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TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference ConsciousnessinHumanandNon‐HumanAnimals Cambridge,UnitedKingdom "It is essenƟal to understand our brains in some detail if we are to assess correctly our place in this vast and complicated universe we see all around us." - Francis Crick Proud PlaƟnum Sponsor of the Francis Crick Memorial Conference: WolfsonHall,ChurchillCollege All Bordering Photos Courtesy Google Images TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference FrancisCrick (1916‐2004) Thankyoutoallofoursponsorsforyoursupportinmakingthe FrancisCrickMemorialConferenceasuccessandforhelpingusto fuelthisunprecedenteddiscussionondata‐drivenperspectiveson theneuralcorrelatesofconsciousness. Sponsoredby: TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference ScheduleofEvents ScheduleofEvents 7:45 Check‐in/Complimentary Breakfast 8:30 ChristofKoch,Ph.D. StudyingtheMurineMind InvitedLecture: Consciousness:APharmacological Perspective 13:00 ComplimentaryLunch 14:00 DianaReiss,Ph.D. MirrorSelf‐recognition:ACaseof CognitiveConvergenceinHumans andotherAnimals HunterCollegeand CityUniversityofNewYork AllenInstituteforBrainScience, Caltech 14:30 9:00 BaltazarGomez‐Mancilla, MDPh.D. NovartisInstituteof BiomedicalResearch 9:30 UniversityofZü richSchoolof Medicine,HeffterResearchCentre 15:00 RyanRemedios,Ph.D.* CalTech NikosK.Logothetis,Ph.D. ChristophKayser,Ph.D. TheClaustrumandtheOrchestraof CognitiveControl CoffeeBreak LocatedintheFoyer Artist:JohnHouser 10:30 SpecialUnveilingCeremony inMemoryofFrancisCrick BrunovanSwinderen,Ph.D. TheUniversityofQueensland 15:30 11:00 DavidB.Edelman,Ph.D. TheNeurosciencesInstitute, TheScrippsResearchInstitute 11:30 IrenePepperberg,Ph.D. BrandeisUniversity,Harvard University,TheAlexFoundation 12:00 InvitedLecture: HarveyKarten,MD TheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego 12:30 KeynoteSpeaker: JaakPanksepp,Ph.D. WashingtonStateUniversity NeuralCorrelatesof UnconsciousnessinDrosophila ThroughtheEyesofanOctopus:An InvertebrateModelforConsciousness Studies 16:00 EmotionalFeelingsofOtherAni‐ mals:AreTheirAffectsHomologous toOurOwn? CoffeeBreak SpecialUnveilingCeremony inMemoryofFrancisCrick StevenLaureys,MD,Ph.D. CyclotronResearchCenter, UniversityofLiè ge,FNRS 16:30 MelanieBoly,MD,Ph.D. UniversityofLiè ge, UniversityofWisconsin 17:00 PhilipLow,Ph.D.* NeuroVigil,Stanford,MIT & StephenW.Hawking,D.Phil. Human‐likeConsciousnessin Non‐Humans:EvidencefromGrey Parrots AreCommonalitiesinBrain MicroarchitectureandBehaviorin HumansandBirdsaCoincidence? NaotsuguTsuchiya,Ph.D. RIKEN,ATR,Japan,Caltech, MonashUniversity MaxPlanckInstituteforBiological Cybernetics 10:00 FranzX.Vollenweider,MD VisualConsciousnessTrackedwith DirectIntracranialRecordingfrom EarlyVisualCorticesinHumans LocatedintheFoyer Artist:OdileCrick IdentifyingtheBrain’sAwareness System:LessonsfromComaand RelatedStates CerebralConnectivityinDisordersof Consciousness TowardsEstablishingNeural CorrelatesofIntendedMovements andSpeech UniversityofCambridge 17:30 Panel TheCambridgeDeclarationon ConsciousnessinHumanand Non‐HumanAnimals 18:00 PhilipLow,Ph.D. ClosingRemarks NeuroVigil,Stanford,MIT *PresentingAuthor NeuronalCorrelatesofPsychedelic Drug‐InducedImageryinHumans TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference ChristofKoch,Ph.D. ChiefScienti ic Of icerattheAllen InstituteforBrain Science,Seattle. LoisandVictor TroendleProfessor ofCognitiveand BehavioralBiology atCaliforniaInsti‐ tuteofTechnology, Pasadena,CA Dr.ChristofKochjoinedtheAllenInstituteasChiefScienti icOf icerin 2011.Forthepast25years,KochhasservedonthefacultyattheCalifornia Institute of Technology (Caltech), from his initial appointment asAssistantProfessor,DivisionofBiologyandDivisionofEngineering andAppliedSciencesin1986,tohismostrecentpositionasLoisand VictorTroendleProfessorofCognitive&BehavioralBiology.Previously,hespentfouryearsasapostdoctoralfellowintheArti icialIntelligenceLaboratoryandtheBrainandCognitiveSciencesDepartmentat theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Hereceivedhisbaccalaureate from the Lycé e Descartes in Rabat, Morocco, his M.S. in physics from the University of Tü bingen in Germany and his Ph.D. from the Max-Planck-Institutfü rBiologischeKybernetik,Tü bingen. Koch has published extensively, and his writings and interests integrate theoretical, computational and experimental neuroscience. Stemming in part from a long-standing collaboration with the late NobelLaureateFrancisCrick,Kochauthoredthebook“TheQuestfor Consciousness:ANeurobiologicalApproach.”Hehasalsoauthoredthe technical books “Biophysics of Computation: Information Processing inSingleNeurons”and“MethodsinNeuronalModeling:FromIonsto Networks,”andservedaseditorforseveralbooksonneuralmodeling andinformationprocessing.Koch’sresearchaddressesscienti icquestionsusingawidelymultidisciplinaryapproach. Hisresearchinterestsincludeelucidatingthebiophysicalmechanisms underlying neural computation, understanding the mechanisms and purpose of visual attention, and uncovering the neural basis of consciousness and the subjective mind. Koch maintains a part-time appointmentandlaboratoryatCaltech. Text:CourtesyofAllenInstituteforBrainScience Dr. Gomez-Mancilla obtained a Medicine Degree at the National AutonomousUniversity ofStateof MexicoinToluca, Mexico.Thenhemovedto Canada,whereheobtainedaDoctoralDegreeinExperimentalNeurology, developingaPrimateModelofl-dopainduceddyskinesias,attheFaculty of Medicine Laval University. He obtained “The Gorge Copty Award on