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"!# ")! "!( ( !& "!# ( &! 4 " () !* 6 ' "&)+ ( ,!6 + %)&+ ( &+ + "& )&+ "!# %(!"F !*! + ! .* +) + & 4 L ≤ α ≤ ML * 1) ! *! *) 4 " ( &) E ≠ )"! &) EB( & −− −− N ") (!"!) !6 ! & : ) 6* &) E % EB ) ") 6+ & < 6 ) E EB ( * !& ( α ( ,! !( ) " () ' *) ( E EB ) !&!' 1") &+ +! ( 6 8 ( + )82 ,!8) !" "!# ( )& + *) )+ 6 @α !" "!# ( )& ( )+ 6 −α #) (!,! + ( )+! & "!# 4 + !+ ( E EB ! &+)( " ) 4 & " ) 6 &!' 1 ( * !& ( @α : 4 ! + 6!+) @α E≠ &) ( () !E )&+) &) E ≠ ) E≠ N B ) !( + *) &+ ≠ %ED 0 6 ED 0 6 @α1E2 *!++ "& % )+! & "!# &) )( 8 & +!)+ 6 8 ( + )82 @α1E2 −− −− E 0 EB &) " D06 @α1 % D 2 " ): &< &+ ) () ( E N EB &) " D N EB0 D N E @ E N EB0 D N E @ N B0 −− −− 6) ∆ E 0 ∆ ED D ( () ( E 0 EB B 2 ! 2 ( " &+) % +*! () )+ *)'!*! &) (!+ "&) : ) !( +) 6 E N EB0 α ) &) ,!8) ( )% !" "!# ( ) NE &) " −− −− −− −− E 0 EB 0 B% 2 ! 6 ( )*) E N EB0 2 ! −− EB B E ( () ( N B+ &< D −− −− E 0 EB B *)'!*! &) @α ( *< ( ) " ) 2 2 ! ( ( " 4 -)+ ) & &) 6 &< &+ ) () ( E N EB &) " N B0 N E @ E N B E N ED 0 E N B@ D N ED −− −− N E 0 D N EB% ' * & ∆ E 0 ∆ ED D & 6) E 0 EB B −− −− −− −− −− 0 E @ E % B0 EB@ () ) 6 *) 4 E &< &+ &) " *!++ "& 2% 2 ( ( " 4 *)'!*! &) (!+ "&) ")* ) !"!# ( () 6!+) ( " &+) )&+) 6!+) ( " &+) 6!+) ( * !& ( ) ( 8 ,!8) . !") &) " &+) ( 8 . !") &) ,!8) &) " 6!+) !)' '*'( ! *)'!*! &) ! +(* + + "& ( ) * ,!8) &)() &) ( + % &)() &) E 4 −− EEB !" "!# ( )& + *) )+ σ+ : ( ( *) &+ + 4 !* &+7 3! : 5 () 6* &) % ( *) &+ "!# ")* & ( $ +7 ) ) &< + ( !6 8 + !" "!# ( &) EB& 4 + *)'!*! &) ! (!+ "&) !* 6 B )+ !* &+7 ( $ *) ' + 4 != + &)() ) " ) ) !$ 6 ) + " ) ! *! *) 4 ( 8 * (! &+!=( 6* &) % B) ,!6 + ") 6+ & !6 ! & F "F) ( 4 *)'!*! &) !* &+7 3! ) . !") O/ C+ & ( ")* ) + ")* ) + () !* &+7 ( 8 & +!)+ &) ,!8) ! (!+ "&) ) ' *) ) ) ( (*!&!+ 8 + !* &+7 3! ") !6) *! * P O%( ")* ) + () " & P !* &+7 ( 8 + ) P O%( 5( ,!6 + (!" 4 + "& + ( ! σ +1 2 0 &+!< 6 ) ! # " &! 8 ( !* &+7 &+!< 6 ) 4 ! <& +) &! &+ 8 ( !* &+7 % " (+ () &! " &+) 8 ( !* &+7 O < &) 8 ( !* &+7 &! ) 76) ) + 6 +P O% "!+" , + "! P !)' " !'( *)'!*! &) 4 5 () ,!8) % " )+ σ ' *) &) ( ( ,! !+ ") &! ) 4 ! + )&+) * &) E ≠ ,!6 + & +!)+ ( %( + *! * ?