoq." tgcnk|cek„p" fg
copkqkphwuk„p" {" pgegukfcf" fg" rtgfkeek„p." rtgxgpek„p" {" tguqnwek„p" fg" ncu" eqornkecekqpgu
fgtkxcfcu" fg" nc" rqukdng" gzkuvgpekc" fg" wpc" ocetquqo c" hgvcn0" Ug" fgdg" fkurqpgt" {" vgpgt
eqqtfkpcfc" nc" cukuvgpekc" pgqpcvcn"vgpkgpfq"gp"ewgpvc"nqu"hcevqtgu"fg"tkguiq"{"nc"rqukdknkfcf
fg"crctkek„p"fg"ncu"eqornkecekqpgu"pgqpcvcngu"cpvgtkqtogpvg"fguetkvcu5;0
TGEQOGPFCEKQPGU
Nc"geqitch c"gp"gn"rtkogt"vtkoguvtg"gu"wp"ofivqfq"rtgekuq"rctc"fcvct"nc
gfcf" iguvcekqpcn" {" eqp" gnnq" ug" tgfweg" nc" htgewgpekc" fg" godctc|qu
rtqnqpicfqu0
Uk" jc{" wpc" fkhgtgpekc" oc{qt" fg" fqu" fguxkcekqpgu" guv pfct" *7/9" f cu+
gpvtg" nc" gfcf" iguvcekqpcn" fcvcfc" rqt" nc" HWT" {" nc" geqitch c" fgn" rtkogt
vtkoguvtg." nc" HRR" fgdg" ugt" clwuvcfc" gp" dcug" c" nc" geqitch c" fgn" rtkogt
vtkoguvtg0
Gpvtg" ncu" 35/42" ugocpcu."gu" tgeqogpfcdng" ecodkct" nc" HRR" ewcpfq" nc
fkhgtgpekc" gpvtg" nc" HRR" ecnewncfc" rqt" nc" HWT" {" nc" dkqogvt c" hgvcn" ugc
oc{qt"fg"32"f cu0
Gp"gvcrcu"vctf cu"fgn"godctc|q"pq"fgdg"tgcnk|ctug"nc" eqttgeek„p" fg" nc
HRR" gp" dcug" c" ncu" ogfkfcu" geqit hkecu."uk" nc" gfcf" iguvcekqpcn" {c" jc
ukfq"guvcdngekfc"gp"gvcrcu"vgortcpcu"fg"nc"iguvcek„p0
Gn"fgurgicokgpvq"fg"ncu"ogodtcpcu"tgcnk|cfq"c"vfitokpq."fkuokpw{g"nc
kpekfgpekc" fg" godctc|qu" rtqnqpicfqu" {" fgdg" qhtgegtug" c" nc" owlgt" gp
nc"xkukvc"rtgpcvcn0
Nc"kpfweek„p"fgn"rctvq"c"nc"63²"ugocpc"ug"cuqekc"eqp"wpc" nkigtc" rgtq
ukipkhkecvkxc" ogpqt" oqtvcnkfcf" rgtkpcvcn" ukp" swg" cwogpvg" nc" vcuc" fg
egu tgcu."rqt"nq"swg"ug"rwgfg"qhtgegt"c"nc"owlgt"nc"kpfweek„p"fgn"rctvq
gp"guvg"kpvgtxcnq"fg"gfcf"iguvcekqpcn"*C+0
Nc" owlgt" fgdg" ugt" kphqtocfc" uqdtg" guvqu" jgejqu0" Uk" qrvc" rqt" wpc
eqpfwevc" gzrgevcpvg." gn" eqpvtqn" hgvcn" fgdg" kpenwkt" vguv" dcucn" {
guvkocek„p" fgn" xqnwogp" fgn" n swkfq" copk„vkeq" wpc" q" fqu" xgegu" rqt
ugocpc"gpvtg"nc"63²"{"nc"64²"ugocpc0
Gn" kpkekq" fgn" eqpvtqn" hgvcn" c" rctvkt" fg" nc" 63²" ugocpc" fg" iguvcek„p