NeurologicalSciences”forhiscontributionsintheunderstandingofBasal GangliacircuitinParkinson’sdisease.HecontinuedhisClinicalNeurological training at l'Hô pital de l'Enfant-Jé sus in Quebec under Prof. Paul Bedard’ssupervision.HewasawardedaFellowshipfromMedicalResearch CouncilofCanadatoperformPost-DoctoralstudiesinClinicalPharmacologyandDrugMetabolismleadinghimtoobtainthe‘Psychopharmacology Award’ by the University of Toronto for his contributions to the underBaltazarGomez‐ standing of psychotropic drug metabolism in the CNS. Dr. GomezMancillaMDPhD Mancilla took on the role of Director of Clinical Research at The Upjohn ExecutiveDirector Company in Kalamazoo, Michigan, leading the clinical strategy for the ofNeuroscience developmentoftwosuccessfulnewdrugapplicationstotheFDA,includTranslational ing Pramipexole for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, and AlmotripMedicine tanforthetreatmentofMigraine. NovartisInstituteof Dr. Gomez-Mancilla currently holds the position of Executive Director of BioMedical Translational Medicine in Neuroscience at the Novartis Institute of BioResearch medicalResearchinBasel,Switzerland.In2008hereceivedtheNovartis NSONavigatorAward,theNovartisTranslationalScienceAwardin2009, andthe‘VIVAAward”asaLeadingScientistin2010forhiscontributions to the development of new therapeutic strategies in Parkinson’s disease anddevelopmentalpervasivedisorders,respectively. Dr Gomez-Mancilla holds a professorship at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology,UniversityofTü bingen.Throughouthiscareer,hehasidenti ied several new drugs and alternative indications in neurological and psychiatric disorders. He has iled 15 patent applications and has authoredmorethan50peer-reviewedscienti icarticlesandbookchapters. StudyingtheMurineMind ChristofKoch,Ph.D. Consciousness:APharmacologicalPerspective BaltazarGomez-Mancilla,MDPh.D. Mice are a very promising model system for studying the neuronal correlatesofconsciousness.Theirbrainstructureissimilartothatof thehuman,theydisplaycomplexbehavior,andtheirunderlying neuronal responses can be measured using optics and silicon probes at cellularlevelofresolution.Incontrasttothebluntandedentatetools available to probe the human brain, the recent emergence of optogeneticsallowsscientiststodelicately,transiently,andreversiblycontrol de ined events in de ined cell types at de ined times in mice.This allows us to move from correlation to causation, from observing that thiscircuitisactivatedwheneverthesubjectis perceivingsomething to inferring that this circuit is necessary for conscious perception. I shall report on the large-scale and high throughput efforts to build brain observatories to understand the mouse visual system that are ongoingattheAllenInstitute. Consciousnesshasbeentraditionallyde inedbytheabilityofanindividualtoeffectivelycommunicatewithhis/hersurroundingworld.Theclassicalmedicalclassi icationofstateofconsciousnessinapatient(i.e.Glasgowscale)isderivedfromanobservationalstudyoftheindividual’s physicalreactionstoexternalstimuli,butisnotabletocaptureanyresidualcognitivebrainactivity. Thedevelopmentsofnewtechnologiesthatpermittocaptureneuronal activityhavemadearevolutionintermsofourunderstandingofthede initionofconsciousness.FunctionalMagneticResonanceimaginghas allowedtheidenti icationofbraincircuitsinvolvedincomplexmental interactionslikeawarenessandcognition.Cognitionisakeybrainprocessthatmediatesourinteractionwiththeexternalenvironment.Itdeineshowdoweperceivetheworldandreactinconsequence.Cognition asaprocessisindeedintimatelyboundtotheperceptionofconsciousnessthattheexternalworldwillhavefromus,asindividuals. Theunderstandingofthemolecularmechanisminvolvedincognition suchassynapticplasticity,neuralconnectivityandbraincircuitsare continuallyevolvingasitistheuseofpharmacologicalinterventionsas toolstounderstandand/orrestoresynapticplasticity TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference RyanRemedios, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Researcher, CaliforniaInstitute ofTechnology, Pasadena,CA Dr. Ryan Remedios is a neuroscientist at the California Institute of Technology(Caltech).HeearnedhisMScattheTataInstituteofFundamental Research in 2005 and his Ph.D. at the Max Planck Institute forBiologicalCyberneticsin2011. Ryan has worked in several key areas in neuroscience and has publishedaboutbraindevelopment,thephysiologyofcognitiveprocesses, andcommunicationinprimates.Hisrecentworkfocusedonthefunctional signi icance of the claustrum and he is currently exploring the neuronalbasisofinnate,socialbehaviorsusingthemouseasamodel system. TheClaustrumandtheOrchestraofCognitiveControl RyanRemedios,Ph.D.,NikosK.Logothetis,Ph.D., ChristophKayser,Ph.D. MaxPlanckInstituteforBiologicalCybernetics FrancisCrickandChristophKochwereinterestedintheclaustrumas a site of multisensory integration due to its extensive topographic connectionswiththesensorycortices(1).Weshowedthat theclaustrum did not integrate sensory information as neurons here were highlymodalityspeci icanddidnotexhibittheresponsecharacteristicstypically associatedwithmultisensoryprocessing(2).Ourrecent observations do however support Crick and Koch's conjecture of the claustrum as a conductorintheorchestraofcorticalregions (1). To identify claustrum function, we targetedly ablated claustral neurons andobserved free-exploratorybehaviors,aswellasbehaviorswithin paradigmsdesignedtodistinguishbetweencognitiveandmotorabilities.Weuncoveredasevereimpairmentincost-bene itdecisionmakingbylesionedanimalscontingenttoemotionalmodulation,paralleling the emotive role of the prefrontal cortex. We correspondingly identi ied a direct, interhemispheric, bidirectional network between theclaustrumandprefrontalareas,anddeterminedchangesinglobal and regional brain network activity on claustral ablation using functionalmagneticresonanceimaging.Overallwesuggestthattheclaustrumregulatescognitivecontrol. (1)Crick&Koch,2005.