the effect of chemical and organic fertilization on phytoplankton

THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZATION ON
PHYTOPLANKTON AND FISH PRODUCTION IN CARP (CYPRINIDAE)
POLYCULTURE SYSTEM
EL EFECTO DE LA FERTILIZACIÓN QUÍMICA Y ORGÁNICA
SOBRE EL FITOPLANCTON Y LA PRODUCCIÓN DE PECES EN
UN SISTEMA DE POLICULTIVO DE CARPAS (CYPRINIDAE)
Ponce-Palafox JT1, Arredondo-Figueroa JL2,3, Castillo-Vargasmachuca SG1, Rodríguez Chávez G1, Benítez Valle
A1, Regalado de Dios MA1, Medina Carrillo F1, Navarro Villalobos R1, Gómez Gurrola JA1, López Lugo P1.
Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Unidad Académica de la Escuela Nacional de Ingeniería Pesquera.
Unidad de Bioingeniería Costera. Bahía de Matanchén Km. 12, Carretera a los Cocos. San Blas, Nayarit.
México. C.P. 63740. 2Posta Zootécnica, Departamento de Zootécnia, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias,
3
Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Jesús María, Apartado Postal 3, C.P. 20900, Aguascalientes,
Aguascalientes.
1
Abstract
Resumen
This study reports the effects of
sheep and pig liquid manure, and chemical
fertilizer on the phytoplankton, primary productivity and aquaculture production in the cultivation of carp in semi-rustic ponds. The total
yield was 4.632 kg in two hectares. Treatment
with chemical fertilizers was found to present
the highest yield with 10.06 ± 0.67 (kg/Ha/day),
followed by treatment with pig manure (8.27
± 1.24 kg/Ha/day) and sheep manure (6.33 ±
1.95 kg/Ha/day). It was also found that concentrations of phytoplankton were significantly (p
<0.05) higher in ponds fertilized with sheep and
pig manure (945.940 and 1,157,706 cells/ml,
respectively) than in ponds where chemical fertilizer was used (744.560 cells/ml). In general,
conditions were adequate to obtain high yields
without commercial feed, thus organic fertilizer
application can be recommended because of
its availability and low cost.
Se estudiaron los efectos del abono líquido de borrego y cerdo, y un fertilizante químico,
sobre el fitoplancton, la productividad primaria y
la producción acuícola en el cultivo de carpas en
estanques semirústicos. El rendimiento total fue
de 4,632 kg en dos hectáreas. Se encontró que
el tratamiento con fertilización química presentó el mayor rendimiento con 10.06±0.67 (kg/Ha/
día), seguido por tratamiento con abono de cerdo
(8.27±1.24 kg/Ha/día) y el de borrego (6.33±1.95
kg/Ha/día). También, se encontró que en los estanques fertilizados con abono de borrego y cerdo
se presentaron las concentraciones de fitoplancton (945,940 y 1,157,706 cells/ml, respectivamente) significativamente (p <0.05) más altas que en
los estanques donde se aplico fertilización química (744,560 cells/ml). Las condiciones en general
fueron adecuadas para obtener altos rendimientos sin alimentos comerciales y la aplicación de
abonos orgánicos puede ser recomendada debido a su disponibilidad y bajo costo.
Keywords: polyculture, fertilization, manure,
water quality, carp.
Palabras clave: policultivo, fertilización, abonos, calidad del agua, carpa.
Corresponding Author:
Ponce Palafox J. T., Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Unidad Académica de la Escuela Nacional de Ingeniería Pesquera. Unidad de Bioingeniería Costera. Bahía de Matanchén Km. 12, Carretera a los Cocos. San Blas, Nayarit. México. C.P. 63740. Teléfono y Fax: (323)2312120.
Correo electrónico: jesus.ponce@usa.net
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Introduction
Fish culture with manures as the
main nutritional input is a long-time practice
in China (Tang, 1970). Nevertheless the wide
use of mineral fertilizers in industrialized
countries; those are supply limited and even
expensive in many low developed nations.
Animal manures, which are generally plentiful worldwide, constitute a low- to intermediate-cost nutrient source. The study of fertilization in the carp polyculture has focused to
address issues about the effect of chemical
and organic fertilization on water quality and
growth of carp (Olah, 1986; Ponce-Palafox
et al., 1994; Vromant et al., 2002; Dhawan,
2002), the water quality and fish production
in ponds with organic fertilization and no fertilization (Nikolova et al., 2008a, 2008b) and
the effect of supplemental feeding on water
quality and structure of phytoplankton in
ponds fertilized with tilapia and carp (AbdelTawwab et al., 2007).
different types of fertilizers in ponds its composition, growth, relationships between groups
and their dynamics in daily fluctuations and
monthly, indicating that they depend of various
factors, including predation, the incidence light
and nutrient type (O ‘Brien and Noyelles, 1974;
Schroeder 1975; Almazan and Boyd, 1978, Wilkins and Piedrahita, 1988; Moustaka and Nikolaidis, 1992; Vadas, 1992). It is important to the
understanding of diversity wealth, other characteristics of phytoplankton and the function
performed by the channels trophic polyculture
systems. In Mexico, works on the issues are
few and far between, therefore carried out this
work with In order to estimate some effects on
their abundance and composition of three fertilizer treatments: organic, inorganic and mixed
pond polyculture of fish. In the present study,
the effects of manures and mineral fertilizer on
phytoplankton and fish production were evaluated in ponds stocked with carp polyculture.
