Quiénes son los principales beneficiarios de la

.,6763Ð;0*(+,3(:+96.(:
¦8\PtULZZVUSVZWYPUJPWHSLZILULÄJPHYPVZKLSH
WYVK\JJP}UKLKYVNHZLU(MNHUPZ[mU&
ALAIN LABROUSSE
:VJP}SVNV`WLYPVKPZ[HWYLZPKLU[LKLS6IZLY]H[VYPV.LVWVSx[PJVKLSHZ+YVNHZ6.+7HYxZ-YHUJPH
TRADUCCIÓN
9HT}U:LYUH]VS\U[HYPVKL7/)HSLHYLZ`1VZt(U[VUPV10TtULa(ZVJPHJP}U7YV`LJ[V/VTIYL
PA L A B R A S C L AV E : (MNHUPZ[mUHKVYTPKLYHVWPVWYVK\JJP}UKLKYVNHZPSxJP[HZ[YmMPJVKLKYVNHZ
[HSPIHULZILULMPJPHYPVZKLWYVK\JJP}UPSxJP[HKLKYVNH
3HZJHTWH|HZKLLYYHKPJHJP}UKLSVZJ\S[P]VZPSxJP[VZHKVY
[HU HS[VZ ` LZ[mU [HU YLWHY[PKVZ X\L SV PTWPKLU ,U LZ[L
TPKLYHWYPUJPWHSTLU[LUVOHUSSLNHKVHKHYZ\ZMY\[VZH
HY[xJ\SVZLL_WVULUSHZJH\ZHZKLSHWLYZPZ[LUJPHKLLZ[VZ
WLZHYKLSHH`\KHYLJPIPKHKLSHZJHTWH|HZ`KLSH\TLU
J\S[P]VZ PSxJP[VZ H SH ]La X\L ZL WHZH YL]PZ[H H KPMLYLU[LZ
[VKLSVZWYLJPVZKLSHZWYVK\JJPVULZHNYxJVSHZZLN‚ULS
LZ[\KPVZLPUMVYTLZX\LOHISHUKLSVZWYPUJPWHSLZILULÄ
‚S[PTVPUMVYTLOLJOVW‚ISPJVLUMLIYLYVKLLZ[LH|V:VU
JPHYPVZ[YH[HUKVKLWYLJPZHYLUX\tTLKPKHJVU[YPI\`LH
T\JOVZSVZMHJ[VYLZX\LPU[LYHJ[‚HU`SVZILULÄJPVZZVU
ÄUHUJPHYSHPUZ\YYLJJP}UKLSVZ[HSPIHULZ
LAS RAZONES DE LA PERSISTENCIA DE
LOS CULTIVOS ILÍCITOS EN 2008
W\LISVZ ZP[\HKVZ LU [VKHZ SHZ WYV]PUJPHZ KLS WHxZ1 ,Z[H
LUJ\LZ[HZLYLÄLYLHSHZPLTIYHKLSHHKVYTPKLYH`ZLOH
HWSPJHKVHKLLZ[VZW\LISVZ*VTVLSKLSVZHNYP
3H6ÄJPUHKLSHZ5HJPVULZ<UPKHZJVU[YHSH+YVNH`LS+L
SP[V<56+*HJHIHKLW\ISPJHY\UPUMVYTLKLL[HWHX\L
ZLIHZHLUSHZWYLN\U[HZOLJOHZHSVZHNYPJ\S[VYLZKL 1
<56+*¸(MNOHUPZ[HU6WP\T>PU[LY9HWPK(ZZLZZTLU[:\Y]L`¹-LIYLYV
2008
3
PROYECTO
3HZJHTWH|HZKLLYYHKPJHJP}UWHYLJLUZLYWVJV
