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The slave-girls who enslaved the free-born: Slave-girls and their masters in Islamic literature Aram A. Shahin James Madison University (USA) Revista de Humanidades, 23 (2014). p. 23-60. ISSN 1130-5029 The slave-girls who enslaved the free-born: Slave-girls and their masters in Islamic literature Las esclavas que esclavizaron a los nacidos libres: esclavas y sus amos en la literatura islámica Aram A. Shahin Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures, and Cultures James Madison University (USA) shahinax@jmu.edu Recibido: 11 de marzo de 2014 Aceptado: 17 de julio de 2014 Abstract Slave-girls, and in particular singing slave-girls, hold a prominent place in Islamic literary sources. These sources provide quite a number of stories in which the masters of slave-girls fall deeply in love with them, and then, when faced with the prospect of separation or are indeed separated from them, humble themselves and risk losing their honour, all of their wealth, and even their own lives in order to be reunited with the girl whom they love. In some stories, intelligent and learned slave-girls take the initiative to preserve their relationships with their masters who are often depicted as inept and clueless. In the end, the girl is typically given her freedom and marries her master. Although the men are the legal masters of the slave-girls, it seems that there is an inversion of the master/slave roles in the tales and that it is the slave-girl who controls the destiny of both. Keywords: 6ODYHJLUOV4L\ăQ0DQXPLVVLRQ7KH$UDELDQ1LJKWV7DQŗNKĦ Resumen Las esclavas, y en particular las que cantan, han ocupando un lugar destacado en las fuentes literarias islámicas. Estas fuentes proporcionan un buen número de historias en las que los amos de las esclavas se enamoran profundamente de ellas, y luego, cuando se enfrentan a la perspectiva de la separación o de hecho están separados de ellas, se humillen y se arriesgan a perder su honor, toda sus riqueza, H LQFOXVR VXV SURSLDV YLGDV FRQ HO ÀQ GH UHXQLUVH FRQ OD FKLFD