eqpfweg" c" wpc" fkuokpwek„p" fg" nc" oqtdk/oqtvcnkfcf" rgtkpcvcn" {" fg" nc
kpekfgpekc"fg"tkguiq"fg"rfitfkfc"fgn"dkgpguvct"hgvcn0
Gn" tgewgpvq" ocvgtpq" fg" oqxkokgpvqu" hgvcngu." pq" jc" fgoquvtcfq" uw
wvknkfcf"rctc"gn"eqpvtqn"hgvcn"gp"nc"iguvcek„p"rtqnqpicfc0
Rctc"nc"xcnqtcek„p"fgn"n swkfq"copk„vkeq"gp"nc"iguvcek„p"rtqnqpicfc."nc
vfiepkec"fg"nc"o zkoc"nciwpc"gu"o u"x nkfc"swg"nc"ogfkek„p"fgn" pfkeg
fg"n swkfq"copk„vkeq0
Gn"rgthkn"dkqh ukeq"oqfkhkecfq"gu"uwhkekgpvg"rctc"gn"guvwfkq"fgn"dkgpguvct
hgvcn"gp"ncu"iguvcekqpgu"gp"x cu"fg"rtqnqpicek„p0
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
C
C
C
44
9
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
TGUWOGP"FG"NC"EQPFWEVC"TGEQOGPFCFC
RTKOGTC"XKUKVC0"IGUVCEKQP"GP"XKCU"FG"RTQNQPICEKQP
‚"
‚"
‚"
‚"
‚"
‚"
‚"
‚"
Gfcf"iguvcekqpcn"63-2"*4:9"f cu+0
Xcnqtcek„p"fg"nc"jkuvqtkc"en pkec0
Gzrnqtcek„p"qduvfivtkec0"Xcnqtcek„p"fgn"vguv"fg"Dkujqr0"Ocpkqdtc"fg"Jcoknvqp"uk"ug
eqpukfgtc"cfgewcfc0
Vguv"ectfkqvqeqit hkeq"dcucn0
Gxcnwcek„p"fgn"xqnwogp"fg"n swkfq"copk„vkeq0
Kphqtocek„p"dcucfc"gp"swg"nc"kpfweek„p"fgn"rctvq"c"nc"ugocpc"63²"eqpukiwg"wpc
nkigtc"fkuokpwek„p"fg"nc"oqtdk/oqtvcnkfcf"rgtkpcvcn0
Rctc"nc"cevkvwf"c"vqoct."ug"vgpft "gp"ewgpvc<"guvcfq"fg"dkgpguvct"hgvcn.
eqpfkekqpgu"fg"ocfwtg|"egtxkecn."ektewpuvcpekcu"qduvfivtkecu"*egu tgc"rtgxkc."gve0+.
eqpxgpkgpekc"ocvgtpc."fkurqpkdknkfcf"cukuvgpekcn"fgn"Jqurkvcn0
Ug"qrvct "rqt<
‚" Xkikncpekc"hgvcn"jcuvc"nc"ugocpc"64²"*4;6"f cu+"eqp"rgtkqfkekfcf"3/4"xgegu"rqt
ugocpc0
‚" Kpfweek„p"fgn"rctvq0
UK"UG"QRVC"RQT"EQPVKPWCT"NC"IGUVCEKQP."GP"NCU"XKUKVCU"UWEGUKXCU"UG
TGCNK¥CTC<
Tgxkuk„p"fg"nc"jkuvqtkc"en pkec0
Gzrnqtcek„p"qduvfivtkec."vguv"fg"Dkujqr"{"xcnqtct"pwgxc"ocpkqdtc"fg"Jcoknvqp0
‚" Vguv"ectfkqvqeqit hkeq"dcucn0
‚" Gxcnwcek„p"fgn"xqnwogp"fgn"n swkfq"copk„vkeq0
‚"
‚"
GP"VQFQU"NQU"ECUQU"UG"TGEQOGPFCTC"NC"HKPCNK¥CEKQP"FG"NC"IGUVCEKQP
CN"CNECP¥CT"NC"UGOCPC"64²"FG"IGUVCEKQP"*4;6"f cu+0
:
45
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
DKDNKQITCHëC
