Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador Fundación EcoCiencia Preguntas clave: Reporte de los ecosistemas terrestres ecuatorianos Indicadores de Biodiversidad para Uso Nacional (Proyecto BINU) Ecuador Enero 2005 Preparado por Malki Sáenz y Ángel Onofa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− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − G " 4 4 − − − − − G " 4 4 − − − − − − ) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − H . 6 / . + / . / 4 ,@ ,@ ,@ ,@ ,@ ,@ ,@ ,@ ,@ I I I ., / ., 3/ ., $/ ., $3/ ., ! / ., ! 3/ 1 1 ., / ., .! 9/ .! 6 / .! ,/ ' H . 36 / ' 0 I . G " 6 ) = 3 ! ' H .6$/ .)6/ .= 6/ .3,6 / .! 6! / ' H .6$/ .)6/ 6 ) = .= 6/ . >! / . 6/ . 8/ .7)6/ .=)$/ 4 4 7 @ = G " ) I ) = 4 4 H A . / .)+,+/ .! $)/ .)6/ .= 6/ . 6 / . + / . / 4 G " 4 ! 4 > G " " H " . $6/ .! $6/ " . + / . / 4 4 2 . -6 / 3 ' H − − − 6 ! ! . ! 8,/ .-36/ .! ,/ / G 9 − − − − −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m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uperfic ie (% ) 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% bha bhai bhc bhmoc bhmor bs mor bs oc h m Ec os ist emas - 2 2 *@ *@ . .*/ ' . * /0 2 *@ . * /0 2 *@ . * /0 " *@ . */0 /0 . /0 " . /0 . / & n ph Nat ural . * /0 *@ 2 2 . * ps Mosaico /0 v hi v si Int ervenido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ph bha i n bha bhm or ps NAC bs mor h bhm oc bhc m bs oc vhi vs i Ecos is tema - 2 2 *@ *@ . . * /0 . * /0 . * /0 " /0 . /0 2 *@ 2 *@ *@ . */0 " . /0 . * /0 *@ 2 2 . * . 2 *@ . * /0 . /0 * /0 /0 / !, . 0 /0 . !, ' / 100 90 80 70 ICN (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 n ph bhai bha ps bhmor bs mor NAC h m Ecos is tem a s - 2 2 *@ *@ . * /0 2 *@ . * /0 2 *@ . * /0 " *@ . */0 /0 . /0 " . /0 . .*/ ' bhmoc Inter venido . * /0 bhc v hi Mos aico 2 . * /0 *@ 2 vsi Natural . 2 *@ . * /0 . /0 * /0 . / ! 60 1 + 3 / 0 / " " ' 9 . ' 1 /0 0 / 1 * 0 &/ / 0 " 3 bs oc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up erficie (%) 35 % Uso d el sue lo & ' 0 0 ( 0 0 * @ K < 0 Q 0 ' 3 2 < ' 4 0 ' ' 1 % 2 0 ? 0 U 6+F83$0 ' . / # 3 $* 0 4 = < * ' . 2 0 2 % L /0 0 * . *@ 4 2 " * *@ 2 . ? 2 . 2 0#L/ . 0 L/ ' *@ * 0 2 . L/0 0 . . L ' 1 . L/0 . & 0%L/ ' 1 2 " 2 . &0 L / . L/0 ( . 0 L/ ' * *@ *@ . #L /0 . 0 L ' 2 *@ . 0 L/ . 0%L / ' *@ . &L/ ' 2 0 0 2 *@ .# 0 L/ : ' ' .#L / ' . & 0 L/0 ' 3 0 0 " .& 0 L /0 2 . 0 L/ ' ' 0 L/ ' . 0 /0 *@ % L/0 2 % L/ ' . / " *@ 0 L /0 /? ' " 2 " 02 . 0 L /0 2 0 2 " *@ .#L / . # 0 L/ ' *@ ' 0 ' " '$ !? ; ' 2 0 * . < 3 0 U 6+F83$0 / 100% Su p e rfici e (%) 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% bha bh ai b hc bhmoc bhmor b smor bsoc h m n ph ps vhi vsi Eco si stema s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c uador 12 Habitantes (en millones) 10 8 Costa 6 Sierra 4 2 Amaz onía 1974 1984 1990 2001 Años , > " , 0 $ %&0 * . 2 * Z D .* % * Z D 0 0 3 #0 0 %/ $ %& Z D . %& 4 * Z D / %& 2 * Z D / 2 0 0 0 . D ( * ' ' ( 0 2 2 3 * / 0 * Z D & 0 * ' Z D < '$ %? . < ? 0 ' ! , ' / Sierra 120 Costa Habitantes por Km2 100 Ec uador 80 60 40 20 Amaz onía 1974 1984 1990 2001 Años , > " , 0 $ 4 ' " 3 * ' ; . /0 0 . @ 0 . 0 3 . 0' '$ " ( @ 0 0 0 1 / * < / . %&/ ' 0 / = ( 2 . 