D OD TXH DPDQ Las esclavas en algunas historias, inteligentes y sabias toman la iniciativa para preservar sus relaciones con sus amos, que a menudo son descritos como ineptos e LJQRUDQWHV$OÀQDOODFKLFDREWLHQHQRUPDOPHQWHODOLEHUWDG\VHFDVDFRQVXDPR Aunque los hombres son los dueños legales de las esclavas, parece que hay una 25 The slave-girls who enslaved the free-born… - Aram A. Shahin inversión de los papeles de amo / esclavo en las historias y que es la esclava quién controla el destino de ambos. Palabras Clave:(VFODYDV4L\DQ0DQXPLVLyQ/DVPLO\XQDQRFKHV7DQXNKL Para citar este artículo: Shahin, Aram A. (2014). The slave-girls who enslaved the free-born: Slave-girls and their masters in Islamic literature. Revista de HumanidadesQS,661 Sumario: 1. Introduction. 2. A Recurring Story of Regret and Generosity. 3. Love EHWZHHQ0DVWHUDQG6ODYHDV$OOHJRU\RI0\VWLFDO/RYH&RQFOXVLRQ)LFWLRQ DQG+LVWRU\%LEOLRJUDSK\ 1. INTRODUCTION There are numerous stories in Islamic literature in which men and women fall GHHSO\LQORYHZLWKHDFKRWKHURIWHQDW¿UVWVLJKWDQGWKHQHQFRXQWHUVRPHDGYHUVLW\ WKDWFDXVHVWKHLUVHSDUDWLRQDQGULVNVHQGLQJWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLS6RPHRIWKHVHVWRULHV KDYHDKDSS\HQGLQJZLWKWKHFRXSOHXQLWHGLQPDUULDJHDQGOLYLQJEOLVVIXOO\WRJHWKHU XQWLO WKHLU GHDWKV ZKLOH RWKHUV KDYH WUDJLF RXWFRPHV LQ ZKLFK WKH ORYHUV DUH QRW DOORZHGWREHWRJHWKHUDQGWKLVVRPHWLPHVUHVXOWVLQRQHRUERWKRIWKHPG\LQJIURP KHDUWDFKH$OWKRXJK WKH PDOH SURWDJRQLVW LQ WKHVH VWRULHV LV DOPRVW DOZD\V D IUHH PDQLWLVTXLWHFRPPRQIRUWKHZRPDQWREHDVODYH7KHVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQRIWKH woman does not detract from the way in which she is portrayed in the story or the ZD\VKHLVSHUFHLYHGE\WKHPDQZKRLVLQVWHDGWDNHQE\KHUEHDXW\ZLWNQRZOHGJH DQGVNLOOV7KHPDQLVW\SLFDOO\WKHZRPDQ¶VPDVWHUZKRKDVLQKHULWHGKHURUKDV VSHHGLO\SXUFKDVHGKHUDIWHUIDOOLQJLQORYHZLWKKHUDW¿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evista de Humanidades, 23 (2014). p. 23-60. ISSN 1130-5029 2. 