(2)Remedios,Logothetis,Kayser,2010. NikosK.Logotheits, Ph.D. Directorof “PhysiologyofCog‐ nitiveProcesses” department,the MaxPlanckInstitute forBiological Cybernetics NikosK.Logothetisisdirectorofthedepartment“PhysiologyofCognitive Processes” at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics (MPIK),inTü bingen,Germany.HereceivedaB.S.inmathematicsfrom theUniversityofAthens,aB.S.inbiologyfromtheUniversityofThessaloniki, and his Ph.D. in human neurobiology from the LudwigMaximiliansUniversityinMunich.In1985hemovedtotheBrainand CognitiveSciencesDepartmentofM.I.T.,whereheinitiallyworkedasa postdoctoralfellowandlaterasResearchScientist.In1990hejoined the faculty of the Division of Neuroscience at the Baylor College of Medicine.Seven yearslaterhemovedtothe Max PlanckInstitutefor BiologicalCyberneticstocontinuehisworkonthephysiologicalmechanisms underlying visual perception and object recognition. In additiontovisualcognition,hisworkatMPICincludesauditoryperception andmultisensoryintegration,aswellasstudiesofplasticityand neuromodulation. Since1992NikosK.LogothetishasbeenAdjunctProfessorofNeurobiologyattheSalkInstituteinSanDiego,since1995AdjunctProfessor ofOphthalmologyattheBaylorCollegeofMedicine,Houston,AssociateoftheNeurosciencesInstitute,SanDiego,SeniorVisitingFellowin University College, London, Adjunct Professor in the Department of CognitiveandNeuralSystemsandofCognitiveandNeuralSystemsin theCollegeofArtsandSciences,bothattheBostonUniversity,Massachusetts, a faculty member at the Victoria University of Manchester (VUM)inEngland,andHonoraryProfessorintheDepartmentofBiologyattheUniversityofTü bingen. Text:CourtesytheMaxPlanckInstituteforBiologicalCybernetics TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference ChristophKayser Ph.D. OttoHahnResearch GroupLeader,the MaxPlanckInstitute forBiological Cybernetics Dr. Christoph Kayser is a research group leader at the Max Planck InstituteforBiologicalCyberneticsinTubingen,Germany.Hestudied mathematics and theoretical physics at the ETH Zurich, Switzerland, and obtained a PhD in Neuroscience. Work in his lab focuses on the processing of auditory information in temporal cortex and how this bene its from multisensory information. Speci ically, he employs a combination of functional imaging, electrophysiological and theoreticalmethodstostudytheneuralinformationrepresentationinauditorycorticesandhowthisismodi iedbynon-acousticinputs.Thegoalis to enhance our understanding of the neural basis underlying perception,andtoprovideusefulinsightsforpotentialmedicalapplications, suchasprostheticdevicesorrehabilitationapproaches. Text:CourtesyFrontiersinNeuroscience Brunovan Swinderen,Ph.D. AssociateProfessor, QueenslandBrain Institute,The Universityof Queensland, Brisbane,AU Dr.BrunovanSwinderenreceivedhisPhDinEvolutionaryandPopulation Biology in 1998 from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.HisgraduateworkwasongeneralanesthesiainaCaenorhabditis elegans model, applying both quantitative genetics and molecular genetic approaches. For his postdoc at The Neurosciences Institute (NSI)inSanDiego,California(1999-2003),heswitchedtoDrosophila melanogastertodevelopmethodsofstudyingperceptioninthefruitlymodel.HeranalabatNSIfrom2003to2007,withaprimaryinterestonconsciousnessandthemeasurablephenomenaassociatedwith it,suchasselectiveattention,memory,sleep,andgeneralanesthesia. His approaches included both brain recording paradigms and behavioralassays that focusedonmeasuresofvisualperception.In February2008,vanSwinderenestablishedanewlaboratoryattheQueenslandBrainInstitute.Thegroupcombinesexpertiseinelectrophysiology,behavior,andmoleculargeneticstounderstandfundamentalbrain mechanisms. The main research focus of the laboratory is to understand stimulus suppression mechanisms. These mechanisms pertain totheabilitytopayattention,butalsotheabilitytosuppressstimuli duringsleep,andhowthiscanbeinducedwithdrugssuchasgeneral anesthesia. Text: Courtesy The University of Queensland and The Neurosciences Institute NeuralCorrelatesofUnconsciousnessinDrosophila BrunovanSwinderen,Ph.D. Our understanding of consciousness often follows from studies of selectiveattention,sleep,andgeneralanaesthesiainhumans.However,thesebehaviouralstatescanalsobestudiedinthesimpleranimals, suchasthefruit lyDrosophilamelanogaster,whereresponsivenessto stimulicanbeindicativeofthelevelarousalintheanimal.Multichannelbrainrecordingsfrom liescanthenbeusedtoidentifyprocesses, suchaslocal ieldpotentialcoherence,associatedwithdifferentarousal states in the tiny insect brain. In my talk, I will argue that distinct arousalstates,suchassleepandselectiveattention,mayinvolvesimilar stimulus suppression mechanisms, and that perceptual suppressionmayhavebeentheevolutionaryinnovationleadingtoconscious andunconsciousstatesinhigheranimals.Iwillthenproceedtoshow howonecanusethegeneticmodelDrosophilatomanipulateanddissectperceptualsuppressionmechanismsinasmallbrain. TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference DavidB.Edelman, Ph.D. AssociateFellow, Experimental Neurobiology,The Neurosciences Institute AssistantProfessor ofNeurobiology, TheScripps ResearchInstitute Dr.DavidEdelmangraduatedfromSwarthmoreCollegewithaB.A.in Sociology and Anthropology, received his