The first link in food chains inland
waters are phytoplankton and are an indicator
of production level. Within these environments,
ponds fish with a high abundance characterized as highly eutrophic systems primary productivity, and promote the growth of fish in a
polyculture fish, particularly filters. In ponds fertilized phytoplankton increase is due to the intensity and type, as productivity increases with
careful management, with a continuous and
controlled addition of inorganic and / or organic
fertilizers to produce autotrophic organisms.
(Hepher and Pruginin, 1981)
Materials and methods
There have been several works research regarding the development of phytoplankton, was described some effects of
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This work was carried out at the integrated fish farm in Hidalgo State, Mexico
(20°11’56.99”N; 99°16’53.10”O; 1,966 m.a.s.l.).
Nine ponds (Fig.1) with surface area 0.14 to
0.45 Ha were used in this study. Each pond
was stocked with five species: grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (50%), silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (2%), bighead Aristichthys nobilis (15%), bream carp Megalobrama
amblycephala (13%) and mirror carp Cyprinus
carpio specularis (20%), at one stocking rate
(15,000 fishes/Ha), for a duration of 300 days.
The reference values were according to the experience made on the farm for several years
marked by aquaculturists.
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Figure 1. Integrated fish farm polyculture in Tezontepec de Aldama, Hidalgo State, Mexico. (20°11’56.99”N; 99°16’53.10”O;
1,966 m.a.s.l.).
These fish ponds (Fig. 1) received
liquid sheep manure (2,6,9 ponds), liquid
pig manure (1,3,8 ponds) and mineral fertilizer (urea and triple superphosphate) (4,5,7
ponds) at daily intervals; volumes of manure
used were 1.7 to 3.5 m3/Ha/day (34.0 to 70.0
kg dry matter/Ha/day). The ponds were assigned to each treatment in a randomized design
with three replicates per treatment. At the out
let of each pond were determined variables
of water quality and productivity. Water dissolved oxygen (mg/L) and ammonium (mg/L)
concentration were measured every 15 days.
Primary productivity, gross primary, respiration and phytoplankton were measured every
30 days using the procedures outlined by
Boyd (1990) and Arredondo-Figueroa and
Ponce-Palafox (1998). Values for fish yield
and biomass were determined for each pond,
following EIFAC (1980) guidelines. Analysis
of variance was used to detect significant
differences in biological factors between
treatments. Treatments were compared using
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the Tukey’s test. The analyses were done
using SPSS 10.0 for Windows package.
Results and discussion
The study was carried out in average water temperature of 23 °C, which is within the range of studies in the region of 22 to
25 °C. The carp need at least 18 ºC minimum
temperature for growth (Arredondo-Figueroa
and Juarez, 1986), so there was no negative
effect on the growth of polyculture. After temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration of
water is the most important variable in a pond
culture system (Arredondo-Figueroa and Ponce-Palafox, 1998). The concentration of this
variable was 8.8 to 10.4 mg/L throughout the
culture (Table 1). This concentration of dissolved oxygen in water is found above the minimum reported for these species (3.25 mg/L) in
the region by Gonzalez et al. (2002), without
affecting the growth of carp.
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Table 1. Water quality and productivity data in carp polyculture.
Parameter
Sheep
manure
Pig
manure
Mineral
fertilizer
Temperature (°C)
23.2±2.2
23.4±2.1
23.1±1.5
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
8.8±3.9a
9.9±4.5a
Ammonium (mg/L)
0.03±0.09
10.4±2.5a
0.08±0.13
a
a
0.04±0.10a
Primary Productivity (gC/m3/h)
0.83±0.55a
0.89±0.74a
0.75±0.70a
Gross primary (gC/m3/h)
0.95±1.17a
1.01±1.16a
0.96±1.32a
Respiration (mg02/L)
0.24±0.33
0.26±0.22
0.29±0.42a
a
a
Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different at p< 0.05
There have been studies on carp polyculture in extensive systems in central Mexico, where densities have been used 5,0009,000 org/Ha (Navarrete et al., 2000), it was
decided to use a semi -Intensive pond density
of 15,000 org /Ha. In addition to previous tests
performed in fish ponds of “Granja Experimental de Policultivo de Peces” in Tezontepec de
Aldama, Hidalgo, Mexico, used for this study
determined the density selected.