3 / @ < ' ( ' ( =? . A ? ' 0 ! , ' / 6,00 Tas a de crec imiento anual 5,00 4,00 Amazonía 3,00 2,00 Ecuador Costa 1,00 Sierra 0,00 1974-1982 1982-1990 Período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recio ( US$ de 1972 por barril) 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Año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xporta cione s (T. mé tricas ) 10 ,000 .0 0 8 ,0 00 .0 0 6 ,0 00 .0 0 4 ,0 00 .0 0 2 ,0 00 .0 0 0 .0 0 19 93 199 4 1 995 19 96 199 7 1 998 19 99 Año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uperficie (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -3 3- 7 7 - 10 10 - 15 y m ás Accesibilidad (horas de viaje) Natural Mosa ico Intervenido ' 2 ' " ( 2 ' 0 $ ' * 0 ' @ < * ' " ' 0 2 ' ( 0 ' 0 " " ( 0 2 ( 0 " $* 0 ; 0 * * ' * '3 2 0 ' * . %/ ; 0 " " 2 4 ' 2 ( ' .9 / ( ' 1 ) 0 ' 1 3 * . ;/ ' ' ' 0 XX C ' F 2 < ' ( A . 8 (/ % # $ " 0 0 ( ' 6 4 ' 1 0 " ' " 0 ; ? ( 0 " ' @ 0 " 0 ' " 0 2 0 ( * ' 6 0 * " ' '0 " 0 A 1 0 0 3 0' , 5 6 .3,$6/ B 5 * " ' > " ( * " " 3 # V % 2 . 0 ' ( 0 & 1 0 * . ' / ) D ; % 3,$6 ' ( ) * &0 /0 2 @ * ( " * " D 3,$6 4 2 < 2 0 " ' L 2 " " @ 0 " 1 . ' / $ 0 0 3,$6 0 . " &/ 3,$6 ' ( * 3,$60 '$ ? .D ( / 3 . , ?8 1 5 $ " 6 .3,$6/ / , 0 0 @ " 60.000 25 50.000 Superficie (K m 2) 40.000 31 15 12 30.000 20.000 10.000 1 3 0 1935- 1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 P eríodos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uperficie (% ) 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% bha bhai bhc bhmoc bhmor bsmor bs oc h m n ph ps v hi v si NA C E cosis tem a S NA P - 2 2 *@ *@ . .*/ ' . / . * /0 2 *@ . * /0 2 *@ . * /0 " *@ . */0 /0 . /0 " . /0 BP Fuera . * /0 *@ 2 2 . * /0 . 2 *@ . * /0 . /0 * /0 3 " 1 ( ( / @ " " #L " * 3,$6 . 0 0 ( 3,$6 ; * L ' 3,$6 0 ' . ' * 0 2 ;* # ; % * " 02 D / & L ; %' ' 0 ' 0 0' " 6 @ 2 2 3 . # 2 2 * ' 0 D . /0 " ' ; ' 2 2 ' #0 L 0 " 2 /0 ' 3,$6 2 0 3,$6 ; " ' @ " ' 0 ' $ 4 0 4 ' . 3,$6 ' ; L/ 3 # 3,$60 6 ; 3,$60 0 2 0 2 *@ ' 2 .9 / 2 !? : . 3 ?8 , 5 6 $ .3,$6/ ' / % 2 % ( 0 ; 0 0 ' " ( 8 $ ' ' 0 @ . ' $ / 0 " ? .! ,>$ $/0 ' 8 6 8 $ + ; .8$ /0 ! , .68+ / 8$ 0 > " 0 #/ $ ( 0 ' ' ' / * 2 " 3 _ .3,$6/ ' 3 8 , 8$ * 1 8$ ' .3:8$/0 ; $ = 0 3 9 , 5 0 0 0 & & ' . 0 * $ 0 L ' # %? . % % %/ 1 ; 0 ?8 0 ' 0 ( ' 9 WW % % # 0&L & #% ; # # 0 8 . .68+ / $ < 0&L 0 8 / % &# 0&L # & % & &% # & 0 L , $ + . * 0 W WW @ ; 6 # & 8$ 3 6 6 W6 WW 3 0 0 ( 1 1 1 0 . . / ; ( 3 L 0 2 " % L " 6 L < &' %L ' 0 L 2 & " ' L @ $ ! 2 " 4 0 L L . 0 ! ,>$ $/ " ' 2 #? 8 . ?8 $ 0 / $ 1 8 =?6 ; ( ' 9 + 3 $ ! , & ' 0 0 . ? / & L #L L L % L ( ' L %L L L L 2 0 2 ' 0 2 0 @ * $* , 4 0 0 < 0 . ' @ 0 /? 0 ' L 0' " 1 L 0 L . " : -! )/ ' 0 0 ) , %L # L 0 1 ' /0 L .:) ,F+/ 1 . - 6 ) ! 1 " $ 0 >? 0 . ' 0 ' ?8 ( 1 6 ' 9 0 / 9 9 1 $ 4 $ 1 = %L L L L L L L # L 0 L L 0 L L 0%L %L 0 L L #0 L L 0 L L L = = 1 < 0 1 & / $ (0 &' ' . L' . 8 ' 2 $ / ' ' 0 " ' ' ; 0 & L ' * L $ ; * 0 ; " 0 ' 0 8 ( '9 1 8 ??6 ; ( ' 9 & ' 0 + 6 8 8 6 6 ! 6 ; ; & 0 L &0 L 0 L 0 L 0 L 0 L 0&L * * ' 0 . / ; ' # 0 L 0%L 0 L 0 L 0 L 0 L %0 L ? & '& ( 0, 0, ) - M )A+F8O\$> " 0+ * 3 M )A +F8OT J 0 M 8 0 +. 8 ( 3 " 3 0 0 C 6 / ' T - $ . / ? $ 0 6 3 8 ? Z Z EEE $ 8 )* + + ,-&.' )* ' : ! ' :! , T $ " C .) T 6 6 3 V > 9T # 8 , .:! ,/O J 0 ?C ' / 7