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ISSN 1130-5029 ZHUHXQDEOHWRKHOSKLP$EǌDOণXVD\QDSSURDFKHGYDULRXVLQGLYLGXDOVDWFRXUW KRSLQJWKDWVRPHRQHFRXOGFRQYLQFHWKHFDOLSKWRJLYHRUVHOOWKHVODYHJLUOWRKLP EXWVRPHGLVDSSURYHGRIKLVUHTXHVWZKLOHRWKHUVZHUHV\PSDWKHWLFEXWFRXOGQRW KHOS$IWHUDZKLOHDO0XWWDTƯDQGKLVPRWKHUGHFLGHGWRJHWDQRWKHUWXWRU+HDULQJ WKLV$EǌDOণXVD\QUHVROYHGWRSXOOKLPVHOIWRJHWKHUOHVWKHORVHKLVVXVWHQDQFHDV ZHOO2QHQLJKWWKHUHZDVKHDY\NQRFNLQJDWKLVGRRU$EǌDOণXVD\QIHDUHGWKDW WKHFDOLSKKDGIRXQGRXWDERXWKLVORYHDQGZDQWHGWRSXQLVKKLP,QVWHDGZKHQWKH GRRURSHQHGWKHJLUOZDVEURXJKWLQDORQJZLWKDOOKHUEHORQJLQJVDVDJLIWIURPWKH FDOLSK7KHJLUOWROGKLPWKDWWKHFDOLSKKDGQRWVHHQKHUXQWLOWKDWYHU\QLJKWDQGLW ZDVRQO\WKHQWKDWWKHFDOLSKZDVWROGDERXWWKHLUPXWXDOORYHIRUHDFKRWKHU2QFH KHGLVFRYHUHGWKLVKHLPPHGLDWHO\GHFLGHGWRJLYHKHUWR$EǌDOণ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ǌNKƯYROQR%UD\9DQ*HOGHU QRThis tale is also found in The Arabian NightsYRO>1LJKWV@+DPRUL 6DGDQ9DQ*HOGHUQRDQGLQRWKHUVRXUFHVDVZHOOHJDO $Q৬ƗNƯYRO 33 The slave-girls who enslaved the free-born… - Aram A. 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ISSN 1130-5029 2.3 The Enterprising Slave-Girl: Intelligent and Resourceful Slave-Girls Who Save Their Masters from Poverty or Death 8S WR QRZ WKH IHPDOH SURWDJRQLVW LQ DOO RI WKH WDOHV KDV EHHQ TXLWH SDVVLYH 6KHLVRIWHQGHVFULEHGDVEHLQJEHDXWLIXOOHDUQHGDQGVNLOOHGHVSHFLDOO\LQVLQJLQJ DQGSOD\LQJPXVLF%XWLWLVDOZD\VWKHPHQZKRDFWDQGGHFLGHKHUIDWH,WLVWKH old master who sells her, and it is the new one who, out of compassion, returns her WRKLP7KHJLUOPLJKWEHWKHRQHWRVXJJHVWWKDWVKHEHVROGEXWRWKHUWKDQWKDWVKH ZHHSVDQGJULHYHVXQWLOVRPHRQHUHXQLWHVKHUZLWKKHUROGPDVWHU2QHH[FHSWLRQLV 7Xত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wYHFDXVLQJWKHFRXSOHWRVXIIHUKDUGVKLSV DQGKHDUWDFKHV <PM;\WZaWN \PM;TI^M/QZT<I_ILL]L 7KHVWRU\RIWKHVODYHJLUO7DZDGGXGLVWROGLQThe Arabian NightsYRO >1LJKWV@FI6DGDQ+HUXQVXUSDVVHGNQRZOHGJH DQGLQWHOOLJHQFHKHOSKHUGHIHDWWKHPRVWUHQRZQHGVFKRODUVDWWKHFRXUWRIWKHFDOLSK +ƗUǌQDO5DVKƯGWKHUHE\UHVFXLQJKHUPDVWHUIURP¿QDQFLDOUXLQ $ZHDOWK\PHUFKDQWLQ%DJKGDGKDGDVRQQDPHG$EǌDOণXVQ:KHQWKHPHUFKDQW GLHGWKHVRQGLVVLSDWHGKLVZHDOWKRQIRRGGULQNJLIWVDQGHQWHUWDLQPHQWXQWLOKH QRORQJHUKDGDQ\WKLQJH[FHSWDEHDXWLIXOLQWHOOLJHQWDQGHORTXHQWVODYHJLUOFDOOHG 