KPZ\HZP]HZ!LUSVZW\LISVZWYVK\J[VYLZKL
VWPVLSOHUJ\S[P]HKVSHHKVYTPKLYHWLZLHS
HYYHUX\LKLSHZWSHU[HJPVULZLU
J\S[VYLZUVOHWVKPKV[VKH]xHKHYZHSPKHHSHWYVK\JJP}UYt
JVYKKLSH|V[VULSHKHZLULSJVUQ\U[VKLSWHxZ
LUS\NHYKL;LU`;LU`HSH]PZ[H
KL X\L SVZ WYLJPVZ KLS VWPV OHU JHxKV LU WPJHKV ZL LZ
WLYHX\LSHJVZLJOH¸OH`HKPZTPU\PKVSPNLYHTLU[L¹+VJL
WYV]PUJPHZLUNLULYHSZP[\HKHZLULSUVY[LLSUVYLZ[L`LS
JLU[YVLUS\NHYKLSHZ[YLJLKLSH|VWHZHKVUVWYVK\JPYmU
VWPV,UKPLaWYPUJPWHSTLU[LLS)HKHROZOHU`LS5HUNHOHY
SHWYVK\JJP}UKPZTPU\PYm`LUSHTH`VYWHY[LZP[\HKHZ
LULSZ\YJVTV!LS/LSTHUKLS2HUKHOHYVLS<Y\aNHUtZ[H
ZLTHU[LUKYmLZ[HISLVZLPUJYLTLU[HYm
,MLJ[P]HTLU[L LU LS Z\Y SH HKVYTPKLYH ZL J\S[P]H LU LS
KL SVZ W\LISVZ X\L OHU ZPKV LUJ\LZ[HKVZ! LULS/LSTHUK LULS<Y\aNHULULS2HUKHOHY
LU LS -HYHO L[J ,S PUMVYTL OH LZ[\KPHKV SH JVYYL
SHJP}U LU[YL SH H`\KH YLJPIPKH V UV WVY LZ[VZ W\LISVZ `
SH PTWVY[HUJPH KL SVZ J\S[P]VZ PSxJP[VZ! LU[YL SVZ W\L
ISVZOHUYLJPIPKV\UHHZPZ[LUJPHLULSmTIP[V
HNYxJVSHIHQVSHMVYTHKLZLTPSSHZHIVUVVSHPUZ[HSHJP}U
KL YLKLZ KL YPLNV2 ,U LS UVY[L LS KL SVZ X\L OHU
YLJPIPKV \UH H`\KH OHU J\S[P]HKV SH HKVYTPKLYH H WLZHY
KL[VKV`LS OHHJ[\HKVKLSTPZTVTVKVLULSZ\Y
,S V[YV MHJ[VY X\L WYVWPJPH SHZ HJ[P]PKHKLZ PSxJP[HZ LZ SH
PUZLN\YPKHK ,U LS KL SHZ SVJHSPKHKLZ X\L JVUVJLU
JVUKPJPVULZKLZLN\YPKHKWYLJHYPHZpoor`LULSLU
SHZX\LtZ[HZZVUJYx[PJHZ]LY`WVVYSVZJHTWLZPUVZOHU
J\S[P]HKVSHHKVYTPKLYH,ULSZ\Y`LULSVLZ[LLS
KLSVZHNYPJ\S[VYLZLU[YL]PZ[HKVZ[HTIPtUSVOHUOLJOV`
LULSLZ[LtZ[VZYLWYLZLU[HULS
3HZJHTWH|HZKLLYYHKPJHJP}UWHYLJLUZLYWVJVKPZ\HZP]HZ!
