Standardization and codification in the production of science. A case study on the Pharmaceutical Industry Nuria Moratal BETA Strasbourg University April 2016. Ingenio PhD Days Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production Aprilof2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 1 / 31 Outline 1 Problematic and goals Research question Context, bioinformatics and data Data, codification and creativity 2 Research gap and theoretical arguments Knowledge production function Contribution 3 Method and data Methodology Case study 4 Results Results Discussion and Future research Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production Aprilof2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 2 / 31 Outline 1 Problematic and goals Research question Context, bioinformatics and data Data, codification and creativity 2 Research gap and theoretical arguments Knowledge production function Contribution 3 Method and data Methodology Case study 4 Results Results Discussion and Future research Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production Aprilof2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 3 / 31 Problematic and goals Research question Role that the availability of data bases containing codified scientific knowledge have on the production of knowledge in science based industries The provision of this data bases constitutes a highly valuable way of knowledge transfer between public research and the private sector These data bases make knowledge easily reachable and usable by industry. This allows for the use of a wider variety of knowledge Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production Aprilof2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 4 / 31 Outline 1 Problematic and goals Research question Context, bioinformatics and data Data, codification and creativity 2 Research gap and theoretical arguments Knowledge production function Contribution 3 Method and data Methodology Case study 4 Results Results Discussion and Future research Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production Aprilof2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 5 / 31 Problematic and goals Context Knowledge codification as the transformation of knowledge on computational data: gens or proteins for example Limited number of disciplines such as biology, chemistry or physics Knowledge comes from observation of phenomena and objects of the natural world Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production Aprilof2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 6 / 31 Problematic and goals Context: Bioinformatics and Big Data Bioinformatics develops methods and software tools for understanding, organizing and processing biological data. It combines computer science, statistics, mathematics. Express molecules, proteins and other organic compounds in computational language Models to look for patterns, data mining, statistical clustering, machine learning, ontologies, etc. Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production Aprilof2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 7 / 31 Outline 1 Problematic and goals Research question Context, bioinformatics and data Data, codification and creativity 2 Research gap and theoretical arguments Knowledge production function Contribution 3 Method and data Methodology Case study 4 Results Results Discussion and Future research Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production Aprilof2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 8 / 31 Problematic and goals Data, codification and creativity Computation implies codification Codification makes knowledge more accessible Knowledge distance matters less and distant knowledge becomes available Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production Aprilof2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 9 / 31 Outline 1 Problematic and goals Research question Context, bioinformatics and data Data, codification and creativity 2 Research gap and theoretical arguments Knowledge production function Contribution 3 Method and data Methodology Case study 4 Results Results Discussion and Future research Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 10 / 31 Research gap and theoretical arguments Knowledge production function What do we need to produce knowledge? Depends on disciplines From only a brain to expensive machines (CERN) Common to all the disciplines Previously acquired knowledge Ability to create knowledge by combining existing one Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 11 / 31 Research gap and theoretical arguments On the relevance of knowledge distance Knowledge distance: Firms tend to use knowledge which is similar or related to their own knowledge: easier to find and understand This limits creativity and the chances of more innovative breakthrough ideas Variety tends to enable creativity and innovation Repeated combination of similar elements Data bases containing scientific knowledge could change this Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 12 / 31 Outline 1 Problematic and goals Research question Context, bioinformatics and data Data, codification and creativity 2 Research gap and theoretical arguments Knowledge production function Contribution 3 Method and data Methodology Case study 4 Results Results Discussion and Future research Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 13 / 31 Research gap and theoretical arguments Contribution The existence of big reliable databases and associated IT services offering access to codified scientific knowledge allows firms to access a wider variety of knowledge These data-bases and I&T services have to be freely available for an optimal provision and use Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 14 / 31 Outline 1 Problematic and goals Research question Context, bioinformatics and data Data, codification and creativity 2 Research gap and theoretical arguments Knowledge production function Contribution 3 Method and data Methodology Case study 4 Results Results Discussion and Future research Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 15 / 31 Method and data Methodology Mixed use of desk research (document and literature review) and qualitative case study methodology The theory is built first in a deductive way but then shaped and enriched with the fieldwork information Not a theory testing logic Theory and data feed each other Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 16 / 31 Outline 1 Problematic and goals Research question Context, bioinformatics and data Data, codification and creativity 2 Research gap and theoretical arguments Knowledge production function Contribution 3 Method and data Methodology Case study 4 Results Results Discussion and Future research Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 17 / 31 Method and data Case study Case study. European Bio-informatics Institute Qualitative data from semi structured interviews 20 interviews EBI staff + industrial users (pharma) Desk and document research Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 18 / 31 Method and data Case study The European Bioinformatics Institute(EBI) Centre for research and services in bioinformatics,and part of European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL). Hosts a number of publicly open, free to use life science resources, including biomedical databases, analysis tools and bio-ontologies. Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 19 / 31 Case study interviews Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 20 / 31 Case study interviews Leading pharmaceutical companies Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 21 / 31 Desk research web, press, bibliographic research documents and policy reports Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 22 / 31 Outline 1 Problematic and goals Research question Context, bioinformatics and data Data, codification and creativity 2 Research gap and theoretical arguments Knowledge production function Contribution 3 Method and data Methodology Case study 4 Results Results Discussion and Future research Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 23 / 31 Results The existence of big reliable databases and associated IT services offering access to codified scientific knowledge allows firms to access a wider variety of knowledge This can enable cross discipline combination and increase creativity Able to use knowledge from different disciplines and sub-disciplines than their own knowledge produced by different communities or networks but within the same discipline Connecting knowledge that otherwise remained unconnected Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 24 / 31 Results The existence of big reliable databases and associated IT services offering access to codified scientific knowledge allows firms to access a wider variety of knowledge This can enable cross discipline combination and increase creativity Main gain comes from standards Before the existence of EBI there was not a common way to name gens and proteins and it took a lot of effort to find the scientific papers talking about a specific one Since these databases were created researchers from different communities speak now the same language and they can use a wider variety (and quantity) of resources Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 25 / 31 Results The knowledge pool that is in the public domain can increase its level of codification and its availability This can enable innovation since it offers access to scientific knowledge that previously was not possible to access Fill gaps between disciplines Traditional barriers to creativity can be overcome thanks to the codification and standardization of data and scientific results Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 26 / 31 Results These data-bases and I&T services have to be freely available for an optimal provision and use Data Bases are club goods, a kind of public good The solutions traditionally offered for club goods are public provision or regulation Similar to public libraries, public provision can be defended based on socially desirable use Standardization is more likely to happen in the case of monopoly Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 27 / 31 Outline 1 Problematic and goals Research question Context, bioinformatics and data Data, codification and creativity 2 Research gap and theoretical arguments Knowledge production function Contribution 3 Method and data Methodology Case study 4 Results Results Discussion and Future research Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 28 / 31 Discussion and Future research Risks RISKS Validation and reliability of content Standardization might leave parts of information out of the code Anecdotal evidence showing that ”too much knowledge” can encumber the researcher Can’t be extended to every discipline Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 29 / 31 Discussion and Future research Policy recommendations and future research POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Public research is to be made publicly available to everyone’s use for creating innovation Production of knowledge is as important as its availability FUTURE RESEARCH: Extention to public research/public knowledge production Model to defend public provision Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 30 / 31 Thank you for your attention. Questions? Nuria Moratal (BETA Strasbourg University)Standardization and codification in the production April of 2016. science. Ingenio PhD Days 31 / 31