Spanish II Chapters 8-13 Final Exam Review Vocabula

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Spanish II Chapters 8-13 Final Exam Review
Vocabulary
For chapters 8-13, you must know all the vocabulary and how to apply it in a sentence.
Grammar
Chapter 8
Los usos de estar – to be
Use estar for location, to talk about conditions and characteristics that are not always
associated with that person or thing, and to form the present progressive tense.
-Estoy en la escuela. -I am in school.
-La venda está limpia- The bandage is clean.
Ser vs. Estar. Estar changes easily, ser does not.
Juan es guapo. (ser)- Juan is handsome.
íQué guapo estás hoy! (estar)- How nice you look today!
Present Progressive
The present progressive is formed by present tense of estar and the present participle (-ing).
This shows what is currently happening.
Patricia está cruzando la calle. - Patricia is crossing the street.
Present Participle (-ing) for -er, -ir verbs end with -iendo.
Present Participle (ing) for -ar verbs end with -iendo.
Hablar- Estoy hablando- I am talking.
Comer- Estamos comiendo- We are eating.
Escribir- Están escribiendo- They are writing.
Reflexive or object pronouns can be placed before the verb form of estar or they can be
attached to the end of the present participle.
Me estoy divertiendo.
Estoy divertiéndome. - Both sentences mean I am enjoying myself,
or more easily understood as I am having fun.
Affirmative Words
Negative Words
Alguien- someone
Nadie- No one, nobody
Algo- something
Nada- nothing
Alguno, alguna (pronoun)- some
Ninguno, ninguna( pronoun)- none
Siempre- always
Nunca- never
También- Also
Tampoco- neither
*Use double negatives in Spanish!
-Yo no conozco a nadie. I do not know no one.
El se impersonal
In Spanish, we use se + ud./el/ella or Uds/ellos/ellas form of the verb to refer to "people in
general."
Se habla español.
Se venden perfumes en esa tienda.
Spanish is spoken (here).
They sell perfume in that store.
Chapter 9
*Imperfect Progressive is used to describe something that was taking place at a certain time
in the past. It is formed by the imperfect tense of estar + present participle (-ing) - endings ando/-iendo
Estaba comiendo. - I was eating.
Estabas caminando. - You were walking.
Estaba hablando. - He/She/You f. was talking
Estábamos cocinando. We were cooking.
Estaban tomando medicina. They/You p. were taking medicine.
* The preterite tense is used tell that something began and ended in the past, and the
imperfect progressive describes something that was taking place.
-Cuando llegó la ambulancia, el niño estaba llorando. - When the ambulance arrived, the boy
was crying.
Subject Pronouns
Preterite Ending -ar verbs
Caminar- to walk
Preterite Endings -er, & -ir verb
Encender-to turn on, to light
yo
caminé
encendí
tú
caminaste
encendiste
él/ella/Ud.
caminó
encendió
nosotros
caminamos
encendimos
ellos/ellas/Uds.
caminaron
encendieron
Preterite of Caerse is very important, creer, and leer follow the same pattern. Remember if
the verb ends with -se, you need me, te, se, nos, se
Subject Pronouns
Present Tense
Preterite Tense (Past Tense)
Caerse- to fall
Caerse
yo
Me caigo
Me caí
tú
Te caes
Te caíste
él/ella/Ud.
Se cae
Se cayó
nosotros
Nos caemos
Nos caímos
Se caen
Se cayeron
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Creer & Leer
Subject Pronouns
Creer
to believe
Leer
to read
yo
creí
leí
tú
creíste
leíste
él/ella/Ud.
creyó
leyó
nosotros
creímos
leímos
ellos/ellas/Uds.
creyeron
leyeron
Mateo estaba duchándose cuando se cayó. -Mateo was showering (himself) when he fell.
Can you underline preterite and imperfect progressive and tell why they were used?
Present Tense Poner-to put, to
put on or to give (used with
injection)
Subject Pronouns Preterite Tense Poner-to put, to
put on or to give (used with
injection)
Pongo
yo
puse
Pones
tú
pusiste
Pone
él/ella/Ud.
puso
Ponemos
nosotros
pusimos
ellos/ellas/Uds.
pusieron
Ponen
El médico no me puso una inyección porque era alergica. -The doctor did not give me an
injection because I was allergic.
Chapter 10
El pretérito & Imperfecto 1,2,3
In chapter 10 we focused on uses of the preterite and imperfect. Chapter 10 has a strong
focus on vocabulary as well. Refer to pgs. 109, 1 75, & 177 to review verb form endings
for preterite and imperfect tenses.
We may use the imperfect to put an action in the context of what time it was or what
the weather was like.
