módulo tres

MÓDULO TRES
LOS PRONOMBRES
(Pronouns)
Un pronombre (pronoun) es una palabra que reemplaza al sustantivo. Se
utilizan para evitar la repetición innecesaria y monótona como se ilustra en el
siguiente ejemplo:
Mr. Leed read the note that Mr.Leed’s secretary had left for Mr. Leed before
Mr. Leed called Mr. Leed ‘s client.
Mr. Leed read the note that his secretary had left for him before he called his
client.
3.1 Clases de pronombres:
Personal Pronouns
(pronombres personales)
Indefinite Pronouns
(pronombres indefinidos)
3.1.1 Personal Pronouns:
Nombran a personas u objetos. Son los siguientes:
Person
First
(the
speaker)
Second
(spoken
to)
Third
(spoken
about)
Nominative Case Objective case Possessive Case
Singular
Plural singular
plural singular
plural
I
We
Me
us
my, mine
you
You
You
you
your, yours
your, yours
he
she
it
They
them
his
her, hers
its
their,theirs
him
her
it
our, ours
3.1.2 Compound personal pronouns:
Son los que terminan en self (singular) o selves (plural). También se
los conoce como reflexive pronouns (pronombres reflexivos)
Person singular
First
Second
Third
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
Plural
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
I saw myself reflected in the mirror
Me vi reflejado en el espejo
The manager of the company gave himself a modest salary increase.
El gerente de la empresa se otorgó un modesto aumento de salario.
3.1.3 Indefinite Pronouns:
A diferencia de los pronombres personales, no cambian de forma para indicar,
número o género. Estos son algunos de los pronombres indefinidos más
comúnmente usados:
All todo
Both ambos
some algunos
any alguno
each cada (uno)
anybody alguien
nobody nadie
everyone cada uno
someone alguien
few pocos
none ninguno
many muchos
anything algo
no one nadie
something algo
nothing nada
several varios
Someone left his briefcase in my office.
Alguien dejó su maletín en mi oficina.
Everyone felt that something should be done to correct the situation.
Todos pensaron que había que hacer algo para corregir la situación.
Atención:
Cuando se utilizan para modificar un sustantivo, funcionan como adjetivos
All invoices must be checked very carefully.
Toda factura debe controlarse cuidadosamente.
We have received several inquiries from prospective customers.
Hemos recibido varias consultas de posibles compradores.
3.1.4 Demonstrative pronouns (pronombres demostrativos)
Los cuatro pronombres demostrativos son:
Singular
Plural
this
these
Este, esta Estos, estas
That
those
Ese, esa,eso Esos, esas
This is mine and that is yours.
Este es mío y ese es tuyo.
These are Bill’s and those are Maria’s.
Estos son de Bill y esos son de María.
Atención:
Cuando se utilizan como adjetivos this y that modifican sustantivos en
singular; these y those modifican sustantivos en plural.
This coat belongs to Mr. Klein; that umbrella belongs to Mr. Allen
Este saco pertenence al Sr. Klein; ese paraguas pertenece al Sr. Allen
These drapes are fire-resistant but those curtains are not.
Estos cortinados son resistentes al fuego pero esas cortinas no.
3.1.5 Interrogative pronouns: (pronombres interrogativos)
Se utilizan para introducir preguntas directas o indirectas. Son:
Who quien
Whom a/ de quien
Which cual
What que
Whose cuyo
Direct question: Who is to be the keynote speaker at the dinner meeting?
¿Quién será el orador principal en la cena?
Indirect question: The interviewer asked me who founded the company.
El entrevistador me preguntó quien fundó la compañía.
3.1.6 Relative pronouns (pronombres relativos)
Who, whom, which y that también se utilizan como pronombres relativos.
The person who wishes to be considered for the job should contact me.
La persona que quiera ser considerada para el puesto debe contactarme.
Miss Lee, whom you will remember, will supervise the project.
La señorita Lee a quien recordarán, supervisará el proyecto.
Mr. Richards said that he would leave at five o’clock.
El señor Richards dijo que se retiraría a las cinco en punto.
3.2 Características de los pronombres:
A continuación nos referiremos a algunas de las características de los
pronombres: Person (persona), number (número), gender (género) y case
(caso).
3.2.1 Person:
Los pronombres personales cambian para indicar la persona que habla (first
person :I), la persona a quien se habla (second person: You) y la persona
u objeto del que se habla (third person: He, she, it).
3.2.2 Number:
Los pronombres personales cambian su forma para indicar el número
(singular or plural). I/we; you/you; he, she, it/ they.
3.2.3 Gender:
Solamente la tercera persona del singular indica el género:
He, him, his son masculino
She, her, hers son femenino
It, its son común o neutro.
3.2.4 Case:
El caso está determinado por la ubicación del pronombre en la oración:
Nominative case: We received a large order. (We es el sujeto)
(Nosotros) recibimos una orden grande.
