Overview of carbon nanoforms “NOVEL FORMS”

Nanomaths 2012
“NOVEL FORMS”!
Overview of carbon nanoforms!
(PART II)
Irene Suarez-Martinez!
I.Suarez-Martinez@curtin.edu.au!
Nanochemistry Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia!
! 
! 
nano
Classification based on
6
morphology
It is not exhaustive but a
first step …
Carbon Nanotubes
! 
Could motivate the
search of new forms
12.0107
(“periodic
table of
carbon nanoforms”)
Graphene
Fullerenes
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
EDGE
PERFECT
SCREW !
Screwed stacked
Graphenes
!"#$%"&"'(
)*(+!*(,-&'./((3#&7/((
01-2*(0%$*(345(647/(893(6:5547(
B1C-#D"#B&8)E)&F#
666"?CG"H3%"(I%JKL&8)E)&FJ!HM-('&78JMH"C3H7#
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
PERFECT
EDGE
NANOTUBE
(CONCENTRIC TUBES)
SCROLL
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
Carbon nanoscrolls
Synthesis
Proof of existance
Lavin et al. Carbon 40 ( 2002) 1123 – 1130
From Andrea Schaper
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
Torus or Spiral??!
Itoh & Ihara. Phys. Rev. B 49, 13970–13974 (1994)
Circular nanotube bundles on hydrogenated Si(100) surface, imaged using the AFM, and
after applying a vertical load of 30nN with the AFM tip to unfold the ring (R. Martel, et al ,
J. Phys. Chem. B 103(36), 7551 (1999).)
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
Coils!
CARBON NANOCOILS
Tube diameter: 60-100 nm
Pitch 120-150 nm
June 17, 2011 16:30
30
Coil Diameter 100 nm
PSP Book - 9in x 6in
01-Tagmatarchis-ch01
Encyclopedia of Carbon Nanoforms
Table 1.2. Different coiled carbon structures and their corresponding dimensions (adapted from ref. 122).
Carbon
Carbon
Coiled carbon
microcoils
nanocoils
nanotube
(µm)
(nm)
(nm)
Tube diameter
0.5–2
60–100
5–20
Coil pitch
1–5
120–150
20–100
Coil diameter
3–8
∼ 100
50–80
(see Table 1.3). For recent reviews of the synthesis and mechanical applications of coiled carbon nanotubes, see refs. 112 and 113.
Carbon microcoils were first seen in 1990.114
COILED CARBON NANOTUBE
1.9.1 Synthesis of Helical Nanotubes
Tube diameter: 5-20 nm Helical
Pitch
20-100nm Coil Diameter 50-80 nm
nanotubes were proposed soon after the discovery of conventional nanotubes,115 and were experimentally reported in 1994
by Zhang et al.116 Helical nanotubes are typically grown in lowtemperature catalytic CVD, where they can be obtained with high
yields.117,118
Carbon microcoils and nanocoils are fibers (graphitic, solid-core
structures), whose most important difference is the size. They are
grown by, e.g., microwave plasma CVD of C2 H2 over microsized Ni
particles on SiC119 or oxide catalysts120 using H2 and Ar carrier gas.
By varying the temperature from 600 to 700◦ C it is possible to switch
from majority nanocoil to microcoil growth.
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
coiled ribbon
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
Coning= Disclinations
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanocone
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
Disclinations on graphene
Disclinations on graphene
Disclinations on graphene
NANOCONE OR NANOHORN
!=114º
Characteristics of nanohorns!
1 pentagon 2 pentagons 3 pentagons 4 pentagons 5 pentagons 6 pentagons
sin (!/2)= 1 – (n/6)
! = angle
n = number of pentagons
Characteristics of nanohorns
Characteristics of nanohorns
Characteristics of nanohorns
Characteristics of nanohorns
Characteristics of nanohorns
The angle is only dependant on the number
of pentagons not on the configuration
Same as in Fullerenes:
Isolated Pentagon Rule applies!
1 pentagon
2 pentagons
3 pentagons
4 pentagons
5 pentagons
$"#$%2'&H1-(G.#(3#&7.#/&3%'(#NOO.#ON@#;=PPN>#
Naess, et al, Sci. Tech. Adv. Mat. 10 (6): 065002. (2009)
• 
• 
Cones have also been observed, since 1968 or even earlier on the surface of
naturally occurring graphite.
Their bases are attached to the graphite, their height: <1 " 40µm.
10nm
!*(;<&=/((3#&7/(><&?."%@&?#*(83/(3AB(6:55A7((
P. Harris et al, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans.
90(18), 2799-2802 2799 (1994)!
Structural Defects in Graphite: 60° negative wedge disclination
60° negative wedge
disclination
= heptagon
Schwarzites!
• 
• 
• 
• 
In general, heptagons give continuous surfaces with
negative Gaussian curvature
One family is the schwarzites
Theoretically possible to create a closed structure –
double layered fullerene
TEM of spongy carbon foam may be schwarzite?
S. Townsend et al, PRL 69 (6), 921 (1992)
H. Terrones, M. Terrones, PRL 84 1716 (2000)
E. Barborini et al, APL 81(18), 3359 (2002).
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
Herringbone nanotubes!
Q"#RM81-.#B"#+%77('.#S1T"#$EM"#=:=.=@P#;<::U>#
BAMBOO-SHAPED CARBON TUBE (Saito et al. Carbon 1995),
‘STACKED-CUP’ LIKE STRUCTURE CARBON NANOTUBES
(Okuno et al. Carbon 2004)
d)
BAMBOO-SHAPED CARBON TUBE
(Lee et al. APL 2000)
STACKED-CONES’ (Muñoz et al. CPL 2005)
HERRINGBONE-BAMBOO CARBON TUBE
(Monthioux et al.J.Mat.Chem. 2007)
Other Nanotubes!
# 
Bamboo Nanotubes
Typically due to N-doping (deliberate or accidental)!
A. A. Koos et al, Carbon 47
(1), 30-37 (2009)
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
Sumio Iijima
J. Cryst. Growth 50 (3), 675-683 (1980)
8Å
Sumio Iijima
J. Cryst. Growth 50 (3), 675-683 (1980)
J. Phys. Chem. 91, 3466 (1987)
8Å
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
single-wall
nanocone
(dislocating)
ribbon
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
Nanotube
C*(C1-."<1D/((3#&7/(E@"F*(G@H'*(I"J*(485/(:8(689997(
single-wall
nanotorus
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
Family tree of carbon nanoforms
OPERATIONS
Stacking
Cutting
Circular wrapping
fullerene
double-walled
fullerene
multi-wall
fullerene
screwed multi-wall
fullerene
Spiral wrapping
Coning
Coiling
Screwing
(dislocating)
ribbon
single-wall
nanocone
double-wall
nanocone
double graphene
graphene
multi-wall
nanocone
multiple stacked
graphenes
screwed
stacked
nanocones
stacked
nanocones
stacked platelets
Screwed
stacked
platelets
coiled ribbon
ultra short
single-wall
nanotube
coiled
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotube
single-wall
nanotorus
double-wall
nanotube
multi-wall
nanotube
graphene
nanoscroll
single-wall
Nanotube
spiral
!"#$%&'()*+&',-().#/"#0'12('3.#4"#56(78#4&'21-.#9:#;<:=<>#?@A=#
"Every element says something to someone
(something different to each)
like the mountain valleys or beaches visited in
youth.
One must perhaps make an exception for carbon,
because it says everything to everyone"
Primo Levi!