Research proposal by CENIT and FLACSO

Research proposal by CENIT
Innovation, productivity and competitiveness in the Argentine
manufacturing sector
Submitted for the IDB Call for research proposals on
“Innovation, R&D Investment and Productivity in Latin American & Caribbean
Firms”
Buenos Aires
September 2008
Table of Contents
1) DATA AVAILABILITY AND SOURCES ................................................................................................................ 3
2) SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES .............................................................................................................................. 4
3) PLAN OF ANALYSIS (QUANTITATIVE STUDY) ................................................................................................... 5
a) Innovation in Argentina and issues that call for further study.................................................................. 5
b) Research questions and specific objectives............................................................................................... 6
c) Research design......................................................................................................................................... 6
d) Innovation and performance: the CDM approach in the literature .......................................................... 7
e) Methodology: econometric approach........................................................................................................ 8
4) RESEARCHERS CVS......................................................................................................................................... 9
5) BUDGET ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
2
1) Data availability and sources
CENIT will undertake the research jointly with the Centro de Estudios para la Producción
(CEP), a research organization belonging to the Secretariat of Industry (Ministry of Economy
and Production). This will allow us to use a database recently constructed by the Argentine
government called Base de Datos de Desempeño Empresarial (BDDE) –Firms’ Performance
Database – , which contains microdata at firm level with information on different aspects of
the productive, commercial and technological behaviour and performance of the Argentine
manufacturing firms.
This database is located at the National Institute of Statistics of Argentina (INDEC) and was
built merging different databases, including the Monthly Industrial Survey (1998-2007), the
Yearly Industrial Survey (2004), the Foreign Trade Flows database (1998-2006), the
Technological Innovation Survey (1998-2004) and the Big Enterprises National Survey
(ENGE), all containing data produced by INDEC.
The BDDE contains information on more than 200 variables for 1200 manufacturing firms
with more than ten employees. The database contains information, among other variables, on:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sector of operation
Ownership
Sales of own products
Other incomes
Employment
Skills profile of the labor force
Hours worked
Wages
Energy costs
Intermediate consumption
Foreign trade (exports/imports)
o Amounts
o Volumes
o Products
o Origins/destinations
Expenditures on R&D
Expenditures on R&D by objective
Expenditures in other innovation activities
Employment in R&D activities
Employment in other innovation activities
Innovations obtained
Types of innovations obtained
Patents
3
•
•
•
Linkages within the National Innovation System
Obstacles for innovation activities
Sources of funds for innovation activities
As the Industrial and Technological Surveys include representative samples of the
manufacturing industry, results obtained when working with them can be safely assumed to
be representative of the industrial sector as a whole.
In this regard, note must be taken of the fact that the manufacturing firms included in the
Monthly Industrial Survey represent more than 90 per cent of the gross industrial production
as well as of the manufacturing value added. Moreover, they contribute with 88 per cent of
the employment in the Argentina’s industry.
In addition, an important feature of the Argentine innovation surveys is that, as opposed to the
European CIS, both innovators and non-innovators are required to answer the whole
questionnaire—in particular, to report innovation expenditures. This avoids the selectivity
problem in CIS surveys acknowledged in Crepon et al (1998).
It is also worthwhile to mention that the information coming from the different databases has
already been matched by INDEC, hence the database is ready to use to undertake econometric
work with the microdata.
2) Survey questionnaires
See in separate annexes the forms used for innovation surveys.
4
3) Plan of analysis (quantitative study)
a) Innovation in Argentina and issues that call for further study
There is one element of the Argentinean national innovation system which has remained
present over time: the limited previsibility of the macroeconomic environment, which blurs
the returns of any innovative effort (Arza, 2005a).
In the 1990s, relying on a currency-board regime, Argentinean GDP per capita grew at an
annual rate of 3%. However, growth was not smooth; the economy was affected by the
Tequila crisis in 1995 and entered into a recession period after the Russian and Brazilian
crises of 1998/9 which ended in one of its major crisis of Argentinean history at the end of
2001. Since 2003, the economy has recovered fast growth rates (of around 8%), led
predominantly by commodities prices and by the price-competitiveness of national production
enhanced by the exchange rate policy.
As a matter of fact, these last two decades make a clear example of what the literature has
been saying about stability and coherence of Argentinean policy regimes 1 . This historically
unstable setting might have created a general lack of confidence in the sustainability of any
existing state of affairs, which could, in turn, explain firms’ defensive or short-term practices
–also highlighted in the Argentinean literature 2 .
In this context, it might be worth questioning whether there is a pay-off for those firms
interested in long-term strategies such as improving their innovative capabilities. This
will be one research goal of the present proposal.
In fact, in a recent paper Lugones et al (2008) claim that most Argentinean firms not only
survive but also manage to become innovators 3 without necessarily following long-term
innovative strategies (i.e. without committing large resources to innovative activities or doing
it so very sporadically). However, as the same authors acknowledge this cannot be
generalized, there are also some other firms (a minority group of 8% of their sample) that do
commit to innovation and also achieve better results in terms of productivity 4 .
There are successful stories of firms committed to long-term strategies. For example, IADB
funded research on export discoveries highlighted the existence of successful cases that relied
on their internal capabilities and their connections in the global value chains to actively
discover new export opportunities. Successful cases were reported in the areas of wooden
furniture, ships and TV programmes by Artopoulos et al. (2007) and on blueberries,
chocolate and biotechnology for human health by Sánchez et al. (2007)
As these examples highlight, heterogeneity prevails in Argentinean firms’ behaviour 5 .