Objective case: We saw her this morning (her es complemento directo)
La vimos esta mañana
Objective case: Frank gave me his address (me es complemento indirecto)
Frank me dió su dirección
Possessive case: Your secretary said these papers were yours (yours se
refiere y significa lo mismo que papeles).
Su secretaria dijo que estos documentos eran de usted.
Síntesis del Módulo Tres
Los pronombres
Personal Pronouns
(pronombres personales)
Person
First
(the
speaker)
Second
(spoken
to)
Third
(spoken
about)
Nominative Case Objective case Possessive Case
Singular
plural singular
plural singular
plural
I
We
Me
us
my, mine
you
You
You
you
your, yours
your, yours
he
she
it
They
them
his
her, hers
its
their,theirs
him
her
it
Compound personal pronouns
Person singular
First
Second
Third
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
Plural
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Indefinite Pronouns
All
Few
Both
None
Some
Many
Todo Pocos Ambos Ninguno algunos muchos
Any
Anything
Each
No one Anybody Something
alguno algo
Cada uno nadie
Alguien
algo
Nobody Nothing Everyone Several Someone
nadie
nada
cada uno varios
alguien
Demonstrative pronouns
Singular
Plural
this
these
Este, esta Estos, estas
That
Those
Ese, esa,eso
Esos, esas
our, ours
Interrogative pronouns
Who Whom Which What Whose
Relative pronouns
Who, whom, which that
Características de los pronombres:
Person (persona), number (número), gender (género) y case (caso).
Person:
Los pronombres personales cambian para indicar la persona que habla
(first person :I), la persona a quien se habla (second person: You) y la
persona u objeto del que se habla (third person: He, she, it).
Number:
Los pronombres personales cambian su forma para indicar el número
(singular or plural). I/we; you/you; he, she, it/ they.
Gender:
Solamente la tercera persona del singular indica el género:
He, him, his son masculino
She, her, hers son femenino
It, its son común o neutro.
Case:
El caso está determinado por la ubicación del pronombre en la oración:
Nominative case: We received a large order. (We es el sujeto)
Objective case: We saw her this morning (her es complemento directo)
Objective case: Frank gave me his address (me es complemento indirecto)
Possessive case: Your secretary said these papers were yours (yours se
refiere y significa lo mismo que papeles).
MODULO TRES
EJERCICIO UNO
Clasificación de pronombres
Indica que tipo de pronombre es el subrayado en las siguientes oraciones.
1. He read at least two newspapers every day.
……………………………………………………….
2. Sara took the folder and put it in the file .
……………………………………………………….
3 Everyone was please to hear the news. .
……………………………………………………….
4 Mr. King typed the letter himself. .
……………………………………………………….
5 This is a cheap model.
……………………………………………………….
6 Whom would you like to see?
……………………………………………………….
7 Who processed the order?
……………………………………………………….
8 where should I send them?
……………………………………………………….
9 We should do something to help him.
……………………………………………………….
10 The man who spoke tonight was Mr. Hill
……………………………………………………….
Indica que pronombre puede substituir la palabra o palabras que se encuentran entre
paréntesis.
1. (An unknown person) stole the money.
……………………………………………………….
2. (Vera) may need to hire an attorney. .
……………………………………………………….
3. We were very eager to settle (the dispute) .
……………………………………………………….
4 (Mr. Adams) prepares the sales estimates.
……………………………………………………….
5 President Fisher addressed (the graduates).
……………………………………………………….
6 (All citizens) were complaining.
……………………………………………………….
7 What do you think of (Mr. Richardson)?
……………………………………………………….
8 (The actress) gave a superb performance
……………………………………………………….
9 This may be (Mary’s) book
……………………………………………………….
10 (The order) was mailed yesterday
……………………………………………………….
MODULO TRES
RESPUESTAS
EJERCICIO UNO
Clasificación de pronombres
Indica que tipo de pronombre es el subrayado en las siguientes oraciones.
1. He read at least two newspapers every day.
PERSONAL/NOMINATIVE
2. Sara took the folder and put it in the file .
PERSONAL /OBJECTIVE
3 Everyone was please to hear the news. .
INDEFINITE
4 Mr. King typed the letter himself. .
COMPOUND PERSONAL
5 This is a cheap model.
DEMONSTRATIVE
6 Whom would you like to see?
INTERROGATIVE
7 Who processed the order?
INTERROGATIVE
8 where should I send them?
PERSONAL/OBJECTIVE
9 We should do something to help him.
INDEFINITE
10 The man who spoke tonight was Mr. Hill
RELATIVE
Indica que pronombre puede substituir la palabra o palabras que se encuentran entre
paréntesis.
1. (An unknown person) stole the money.
SOMEONE
2. (Vera) may need to hire an attorney. .
SHE
3. We were very eager to settle (the dispute) .
IT
4 (Mr. Adams) prepares the sales estimates.
HE
5 President Fisher addressed (the graduates).
THEM
6 (All citizens) were complaining.
THEY
7 What do you think of (Mr. Richardson)?
HIM
8 (The actress) gave a superb performance
SHE
9 This may be (Mary’s) book
HER
10 (The order) was mailed yesterday
IT