LUSVZW\LISVZWYVK\J[VYLZKLVWPVLSOHJ\S[P]HKV
SHHKVYTPKLYHWLZLHSHYYHUX\LKLSHZWSHU[HJPVULZLU
3VTPZTVOHVJ\YYPKVLULSKLSHZSVJHSPKHKLZKVUKL
UVZLOHLTWYLUKPKVUPUN\UHHJJP}U-PUHSTLU[LLS<56+*
0IPKLTW
2
4
VIZLY]HX\LSVZJ\S[P]VZKLJHUUHIPZX\LWYVK\JLUWYmJ[P
JHTLU[L[HU[VKPULYVWVYOLJ[mYLHJVTVLSVWPVZPN\LUKL
ZHYYVSSmUKVZL:LJ\S[P]HLULSKLSVZW\LISVZLUS\NHY
KLSKLSH|VHU[LYPVYLUX\LSHWYVK\JJP}UYLWYLZLU[HIH
/H LU LS JVUQ\U[V KLS WHxZ /H LU JVU[YH /HWHYHSHHKVYTPKLYH
ALGUNAS BUENAS NOTICIAS
,U LZ[L JVU[L_[V X\L PUJP[H HS WLZPTPZTV Z\IZPZ[LU
ZPU LTIHYNV HSN\UHZ YHaVULZ KL LZWLYHUaH ,U LS )H
KHROZOHU X\L OH ZPKV K\YHU[L T\JOV [PLTWV \UH KL
SHZ WYPUJPWHSLZ WYV]PUJPHZ WYVK\J[VYHZ KL HKVYTPKLYH SH
WYVK\JJP}UZLN\PYmKLJYLJPLUKVKLZW\tZKLX\LO\IPLYH
YLK\JPKV Z\ Z\WLYÄJPL KL /H LU H /HLU3HZYHaVULZKLLZ[HL]VS\JP}UWVZP[P]HOHU
ZPKV HUHSPaHKHZ WVY KVZ L_WLY[VZ LU J\S[P]VZ PSxJP[VZ LU
(MNHUPZ[mU3,Z[PTHUX\LLZLSYLZ\S[HKVKLSHWVSx[PJHKL
SHZH\[VYPKHKLZWYV]PUJPHSLZX\LOHUMH]VYLJPKVLSHSaHKL
SVZWYLJPVZKLSHZWYVK\JJPVULZHNYxJVSHZSLNHSLZ`KLSVZ
WYVK\J[VZKLSHNHUHKLYxH\UHTLQVYHLUSVZTLKPVZKL
[YHUZWVY[L\UHKP]LYZPÄJHJP}UKLSHZM\LU[LZKLLTWSLV`
\UHZ\IPKHKLSVZZHSHYPVZKLSVZVIYLYVZHNYxJVSHZ,Z[H
WVSx[PJH OH PKV HJVTWH|HKH KL JHTWH|HZ HU[PKYVNH KP
M\UKPKHZWVYSHYHKPV`LUSHZTLaX\P[HZ:PULTIHYNVSVZ
WYVNYLZVZLJVU}TPJVZX\LOHUILULÄJPHKVHSVZJHTWL
ZPUVZZ}SVOHUHSJHUaHKVSHZaVUHZWY}_PTHZKLSHZJP\
KHKLZTmZPTWVY[HU[LZKLSHWYV]PUJPH1\YT`)HOHYHR
,USHZYLNPVULZHSLQHKHZKLTVU[H|HKVUKLSHHKVYTPKL
YHLZSH‚UPJHWSHU[HJ\S[P]HKHX\LJYLJLWVYLUJPTHKLSVZ
TL[YVZKLHS[P[\KUVZLWLYJPILUPUN\UHTLQVYH`SH
WYVK\JJP}UKLSVWPVUVOHKPZTPU\PKV
+H]PK 4HUZÄLSK HUK (KHT 7HPUL ¸,]PKLUJL MYVT [OL ÄLSK! <UKLYZ[HU
KPUN*OHUNPUN3L]LSZVM6WP\T7VWW`*\S[P]H[PVUPU(MNOHUPZ[HU(9,<
(MNOHUPZ[HU9LZLHYJOHUK,]HS\H[PVU<UP[)YPLÄUN7HWLYZ:LYPLZW
3
PROYECTO
,USHZYLNPVULZHSLQHKHZKLTVU[H|HKVUKL
SHHKVYTPKLYHLZSH‚UPJHWSHU[HJ\S[P]HKH
X\LJYLJLWVYLUJPTHKLSVZTL[YVZ
KLHS[P[\KUVZLWLYJPILUPUN\UHTLQVYH`SH
WYVK\JJP}UKLSVWPVUVOHKPZTPU\PKV
6[YVLQLTWSVWVZP[P]VLZLSKLSHWYV]PUJPHKL5HUNHYOHY4.