Ph.D. in Physical Anthropology,withaspecializationinpaleoanthropology,fromtheUniversityofPennsylvania.From1997to2005,hewasapostdoctoral fellow at both the Scripps Research Institute and the Neurosciences Institute. Asa FellowattheNeuroscientists InstituteandProfessor attheScrippsResearchInstitute,Edelmanispresentlyinvestigating themajorfeaturesofoctopusvision,fromthevariouspropertiesthat are most salient to the behaving animal to the electrophysiological signaturesofthosepropertiesandtheirassociatedfunctionalanatomies. In order to characterize the octopus visual system, he uses a varietyoftechniques,includinghigh-de initionvideopresentationof stimuli,electrophysiologicalrecordinginliveanimals,andmolecular labelling to de ine the anatomy of visual pathways in the central octopusbrain. Text:CourtesyofTheNeurosciencesInstitute ThroughtheEyesofanOctopus:AnInvertebrateModelfor ConsciousnessStudies DavidB.Edelman,Ph.D. Endowed with a nervous system containing as many as 500 million neurons,aswell aseyesthatare structurallyconvergentwiththose ofvertebrates,theoctopusmaybeanexcellentmodelforinvestigatingconsciousnessinaninvertebrate.Here,Iwillmakesuchacaseon neuroanatomical,neurophysiological,andbehavioralgrounds.Iwill: 1)layoutaworkingde initionforconsciousnessthatmaybeextendedbeyondthevertebratecase;2)describestructuralandfunctional properties which may be the sinequanon of consciousness; 3) suggestevolutionarytrends(e.g.,theemergenceofcomplexvision)that mayhavesetthestagefortheadventofconsciousstatesinavariety of species; and 4) discuss the latest results from ongoing studies of cephalopod vision and offer a 'roadmap' for additional experiments thatmay leadto arobustmethodologyfortheexplicitinvestigation ofsensoryconsciousnessinthese,andperhapscertainother,invertebrates(e.g.,jumpingspiders). Dr. Irene Pepperberg received a B.S. in Chemistry from MIT, and was awarded a M.A. in Chemistry followed by a Ph.D. in Chemical Physics from Harvard University. She has held posts at Purdue, Northwestern, University of Arizona, the MIT Media Lab, and currently a research associate at Harvard University, and an adjunct associate professor at BrandeisUniversity .ThemainfocusofPepperberg’sworkisthecognitive and communicative abilities of Grey Parrots, and she has shown that these birds have capacities comparable to non-human primates andyoungchildren.Thetrainingprocessshehasemployedisbasedon therival-modeltechniqueinwhichtwohumansdemonstratetothebird whatistobelearned.Throughnumerouspioneeringstudies,hersubIrenePepperberg, jectshaveprovenabletouseEnglishlabelstoidentify,request,refuse, Ph.D. and categorize more than ifty objects, seven colors, ive shapes, and AdjunctAssociate quantities to six, as well as understand concepts such as big vs. small, Professorin samevs.different,andabsence. Psychology,Brande‐ Text:CourtesyTheAlexFoundation,RadcliffeInstitute isUniversity Lecturerand ResearchAssociate, HarvardUniversity President,TheAlex Foundation Human‐likeConsciousnessinNon‐Humans:EvidencefromGrey Parrots IrenePepperberg,Ph.D. Toobtaindataonnonhumanconsciousness,researchersoftenexamine “perceptual consciousness”(1) —how sensory information is acknowledged, processed, and integrated (2). An organism may be aware it is processinginformation,possiblyofhowitisprocessinginformation,but not necessarily be aware it is aware of how information is processed. Thisawarenessisrequiredforcomplextaskswhichrequireintegrating perception, centralized monitoring, and behavioral control(3) and is a formofhigher-ordercognition(4);itmayinvolvethecapacitytochoose, fromvariouspossiblesetsofacquiredrules,the setthatappropriately governstheprocessingofcertaindata(5).Sometimes,however,eventhis information-processing account cannot explain observed data. Three studies on Grey parrots—predominantly on Alex, who used English speechintentionallytolabelobjects,colors,shapes,andcategories,who understood concepts of same-different, relative size, absence, conjunction, exact numbers, conjunctivity, equivalence, and segmentation(6) provide evidence for some level of consciousness approaching that of humans. (1) Grif in, 1998, 2000; Grif in & Speck, 2004. (2) Natsoulas, 1978. (3) Pepperberg&Lynn,2000.(4)Delacour,1997.(5)Pepperberg,1999.(6) Pepperberg,1999,2006a,b,2007 TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference HarveyKarten,MD. Professorof Neurosciences, Universityof CaliforniaSanDiego Professorof Psychiatry,The Universityof CaliforniaSanDiego SchoolofMedicine Dr.HarveyKartenreceivedaB.A.inChemistryfromYeshivaCollege, andaM.D.fromAlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine.AfteranInternship Internal Medicine at University of Utah, he completed his Residency in Psychiatry at University of Colorado. Before accepting a positionatUCSD,Dr.KartenheldresearchpostsattheWalterReed ArmyInstituteofResearch,andatMIT,aswellasaProfessorshipof Psychiatry and Neurobiology at SUNY at Stony Brook. Karten’s current research focuses on studies of the neural circuitry, biophysics, andevolutionofmotiondetectioninbirdsandmammals.Hislaboratory utilizes a broad spectrum of anatomical and neurochemical methods; including pathway tracing, immunohistochemical and biochemical methods for the identi ication of transmitters, peptides, trophic factors and their respective receptors, a single cell illing of identi ied neurons and quantitative morphometry, and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry. Research activities led by Dr. Kartenhaveledtoagreaterappreciationoftheimportanceofevolutionary analyses of non-mammalian brains, both vertebrates