30"CEQI" Rtcevkeg" Dwnngvkp0"Enkpkecn" ocpcigogpv" iwkfgnkpgu" hqt""qduvgvtkekcpu/i{pgeqnqikuvu0
Pq" 77." ugrvgodtg" 42260"Ocpcigogpv" qh" Rquvvgto" Rtgipcpe{0"Qduvgv" I{pgeqn0" 4226="326<
85;/680
40"Xknnct" L."Dgtiulq" R0"YJQ"Cpvgpcvcn" Ectg" Tcpfqok|gf"Vtkcn<"Ocpwcn" hqt" korngogpvcvkqp" qh
vjg" Pgy" Oqfgn0"Igpqxc<"YJQ1TJT123052="42240
50"Uvcoknkq" FO0"Godctc|q" rquvfitokpq0" Qduvgvtkekc" {" Ikpgeqnqi c" fg" Rquvitcfq0" Wpkxgtukvcv
fg"Xcngpekc0"Xqn"KK."p³"38."42270
60"Oqitgp" K."Uvgpnwpf"J."J idgti"W0"Tgewttgpeg" qh" rtqnqpigf" rtgipcpe{0"Kpv" L" Grkfgokqn0
3;;;="4:<"475/90
70"Dcmmgvgki" NU."Dgtiulq" R0"Rquv/vgto" rtgipcpe{<"ocipkvwfg" qh" vjg" rtqdngo0"Kp" Ejcnogtu
K." Gpmkp" O." Mgktug" O" *gfu+0" Ghhgevkxg" Ectg" kp" Rtgipcpe{" cpf" Ejknfdktvj0" Qzhqtf" Wpkxgtukv{
Rtguu."3;;3<"rr"9870
80" " Kingukcu" G." fg" nc" Hwgpvg" R0" Godctc|q" rtqnqpicfq0" Gp" Wucpfk|cic" LC." fg" nc" Hwgpvg" R0
Vtcvcfq"fg"Qduvgvtkekc"{"Ikpgeqnqi c"*4²"Gf+"4225="OeItcy/Jknn0"Kpvgtcogtkecpc."Ocftkf0"rr
5:7/;20
90"Uvqvncpf"PG."Ycujkpivqp"CG."Ecwijg{"CD0"Rtgrtgipcpe{"dqf{"ocuu"kpfgz"cpf"vjg"ngpivj
qh"iguvcvkqp"cv"vgto0"Co"L"Qduvgv"I{pgeqn0"4229"Qev="3;9*6+<"59:0"g3/70
:0" Qngugp" CY." Dcuuq" Q." Qnugp" L0" Tkum" qh" tgewttgpeg" qh" rtqnqpigf" rtgipcpe{0" DOL0" 4225=
548<"6980
;0" Etqyng{" R0" Kpvgtxgpvkqpu" hqt" rtgxgpvkpi" qt" kortqxkpi" vjg" qwveqog" qh" fgnkxgt{" cv" qt
dg{qpf" vgto" *ykvjftcyp+0" Eqejtcpg" Fcvcdcug" U{uv" Tgx0" 4229" Lwn" 3:=" *6+<" EF2223920
Wrfcvg"qh"Eqejtcpg"Fcvcdcug"U{uv"Tgx0"4222=*4+<EF2223920
320" Dgppgv" MC." Etcpg" LO0" Hktuv" vtkoguvgt" wnvtcuqwpf" uetggpkpi" ku" ghhgevkxg" kp" tgfwekpi
rquvvgto" ncdqt" kpfwevkqp" tcvgu<" c" tcpfqok|gf" eqpvtqnngf" vtkcn0" Co" L" Qduvgv" I{pgeqn0" 4226=
3;2<"3299/:30
330""Tgupkem"T0"Rquvvgto"iguvcvkqp0"C"u{orqukwo0"L"Tgrtqf"Ogf0"3;::="55<"46;/730
340"Dqwnxckp"O."Uvcp"E."Ktkqp"Q"Fgurgicokgpvq"fg"ogodtcpcu"rctc"nc"kpfweek„p"fgn"vtcdclq
fg" rctvq" *Tgxkuk„p" Eqejtcpg" vtcfwekfc+0" Gp<" Nc" Dkdnkqvgec" Eqejtcpg" Rnwu." 422:" P¿ogtq" 60