,Z[H ‚S[PTH OH ÄN\YHKV K\YHU[L T\JOV [PLTWV LU[YL SHZ
KVZWYPTLYHZLUSHWYVK\JJP}UKLVWPV,USVZJ\S[P
]VZOHUVJ\WHKVZ}SV /HLUS\NHYKL/H
KLS H|V HU[LYPVY ,U ZL OHU SVNYHKV THU[LULY [V
KH]xH LU /H :L OH JVUZLN\PKV LZ[L t_P[V LU \U
WYPUJPWPVWVY\UHWVSx[PJHKLJVUJLY[HJP}UX\LOHYL\UPKV
LU2HI\SLULSV[V|VKLHTPLTIYVZKLSNVIPLYUV
YLWYLZLU[HU[LZKLSVZWHxZLZKVUHU[LZ`KLSVZW\LISVZ`
HSNVILYUHKVY/HQP4VOHTTHK+PUHZxJVTVH]HYPVZJV
THUKHU[LZSVJHSLZ3VZQLMLZKL[YPI\ZSVZJVTHUKHU[LZ
`LSNVILYUHKVYZLOHIxHUJVTWYVTL[PKVLUOHJLYJ\TWSPY
SHWYVOPIPJP}UKLSVWPV
7VY Z\ WHY[L SVZ ,Z[HKVZ <UPKVZ OHIxHU HZPNUHKV \UVZ
[YLPU[HTPSSVULZKLK}SHYLZHSHWYV]PUJPH7LYVZ\\ZVUV
M\LWYLJLKPKVKL\ULZ[\KPVZVJPVLJVU}TPJVKLSHZUL
JLZPKHKLZKLSVZJHTWLZPUVZ`ZVIYL[VKVOHJVUZPZ[PKV
LU\ULZWVS]VYLVKLMVUKVZZPU]PZVZKLPTWSHU[HY\UKL
ZHYYVSSV K\YHKLYV! +PULYV WHYH [YHIHQV JHZOMVY^VYR LU
SHJVUZ[Y\JJP}UKLJHYYL[LYHZ`SHSPTWPLaHKLSVZJHUHSLZ
KP]LYZVZ[PWVZKL[HSSLYLZJ\S[P]VZHS[LYUH[P]VZUVHWV`H
,SYLZ\S[HKVJVUZLN\PKVLUOHZPKVX\L /H
KLHKVYTPKLYHZLJ\S[P]HYVULU5HUNHYOHY(OVYHIPLULU
LSV[V|VKLZLJVUJLY[}\UU\L]VHJ\LYKVLU[YLSVZ
TPZTVZ WYV[HNVUPZ[HZ X\L LU ` SVZ PU]LZ[PNHKVYLZ
KLSH<56+*HSH]PZ[HKLSHZZ\WLYÄJPLZZLTIYHKHZLU
LSV[V|VLZ[PTHUX\LSHZWYVK\JJPVULZZLVYPLU[HYmUKL
U\L]VHSHIHQHLU
7VYV[YHWHY[L\UPUMVYTLT\`PTWVY[HU[LZVIYLSHZWVSx[P
JHZ¸PU[LNYHKHZ¹KLZ[PUHKHZHHWSPJHYZLJVULSVIQL[P]VKL
JVUZLN\PYSHKLZHWHYPJP}UWYVNYLZP]HKLSVZJ\S[P]VZPSxJP[VZ
HJHIHKLZLYW\ISPJHKV5,Z[\KPHT\`LZWLJPHSTLU[LSHZ
JVUKPJPVULZ NSVIHSLZ KLS KLZHYYVSSV Y\YHS LU SHZ YLNPVULZ