7DZDGGXG$IWHUKHKDGQ¶WHDWHQIRUWKUHHGD\VVKHVXJJHVWHGWKDWKHVHOOKHUWRWKH FDOLSK+ƗUǌQDO5DVKƯGEXWIRUQROHVVWKDQGLQDUV,IWKHFDOLSKREMHFWHG WRWKHSULFH$EǌDOণXVQVKRXOGWHOOKLPWKDWVKHZDVYHU\OHDUQHGDQGZRUWKHYHQ PRUHDQGWKDWKHVKRXOGWHVWKHU 7DZDGGXGZDVEURXJKWEHIRUHWKHFDOLSKDQGVKHWROGKLPWKDWVKHNQHZDOOWKH EUDQFKHVRINQRZOHGJH+ƗUǌQZDVLQWULJXHGE\KHUFODLPVDQGDVNHGIRUVFKRODUV WRFRPHDQGWHVWKHU6HYHQVFKRODUVFDPHIRUZDUGWZRH[SHUWIDTƯKVMXULVWVD 4XU¶ƗQ UHFLWHU D SK\VLFLDQ DQ DVWURQRPHU D SKLORVRSKHU DQG D VFKRODU QDPHG ,EUƗKƯPDO1D਌਌ƗP7KH\DVNHGKHUTXHVWLRQVRQYDULRXVWRSLFVLQFOXGLQJ,VODPLF WKHRORJ\ ODZ DQG ULWXDOV WKH 4XU¶ƗQ KHDOWK DQG WKH KXPDQ ERG\ DVWURQRP\ 39 The slave-girls who enslaved the free-born… - Aram A. 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Shahin 6HFRQG WKH PDVWHU IDOOV LQ ORYH ZLWK WKH VODYH EHIRUH SK\VLFDOO\ VHHLQJ KLP DQG EHIRUHUHDOL]LQJKLVVRFLDOVWDWXVEXWZKHQWKHWZRGRPHHWWKHVODYHUHEXIIVWKH ORYHRIKLVPDVWHU7KLUGWKHWZRLQGLYLGXDOVOLYHWRJHWKHULQWKHVDPHEXLOGLQJEXW the slave attempts to separate himself from the master, while the master, in a moment RIH[DVSHUDWLRQVHQGVWKHVODYHWRSULVRQ7KHVHIDLOHGDWWHPSWVDWVHSDUDWLRQVHUYH WRKLJKOLJKWWKHXQG\LQJORYHRIWKHPDVWHU6HSDUDWLRQGRHVRFFXUZKHQWKHVODYH UHJDLQVKLVIUHHGRPDQGLVJUDQWHGWKHKLJKVRFLDOVWDWXVRULJLQDOO\EHORQJLQJWRKLV PDVWHUV)RXUWKHPDVWHUGRHVHYHU\WKLQJLQKHUSRZHUWRDFKLHYHXQLRQZLWKKHU EHORYHGEXWLVXQVXFFHVVIXOEHFDXVHRIWKHVODYH¶VVHQVHRIOR\DOW\WRKHUKXVEDQG DQGGHYRWLRQWR*RG,WLVRQO\ZKHQWKHROGPDVWHUDWWDLQVVSLULWXDOHQOLJKWHQPHQW DIWHU EHFRPLQJ GHVWLWXWH VFDUUHG DQG EOLQG WKDW WKH WZR DUH ¿QDOO\ XQLWHG DOEHLW WKURXJKWKHGLUHFWDJHQF\RI*RG ;]T\IV5IɷU͌LIVL)aǴb 2QH ODVW UHODWLRQVKLS WR EH GLVFXVVHG LV WKDW EHWZHHQ WKH VXOWDQ 0DতPǌG RI *KD]QDGDQGKLV7XUNLFPDOHVODYH$\Ɨ]G7KHORYH RIWKHVXOWDQWRKLVIDYRXULWHVODYHLVDFRPPRQWKHPHLQ3HUVLDQOLWHUDWXUHDQGD QXPEHURIDQHFGRWHVDQGVWRULHVDERXWWKHWZRDUHIRXQGLQWKHZULWLQJVRIPDQ\ PDMRU3HUVLDQDXWKRUV5RPDQFHHSLFVRQWKHWZRZHUHDOVRZULWWHQLQWKHth and thFHQWXULHVLQFOXGLQJRQHE\0XতDPPDGণDVDQ=XOƗOƯ.KYƗQVƗUƯG ,Q WKH URPDQFH RI =XOƗOƯ LW LV UHODWHG WKDW ZKLOH RQ D FDPSDLJQ WR FRQTXHU .DVKPLU0DতPǌGWRRNDQDSDQGIHOOLQORYHZLWKDPDOHVODYHWKDWKHVDZLQD GUHDP:KHQKHDZRNHKHGLVFRYHUHGZKHUHWKHVODYHZDVDERXWWREHVROGDQGKH KXUULHGWKHUHDEDQGRQLQJKLVFDPSDLJQ7KHVXOWDQERXJKW$\Ɨ]DQGEURXJKWKLP EDFNWRKLVFDSLWDO*KD]QDZKHUHKHWULHGWRUHSODFHWKHPDVWHUVODYHUHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK FRPSDQLRQVKLS EDVHG RQ ORYH 6XEVHTXHQWO\ WKH WZR VXIIHUHG D QXPEHU RI VHSDUDWLRQVDVMHDORXVFRXUWLHUVOHG$\Ɨ]DVWUD\DQGWKHNLQJRI.DVKPLUNLGQDSSHG KLP+RZHYHUWKURXJKWKHLUDFWLRQVGULYHQE\ORYHWKH\ZHUHUHXQLWHGDQG0DতPǌG DWWDFNHG.DVKPLUDQGIUHHGKLVEHORYHG$\Ɨ].XJOH 2QHVWRU\LQWKH0X‫܈‬ƯEDWQƗPD7KH%RRNRI$IÀLFWLRQRIµ$৬৬ƗUEHDUVVRPH VLPLODULWLHVWRWKHVWRULHVLQVHFWLRQDERYH,WLVUHODWHGWKDWRQHGD\0DতPǌGZDV DQJU\ZLWK$\Ɨ]+HZRQGHUHGZKHWKHUKHVKRXOGNLOOKLPRUSXWKLPLQFKDLQV%XW LWZDVVXJJHVWHGWRKLPWKDWKHVHOOKLPLQVWHDG$\Ɨ]ZDVVROGIRURQHWKRXVDQG GLQDUV$ZKLOHODWHUWKHVXOWDQUHJUHWWHGWKHVDOHDQGDVNHGIRU$\Ɨ]WREHEURXJKW EDFN:KHQ$\Ɨ]DQGKLVQHZRZQHUDUULYHGWKHVXOWDQUHEXNHGWKHODWWHUDQGVWDWHG 7KLVLQFOXGHV1L਌ƗPƯµ$UǌঌƯGFD)DUƯGDO'ƯQµ$৬৬ƗUG5ǌPƯ DQG6DµGƯGFD6XKD\OƯ>@6SLH'KǌDO)DTƗUƯ>@ 2WKHU URPDQFHV ZHUH FRPSRVHG E\ )DNKU DO'ƯQ µ$OƯ LEQ ণXVD\Q :ƗµL਌ .ƗVKLIƯ G NQRZQDVৡDIƯDQG$QƯVƯ6KƗPOǌ<ǌOTXOƯ%HJG'KǌDO)DTƗUƯ> @ 52 Revista de Humanidades, 23 (2014). p. 23-60. ISSN 1130-5029 WKDW EX\LQJ WKH EHORYHG RI WKH VXOWDQ ZDV DQ DFW ZRUWK\ RI SXQLVKPHQW E\ GHDWK $\Ɨ]LQWHUYHQHGDQGUHPDUNHGWRWKHVXOWDQ:KDWZDVWKHQWKHGXHRIWKHRQHZKR KDGVROGWKHEHORYHG"6XKD\OƯ>@6SLH$QXPEHURIRWKHU DQHFGRWHVH[SOLFLWO\VWDWHWKDWWKHVXOWDQKDGEHFRPHWKHVODYHRIKLVRZQVODYHVLQFH $\Ɨ]ZDVPDVWHURIWKHVXOWDQ¶VKHDUW6SLH +76+4=;176".1+<176)6,01;<7:A 7KHOLQHEHWZHHQOLWHUDU\¿FWLRQDQGKLVWRULFDOIDFWLVRIWHQEOXUUHGLQWKHVWRULHV GLVFXVVHGKHUH(YHQLQWDOHVWKDWDUHREYLRXVO\¿FWLWLRXVKLVWRULFDOFKDUDFWHUVDSSHDU DQGEHKDYHDVWKH\DUHSRUWUD\HGLQKLVWRULFDOFKURQLFOHV%XWWKHVLWXDWLRQLVPRUH FRPSOLFDWHGZKHQDVWRU\LVSUHVHQWHGLQDFKURQLFOHDELRJUDSKLFDOGLFWLRQDU\RULQ DVRXUFHWKDWFODLPVWREHUHSRUWLQJKLVWRULFDOIDFWVDQGDFWXDOH\HZLWQHVVDFFRXQWV The question that poses itself is how much of what occurs in these tales is of a KLVWRULFDOQDWXUHRUFDQEHDVFHUWDLQHGYLDGRFXPHQWDU\RUKLVWRULFDOVRXUFHV" 