Therefore, another research goal of our proposal is to identify the main determinants that
would explain firms’ heterogeneous innovative behaviour.
Our research will cover the period 1998-2004, which therefore encompasses the change in the
macroeconomic regime (from convertibility of the peso to devaluation). The new regime, as
said above, heavily relies on expanding exports. However, beyond the economic recovery of
1
See for example, Spiller and Tommasi, 2003, Arza, 2005a: 69 and Rauch and Evans, 2000.
Arza, 2005b, Bonvecchi and Porta, 2003, Chudnovsky, 2001, Fanelli, 2002, Katz, 2004, Kosacoff, 2000
3
Defined in broad terms, which includes firms’ perceptions on product and process improvements, therefore innovation here
does no necessarily imply technologically significant improvements.
4
Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that the Argentinean private sector in general is not deeply committed to innovative
activities. In fact, private R&D represented in 2004 only 33% of total R&D, which was just below the Latin-American
average (36%) and much lower than the share of Korea (77%) and other developed countries.
5
Some examples: Arza, 2005a, Chudnovsky, et al., 2006, Lugones, et al., 2008, Marin, 2006
2
5
last years, improving international competitiveness should be at the core of the national
strategy. Exports are important because they enlarge the markets, enabling economies of
scales, and because they increase the likelihood of technological learning (e.g. via
collaboration agreements within the global value chain 6 ), which creates learning economies.
This might create a virtuous cycle of innovation as a cause and consequence of export
behaviour 7 . For this reasons, it is worth analyzing the determinants of firms’ export
performance, which is the last goal of this research.
b) Research questions and specific objectives
The research goals highlighted in bold letters above drive us to formulate the following
research question:
Are firms that have been traditionally interested in innovative activities currently more
successful in export markets than non innovative firms? Or, on the contrary, has currency
devaluation benefited more those firms that did not commit to long-term innovative
strategies during the previous macroeconomic regime?
One hypothesis would be that firms committed to innovation are always (regardless the
macroeconomic context) in a better position than non-innovative firms to improve
productivity and become successful in export markets, because they have accumulated
knowledge assets and absorptive capabilities.
The alternative hypothesis would be that, on the contrary, firms that do not commit their
resources to long-term innovative strategies (i.e. firms that adopt instead defensive strategies)
are in a better position to adapt their strategies to any new macroeconomic setting. This helps
them to be more productive and competitive, at least in the short-term (which is what matters
in unstable macroeconomic regimes).
To answer these questions we need to fulfill the following specific research objectives:
1) Analyze the determinants of firms’ innovative behaviour
2) Estimate the effect of firms’ innovative behaviour on firms’ labour productivity.
3) Estimate the effect of cost-competitiveness (measured as wages/labour productivity)
on export performance in general, and also in particular for firms that follow different
strategies in the previous macroeconomic regime.
c) Research design
The specific objectives enumerated above reflect the simultaneous nature of the variables
under analysis. Formally,
(I) X=f(W/Q, Z)
(II) Q= g(Y,I)
(III) I=h(V)
X: exports
Q: labour productivity
W: salary costs
W/Q: cost-competitiveness
6
See Arza and López, 2008b
The literature on the relation between exports and innovation is quite recent but yet broad. Many papers analyze learning by exporting as a
driver to subsequent innovation (e.g. Baldwin and Gu, 2004, Crespi, et al., 2008, Gonçalves, et al., 2008) but more relevant for the present
research are those that analyse innovative behaviour as a determinant for export performance (e.g. Barrios, et al., 2003, Basile, 2001,
DiPietro and Anoruo, 2006, Gourlay and Seaton, 2004, Gourlay, et al., 2005, Kumar and Siddharthan, 1994, O¨z and Taymaz, 2004,
Rodriguez and Rodriguez, 2005, Sterlacchini, 1999, Wakelin, 1998).
7
6
Z: exogenous determinants of exports
Y: exogenous determinants of productivity
I: innovative behaviour
V: exogenous determinants of innovative behaviour
To empirically estimate this system, we will adapt the framework proposed Crepon, B.;
Duguet, E. and Mairesse, J (1998) (CDM, hereafter). Section 4 describes this framework and
relates it to the existing literature for developing countries in general and for Argentina in
particular. Section 5 presents the methodological issues related to our research.
d) Innovation and performance: the CDM approach in the literature
The CDM framework proposes an interdependent relation between innovative activities (e.g.
R&D, acquisition of embodied and disembodied technologies, among others), innovative
outputs (e.g. patents, share of new products in total sales, etc.) and firms’ performance (e.g.
productivity, profitability, growth, etc.). This framework has been adopted by many scholars
analyzing the direct and indirect impacts of innovative activities 8 .
In developing countries and particularly in Latin-America, evidence about the effect of
innovation on performance is more scattered and usually rather descriptive or based on simple
regression analysis. In the Argentinean case the issues more often tackled in the literature
regarding innovation and economic performance are related to: insufficient commitment to
long-term innovative activities 9 , unsatisfactory structural change which went against
knowledge intensive activities 10 , the role of MNCs in enhancing innovation, productivity and
competitiveness 11 and the types of innovative activities and their effectiveness 12 .