Qzhqtf<" Wrfcvg" Uqhvyctg" Nvf0" Fkurqpkdng" gp<" jvvr<11yyy0wrfcvg/uqhvyctg0eqo0" *Vtcfwekfc
fg"Vjg"Eqejtcpg"Nkdtct{."422:"Kuuwg"50"Ejkejguvgt."WM<"Lqjp"Ykng{"("Uqpu."Nvf0+0
350"Fkxcp"O[."Jcinwpf"D."Pkugnn"J."Qvvgtdncf"RQ."Yguvitgp"O0"Hgvcn"cpf"pgqpcvcn"oqtvcnkv{
kp"vjg"rquvvgto"rtgipcpe{<"vjg"korcev"qh"iguvcvkqpcn"cig"cpf"hgvcn"itqyvj"tguvtkevkqp0"Co"L
Qduvgv"I{pgeqn0"3;;:="39:<"948/530
360" Jknfgt" N." Equvgnqg" M." Vjkncicpcvjcp" D0" Rtqnqpigf" rtgipcpe{<" gxcnwcvkpi" iguvcvkqp/
urgekhke"tkumu"qh" hgvcn"cpf"kphcpv"oqtvcnkv{0"Dt"L"Qduvgv"I{pcgeqn0"3;;:="327<"38;/950
370" " Etqyng{" R0" Kpvgtxgpvkqpu" hqt" rtgxgpvkpi" qt" kortqxkpi" vjg" qwveqog" qh" fgnkxgt{" cv" qt
dg{qpf" vgto0" Eqejtcpg" Fcvcdcug" U{uv" Tgx" 4223=" kuuwg" 40" Wrfcvg" kp" Eqejtcpg" Fcvcdcug
U{uv"Tgx0"4228=*6+<EF2223920
46
;
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
380" U pejg|/Tcoqu" N." Qnkxkgt" H." Fgnmg" K." Mcwpkv|" CO0" Ncdqt" kpfwevkqp" xgtuwu" gzrgevcpv
ocpcigogpv" hqt" rquv/vgto" rtgipcpekgu<"C" u{uvgocvke" tgxkgy" ykvj" ogvc/cpcn{uku0" Qduvgv
I{pgeqn0"4225="323<"3534/:0
390"Ecordgnn" OM."Qduv{g"V."Ktigpu" NO0"Rquv/vgto" dktvj<"tkum" hcevqtu" cpf" qwveqogu" kp" c" 32/
{gct"eqjqtv"qh"Pqtygikcp"dktvju0"Qduvgv"I{pgeqn0"3;;9=":;<"765/:0
3:0"Okpkqt"XM."Fkxq" O[0"Hgvcn" itqyvj" tguvtkevkqp" cv" vgto<"o{vj" qt" tgcnkv{A" Qduvgv" I{pgeqn0
3;;:=";4<"79/820
3;0" Nkpfuvtqo" M." Hgtpgnn" G."Yguvitgp" O0" Fgxgnqrogpvcn" fcvc" kp" rtguejqqn" ejknftgp" dqtp
chvgt"rtqnqpigf"rtgi/"pcpe{0"Cevc"Rcgfkcvt0"4227=";6<"33;4/90
420" Encwuuqp" D." Ictfquk" L." Htcpeku" C." Epcvvkpikwu" U0" Rgtkpcvcn" qwveqog" kp" UIC" dktvju
fghkpgf" d{" ewuvqokugf" xgtuwu" rqrwncvkqp/dcugf" dktvjygkijv" uvcpfctu0" Dt" L" Qduvgv
I{pcgeqn0"4223="32:<":52/60
430"Enkhhqtf" UJ0"Rquvocvwtkv{."ykvj" rncegpvcn" f{uhwpevkqp="enkpkecn" u{pftqog" cpf" hkpfkpiu0"L
Rgfkcvt0"3;76="66<"3/350
440" Tc{dwtp" YH." Oqvng{" OG." Uvgorgn" NG." Igpftgcw" TO0" Cpvgrctvwo" rtgfkevkqp" qh" vjg