Eran las ocho de la mañana cuando llegó Rafael. - It was eight o'clock, when Raphael
arrived.
-Point out imperfect and preterite tense in the sentence above and below.
El día estaba muy bonita. Hacía mucho calor cuando nadé ayer.
The day was very pretty. It was very hot when I swam yesterday.
We also use preterite and imperfect to contrast a physical, mental, or emotional state with an
action.
– Comí mucho porque tenía hambre.- _____________________________
– Me quedé en cama porque no me sentía bien. - I stayed in bed because I did not feel
well.
Also use the preterite and imperfect to contrast a continuing action with an action that has a
definite beginning and end.
Me estaba afeitando cuando occurió el terremoto. - I was shaving (myself) when the
earthquake occurred.
Verbo decir
Subject Pronouns
Present Tense Decir- to say
Preterite Tense of Decir- to say
yo
digo
Dije – I said
tú
dices
dijiste
él/ella/Ud.
dice
dijo
nosotros
decimos
dijimos
ellos/ellas/Uds.
dicen
dijeron
Chapter 11
Remember the future tense is the same for -ar, -er, -ir verbs. You do not modify the infinitive,
just attach different endings to it.
Hablar- to talk
Subject
Pronouns
Aprender:
___________
Vivir:_______________
_
hablaré
yo
aprenderé
viviré
hablarás
tú
aprenderás
vivirás
hablará
él/ella/Ud.
aprenderá
vivirá
hablaremos
nosotros
aprenderemos
viviremos
hablaran
ellos/ellas/U aprenderán
ds.
vivirán
Use also learned a few irregular verbs in the future tense. The endings are the same, but
there is a stem change.
Tener- Tendré
Poder- Podrás
Saber- Sabrá
Hacer-Hará
The future is often used with si + a verb in the present tense.
Si viajas al espacio, ¿tendrás que comer comida especial?
Chapter 12
Mandatos Afirmativos con Tú
• When you give affirmative commands to someone, you address them as tú. (yo
conjugate it in the present el/ella/ud form).
▪ Pasa por la aduana.
▪ Aprende a regatear.
• Know these irregular forms:
▪ salir (to exit)
sal
▪ ir (to go)
ve
▪ ser (to be)
sé
▪ tener (to have)
ten
Mandatos Negativos con Tú
• To form the negative commands...
▪ Conjugate the verb in the yo present tense. Ex. hablar - (yo) hablo
▪ Drop the "o".
▪ Add these endings:
◦ -ar endings - es
◦ -er/-ir endings
- as
◦ Example: No hables*
▪ For it to be negative, you need to add the "No."
◦ In stem-changing verbs the stem change remains.
▪ devolver (to return) - (yo) devuelvo - No devuelvas
▪ Recomendar (to recommend) - (yo) recomiendo - No recomiendes
▪ Seguir (to follow) - (yo) sigo- No sigas
• Verbs ending in -gar, -zar, -car
◦ -gar - g changes to gu
Ex. llegar- No llegues
◦ -zar - z changes to c
Ex. cruzar - No cruces
◦ -car - c changes to qu
Ex. tocar - No toques
• Verbs whose yo present-tense form end in -go, form the negative tú command
according to the regular rule.
▪ caerse - No caigas
▪ decir No digas
▪ hacer- No hagas
▪ poner - No pongas
▪ salir- No salgas
▪ tener - No tengas
▪ traer - No traigas
Irregular verbs negative commands:
▪ Ir- No vayas
▪ Ser- No seas
•
Chapter 13
Subjunctive
• Subjunctive is used to say what a person wants (querer), tell (decir), suggest (sugerir), or
recommend (recomendar). (vs. the indicative mood – states facts and actual events)
•
For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:
1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
2. Then drop the -o ending.
3. Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:
-e, -es, -e, -emos, en
-er and -ir verbs:
-a, -as, -a, -amos, -an
•
Each subjuctive sentence has 2 verbs: the “hint verb” and the subjuctive verb.
•
“que” always goes before the subjunctive verb.
•
Example: Sus padres no quieren que Tomás coma camarones.//His parents do not want
that Tomas eat shrimp.
•
Verbs that have a stem change in the present- keeps it in the subjuctive.
Example: El camarero quiere que pruebes la tarta de limón.
•
Verbs that end in...
◦
-car ( c-qu)
◦ -gar (g-gu)
buscar
que yo busque-
Mamá quiere que busquemos ajo.
apagar
que yo apague – Recomendamos que Juan apague
la barabacoa.
◦ -zar (z – c)
cruzar
que yo cruce - Sugiero que crucemos las calle.