The CDM framework has been very rarely used in developing countries. Some exceptions
attempting to account for simultaneity in the relation between innovation and performance are
worth mentioning.
1. Jefferson et al (2006) used Chinese panel data to estimate the impact of R&D in terms
of productivity and profitability. The paper establishes a lag structure to offset
simultaneity biases and corrects for endogeneity. They find that R&D has positive
effect both, on profitability and on productivity.
2. Antoncic et al (2007) used structural equation framework on cross-sectional data for
Slovenia and Romania to test hypotheses about the positive impact of organisational
support and alliances on innovativeness and, in turn, a positive impact of
innovativeness on firms performance (measured by growth, profitability and wealth).
They found empirical support for their hypotheses.
3. Benavente (2006) applied an adapted version of the CDM framework using Chilean
cross-section data, and found that neither R&D nor innovative results (share of
innovative sales) have an effect on productivity (measured as value added per worker).
8
See for example Benavente, 2006, Duguet, 2006, Galia and Legros, 2004, Jefferson, et al., 2006, Lööf and Heshmati, 2002,
Lööf, et al., 2001, Lööf and Heshamti, 2006, Parisi, et al., 2006, van Leeuwen, 2002, etc.
9
Arza, 2005b, Lugones, et al., 2008,
10
Katz and Stumpo, 2001, Katz, 2001,
11
Arza and López, 2008a, Chudnovsky and López, 2001, Marin, 2006, Marin and Bell, 2005
12
Lugones, et al., 2006, Lugones, et al., 2007
7
For the Argentinean case, Chudnovsky, López and Pulpato (CLP, hereafter) (2006) applied a
modified version for the CDM framework using panel data from two consecutive innovation
surveys, covering the period 1992-2001. They showed that R&D performers had better
chances of becoming innovators who, in turn, perform better in terms of labour productivity
than non-innovators. The CLP approach estimated each equation of the CDM system
separately. Their results, therefore, might be affected by simultaneity biases. As will be seen
below, this proposal attempts to methodologically improve the CLP research. Moreover, we
will conceptually enlarge CLP framework including equation [I] on export performance.
e) Methodology: econometric approach
To estimate equations [I] to [III] we need to decide about:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Measures of endogenous variables I, Q, X
List of exogenous variables included V, Y, Z
Functional forms f, g, h
Methods to estimate the system of equations
Regarding i. we will adopt alternative measures of dependent variables. I will be measured as
total expenditures in innovative activities, R&D, R&D plus industrial engineering and
investment in machinery for innovation, etc (all of them normalized by sales). We will also
measure I as dichotomous. Q will be labour productivity defined as value added 13 of own
products over total employment. Finally, X will be total exports or propensity to export
normalized by sales.
Regarding ii. we will control for size and other firms’ characteristics (group, ownership, age,
etc.) and sector affiliation. Moreover, while I accounts for the degree of innovative behaviour,
vector Y and Z will include variables that characterize this behaviour (e.g. continuous,
balanced, unbalanced, etc.). Finally, since we want to analyze whether innovative behaviour
has a differential impact on exports after devaluation, in some exercises we will measure the
effect of W/Q (on X after devaluation) interacted by a dummy that accounts for some aspects
that represent innovative behaviour in the pre-devaluation regime.
Regarding iii. we will account for the main characteristics of the data being studied (censored,
truncated, discrete, etc.). As said in i different versions of the dependent variables will be
estimated (e.g. propensity and intensity of exports), therefore we will need different
functional forms to appropriately fit the data.
Finally, regarding iv. we will follow the methodology proposed by CDM framework 14
(asymptotic least square estimation, ALS). In this way, we will be improving the
methodology followed by CLP who did not account for the simultaneous determination of the
system.
13
The database we will use does not have ready-to-use information on value added. It does have information on cost
atructure for one year. We were told this could be extrapolated for other years, but in case this was not possible, we would be
obliged to use information on sales rather than on value added.
14
As might have been noticed, we have not included in our system one of the equations of the CDM framework also included
in the CLP paper. That is the equation that estimates innovation output as a function of innovative activities. CDM uses
patents as proxies of innovation output. In Argentina –as in other developing countries- patents are a very poor indicator of
innovation performance. For this reason CLP decided to use a variable that measures firms’ own assessment on innovative
output (i.e. answers to the question on whether firms have achieved any new product or process or have improved them).
Answers to this question are proved to be very subjective. For example, more than 60% of firms will be considered
innovative according to the last Innovation Survey in Argentina (2005). In fact, the findings by Lugones, et al., 2007 of firms
that although being innovative (in the former sense) have done very little innovative activities, could actually be explained by
the way innovativeness is being measured. Finally, a question of data availability also justify the decision of leaving this
variable aside, since our database do not report this information for every year, but only in relation to periods whose length
varies in each survey.
8
4) Researchers CVs
VALERIA ARZA
I.
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth
E-mail
Address
December 13th, 1973
varza@fund-cenit.org.ar
Callao 796 6to piso, 1023 Buenos Aires, Argentina
II.
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS
Postdoc on university industry linkages 2008-current: Matisse – Centre d’Economie de la
Sorbonne – Paris 1 – Sorbonne. France
Phd on Science and Technology Policy Studies (2006) 2001-2006: SPRU (Science and
Technology Research), University of Sussex Thesis: The Impact of Business Confidence and
Macroeconomic Uncertainty on Firms' Investment Behaviour in Argentina During the 1990s.