&)( + "& 4 ) )+ !* &+7 4 !(! & ( *$ + "& "!# ")*) )(+< + "! + ( " &+) )"! " ) !" "!# ( &) EB& 4 &) * (!) ( F)+ ( +)$ + 4 &)( + "& 4 &+ ,)+* )+ σ + )+ +&!" + ( 6!+) ) ! *! *) 4 ( 8 −− 6* &) EEB ( )& *) &+ ,)+* )+ σ ( & ,)+* 4 " &+) ( O/ C+ & ( ")* ) + !* &+7 " &+ ") !6) *! * P O%( ")* ) + () ( (! &! &) " &+)P 5( ,!6 + &) (!" ( !σ 1 20 "!+" , + "! &! " &+) ( !* &+7 &! !)' " &+) ")*) " &+) ( " &+) ( ) 7 6) ) 4 ! + ) 76) ) + 6 + ") .* +) +( () (,' → + "& % ' 0 > ' "&)+ ") !6 ")* ) !"!# ( τ' %σ+ )+( 4 + ,<"! ")* +)$ + + () + "&< 6 ) *$ !* &+7 (!+ ""!# 4 + !" ")* ) !"!# * ! ( ( (! & )+4 8 + % ' "&)+ ' τ' ) σ+ 0 σ+ ) τ' ")*) &< )$+ + & &) ,!6 + Eτ'1E2σ+1τ'1E22σ+1E2 ")*) ,!6 + Eσ+1E2τ'1σ+1E22τ'1E2 ) &+ 'C+&!" ")*. " +&) F ( ")! "!(!+: τ'1σ+1E22 0 σ+1τ'1E22 ! E &< + → →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→ ! ) ' "&)+ ' "&)+ → → B>>B% B ) → ! ) ' "&)+ 4 ! ) → → B>>B% B ) ) & 4 ! ) &+ & ( & &+ &) " "!# ( ' "&)+ " &+ & ( ' (+<( & +*! () )+ ! & + ""!# ( * (! &+!" ( ) 6* &) N 6!+) +< B)+! & () &!() ") &+ +!) 6 8 ( + )8 ! *)'!*! &) ! 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( *! *) " &+) %+ =# +)( "&) ( + =) !λ≠ . !") )( + "& 4 4 ! + )&+ + "& F)*)& "! ") &) ,!8) ( F λ )+ " &+) ( F)*)& "! &+ ,)+* + +' < 6 ) % +) )+"!) ) ! ' +! & )+ *! * 1 +) ) ( &) ,!8) 2 !. &) ( ) %λ .* +) + ) ) !" "!# ( ) ! &) ! *! *) & 4 !6 ! & ") (!"!) : !2 EB +& " + "& E −− −− !!2 EB E 0 SλS !!!2 EB &< *!++ "& E ! λ ) !&!') % !" "!# ( ( )& + *) )+ * " 4 ! + %+ =# ) )& "! λ &) EB( ,! !() )+ ( " &+) ) ) ) &) E !6 *!++ "& ")* * & +! E !λ 6 &!') λ ! EB !* 6 ( E )+ ! ' + !# E !* 6 ( EB )+ (!"F ! ' + !# -)+ & &) ! ' + !# ") !6) *! * !" "!# !( &!( ( ! λ A L &) " ) &) ,!8) )+ λ ) ) ( "!+" , + "! ( " &+) %+ (!) λ ! EB B ) !*<6 ) ") 6+ & ! EB B ) !*<6 "!+" , + "! ( & +*! ( + "&) ( λ &) " + "& 4 )+ : !* 6 )+ λ ( %" % & 6 & + : +)% ""!# ( ( - % EB !* 6 ( E )+ λ % E ( E )+ λ % )+ E EB ! !* 6 ( )+ λ ) ) ( ! ' + !# ) ! ' +! ) &< & () () E ) &< &) 3& +!)+ +) ! & &) " & +!)+ 6! + N % NB E EB ) <6 ) ! () &) " B +& " "!+" , + "! % )& "! ( + "& + 4 ) )+ "!+" , + "! 4 + )$+ + %-B !* 6 ( - )+ ! 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