7KHYDOXHRIWKHZRUNRIDO7DQǌNKƯDVDKLVWRULFDOVRXUFHKDVEHHQDQDO\]HG E\ D QXPEHU RI VFKRODUV ZKR KDYH FRQFOXGHG WKDW DOWKRXJK PDQ\ RI WKH VWRULHV ZKLFK DUH QDUUDWHG DUH RI GXELRXV KLVWRULFDO ZRUWK DQG FRQWDLQ FKURQRORJLFDO DQG factual inaccuracies, their descriptive realism is of immense value for the study RI SULYDWH OLIH HFRQRPLF OLIH WKH KLVWRU\ RI PHGLFLQH WKH ZRUOG RI EXUHDXFUDF\ DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV VXFK DV SULVRQV DQG VFKRROV *DEULHOL 6FKLSSHUV FI$VKWLDQ\'HWDLOHGDQDO\VLVRIVRPHVWRULHVKDVOHG VFKRODUVWRDUJXHWKDWWKHWDOHVWROGE\DO7DQǌNKƯDOWKRXJK¿FWLRQDODQGEDVHGRQ folkloric motifs, shed of their more supernatural elements, made them more lifelike DQGUHDOLVWLFZLWKDVWURQJGHJUHHRISODXVLELOLW\+DPRUL 7KHVODYHJLUOVLQWKHVWRULHVDUHGHVFULEHGDVSRVVHVVLQJH[TXLVLWHEHDXW\DQG XQXVXDOLQWHOOLJHQFHOHDUQLQJDQGVNLOO7KHSULFHVWKDWDUHDVNHGDQGSDLGIRUWKHP DUH W\SLFDOO\ SUHVHQWHG DV XQFKDUDFWHULVWLFDOO\ KLJK LQ SDUWLFXODU WKH SULFH WKDW LV DVNHGIRU7DZDGGXG,QGHHGDFFRUGLQJWRGRFXPHQWDU\VRXUFHVWKHDYHUDJH VODYHVROGIRUDERXWGLQDUVDURXQGWKHththFHQWXU\ZLWKVRPHUHDFKLQJ GLQDUV &KHLNK0RXVVD 7KH DVWURQRPLFDO SULFHV WKDW ZH ¿QG LQ WKH OLWHUDU\VRXUFHVDUHWKXVPHDQWWRHPSKDVL]HWKHH[FHOOHQFHRIWKHJLUOLQTXHVWLRQ RUWKHH[WUDYDJDQFHRIWKHSXUFKDVHU+LVWRULFDOO\WKHPRVWH[SHQVLYHZHUHVLQJLQJ VODYHJLUOVTL\ƗQ, VLQJTD\QDDQGDFFRUGLQJWROLWHUDU\DFFRXQWVWKH\FRXOGIHWFK KLJKSULFHV&KHLNK0RXVVD6RPHUHSRUWVWHOOXVWKDWVRPHEX\HUV ZHQWLQWR¿QDQFLDOUXLQRUKDGWRJLYHXSDJRRGSRUWLRQRIWKHLUZHDOWKLQRUGHUWR REWDLQDSDUWLFXODUTD\QDZKRPWKH\GHVLUHG&KHLNK0RXVVD,QIDFW PDQ\RIWKHVODYHJLUOVWKDWDSSHDULQRXUVWRULHVDUHVDLGWREHVNLOOHGLQVLQJLQJDQG SOD\LQJPXVLFDOLQVWUXPHQWV <HW WKH H[LVWHQFH RI WKHVH TL\ƗQ ZDV LWVHOI FRQWURYHUVLDO 7KH HPLQHQW SURVH ZULWHU DO-ƗতL਌ FRPSRVHG DQ HSLVWOH LQ ZKLFK KH DSSDUHQWO\ 53 The slave-girls who enslaved the free-born… - Aram A. Shahin GHIHQGVWKHSUDFWLFHRIRZQLQJTL\ƗQDQGWKHOLFLWQHVVRIHQMR\LQJWKHLUFRPSDQ\ DO-ƗতL਌3HOODW+RZHYHUWKHHSLVWOHLVLQUHDOLW\DVDWLUHFULWLFL]LQJWKH FXVWRPDQGWKRVHLQYROYHGLQLWDO-ƗতL਌&KHLNK0RXVVD 7KHµ$EEƗVLGSRHW,EQDO5ǌPƯGHVFULEHVKRZDTD\QD named :DতƯGHQVQDUHGKLPZLWKKHUEHDXW\DQGKHUPXVLFDOSHUIRUPDQFHDQGKRZKHKDV