Supervised by Nick von Tunzelmann.
Master in Science in Development Studies (2001) 2000-2001: London School of
Economics and Political Science Final grade: High Merit
First Degree in Economics (1999) 1992-1999: School of Economics, University of Buenos
Aires Final grade: Magna Cum Laude, the best Honours Diploma of the School of
Economics. Average mark: 8.44/10, one of the five best of the School in 1999 (out of 30,000
student) and the third amongst student who graduated in Economics in 1999.
III.
CREDENTIALS: SCHOLARSHIPS AND AWARDS
Scholarships for postdoc at the Centre d´Economie de la Sorbonne-Paris.
Bourses de recherche de la Ville de Paris. Oct-Dec 2008
Scholarships for PHD at SPRU
Antorchas Foundation. May 2004- March 2005
YPF Foundation. Estensoro Scholarship. British Council. Oct 2001-Sept. 2004
Overseas Research Students Scheme (ORS) – British Government. Oct 2001-Sept. 2004
Scholarships for Masters degree at LSE
Japan-Inter-American Development Bank Scholarship Program. Oct. 2000-Sept. 2001
World Bank Scholarship Program. Withdrawn in favour of the above
Other Scholarships and Awards
Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), for course on Pooled Time-Series CrossSection Analysis at Essex University, UK. Summer term 2002
Spanish Agency of International Co-operation (AECI), for an internship on the use of
econometric procedures at Pompeu Fabra University, Spain. Summer term 1999
IV.
FUNDED RESEARCH FROM 2007 TO 2008
Interactions between public research organizations and the private sector in Argentina.
CENIT, funded by UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires). In progress
MERCOSUR: as an export platform. The automotive industry. CENIT, funded by UBA
(Universidad de Buenos Aires). In progress
University Industry-linkages in Latin-America: the Argentinean case. CENIT funded by IDRC.
In progress
Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications from National Innovation Surveys in Latin
America and the Caribbean. Argentinean case. CENIT, funded by IDRC. Latest stage.
9
Growth diagnosis in MERCOSUR: the regional and competitiveness dimensions. CENIT –
Red Mercosur, funded by IDRC. Completed.
The Evolving Role of MNEs in Latin American and Caribbean National Innovation System.
SPRU, Funded by IDRC. Completed
Productive Complementation in the Automotive Industry in MERCOSUR from Regional to
Global Integration. CENIT-Red Mercosur, Funded by IDRC. Completed.
V.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS (* USING PANEL DATA ECONOMETRICS)
*Arza, V. and Espanol, P. (2008). 'Les Liaisons Dangereuses: A Minskyan Approach to the
Relation of Credit and Investment in Argentina During the 1990s', Cambridge Journal of
Economics, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 739-59.
Marín, A. and Arza, V. (2008, forthcoming). 'Chapter 9. The Role of Multinational
Corporations in Innovation Systems of Developing Countries. From Technology Diffusion to
International Involvement', in B. Lundvall, K. J. Joseph, C. Chaminade and J. Van (ed.),
Handbook of Innovation Systems and Developing Countries – Building Domestic Capabilities
in a Global Context, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Giuliani, E. and Arza, V. (2008). 'What Drives the Formation of ‘Valuable’ UniversityIndustry Linkages? An under-Explored Question in a Hot Policy Debate', SPRU Electronic
Working Papers,, Vol. 170, No., pp. 1-35.
*Arza, V. (2007) '¿Cómo influye el contexto macroeconómico en el comportamiento de largo
plazo de las empresas? Decisiones empresariales de inversión en I+D y En maquinaria en
Argentina durante los años 1990s', Desarrollo Económico, Vol. 47, No. 187, pp. 459-85.
Arza, V. and López, A. (2007). Chapter 1 'La Visión Regional'; Chapter 2 'Tendencias
Internacionales En La Industria Automotriz'; Chapter 3 'El Caso Argentino' in A. L. (coord.),
Complementación Productiva En La Industria Automotriz En El Mercosur, Buenos Aires:
MERCOSUR Network-IDRC.
*Arza, V. (2005). The Impact of Business Confidence and Macroeconomic Uncertainty on
Firms' Investment Behaviour in Argentina During the 1990s, Doctoral Thesis, Brighton:
SPRU - Science and Technology Policy Research, University of Sussex
*Arza, V. (2005). “Technological Performance, Economic Performance and Behaviour: A
Study of Argentinean Firms During the 1990s”, Innovation: management, policy and
practice. Vol. 7 Nro. 2/3
VI.
MAIN WORK EXPERIENCE
2007-2008: CONICET – Research Council in Science and Technology, Argentina; based at
CENIT Role: Researcher. Tenure track
2006-2008: School of Economics, UBA (Buenos Aires University), Argentina Role: 1)
Professor in the Seminar for integrating and applying acquired knowledge (last subject for the
Economics degree); 2) Lecturer in economics of technology, for Masters students; 3) Lecturer
in research methods for writing a Masters dissertation
2001-2006: SPRU, University of Sussex, UK Role: 1) Lecturer (2004/06) and Tutor
(2001/03) in Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods for Masters and DPhil degrees;
2) Lecturer (2004/06) in Economic Perspectives of Innovation for Masters degrees; 3)
Lecturer (2004/06) in Analytical and Modelling Skills for Masters degrees; 4) Lecturer
(2004) in Research Methods (qualitative) for DPhil students
1999-2000: United Nations and Government of Buenos Aires City Role: Junior Economist
10
ANDRES LOPEZ
I. PERSONAL DATA
DATE OF BIRTH
March 15, 1962
PLACE OF BIRTH
Buenos Aires, Argentina
MARITAL STATUS
Married, two children
E-MAIL:
anlopez@fund-cenit.org.ar
II. CURRENT POSITION
Director, Centro de Investigaciones para la Transformación (CENIT), Argentina.