and invertebrates, at a cellular, circuit, and molecular level. Important indings continue to produce shifts in perspective regarding the organization of the brain in non-mammalian vertebrates, sensory organizationofascendingpaths,theirevolution,andtheirconsequencesforunderstandingthehumanbrain. Text:CourtesyofUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego AreCommonalitiesinBrainMicroarchitectureandBehaviorin HumansandBirdsaCoincidence? HarveyKarten,MD A"TuringTest"forcognitiveandsensory-motorcapabilitiespresuming to distinguish Monkeys and Parrots would likely prove dif icult for an external observor/predictor. Which animal is hiding behind each "Turing Curtain"? Rigid conformity to semantics and outdated de initionsofhomologyremainsanobstacletounderstandingbrain evolution.Aretherecommonfeaturesinbrainorganizationofbirds and mammals that mediate such striking similarities? Comparative studies of brain evolution over the past 50 years have resulted in a drasticallymodi iedviewofbrainorganizationamongsttheseclosely related vertebrates. With very few exceptions, virtually identical neuronalconnectionsandmicrocircuitshavebeenfoundtomediate similarbehaviors. JaakPanskepp,Ph.D. BailyEndowedChair ofAnimalWell‐Being Science&Professor, Veterinary&Compar‐ ativeAnatomy, Pharmacy,Physiology (VCAPP),Washington StateUniversity, DistinguishedRe‐ searchProfessor EmeritusofPsycholo‐ gy,BowlingGreen StateUniversity, Head,Affective NeuroscienceRe‐ search,FalkCenterfor MolecularTherapeu‐ tics,Northwestern University Dr. Jaak Panksepp holds the Baily Endowed Chair of Animal WellBeingScienceinWashingtonStateUniversity'sCollegeofVeterinary Medicine and is Emeritus Distinguished Research Professor of the Department of Psychology at Bowling Green State University. His research pioneered the neuroscienti ic study of primary-process emotionsinmammals,withthegoalofunderstandingtheevolutionaryinfrastructureofhumanemotionalfeelings.Hecoinedtheterm “affective neuroscience” as the name for the ield that studies the neuralmechanismsofemotion,notonlyfromneuro-ethologicalbut also experiential perspectives (i.e., monitoring the rewarding and punishing properties of arti icial arousal of basic mammalian emotionalactionsystems).Hisgroupgeneratedthe irstneural(opioidaddictive) model of mother-infant social bonding, and the understanding of various other basic affective processes, especially the nature of playful joy, that have important psychiatric implications, especially for the development of new therapies. Along with Ken Davis, the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale was developed asapotentialbridgebetweenbasicpreclinicalandhumanresearch endeavors. He is known in the popular press for his research on laughter in non-human animals, a topic that has led his extended research group to identify several novel treatments of depression. HisforthcomingbookistheArchaeologyofMind(Norton,2012). EmotionalFeelingsofOtherAnimals:AreTheirAffectsHomologoustoOurOwn? JaakPanskepp,Ph.D. Becauseofitsbipolarpositiveandnegativeaffectivestructure,rawemotionalfeelingsarean optimal way to make scienti ic progress on the neural constitution of consciousness. Such researchhasrevealedtheexistenceofprofoundneuroanatomicalandneurochemicalhomologiesinthesystemsthatcontrolemotionalityinmammalianandavianspecies.Whereverin theirbrainsoneapplieslocalizedDeepBrainStimulation(DBS),whetherelectricalorchemical,andobtainscoherentinstinctualemotionalbehaviorpatterns,animalstreatthesewithin -brainstateshiftsas'rewards'and'punishments'invariouslearningtasks.HumansconsistentlyreportdesirableandundesirableaffectivechangestosuchDBS.Theseeffectsserveas gold standards for the detailed scienti ic study of affective qualia in animal and human brains. Such work helps clarify the neural nature of phenomenal-affective consciousness, namely why various emotional arousals feel good and bad in distinct ways. Abundant convergentevidenceindicateshowsuchprimary-processsubcorticalneuralnetworksgenerate homologousemotionalfeelingsinallmammalsthathavebeenstudied,andhowtheycontrol learningandmemory.Thisknowledgeilluminatesourowndeepernature,andallowsusto understanding cross-species core-self processes that generate organismic and affective coherencethatservesasacoherentBrainMindinfrastructureforunderstandinghighermental processes.Thistypeofresearchhelpsrevealthecausal/constitutiveinfrastructureofhuman andotherminds(i.e.,the“hardproblem”ofconsciousness).Itprovidesanewfoundationfor understanding psychiatric disorders as well and the development of new mind medicines. Theprogressiveunderstandingoftheevolutionaryinfrastructureofacross-speciesmental apparatushelpsuscometotermswiththeaffectivedepthsofourownminds,aswellasof ourfellowanimals. TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference DianaReiss,Ph.D. Professorof Psychology,Hunter CollegeandCity UniversityofNew YorkBiopsychology GraduateProgram Dr. Diana Reiss attended Moore College of Art in Philadelphia and pursuedacareerintheatricalsetdesign,beforeenteringaprogramin bioacousticsatTempleUniversityDepartmentofSpeechandCommunications.AfterreceivingherPh.D.inDevelopmentalPsychology,Reiss openedalaboratorycalledMarineWorldAfricaU.S.A.,whereshepioneeredprotocolsthatutilizedunderwaterkeyboardstostudydolphin communicationandlearning.AtherlaboratoryattheNationalAquariuminBaltimore,Reisscontinuestoresearchdolphinsthroughmirror self-recognitionparadigmsthataredesignedtocorrelatewith higher formsofempathyandaltruisticbehavior.Byusingmirrorsasresearch tools,Dr.Reisshasbeenabletoconductcomparativeinvestigationsin animalcognition,andcollectresultsthatprovideinsightintotheevolutionofintelligence. Text: Courtesy of National Aquarium Baltimore, New York Times, LifeboatFoundation MirrorSelf‐recognition:ACaseofCognitiveConvergenceinHu‐ mansandotherAnimals DianaReiss,Ph.D. Photo Courtesy Wikipedia.com “Non-violenceleadstothehighestethics, whichisthegoalofallevolution.Untilwe stop harming all other living beings, we arestillsavages.”