KLWYVK\JJP}U!SHHNYPJ\S[\YHSHPYYPNHJP}USHJVUZ[Y\JJP}U
KL\UHYLKKLJHTPUVZ]LJPUHSLZKLH2T
LSLTWSLVL[J7YVWVULT\`WHY[PJ\SHYTLU[LSHHZPZ[LUJPH
LUSHOVY[PJ\S[\YHSHNHUHKLYxHSVZJ\S[P]VZHNYVPUK\Z[YPH
SLZSHWYVK\JJP}UKLHJLP[LZKLHSNVK}UKLMY\[VZZLJVZ
`KLU\LJLZ3HZJVYYLHZKL[YHUZTPZP}UKLLZ[HZWVSx[P
JHZKLILYxHUZLYSVZ*VUZLQVZKL+LZHYYVSSV*VT\UP[HYPVZ
*+*PUZ[H\YHKVZLULSTHYJVKLS7SHU5HJPVUHSKL:VSP
KHYPKHK5:7X\LHJ[\HSTLU[LYLWYLZLU[HU\UVZ
KVZLULZ[\KPVZKLTLYJHKVL[J
3HJHZPKLZHWHYPJP}UKLSVZJ\S[P]VZKLHKVYTPKLYHLU
OHWYV]VJHKV\UHJYPZPZWYVM\UKHLUSHZWYV]PUJPHZJVTV
SVKLT\LZ[YHLSOLJOVKLX\LJLYJHKLQ}]LULZOHU
ZVSPJP[HKVPUNYLZHYLULSLQtYJP[V\UHKLTHUKHPTWVZPISL
KLZH[PZMHJLY`HX\LZLOHKLYLZWL[HY\ULX\PSPIYPVt[UP
JVLUTH[LYPHKLYLJS\[HTPLU[V`X\LU\TLYVZHZMHTPSPHZ
OHU[VTHKVKLU\L]VLSJHTPUVKL7HRPZ[mU(KLTmZHS
H|VZPN\PLU[LUVZLOHUYLUV]HKVLZ[HZÄUHUJPHJPVULZ`H
X\L SVZ ,Z[HKVZ <UPKVZ OHU KLJPKPKV KLKPJHY Z\ H`\KH
UV H SHZ [YLZ NYHUKLZ WYV]PUJPHZ WYVK\J[VYHZ ZPUV H SHZ
X\L UV WYVK\JLU [VKV LSSV JVU LS ÄU KL ¸NYH[PÄJHYSLZ¹ `
KLWYL]LUPY\UHL]LU[\HSHWHYPJP}UKLSVZJ\S[P]VZPSxJP[VZ
*VUZLQVZX\LJ\IYLUSHZKVZ[LYJLYHZWHY[LZKLSWHxZ
,SJVZ[LLZ[PTHKVKL\UWYVNYHTHJVTVtZ[LWHYHLSWL
YPVKV KLZ[PUHKVLU\UHWYPTLYHMHZLH
W\LISVZ\U[LYJPVKLSVZX\LJ\LU[H(MNHUPZ[mUZLLZ[PTH
LUTPSSVULZKLK}SHYLZ<:(HYLSHJPVUHYJVUSVZTPS
TPSSVULZKLK}SHYLZNHZ[HKVZJHKHTLZWVYSVZ,Z[HKVZ
<UPKVZLULSTHU[LUPTPLU[VKLZ\Z[YVWHZ3HS\JOHJVU
[YHLSVWPV`SHKYVNHLUNLULYHSPTWSPJH\UH]VS\U[HKWVSx
[PJHWVYWHY[LKLSVZWHxZLZKVUHU[LZX\LSHJVU]LY[PYxHLU
\UHKLSHZWYPVYPKHKLZKLSHPU[LY]LUJP}UPU[LYUHJPVUHSLU