Head of Department of Economics, University of Buenos Aires.
Full Professor of Development Economics, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of
Buenos Aires.
III. STUDIES
Doctor in Economics, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Buenos Aires. 2001.
Licenciado en Economía, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Buenos Aires. 1985.
IV. RECENT SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
i) Books
La industria automotriz en el MERCOSUR (cooordinator), RED MERCOSUR,
Montevideo, 2008.
Desarrollo económico y sistema nacional de innovación: el caso argentino desde 1860
hasta 2001, Consejo Profesional de Ciencias Económicas, Buenos Aires, 2007.
The elusive quest for growth in Argentina (with Daniel Chudnovsky), Palgrave, 2007.
Los transgénicos en la agricultura argentina: una historia con final abierto (with E.
Trigo, D. Chudnovsky and E. Cap), Libros del Zorzal/IICA, 2002, Buenos Aires.
La transnacionalización de la economía argentina (with Daniel Chudnovsky). Eudeba,
2001, Buenos Aires.
ii) Articles in books
“Argentina: nuevas estrategias empresarias en un modelo más abierto” (with Daniela Ramos),
in P Bastos Tigre y F Silveira Marques, Desafios y Oportunidades de la Industria de
Software para América Latina, Mc Graw Hill.
“Comercio, inversión y fragmentación del mercado global: ¿está quedando atrás América
Latina” (with Bernardo Kosacoff y Mara Pedrazzoli), in R Bouzas (ed.), Después de Doha:
la agenda emergente del sistema de comercio internacional, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2007.
“Innovation and export performance in Argentine manufacturing firms” (with D. Chudnovsky
and E. Orlicki), in J. De Negri and L. Turchi (org.), Innovacao nas firmas industriais
brasileiras e argentinas, IPEA, 2007.
11
“Environmental management and innovative capabilities in Argentine industry” (with D.
Chudnovsky), in S. Parto and B. Copley (eds.), Industrial Innovation and Environmental
Regulation. Developing Workable Solutions, United Nations University Press, 2007.
“Inversión Extranjera Directa y Desarrollo: la experiencia del MERCOSUR” (with Daniel
Chudnovsky), in 15 años de MERCOSUR, Red MERCOSUR, Montevideo, 2006.
“Derrames de la Inversión Extranjera Directa, políticas públicas y capacidades de absorción
de las firmas nacionales del sector manufacturero argentino (1992-2001)” (with D.
Chudnovsky and G. Rossi), in M. Laplane (coord.), El desarrollo industrial del
MERCOSUR: ¿qué impacto han tenido las empresas extranjeras?, Siglo XXI Editora
Iberoamericana, 2006.
“Multinationals and technology development in East Asia and Latin America” (with M.
Miozzo), in S. Prasad and P. Ghauri (eds), Global Firms and Emerging Markets in the Age
of Anxiety, Praeger, 2004.
iii) Artícles in refereed journals
“Argentina y la industria de software y servicios informáticos” (with Daniela Ramos),
Revista Comercio Exterior, May 2008.
“Money for Science? The Impact of Research Grants on Academic Output” (with D.
Chudnovsky, M. Rossi and D. Ubfal), Fiscal Studies, Vol 29, Nº 1.
“Inversión extranjera directa y desarrollo: la experiencia del MERCOSUR” (with D.
Chudnovsky), Revista de la CEPAL, Nº 92, August 2007.
“Foreign direct investment spillovers and the absorptive capabilities of domestic firms in the
Argentine manufacturing sector (1992-2001)” (with D. Chudnovsky and G. Rossi), Journal
of Development Studies, forthcoming.
“Innovation and productivity in developing countries: A study of Argentine manufacturing
firms´ behavior “(with D. Chudnovsky and G. Pupato), Research Policy, 35 (2006), 266-288.
“Sobreviviendo en la Convertibilidad. Innovación Empresas Transnacionales y Productividad
en la Industria Manufacturera” (with D. Chudnovsky, G. Pupato and G. Rossi), Desarrollo
Económico Revista de Ciencias Sociales, October-December 2004.
“Transtional corporations´strategies and foreign trade patterns in MERCOSUR countries in
the 1990s” (with D. Chudnovsky), Cambridge Journal of Economics, September 2004.
v) Other publications and documents
“La exportación de servicios en América Latina y su integración en las cadenas globales de
valor” (with Daniela Ramos and Ivan Torre), prepared for CEPAL, forthcoming.
“Subprograma de Apoyo a la Innovacion y Mejora de la Competitividad de las Empresas
(Programa de Desarrollo Tecnológico –PDT- Uruguay): una Evaluación de sus Beneficios
Sociales a Través de Estudios de Casos” (with Gustavo Svarzman), prepared for the InterAmerican Development Bank (IADB), Buenos Aires, 2007.