-ThomasA.Edison Theabilitytorecognizeoneselfinamirror,onceconsideredauniquely human attribute, is shared by great apes, dolphins, elephants and magpies. In comparative studies of mirror self-recognition (MSR) dolphinsandelephants,show strikingsimilaritiestohumansandthe greatapesinthestagesofbehaviorandthespeci ictypesofbehaviors they show when exposed to a mirror. MSR emerges in children between18-24monthsandinchimpanzeesbetween2.5-4.5yearsofage. Inadevelopmentalstudyconductedtodeterminetheageofonsetof self-directedbehaviorsandMSRindolphins,wefounddolphinsat1418monthsofageexhibitingself-directedbehavior-evidenceofMSR. Dolphins are precocious at birth and exceed human and non-human primates in motor skills and coordination. Our indings suggest that young dolphins may show advanced cognition at an earlier age with respect to mirror self-directed behavior as compared to humans and chimpanzees. TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference FranzX. Vollenweider,MD. Professorof Psychiatry, UniversityofZürich SchoolofMedicine, Vice‐Directorof Researchand Teachingand Directorofthe Neuropsychophar‐ macologyandBrain ImagingResearch Unitofthe UniversityHospital ofPsychiatry Zürich,Directorof HeffterResearch CentreZürichfor Consciousness Studies Dr. Franz Vollenweider received his M.D. degree at the University of Zü rich. He completed his doctoral thesis in experimental medicine at the Institute of Toxicology of the University and ETH of Zü rich, was trained in neurochemistry at the Brain Research Institute of the UniversityofZü rich,andinneuroimagingatthePETCentreofthePSIETH.In1994hebecamecerti iedinthespecialitiesofpsychiatryand psychotherapy. His research interests encompass the area of psychopathology, cognitive neuroscience, and behavioural psychopharmacology of psychotic and affective disorders. Vollenweider’s current research focuses on the investigation of the functional networks and transmitter dynamics underlying the experience of self, visual perception, cognitive and emotional processesandthedysfunctionsoftheseprocessesinhumanmodelsof psychoses and psychiatric patients. Multiple approaches including measures of information processing, event-related potentials, and brain imaging techniques are used for studying these functions, and addressing the mechanisms of action of psychostimulants, hallucinogens,andentactogensinhumans. Text:CourtesyofHeffterResearchInstitute NeuronalCorrelatesofPsychedelicDrug‐InducedImageryin Humans FranzX.Vollenweider,MD. Classic psychedelics such as psilocybin produce an altered state of consciousness (ASC) characterized by vivid imagery and profound changes in mood, thought, intuition, and self that is otherwise rarely experiencedexceptindreams.Recent indingssuggestthattheserotoninsystemandparticularlyagonisticactivityat5-HT2A/1Areceptors isimplicatedintheformationofpsilocybin-inducedandalsonaturally occurringvisualhallucinations.Toelucidatetherelationshipbetween regional brain activity and imagery and the mechanism of action of psychedelics,theeffectofpsilocybinincombinationw/oserotonin2A and1Areceptorantagonistsonvisualprocessingandsubjectiveexperience was investigated using high-density electrical mapping with sourceanalysisandH2O-PETimaging.Theresultsshowreducedactivation in the right extrastriate and posterior parietal areas, and disruptedmodalobjectcompletion.Furthermore,theysuggestthatpsilocybin-induced imagery is primarily mediated by 5-HT2A receptor activationbasedonadisruptionincorticalfeedforwardandfeedback processing. NaotsuguTsuchiya, Ph.D. PRESTO(Sakigake) fellow,Japan Scienceand TechnologyAgency (JST),Japan Visitingscholarin Laboratoryfor Adaptive Intelligence,RIKEN, Japan Visitingscholarin ATR,Japan Visitor,Divisionof Biology,Caltech, USA AssociateProfessor, SchoolofPsycholo‐ gyandPsychiatry, FacultyofMedicine, NursingandHealth Sciences,Monash University Dr.NaotsuguTsuchiyawasawardedaB.S.inBiologyfromtheKyoto University.From2000to2005TsuchiyapursuedadoctorateatCalifornia Institute of Technology as a member of Chistoph Koch’s research group. After receiving his Ph.D. in Computation and Neural Systems, he joined Ralph Adolphs’ lab as post-doctoral fellow until 2010,whereheinvestigatedvisualattention,unconsciousvisualprocessing,andtheamygdala’scategoricalselectivitytovisualstimuli.Dr. Tsuchiya’smostrecentresearchhasfocusedontheenigmatictriumvirate of relations between consciousness, attention, and emotion. Throughtheanalysisofmultichannelneurophysiologicaldata,recordedintracraniallyorbyfMRI,Tsuchiyaaimstoidentifythedistinction betweenconsciousnessandattention,andlocatetheneuralcorrelates ofeach. VisualConsciousnessTrackedwithDirectIntracranialRecording fromEarlyVisualCorticesinHumans NaotsuguTsuchiya,Ph.D. A fundamental question in cognitive neuroscience is how neuronal representations are related to conscious experience. Two key questionsare:whereinthebrainsuchrepresentationsarelocated,andat what point in time they correlate with conscious experience. In line with this issue, a hotly debated question is whether primary visual cortex (V1) contributes to visual consciousness, or whether this depends only on higher-order cortices. Here we investigated