EHFRPHOLNHKHUVODYH ³2P\WZRIULHQGV:DতƯGKDVHQVODYHGPH 7LOOP\KHDUWLVWRUPHQWHGDQGEURNHQE\ORYH>@ ³6KHLVEODPHGEHFDXVHZKHQVKHVLQJV 7KHIUHHERUQEHFRPHHQVODYHGE\KHU´ 0RWR\RVKLDQGOLQHVDQG 7KLVZDVLQIDFWSDUWRIWKHSUREOHP7KHVHTL\ƗQZKRKDYHEHHQFRPSDUHGWR WKH$WKHQLDQhetairaiDQGWKH-DSDQHVHJHLVKDVDO-ƗতL਌3DUDVNHYD ZHUH VHHQ E\ VRPH DV D VXEYHUVLYH HOHPHQW LQ VRFLHW\ WKDW WUDQVJUHVVHG WKH VWULFW KLHUDUFKLFDO RUGHU RI WKH VRFLDO UDQNV DQG WKH VH[HV WKH VODYH EHFDPH WKH PDVWHU and the female slave commanded the male elite in what was considered a reversal RIWKHVRFLDODQGHWKLFDORUGHU&KHLNK0RXVVDLGHP %UD\ $Q HDUO\ H[DPSOH RI D KLJKUDQNLQJ PDQ ZKR LV GHVFULEHG DVIROORZLQJWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVRIKLVVODYHJLUOLVWKH8PD\\DGUXOHU<D]ƯGLEQµ$EG DO0DOLNU,WLVVDLGWKDWKHIHOOLQORYHZLWKKLVIDYRXULWHTD\QD ণDEƗEDWRVXFKDGHJUHHWKDWKHOHWKHULQÀXHQFHKLVGHFLVLRQVLIQRWPDNHWKHP KHUVHOI,WLVDOVRUHSRUWHGWKDWKHGLHGDIHZGD\VDIWHUKHUGHDWKRXWRIJULHIIRUKHU =DNKDULD$OWKRXJKWKHVHUHSRUWVDUHSUREDEO\H[DJJHUDWLRQVLIQRWVWUDLJKW IDEULFDWLRQVDLPHGDWPRFNLQJ<D]ƯGDQGKLVG\QDVW\WKH\VWLOOLQGLFDWHWKHQHJDWLYH YLHZ WKDW WKH DXWKRUV KDG RI WKH SRVVLEOH LQÀXHQFH RI VODYHJLUOV RQ IUHH PHQ &RQWUDU\WRWKLVDWWLWXGHWKLVUHYHUVDORIUROHVLVQRWGHSLFWHGLQDQ\QHJDWLYHZD\ LQWKHVWRULHVVWXGLHGDERYH7KHVNLOODQGLQLWLDWLYHRIWKHVODYHJLUOVLQWKHVWRULHV DOZD\VUHVXOWLQDSRVLWLYHDQGKDSS\HQGLQJ $VIRULQGLYLGXDOTL\ƗQ and their lives, the sources provide more information DERXWWKHPWKDQDERXWIUHHZRPHQ/HWXVWDNHDVDQH[DPSOHWKHOLIHRIµ$UƯE RQHRIWKHPRVWIDPRXVTL\ƗQDWWKHµ$EEƗVLGFRXUWDO+HLW\=LD $O+HLWW\µ$UƯEZDVWKHGDXJKWHURI-DµIDUDO%DUPDNƯZKRLV DFKDUDFWHULQWKHVWRULHVLQ-DµIDUKDGIDOOHQLQORYHZLWK)Ɨ৬LPDWKHKHDGRI 7KH$UDELFRULJLQDOLVIRXQGRQSSDQG \ƗNKDOƯOD\\DWD\\DPDWQƯ:DতƯGXIDIX¶ƗGƯELKƗPXµDQQDQµDPƯGX µD\EXKƗDQQDKƗLGKƗJKDQQDWDODতUƗUD਌DOOǌZDKXPODGD\KƗµDEƯGX 7KHOLQHVDUHWDNHQIURPRGH³:DতƯGWKH6LQJLQJ6ODYH*LUORIµ$PKDPDK´ ,WLVWREHQRWHGWKDWRXWRIWKHµ$EEƗVLGFDOLSKVZKRUXOHGXSWRWKHVDFNRI%DJKGDGE\ WKH0RQJROVLQRQO\WKUHHZHUHERUQRIIUHHPRWKHUV=DNKDULDQRWH 54 Revista de Humanidades, 23 (2014). p. 23-60. 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