“Evaluating a Program of Public Funding of Scientific Activity. A Case Study of Foncyt in
Argentina” (with D. Chudnovsky, M. Rossi and D. Ubfal), Working Paper, OVE/BID,
Washington, November 2006.
“Evaluating a Program of Public Funding of Private Innovation Activities. An Econometric
Study of FONTAR in Argentina” (with D. Chudnovsky, M. Rossi and D. Ubfal), Working
Paper, OVE/BID, Washington, November 2006.
“Programa de aportes no reembolsables del FONTAR: una evaluación de sus beneficios
sociales a través de estudios de casos” (with D. Chudnovsky, V. Gutman and D. Ubfal), report
prepared Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Marzo 2006.
12
PAULA ESPAÑOL
Born: July 15th, 1975 in Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Nationality: Argentine
E-mail: pespan@mecon.gov.ar
Studies:
•
2002-2006: PhD at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France,
Supervisor: Robert Boyer, with Honors (“Très honorable avec felicitations”).
•
2001-2002: Diploma in Economics, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris,
France (Diplôme d´Etudes Approfondies in « Economie des Institutions ») :
Thesis Major: « Fragilité Financière, Contrainte
Macroéconomique : Le Mercosur à l´ère de la Finance »
Externe
et
Coordination
Thesis Minor: « Crise Financière et Fragilité Bancaire : L´Argentine et le Brésil
pendant les années 1990 ».
•
1994-1999: Diploma in Economics, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas of the Universidad
de Buenos Aires, Argentina, with Honors (Magna Cum Laude).
Fellowship and Grants:
•
October 2005: Scholarship to present at the LACEA 10th Annual Meeting, from the
Argentina’s Central Bank (BCRA).
•
October 2003 October 2005 : Position of ATER (Attachés temporaire d'enseignement et
de recherche). University of Lille2 – Paris (one year) and University of Nanterre – Paris X
(one year).
•
July 2001: Scholarship for PhD studies from José A. Estenssoro – YPF Fondation
(Repsol-YPF), for the period September 2001- August 2003.
•
July 2001: Saint-Exupéry Scholarship for PhD studies from Argentina’s Ministry of
Education.
Work experience
•
June 2007- : Director of the Centro de Estudios para la Producción (CEP), Secretaria
de Industria, Comercio y Pyme, Ministerio de Economía y Producción, Argentina.
•
October 1997- August 2001: Researcher assistant, Economics and Development Unit of
the Instituto de Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología of the Universidad Nacional
de Quilmes, Argentina.
•
January 1999-April 1999: Researcher assistant in the CEPAL´s Programe evaluation
Municipios Productivos”, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina.
•
October- November 1999 : Stage in the Centre de recherche en économie internationale
(CESSEFI) – Université de Paris I (Sorbonne), in the framework of the ECOS Project
"Régionalisation et Mondialisation", project in co-operation program SECYT, Argentine
Government (A/97 HO4) and Université de Paris I.
Teaching activities:
13
•
September 2004- August 2005: Teacher in the University Nanterre - Paris X.
•
October 2003- August 2004: Teacher in the University Lille2.
•
March 2000- August 2001: Teaching Assistant in the Faculty of Economics and the
Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina.
•
April 2000-August 2001: Teacher in the long distance training, Universidad Virtual de
Quilmes (UVQ).
•
August 1999- August 2001: Teacher in the Social Diploma and International Commerce
Career of the Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ).
Languages skills:
Spanish (Mother Tongue), French, English and Italian.
Publications:
-
“Les liaisons dangereuses: a Minskyan approach to the relation of credit and investment
in Argentina during the 1990s”, (con V. ARZA), Cambridge Journal of Economics 32 (5),
September 2008, pp.739-760.
-
“El impacto asimétrico de la restricciones al financiamiento en Argentina. Comparación
por sector, tamaño y origen de capital (1995-2003), (con E. BLANCO, P. ELOSEGUI y
D. PANIGO), BCRA, Ensayos Económicos 48, julio-septiembre 2007, pp. 67-104.
-
“Exports, Sunk Costs and Financial Restrictions in Argentina during the 1990s”, PSE
Paris School of Economics Working Paper, N° 2007-01, January 2007.
http://www.pse.ens.fr/document/index.html
-
“Metodologías alternativas para el análisis de las restricciones al financiamiento en
Argentina”, (avec P. ELOSEGUI, J. SOTES et D. PANIGO), Documentos de Trabajo
2006|1, Subgerencia General de Investigaciones Económicas de la Banque Centrale de
la République Argentine (BCRA). http://www.bcra.gov.ar
-
“Speculative and entrepreneurial behaviour: a study of microeconomic sustainability in
Argentina during the 1990s” (avec V. ARZA), SPRU Working Paper (SEWPS), N° 135,
University
of
Sussex,
Octobre
2005.
http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/documents/sewp135.pdf
-
“From Microeconomic Change to Macroeconomic Vulnerability: Imported Inputs,
Productivity Gains and Export Performance in Argentina During the Nineties” (F.
ALBORNOZ, P. ESPANOL et Y. KALANTZIS), présenté presented at 8th Annual
meeting of the LACEA, Puebla (Mexico), October 9th–11th 2003, and at Buenos Aires,
September 2nd et 3rd 2003. In the book “La economía argentina y su crisis (1976-2003) :
visiones institucionales y regulacionistas”, R. BOYER y J. NEFFA (Coord), Miño y
Dávila/Caisse de Dêpots et Consignations/ CEIL-PIETTE CONICET, Buenos Aires,
November 2004.