this issue by recording directly from early visual cortex in two neurosurgical patientsundergoingepilepsymonitoringwithintracranialelectrocorticogram(ECoG)electrodesthatcoveredearlyvisualcortices,includingthedorsalandventralbanksofthecalcarinesulcus.WeusedContinuous Flash Suppression (CFS) to investigate the time course of when 'invisible' stimuli broke interocular suppression. Participants were asked to watch faces presented under CFS, to push a button whentheystartedtoseeanypartoftheface,andthentoindicateits spatial location. This occured over several seconds. During the task performance we recorded intracranial ECoG at high spatiotemporal resolutionfromallcontactsinparallel.Weusedmultivariatedecoding techniques and found that the location of the invisible face stimulus becamedecodablefromneuronalactivity1.8secbeforethesubject's buttonpress.Wewilldiscussthe neuronaldynamicsassociatedwith thebreakofinter-ocularsuppression. TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference StevenLaureys,MD, Ph.D. ResearchAssociate attheBelgian NationalFundfor Scienti icResearch (FNRS) HeadoftheComa ScienceGroup, CyclotronResearch Center HeadofClinics, NeurologyDept., UniversityHospital, UniversityofLiège Dr.StevenLaureysreceivedhisMDfromVrijeUniversiteitBrussel,in Belgium,andwasawardedanM.Sc.inPharmaceuticalMedicineforhis researchonpainandstrokeusinginvivomicrodialysisanddiffusion MRIinrats.Drawnbyfunctionalneuroimaging,Laureysmovedtothe CyclotronResearchCenterattheUniversityofLiè ge,Belgium,where he received a Ph.D. for his investigations into residual brain function in coma, vegetative, minimally conscious and locked-in states. Laureys has used fMRI to demonstrate awareness the awareness of patientsinvegetativestatesandhaspublishedwidelyonrelatedtopics suchasbrain-death,locked-insyndrome,anesthesia,pain,andsleep. Text:CourtesyofComaScienceGroup IdentifyingtheBrain'sAwarenessSystem:LessonsfromComaand RelatedStates StevenLaureys,MD,Ph.D. Following severe brain damage some patients loose all brain and brainstemfunctionsandevolvetobraindeathwhileotherscanopen their eyes, but only show re lex behavior. Some patients will remain unresponsive for decades; others may evolve to a minimally responsive/consciousstatewithmorethansimplere lexbehaviorsbutlacking communication. Finally, coma patients may awaken, being fully aware but paralyzed and mute. We here review neuroimaging and electrophysiology studies that illuminate the relationships between awareness and brain function in these challenging conditions. Such studiesshowthatawarenessisanemergentpropertyofthecollective behavior of frontoparietal top-down connectivity where external (sensory) awareness depends on lateral prefrontal/parietal cortices, while internal (self) awareness correlates with precuneal/ mesiofrontal midline activity. This knowledge improves diagnosis of patients with disorders of consciousness. Technology can also now show command-speci ic changes in EEG or fMRI signals providing motor-independentevidenceofconsciousthoughtsandinsomecases communication. MelanieBoly,MD, Ph.D. ResearchFellow, ComaScience Group,Universityof Liege, CenterforSleepand Consciousness, Universityof Wisconsin,Madison UniversityHospital, UniversityofLiège Dr.MelanieBolyisaPostdoctoralResearchFellowattheBelgianNational Fund for Scienti ic Research. She works since more than ten years with Steven Laureys at the Coma Science Group (Cyclotron ResearchCentre,UniversityofLiege).Herresearchaimsatinvestigating the neural correlates of decreased consciousness during vegetative state, anesthesia or sleep using a variety of functional neuroimaging techniques(includingPET,functionalMRI,highdensityEEGandTMSEEG).ShealsoworkedwiththeteamofAdrianOweninCambridge,in order to design some active paradigms (such as the fMRI 'imagine playing tennis') able to detect consciousness in unresponsive noncommunicativebraindamagedpatients.In2010shealsoperformeda post-doctoral stay in Karl Friston's group at University College London,inordertoapplydynamiccausalmodelingtothestudyofeffectiveconnectivityinanesthesiavegetativestate.Sheisnowperforming asecondpostdoctoralstayattheCenterforSleepandConsciousness, University of Wisconsin (with Giulio Tononi). Her present work aims atcombiningfunctionalneuroimagingstudiesontheneuralcorrelates ofthelevelofconsciousnessinvariousstatessuchassleep,anesthesia, or brain damaged patients to a more theoretical approach. Text:CourtesyFrontiersinNeuroscience CerebralConnectivityinDisordersofConsciousness MelanieBoly,MD,Ph.D. During the last decade, functional neuroimaging of disorders of consciousness(i.e.,coma,vegetativestateandminimallyconsciousstate) has evolved from measuring resting cerebral blood low or electrical activity to studying functional response to sensory stimuli and to activeparadigmaskingpatientstoconcentrateondoingatasklikeplaying tennis. While these methods have improved the care of the patients,theyalsoshowhowdif icultitistodistinguishdifferentstates of consciousness. Brain connectivity studies aim at evaluating global cerebral function in patients with disorders of consciousness. In this talk,Iwillcoverresultsobtainedusingarangeoffunctionalandeffective connectivity approaches based on PET, fMRI, high density EEG, and TMS-EEG recordings. Experimental work performed in other unconsciousstates(i.e.,anesthesiaanddeepsleep)willalsobecompared and reviewed. Practical and conceptual implications of these studies willbediscussedinlightofrecenttheoriesofconsciousness. TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference TheFrancisCrickMemorialConference