rquvocvwtg"kphcpv0"Qduvgv"I{pgeqn"3;:4="82<"36:/750
450"Mkpi"LE0"Rtqnqpigf"rtgipcpe{<"ewttgpv"ocpcigogpv0"Qduvgv"I{pgeqn0"3;;5="35<"3/320
460" ¥ygtfnkpi" OC0" Hcevqtu" rgtvckpkpi" vq" rtqnqpigf" rtgipcpe{" cpf" kvu" qwveqog0" Rgfkcvtkeu
3;89="62<"424/340
470"Jcppcj" OG."Jcppcj"YL."Jgnnocpp" L."Jgyuqp"U." Oknpgt"T."Yknncp"C0"Kpfwevkqp" qh" ncdqt
cu" eqorctgf" ykvj" ugtkcn" cpvgpcvcn" oqpkvqtkpi" kp" rquv/vgto" rtgipcpe{0" C" tcpfqok|gf
eqpvtqnngf" vtkcn0"Vjg" Ecpcfkcp" Ownvkegpvgt" Rquv/vgto" Rtgipcpe{" Vtkcn" Itqwr0"P" Gpin" L" Ogf0
3;;4="548<"37:9/;40
480"Itcpv" LO0"Rtqnqpigf" rtgipcpe{0"Kp" Lcogu" FM."Uvggt" RL."Ygkpgt" ER."Iqpkm" D"*gfu+0"Jkij
Tkum" Rtgipcpe{0" Ocpcigogpv" qrvkqpu0" Gnugxkgt" Ucwpfgtu" Rjkncfgnrjkc" GGWW0" 42270" rr<
3598/:40
490" Itcpv" C." Gndqwtg" F." Xcngpvkp" N." Cngzcpfgt" U0" Tqwvkpg" hqtocn" oqxgogpv" eqwpvkpi" cpf
tkum"qh"cpvgrctvwo"ncvg"fgcvj"kp"pqtocnn{"hqtogf"ukpingvqpu0"Ncpegv0"3;:;="4"*:87;+<"567/
;0
4:0"UGIQ0"Rtqvqeqnqu"Cukuvgpekcngu0"Eqpvtqn"fgn"dkgpguvct"hgvcn"cpvgrctvq0"422;0"Ceegukdng"gp
yyy0rtqugiq0gu0
4;0" Cnhktgxke" ¥." Nwemcu" O." Ycnmkpujcy" UC." OeHctncpg" O." Ewttcp" T0" C" tcpfqokugf
eqorctkuqp" dgvyggp" copkqvke" hnwkf" kpfgz" cpf" oczkowo" rqqn" fgrvj" kp" vjg" oqpkvqtkpi" qh
rquv/vgto" rtgipcpe{0"Dt" L" Qduvgv" I{pcgeqn0" 3;;9="326<"429/330
520" Ujgtgt" FO." Qp{gklg" EK." Dkpfgt" F." Dgtpuvgkp" RU." Fkxqp" O[0" Wpeqornkecvgf" dcugnkpg
hgvcn" vcej{ectfkc" "qt" "dtcf{ectfkc" kp" rquv/" vgto" rtgipcpekgu" cpf" rgtkpcvcn" qwveqog0"Co" L
Rgtkpcvqn0"3;;:="37<"557/:0
530" Fgxqg" NF." Ujqnn" LU0" Rquvfcvgu" rtgipcpe{0" Cuuguuogpv" qh" hgvcn" tkum" cpf" qduvgvtke
ocpcigogpv0"L"Tgrtqf"Ogf0"3;:5="4:<"798/:20
32
47
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
540" Cnhkxgtke" ¥." Ycnmkpujcy" UC0" C" tcpfqokugf" eqpvtqnngf" vtkcn" qh" ukorng" eqorctgf" ykvj
eqorngz" cpvgpcvcn" hgvcn" oqpkvqtkpi" chvgt" 64" yggmu" qh" iguvcvkqp0" Dt" L" Qduvgv" I{pcgeqn0
3;;7="324<"85:/650