The phytoplankton, productivity and
respiration were representative for the open
waters of the whole ponds. Chlorophytes were
the dominant phytoplankton group in the culture ponds throughout the experiment, followed
by the Bacillariophytes and Cianophytes (Table 2). Padmavathi and Prasad (2009) in carp
ponds in India found that the major groups of
phytoplankton present were also those reported
in this study. There was high concentration of
Cianophytes, Chlorophytes and Bacilariophytes
in pig manure, and Chlorophytes in sheep manure and mineral fertilizer. Phytoplankton was
represented by 40 genera, 16 of which were
found more frequently in the system. Debeljak
and Adamek (1994) found that the structure of
phytoplankton in fish ponds with the poultry fertilizer made up 131 species, and in the fish ponds
treated with the mineral fertilizer 105 species. Relative abundance changed with time, with Chlorophytes being the dominant species in the winter and Bacilariophytes and Cianophytes in the
warm season. The dominant species was Chlorophytes with significant difference (p< 0.05).
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Table 2. Phytoplankton groups (cells/mL) on
carp ponds.
Group
Sheep
manure
Pig
manure
Cianophytes
178,950b
255,200a 132,440c
Chlorophytes
660,690a
225,990b 284,170b
Euglenophytes
59,050b
175,050a 154,650a
Bacilariophytes 259,016
Total
a
Mineral
fertilizer
289,700a 173,300b
1,157,706a 945,940a 744,560b
Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different at p< 0.05
Diversity index fluctuated between
0.25 to 5.6 bits, which corresponds to an increase in the available niches in the warm season
and characteristic of eutrophic waters with high
productivity. These conditions seem to be good
for the growth of fish species, especially for the
filter-feeding ones. It was found that in ponds
fertilized with sheep manure and pig showed
concentrations of phytoplankton (945,940 and
1,157,706 cells/ml, respectively) significantly
(p <0.05) higher than in ponds where chemical
fertilizer was applied (744.560 cells/ml). These concentrations of phytoplankton are higher
than those reported by Molina-Astudillo et al.
(2003) in carp ponds which manure using cow
(17,008 to 630,731 cells/ml).
Respiration was evaluated by means
of light and dark bottles, with an average value from 0.24 to 0.29 mgC/L/three hours (25%
gross photosynthesis). Respiration had a similar tendency in animal manure treatments.
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Gross photosynthesis maintained an increasing tendency of 0.95 to 1.0 mgC/L /three hours
and primary productivity with values between
0.75 and 0.89 mgC/L/three hours. Primary productivity revealed a differential pattern between
organic manures and mineral fertilizers. There
are no publications on the production-respiration in carp polyculture ponds.
The yield of carp was significantly
more in mineral fertilizer ponds (10.06 kg/Ha/
day) than in pig (8.27 kg/Ha/day) and sheep
(6.33 kg/Ha/day) manure ponds (Table 3). In
general, the final biomass obtained from 458.4
to 577.6 kg is within that reported by Gonzalez
et al. (2002) of 540 kg for carp polyculture without supplemental feed.
Table 3. Production, yield and survival data in carp polyculture.
Parameter
Sheep
manure
Pig
manure
Mineral
fertilizer
Surface area (m2)
2,228±250a
2,069±210a
1,970±180a
Biomass initial (kg)
6.40±1.82a
Biomass final (kg)
474.8±193.4
6.89±1.44a
a
7.19±1.3a
458.4±133.3
a
577.6±85.7a
Fish yield (kg/ Ha/ day) 6.33±1.95a
8.27±1.24a
10.06±0.67b
Survival (%)
81.4±9.0a
81.7±6.0a
73.5±18.1a
Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different at p< 0.05
Added manure or fertilizer had a positive effect (Vromant et al., 2002) on the dissolved
oxygen, phytoplankton and primary productivity.
All the treatments did not degrade the physicochemical properties of water (Ponce-Palafox et
al., 1994). The liquid sheep manure and liquid
pig manure cause wide fluctuations in the water
quality, mainly dissolved oxygen concentration
which is shown in the largest standard deviations of 3.9 and 4.5 (mg/L) for sheep and pig,
respectively, and lower in the mineral fertilizer
(2.5 mg/L). The ammonium it was significantly
higher in the mineral fertilizer. Information about
the potential production level of a fertilized fishpond is indispensable for its rational management. From the data collected by Barbe et al.
(1999) statistical treatment evidenced relationships between phytoplankton types, chlorophyll
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densities and fish production levels. Combining
both five typical groups of phytoplankton and
five different concentrations of chlorophyll a
arranged into a grid, it was possible to determine the potential fish production of the ponds (up
to over 500 kg/Ha).
In general, an inverse relationship was
found between the abundance of phytoplankton
and fish yield and a direct relationship between
yield and concentration of dissolved oxygen of
pond water. The general conditions were adequate to obtain high yields without commercial
feeds (2.0 ton/Ha), higher than those found in
temperate regions (0.72 ton/Ha) of Europe (
Nikolova et al., 2008a) and the application of organic manures can be recommended because
of their availability and low cost.
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