-
Theoretical framework and macroeconomic chapter of the book “Apertura económica e
innovación en la industria argentina: una respuesta ambigua”, R. Bisang, G. Lugones, G.
Yoguel (Editores), Editorial Miño y Dávila, Universidad Nacional de Gral. Sarmiento and
Centro REDES, Buenos Aires, 2002.
14
5) BUDGET
See separate annex
15
References
Antoncic, Bostjan; Prodan, Igor; Hisrich, Robert D. and Scarlat, Cezar, (2007). 'Technological Innovativeness
and Firm Performance in Slovenia and Romania', Post-Communist Economies, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 28198.
Artopoulos, Alejandro; Friel, Daniel and Hallak, Juan Carlos, (2007). Challenges of Exporting Differentiated
Products to Developed Countries: The Case of Sme-Dominated Sectors in a Semi-Industrialized
Country, Second Draft to the IADB Project on Export Discoveries, UDESA-Universidad de San
Andrés.
Arza, Valeria, (2005a). The Impact of Business Confidence and Macroeconomic Uncertainty on Firms'
Investment Behaviour in Argentina During the 1990s, Brighton: DPhil (Thesis). SPRU - Science and
Technology Policy Research, University of Sussex.
Arza, Valeria, (2005b). 'Technological Performance, Economic Performance and Behaviour: A Study of
Argentinean Firms During the 1990s', Innovation: management, policy and practice, Vol. 7, No. 2.
Arza, Valeria and López, Andrés, (2008a). 'Capítulo 3: El Caso Argentino', in A. López (ed.), La Industria
Automotriz En El Mercosur, Montevideo: Red de Investigaciones Económicas del MERCOSUR.
Arza, Valeria and López, Andrés, (2008b). 'The Determinants of Firms’ Distant Collaboration. Evidence from
Argentina 1998-2001', Mimeo. Documento de trabajo entregado a CEPAL Chile, Vol., No., pp. 1-27.
Baldwin, John R. and Gu, Wulong, (2004). 'Trade Liberalization: Export-Market Participation, Productivity
Growth, and Innovation', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 372-92.
Barrios, S.; Gorg, H. and Strobl, E., (2003). 'Explaining Firms' Export Behaviour: R&D, Spillovers and the
Destination Market', Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 475-96.
Basile, R., (2001). 'Export Behaviour of Italian Manufacturing Firms over the Nineties: The Role of Innovation',
Research Policy, Vol. 30, No. 8, pp. 1185-201.
Benavente, Jose Miguel, (2006). 'The Role of Research and Innovation in Promoting Productivity in Chile',
Economics of Innovation & New Technology, Vol. 15, No. 4/5, pp. 301-15.
Bonvecchi, Carlos and Porta, Fernando, (2003). 'Las Condiciones De Consistencia Micro-Macroeconómicas', in
B. Kosacoff (ed.), Componentes Macroeconómicos, Sectoriales Y Microeconómicos Para Una
Estrategia Nacional De Desarrollo. Lineamientos Para Fortalecer Las Fuentes De Crecimiento
Económico, Buenos Aires: IADB-ECLAC.
Chudnovsky, D.; Lopez, A. and Pupato, G., (2006). 'Innovation and Productivity in Developing Countries: A
Study of Argentine Manufacturing Firms' Behavior (1992-2001)', Research Policy, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp.
266-88.
Chudnovsky, Daniel and López, Andrés, (2001). 'La Inversión Extranjera En La Argentina En Los Años 1990:
Tendencias, Determinantes E Impactos', Boletín Informativo Techint, Vol. 308, No.
Crepon, B.; Duguet, E. and Mairessec, J., (1998). 'Research, Innovation and Productivity: An Econometric
Analysis at the Firm Level', Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 115-58.
Crespi, G.; Criscuolo, C. and Haskel, J., (2008). 'Productivity, Exporting, and the Learning-by-Exporting
Hypothesis: Direct Evidence from Uk Firms', Canadian Journal of Economics-Revue Canadienne D
Economique, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 619-38.
De DiPietro, William R. and Anoruo, Emmanuel, (2006). 'Creativity, Innovation, and Export Performance',
Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 133-39.
Duguet, E, (2006). 'Innovation Height, Spillovers and Tfp Growth at the Firm Level: Evidence from French
Manufacturing', Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 14, No. 4-5, pp. 415-42.
Fanelli, Jose Maria, (2002). 'Growth, Instability and the Convertibility Crisis in Argentina', CEPAL Review,
Vol., No. 77, pp. 25-43.
Galia, F and Legros, D, (2004). 'Complementarities between Obstacles to Innovation: Evidence from France',
Research Policy, Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 1185-99.
Gonçalves, Eduardo ; Borges Lemos, Mauro and De Negri, João, (2008). 'Condicionantes De La Innovación
Tecnológica En Argentina Y Brasil', Revista de la Cepal, Vol. 24, No.
Gourlay, A. and Seaton, J., (2004). 'Explaining the Decision to Export: Evidence from Uk Firms', Applied
Economics Letters, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 153-58.
Gourlay, A.; Seaton, J. and Suppakitjarak, J., (2005). 'The Determinants of Export Behaviour in Uk Service
Firms', Service Industries Journal, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 879-89.