PhilipLow,Ph.D. Founder,Chairman, andCEOofNeu‐ roVigil,Inc. AdjunctProfessor, StanfordSchoolof Medicine ResearchAf iliate, MITMediaLab StephenW.Hawk‐ ing,D.Phil. Directorof Research,Centre forTheoretical Cosmology, Universityof Cambridge Philip Low is the Founder, Chairman, CSO and CEO of NeuroVigil and theinventoroftheSPEARSalgorithm.Heholdsdualappointmentsat the Stanford School of Medicine and the MIT Media Lab and two extraordinaryabilityclearancesinthe ieldofbrainsignaldetectionfrom theUSGovernment.AttherecommendationofFrancisCrick,hejoined the Salk Institute for Biological Studies where he authored in 2007 a single page Ph.D. dissertation, “ANewWayToLookAtSleep:Separation andConvergence”, unanimously approved by six members of the US NationalAcademyofSciences,includingtwoformerpresidentsofthe SocietyforNeuroscience,whichopenedanewframeworkforhumans and comparative brainwave research. Low demonstrated that sleep patternscouldbecomputationallyidenti iedusingasinglechannelof EEG,thatREMsleepwas notparadoxical,thatthe Neocortexwasnot necessary for the production of mammalian-like sleep patterns and thatEEGscontainedhigh-frequencysignalswhichcouldthemselvesbe extractednon-invasively. In2009,NeuroVigilcreatediBrain,aportableneuralactivitymonitor, whichincombinationwithLow’salgorithmicmethods,madethe irst outpatientpharmaceuticalclinicaltrialfortheBrainpossible.Histechnology has since been requested by academic, industrial and government institutions throughout the world, for a myriad of neurological applications,fromAutismtoTBIandwaslistedbytheNewYorkTimes among “32 Innovations That Will Change Your Tomorrow.” Low’s honors include the MIT TR-35 Top Young Innovator Award and the InauguralJacobs-RadyPioneerAward,givenevery iveyears.In2011, NeuroVigil was recognized by FastCompany and TheWashingtonPost asoneofthe“Top10MostInnovativeCompaniesinHealthCare”and thefollowingyear,hewasaskedbytheWhiteHousetoadviseonNeuroscienceprojects. StephenHawkingistheformerLucasianProfessorofMathematicsat the University of Cambridge and author of ABriefHistory ofTime whichwasaninternationalbestseller.NowDirectorofResearchatthe InstituteforTheoreticalCosmologyatCambridge,hisotherbooksfor the general reader include ABrieferHistoryofTime, the essay collectionBlackHolesandBabyUniverseandTheUniverseinaNutshell. In 1963, Hawking contracted motor neurone disease and was given two years to live. Yet he went on to Cambridge to become a brilliant researcherandProfessorialFellowatGonvilleandCaiusCollege.Since 1979 he has held the post of Lucasian Professor at Cambridge, the chair held by Isaac Newton in 1663. Professor Hawking has over a dozen honorary degrees and was awarded the CBE in 1982. He is a fellowoftheRoyalSocietyandaMemberoftheUSNationalAcademy of Science. Stephen Hawking is regarded as one of the most brilliant theoreticalphysicistssinceEinstein. Text:CourtesyHawking.org.uk TowardsEstablishingNeuralCorrelatesofIntendedMovementsandSpeech PhilipLow,Ph.D.&StephenW.Hawking,D.Phil. Single-ChanneliBrainEEGrecordingswereconductedinahigh-functioning70yearoldALS patientattemptingtomoveoneoffourlimbsafteraverbalcue:theleftandrighthandand foot. Raw EEG signals were analyzed with the SPEARS algorithm in order to make highfrequency/low spectral power signals detectable. Concurrent video recordings were obtained.Duringtheattemptedmovements,thesubject'sbrainactivitydemonstrateddistinct broad-spectrumpulsesextendingtotheGammaandultra-highGammaranges.Suchpulses were present in the absence of actual movement and absent when the subject was not attemptingmotion.ActivityintheAlpharangewasdetectedwhenthesubjectclosedhiseyes, asexpected.Theemergenceofsuchhighbandwidthbiomarkersopensthepossibilitytolink intendedmovementstoalibraryofwordsandconvertthemintospeech,thusprovidingALS suffererswithcommunicationtoolsmoredependentonthebrainthanonthebody. Acknowledgments: NeuroVigil is especially grateful to Daniel Furman for initial preparations for this conference,toJasonMcInerneyforwebandtechnicaloversight,toMichaelCurryforworkonthe newsletter,toEmilyPolidanforinitialprogramdesign,toCaitlinCummingsfor inalizingthe program,speakercoordinationandforon-siteassistanceaswellastoRileyLandreth,Luke Wiley and Reza Salimi-Khorshidi for help during the FCMC. We are especially grateful to CambridgeUniversityfortheirwillingnesstohostthisunprecedentedconferenceandtothe wonderful staff at Churchill College, especially Carol Robinson for overall logistics, Kelly Bridgeforcoordination,TimCooperforAudio/VideoSupportandthecateringandsecurity staffs.Thisconferencewouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthecommitmentandgenerosity of our speakers, many of whom have traveled far, many with their own resources, and despite prior engagements or health concerns, to present indings challenging our understandingofconsciousness.Weareimmenselygratefultothem.Wearealsoverythankfulto our investors as well as to the Mind Science Foundation, ResMed, the Brain Corporation, BrainVision,UK,theComparativeCognitionSocietyandColdSpringHarborPressforsupporting our efforts, and to our audience and artists, John Houser and Keri Kukral and the media,including the BBC andCNN,for joiningusonthis historicday. Manythanks toStephenHawkingforagreeingtohavehisstudieswithDr.Lowpresentedatthisconference.A specialnoteofthanksisalsoduetotheCrickFamilyforsharingabeautifulportraitofFrancis Crick by his late wife, the artist Odile Crick, with the conference and for giving us the honortonamethisconferenceinthehonoroftheFrancisCrick,ascientistwithanunrivaled mixofrigor,creativityandboldness.