(MNHUPZ[mUSVX\LKPZ[HT\JOVKLZLYLSJHZV
0IPKLTWW
4
*YPZ[VWWOLY >HYK +H]PK 4HUZÄLSK 7L[LY 6SKOHT HUK >PSSPHT )`YK
¸(MNOHUPZ[HU,JVUVTPJ0UJLU[P]LZHUK+L]LSVWTLU[0UP[PH[P]LZ[VYLK\JL
6WP\T7YVK\J[PVU¹)HUX\L4VUKPHSL+-0+Mt]YPLY
5
5
PROYECTO
LAS PRODUCCIONES ILÍCITAS Y
LA INSURRECCIÓN
:PU LTIHYNV SVZ HTLYPJHUVZ ` Z\Z HSPHKVZ UV WHYHU KL
HÄYTHY X\L LS KPULYV KL SH KYVNH JVU[YPI\`L H ÄUHUJPHY
SHPUZ\YYLJJP}U7VYLQLTWSVZLW\LKLSLLYLULSJHWx[\SV
¸(MNHUPZ[mU¹KLS‚S[PTVPUMVYTLHTLYPJHUVHJLYJHKLSML
U}TLUVT\UKPHSKLSHZKYVNHZ!¸3VZ[YHÄJHU[LZKLKYVNHZ
WYVWVYJPVUHU PUNYLZVZ ` HYTHZ H SVZ [HSPIHULZ TPLU[YHZ
X\LSVZ[HSPIHULZVMYLJLUWYV[LJJP}UHSVZJ\S[P]HKVYLZ`H
SVZ[YHÄJHU[LZLPTWPKLUX\LPU[LYÄLYHLSNVIPLYUVLUZ\Z
HJ[P]PKHKLZ6¹
7HYHPU[LU[HYL]HS\HYSHWLY[PULUJPHKLLZ[HZHÄYTHJPVULZ
LZWYLJPZV[LULYLUJ\LU[HSVZILULÄJPVZVI[LUPKVZKLSVZ
J\S[P]VZPSxJP[VZWVYSVZHNYPJ\S[VYLZ!LU\UHOLJ[mYLH
KL HKVYTPKLYH WYVK\JxH K}SHYLZ <:( JVU[YH K}SHYLZ<:(WVY\UHOLJ[mYLHKL[YPNV:LN‚ULS<56+*
SVZ PUNYLZVZ KL SVZ J\S[P]HKVYLZ YLWYLZLU[HIHU TPS TPSSV
ULZKLK}SHYLZLU[VKVLSWHxZ7.
3H[YHUZMVYTHJP}UKLSVWPVLUOLYVxUHZ\[YHUZWVY[LOHZ
[HSHZMYVU[LYHZ`SHL_WVY[HJP}UKLSHKYVNHLUWHY[PJ\SHY
H SH MYVU[LYH PYHX\x OH YLWYLZLU[HKV TPSSVULZ KL
K}SHYLZWHYHSVZ[YHÄJHU[LZ3VZPU]LZ[PNHKVYLZKLS6+*
OHUWYLN\U[HKVHSVZJ\S[P]HKVYLZZPWHNHIHU\UPTW\LZ
[V H SHZ M\LYaHZ HU[PN\ILYUHTLU[HSLZ 3H YLZW\LZ[H OH
ZPKV ULNH[P]H LU SHZ YLNPVULZ JLU[YHSLZ UVY[L ` UVYLZ[L
7VY LS JVU[YHYPV LS KL SVZ HNYPJ\S[VYLZ KL SHZ WYV