Jefferson, Gary H.; Bai, Huamao; Guan, Xiaojing and Yu, Xiaoyun, (2006). 'R&D Performance in Chinese
Industry', Economics of Innovation & New Technology, Vol. 15, No. 4/5, pp. 345-66.
Katz, J. and Stumpo, G., (2001). 'Sectoral Regimes, Productivity and International Competitiveness', Cepal
Review, Vol., No. 75, pp. 131-52.
16
Katz, Jorge, (1987). Technology Generation in Latin American Manufacturing Industries : Theory and CaseStudies Concerning Its Nature, Magnitude and Consequences, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Katz, Jorge, (2001). 'Structural Reforms and Technological Behaviour. The Sources and Nature of Technological
Change in Latin America in the 1990s', Research Policy, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 1-19.
Katz, Jorge, (2004). 'Market Oriented Reforms, Globalization and the Recent Transformation of Latin American
Innovation System', Mimeo: Presented at SPRU - April 2004, Vol., No.
Kosacoff, Bernardo ed, (2000). Corporate Strategies under Structural Adjustment in Argentina: Responses by
Industrial Firms to a New Set of Uncertainties, New York: St. Martin's Press.
Kumar, N. and Siddharthan, N. S., (1994). 'Technology, Firm Size and Export Behavior in Developing-Countries
- the Case of Indian Enterprises', Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 289-309.
Lööf, H and Heshmati, A, (2002). 'Knowledge Capital and Performance Heterogeneity: A Firm-Level
Innovation Study', International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 61-85.
Lööf, H; Heshmati, A; Asplund, R and Naas, S, (2001). 'Innovation and Performance in Manufacturing
Industries: A Comparison of the Nordic Countries', SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and
Finance No. 457, Vol., No., pp. 1-38.
Lööf, H. and Heshamti, A., (2006). 'On the Relationship between Innovation and Performance: A Sensitivity
Analysis, Economics of Innovation and New Technology', Economics of Innovation and New
Technology, Vol. 15, No. 4-5, pp. 317-44.
Lugones, Gustavo ; Peirano, Fernando; Suárez, Diana and Giudicatti, M., (2006). 'Las Distintas Estrategias
Innovativas Empresarias Y Su Incidencia En La Competitividad', in G. Lugones and F. Peirano (ed.),
Enfoques Y Metodologías Alternativas Para La Medición De Las Capacidades Innovativas, Buenos
Aires: Proyecto PICT 02-09536 (FONCYT-ANPCYT). Centro Redes.
Lugones, Gustavo; Suárez, Diana and Le Clech, Néstor, (2007). 'Conducta Innovativa Y Desempeño
Empresarial', Documentos de Trabajo de REDES N 33, Buenos Aires:
Lugones, Gustavo; Suárez, Diana and Moldovan, Pablo, (2008). 'Innovation, Competitiveness and Salaries: A
Model of Combined Growth at the Firm Level', 6th Global Network for the Economics of Learning,
Innovation, and Competence Building Systems International Conference, Mexico City:
Marin, Anabel, (2006). Technologically Active Subsidiaries and Fdi-Related Spillovers in Industrialising
Countries: Evidence from Argentina, Brighton: Doctoral Thesis, SPRU, University of Sussex, UK.
Marin, Anabel and Bell, Martin, (2005). 'Technology Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment: An Exploration
of the Active Role of Mnc Subsidiaries in the Case of Argentina in the 1990s', Journal of Development
Studies, Vol., forthcoming, No.
O¨z, Emre and Taymaz, Erol, (2004). 'Does Innovativeness Matter for International Competitiveness in
Developing Countries? The Case of Turkish Manufacturing Industries', Research Policy, Vol. 33, No.
3, pp. 409-24.
Parisi, ML; Schiantarelli, F and Sembenelli, A, (2006). 'Productivity, Innovation and R&D: Micro Evidence for
Italy', European Economic Review, Vol. 50, No. 8, pp. 2037-61.
Rauch, James E. and Evans, Peter B., (2000). 'Bureaucratic Structure and Bureaucratic Performance in Less
Developed Countries', Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 49-71.
Rodriguez, J. L. and Rodriguez, R. M. G., (2005). 'Technology and Export Behaviour: A Resource-Based View
Approach', International Business Review, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 539-57.
Sánchez, G.; Rozemberg, R.; Butler, I. and Ruffo, H., (2007). 'The Emergence of New Successful Export
Activities in Argentina: Self-Discovery, Knowledge Niches, or Barriers to Riches?' Second Draft to the
IADB Project on Export Discoveries, IERAL-Fundación Mediterránea.
Spiller, P. T. and Tommasi, M., (2003). 'The Institutional Foundations of Public Policy: A Transactions
Approach with Application to Argentina', Journal of Law Economics and Organization, Vol. 19, No. 2,
pp. 281-306.
Sterlacchini, A., (1999). 'Do Innovative Activities Matter to Small Firms in Non-R & D-Intensive Industries? An
Application to Export Performance', Research Policy, Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 819-32.
van Leeuwen, G, (2002). 'Linking Innovation to Productivity Growth Using Two Waves of the Community
Innovation Survey', OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, Vol. 2002/8, No., pp. 127.
Wakelin, K., (1998). 'Innovation and Export Behaviour at the Firm Level', Research Policy, Vol. 26, No. 7-8, pp.
829-41.
17