550" Pqtykv|" GT." Nqemyqqf" EL0" Rquvvgto" rtgipcpe{0" WrvqFcvg" 42320" Ceegukdng" gp
yyy0wrvqfcvg0eqo0"Ncuv"nkvgtcvwtg"tgxkgy"xgtukqp"3:03<"gpgtq"42320
560"I¯nog|qinw"CO."Etqyvjgt"EC."Okffngvqp"R0"Kpfweek„p"fgn"vtcdclq"fg"rctvq"rctc"oglqtct
nqu"tguwnvcfqu"gp"owlgtgu"c"vfitokpq"q"fgurwfiu"fgn"vfitokpq"*Tgxkuk„p"Eqejtcpg"vtcfwekfc+0
Gp<"Nc"Dkdnkqvgec"Eqejtcpg"Rnwu."422:" P¿ogtq"60" Qzhqtf<"Wrfcvg" Uqhvyctg"Nvf0" Fkurqpkdng
gp<" jvvr<11yyy0wrfcvg/uqhvyctg0eqo0" *Vtcfwekfc" fg" Vjg" Eqejtcpg" Nkdtct{." 422:" Kuuwg" 50
Ejkejguvgt."WM<"Lqjp"Ykng{"("Uqpu."Nvf0+0
570" Ecwijg{" CD." Uwpfctco" X." Mckocn" CL." gv" cn0" U{uvgocvke" tgxkgy<" gngevkxg" kpfwevkqp" qh
ncdqt"xgtuwu"gzrgevcpv"ocpcigogpv"qh"rtgipcpe{0"Cpp"Kpvgtp"Ogf0"422;="373<"474/850
580" Jcppcj" OG." Jwj" E." Jgyuqp" UC." gv" cn0" Rquv/vgto" rtgipcpe{<" rwvvkpi" vjg" ogtkvu" qh" c
rqnke{"qh"kpfwevkqp"qh"ncdqt"kpvq"rgturgevkxg0"Dktvj"3;;8="45<"35/;0
590"Fwt p" U pejg|" R."Vqttklq"CE."Nqw"CE."Iqp| ng|" T."Hcdtg" G0"Grkfgokqnqi c" fgn" godctc|q
rtqnqpicfq0" Gp" Hcdtg" G" *gf+0" Ocpwcn" fg" Cukuvgpekc" c" nc" Rcvqnqi c" Qduvfivtkec0" 3;;90
¥ctciq|c0"rr"829/450
5:0" Rg‚cnquc" N." Ecdg|cu" O." Ncpejctgu" LN0"Cukuvgpekc" cn" godctc|q" rtqnqpicfq0" Gp" Hcdtg" G
*gf+0"Ocpwcn"fg"Cukuvgpekc"c"nc"Rcvqnqi c"Qduvfivtkec0"3;;90"¥ctciq|c0"rr"887/940
5;0"Uvqvncpf" PG."Ejgpi"[Y."Jqrmkpu" NO."Ecwijg{"CD0"Iguvcvkqpcn" ygkijv" ickp" cpf" cfxgtug
pgqpcvcn"qwveqog"coqpi"vgto"kphcpvu0"Qduvgv"I{pgeqn0"4228="32:"*5"Rv"3+<"857/650
Encukhkecek„p"fg"ncu"tgeqogpfcekqpgu
gp"hwpek„p"fgn"pkxgn"fg"gxkfgpekc"*PG+"fkurqpkdng
Nc"gxkfgpekc"ekgpv hkec"rtqegfg"c"rctvkt"fg"ogvc/cp nkuku"fg"gpuc{qu"en pkequ
Kc
eqpvtqncfqu"{"cngcvqtk|cfqu
Nc"gxkfgpekc"ekgpv hkec"rtqegfg"fg"cn"ogpqu"wp"gpuc{q"en pkeq"eqpvtqncfq"{
Kd
cngcvqtk|cfq
Nc"gxkfgpekc"ekgpv hkec"rtqegfg"fg"cn"ogpqu"wp"guvwfkq"rtqurgevkxq
KKc
eqpvtqncfq."dkgp"fkug‚cfq"{"ukp"cngcvqtk|ct
Nc"gxkfgpekc"ekgpv hkec"rtqegfg"fg"cn"ogpqu"wp"guvwfkq"ecuk"gzrgtkogpvcn.