]PUJPHZ KLS Z\Y OH JVU[LZ[HKV X\L WHNHIHU LS \ZOLY \U
PTW\LZ[VPZSmTPJVX\LYLWYLZLU[HHSYLKLKVYKLSKL
Z\ZNHUHUJPHZ¸HT\JOVZPUKP]PK\VZ8¹!SVZHKTPUPZ[YHKV
YLZKLKPZ[YP[VSVZJVTHUKHU[LZSVJHSLZSVZT\SSHOZSVZ
JVTHUKHU[LZLU]PHKVZWVYLSNVIPLYUVWHYHHZLN\YHYSH
ZLN\YPKHKSVZ[HSPIHULZ
3V TmZ UVYTHS LZ X\L ZL YLWHY[H LS PTW\LZ[V LU[YL SVZ
T\SSHOZSVZ[HSPIHULZ`SVZJVTHUKHU[LZSVJHSLZ:\WV
UPLUKVX\LSHZYLNPVULZKLSZ\YYLWYLZLU[LUSVZKVZ[LY
JPVZ KL SHZ WYVK\JJPVULZ KL VWPV LZ[V ZPNUPÄJHYxH \UHZ
NHUHUJPHZWHYHSVZHNYPJ\S[VYLZKL\UVZTPSSVULZKL
K}SHYLZKLSVZX\LLSHSYLKLKVYKL\UVZTPSSV
ULZKLK}SHYLZZLYxHUZVTL[PKVZHSPTW\LZ[V,SKL
LZ[HZ NHUHUJPHZ ZL YLWHY[PYxHU LU[YL SVZ [YLZ WYV[HNVUPZ
[HZYLWYLZLU[HUKVWHYHSVZ[HSPIHULZ\UTm_PTVKL\UVZ
X\PUJLTPSSVULZKLK}SHYLZ
3VZPTW\LZ[VZX\LtZ[VZWLYJPILUWVYLS[YmÄJVWVKYxHU
ZLYTmZLSL]HKVZWLYV[HTIPtUT\JOVTmZHSLH[VYPVZLU
)\YLH\ VM 0U[LYUH[PVUHS 5HYJV[PJZ HUK 3H^ ,UMVYJLTLU[ (MMHPYZ ¸:V\[O
>LZ[(ZPH(MNOHUPZ[HU¸THYaV
6
<56+*¸(MNOHUPZ[HUVWP\T:\Y]L`¹W
7
<56+*VWJP[W 8
6
SHTLKPKHLUX\LSVZ[YHÄJHU[LZ`SVZJVTHUKHU[LZSVJH
SLZW\LKLUJVU[HYJVUZ\ZWYVWPHZTPSPJPHZWHYHWYV[LNLY
ZLKLSHL_[VYZP}U7VYLQLTWSVLULS/LSTHUKSHMHTPSPH
KLSVZT\SSHOZHSHX\LWLY[LULJLLSSxKLY:OLY4VOHTTHK
X\LM\LNVILYUHKVYKLSHWYV]PUJPHOHZ[HHNVZ[VKL
` X\L JVU[YVSH KLZKL KLJLUPVZ \UH WHY[L PTWVY[HU[L KL
SVZJ\S[P]VZPSxJP[VZ`KLSHWYVK\JJP}UKLOLYVxUHHZLN\YH
LSTHU[LUPTPLU[VKLSHZTPSPJPHZX\LS\JOHULULSIHUKV
N\ILYUHTLU[HS3VTPZTVZ\JLKLLUSHWYV]PUJPHKL2HU
KHOHY KVUKL LS OLYTHUV KLS 7YLZPKLU[L >HSP 2HYZH{ ZL
ILULÄJPHYxHKLSHNLULYVZPKHKKLSVZ[YHÄJHU[LZ .