KKd
dkgp"fkug‚cfq
Nc"gxkfgpekc"ekgpv hkec"rtqegfg"fg"guvwfkqu"fguetkrvkxqu"pq"gzrgtkogpvcngu.
KKK dkgp"fkug‚cfqu"eqoq"guvwfkqu"eqorctcvkxqu."fg"eqttgncek„p"q"fg"ecuqu"{
eqpvtqngu
Nc"gxkfgpekc"ekgpv hkec"rtqegfg"fg"fqewogpvqu"w"qrkpkqpgu"fg"gzrgtvqu"{1q
KX
gzrgtkgpekcu"en pkecu"fg"cwvqtkfcfgu"fg"rtguvkikq
33
48
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 18/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
Itcfqu"fg"tgeqogpfcek„p
Gzkuvg"dwgpc"gxkfgpekc"gp"dcug"c"nc"kpxguvkicek„p"rctc"crq{ct"nc
C
tgeqogpfcek„p0"*Tgeqig"nqu"pkxgngu"fg"gxkfgpekc"ekgpv hkec"Kc"{"Kd+
Gzkuvg"oqfgtcfc"gxkfgpekc"gp"dcug"c"nc"kpxguvkicek„p"rctc"crq{ct"nc
D
tgeqogpfcek„p"*Tgeqig"nqu"pkxgngu"fg"gxkfgpekc"ekgpv hkec"KKc."KKd"{"KKK+
Nc"tgeqogpfcek„p"ug"dcuc"gp"nc"qrkpk„p"fg"gzrgtvqu"q"gp"wp"rcpgn"fg
E
eqpugpuq0"*Tgeqig"gn"pkxgn"fg"gxkfgpekc"KX+
Nqu" Rtqvqeqnqu" Cukuvgpekcngu" fg" nc" Uqekgfcf" Gurc‚qnc" fg" Ikpgeqnqi c" {
Qduvgvtkekc" rtgvgpfgp" eqpvtkdwkt" cn" dwgp" swgjcegt" rtqhgukqpcn" fg" vqfqu" nqu
ikpge„nqiqu."gurgekcnogpvg"nqu"o u"cnglcfqu"fg"nqu"itcpfgu"jqurkvcngu"{"en pkecu
wpkxgtukvctkcu0" Rtgugpvcp" ofivqfqu" {" vfiepkecu" fg" cvgpek„p" en pkec" cegrvcfcu" {
wvknk|cfcu" rqt" gurgekcnkuvcu" gp" ecfc" vgoc0" Guvqu" rtqvqeqnqu" pq" fgdgp
kpvgtrtgvctug"fg"hqtoc"t ikfc"pk"gzenw{gpvg."ukpq"swg"fgdgp"ugtxkt"fg"iw c"rctc
nc"cvgpek„p"kpfkxkfwcnk|cfc"c"ncu"rcekgpvgu0"Pq"ciqvcp"vqfcu"ncu"rqukdknkfcfgu"pk
rtgvgpfgp"uwuvkvwkt"c"nqu"rtqvqeqnqu"{c"gzkuvgpvgu"gp"Fgrctvcogpvqu"{"Ugtxkekqu
Jqurkvcnctkqu0
49
34
Uqekgfcf"Gurc‚qnc"fg"Ikpgeqnqi c"{"Qduvgvtkekc
R³"fg"nc"Jcdcpc."3;2"Dclq"*4:258+"Ocftkf0"G/ockn<"ugiqBugiq0gu"~"Vgn0<";3"572";:"38"~"Hcz<";3"572";:"3:
Descargar