,SH\[VYKL\USPIYVYLJPLU[LX\LLZ[mT\`IPLUPUMVYTHKV
ZVIYLSVZ[HSPIHULZJVTWHY[LLZ[HVWPUP}U!¸SVZ[YHÄJHU[LZ
ZVUWVJVKHKVZHJLKLY\UHWHY[LPTWVY[HU[LKLZ\ZIL
ULÄJPVZHSVZ[HSPIHULZWHY[PJ\SHYTLU[LLU\UTVTLU[VKL
Z\WLYWYVK\JJP}U ` KL \UH JVTWL[PJP}U LU[YL SVZ VÄJPHSLZ
JVYY\W[VZ ` JHKH ]La TmZ KL SVZ VÄJPHSLZ KLS LQLYJP[V
HMNHUV(5(X\LSVZJVY[LQHU10¹(\UX\LtSTPZTVYLJV
UVaJHX\LSVZ[HSPIHULZOHUPUJP[HKVJV`\U[\YHSTLU[LHSVZ
J\S[P]HKVYLZ KLS /LSTHUK LU LS V[V|V KL H J\S[P]HY
[VKH]xHTmZWPLUZHX\LSVX\LWYL[LUKxHUHU[L[VKVLYH
HOVUKHYSHKPMLYLUJPHLU[YLSVZHNYPJ\S[VYLZ`SVZIYP[mUPJVZ
X\LPIHUHKLZWSLNHYZLLULZ[HWYV]PUJPHK\YHU[LSHWYPTH
]LYHKL!¸LSH\[VYLZKLSVZX\LVWPUHUX\LSHKYVNH
LZ \UH M\LU[L ZLJ\UKHYPH KL ÄUHUJPHJP}U WHYH SVZ [HSPIH
ULZ/H`WVJHZWY\LIHZKLX\LLSSVZZLKLKPX\LUHPUJP[HY
H SVZ JHTWLZPUVZ H J\S[P]HY ` X\L LZ[tU PTWSPJHKVZ LU LS
[YmÄJV¹
6[YVHYN\TLU[VHKLSHU[HKVWVYLSH\[VYLZX\LZPSVZJV
THUKHU[LZ[HSPIHULZO\IPLZLUYLJPIPKVZ\THZPTWVY[HU
[LZOHIYxHUHKX\PYPKV\UHH\[VUVTxHX\LOHIYxHMYHJJPV
UHKVSHJHKLUHKLTHUKVKLSHVYNHUPaHJP}U3VX\LUV
ZLVIZLY]H-PUHSTLU[LSVZ[HSPIHULZUVJVU[YVSHUSHMYVU
[LYH KL (MNHUPZ[mU ]PtUKVZL VISPNHKVZ H HNY\WHYZL LU
WLX\L|VZNY\WVZWHYHMYHUX\LHYSH`LZJHWHYKLSHH]PH
JP}UHSPHKHSVX\LUVSLZWLYTP[LYLJH\KHYSVZPTW\LZ[VZ
ZVIYLSHZL_WVY[HJPVULZKLKYVNH6[YVLZ[\KPVYLHSPaHKV
JVUQ\U[HTLU[LWVYLS)HUJV4\UKPHS`SH<56+*11 con
JS\xHX\LLSWYPUJPWHSHJ[VYLULS[YmÄJVLYHLS4PUPZ[LYPVKLS
0U[LYPVY!¸LZWVZPISLX\LLSWYVJLZVKLUVTIYHTPLU[VZLU
SHWVSPJxHOH`HZPKV\[PSPaHKVWVYWVKLYVZVZPU[LYLZLZLULS
4PUPZ[LYPVKLS0U[LYPVYWHYHHZ\]LaWYV[LNLY`WYVTV]LY
:LN‚U\UPUMVYTLJVUÄKLUJPHSHTLYPJHUV
(U[VUPV.\P\Z[VaaP2VYHU2HSHZOTPRVMHUKSHW[VW;OLULV;HSPIHU0U
Z\YNLUJ`PU(MNOHUPZ[HU3VUKVU/\YZ[*VTWHU`WW 10
4HYR :OH^ ¸+Y\N [YHMÄJRPUN HUK [OL KL]LSVWTLU[ VM VYNHUPaLK JYPTL
PUWVZ[[HSPIHU(MNOHUPZ[HU¹PU+VYPZ)\KKLUILY[HU>PSSPHT()`YKLK
¸(MNOHUPZ[HU»Z KY\NZ PUK\Z[Y` :[Y\J[\YL -\UJ[PVUPUN +`UHTPJZ HUK PT
WSPJH[PVUZMVY*V\U[LY5HYJV[PJZ7VSPJ`¹<56+*[OL>VYSK)HURWW
11