cine y literatura: narrativa de la identidad

Anuncio
$1$*5$0$681,9(56,'$''(0('(//,1
&,1(</,7(5$785$
1$55$7,9$'(/$,'(17,'$'
$OHMDQGUD/DYHUGH5RPiQ 0DUWKD/LJLD3DUUD
$OHMDQGUD0RQWR\D*LUDOGR
<HQQLIHU8ULEH$O]DWH
0DUJDULWD7REDUÉOYDUH]
5HFLELGRGHPDU]RGH$FHSWDGRGHDEULOGH
5(680(1
(VWHDUWtFXORHVUHVXOWDGRGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ/DQDUUDWLYDOLWHUDULD\DXGLRYLVXDOHQ
ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODLGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDOFRORPELDQD8QDPLUDGDGHVGHHOFLQH\OD
OLWHUDWXUD DGDSWDFLRQHV GH REUDV OLWHUDULDV OOHYDGDV DO FLQH HQWUH \ (QHOSUHVHQWHWH[WRVHGHVDUUROODXQDQiOLVLVGHODUHODFLyQGHFLQH\OLWHUDWXUDHQ
ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODLGHQWLGDGFRORPELDQDDSDUWLUGHOUDVWUHRELEOLRJUiILFRGHOD
FUtWLFD\ODVKLVWRULDVOLWHUDULDV\FLQHPDWRJUiILFDVDXQFRUSXVVHOHFFLRQDGRGHREUDV
OLWHUDULDVOOHYDGDVDOFLQH
3DODEUDVFODYHFLQHOLWHUDWXUDLGHQWLGDGFUtWLFDDGDSWDFLRQHVFLQHPDWRJUiILFDV
&RORPELD
(VWHDUWtFXORGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWtILFD\WHFQROyJLFDHVUHVXOWDGRGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ´/DQDUUDWLYDOLWHUDULD\DXGLRYLVXDOHQODFRQVWUXF
FLyQGHLGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDOFRORPELDQD8QDPLUDGDGHVGHHOFLQH\ODOLWHUDWXUDµDGDSWDFLRQHVGHREUDVOLWHUDULDVOOHYDGDVDOFLQHHQWUH
\SDWURFLQDGDSRUOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH0HGHOOtQ
&RPXQLFDGRUDVRFLDOSHULRGLVWD8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLD0DJtVWHUHQ/LWHUDWXUD&RORPELDQD8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLD&RRUGLQDGRUD
0DHVWUtDHQ&RPXQLFDFLyQ8QLYHUVLGDGGH0HGHOOtQ(PDLODODYHUGH#XGHPHGXFR
&RPXQLFDGRUDVRFLDOSHULRGLVWD8QLYHUVLGDG3RQWLILFLD%ROLYDULDQD&UtWLFDGHFLQHFROXPQLVWD(O7LHPSRFRODERUDGRUDGH.LQHWRVFRSLR
$X[LOLDUGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVWXGLDQWHQRYHQRVHPHVWUHGH&RPXQLFDFLyQ\/HQJXDMHV$XGLRYLVXDOHV
$X[LOLDUGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVWXGLDQWHQRYHQRVHPHVWUHGH&RPXQLFDFLyQ\/HQJXDMHV$XGLRYLVXDOHV
$X[LOLDUGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHVWXGLDQWHQRYHQRVHPHVWUHGH&RPXQLFDFLyQ\/HQJXDMHV$XGLRYLVXDOHV
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
$OHMDQGUD/DYHUGH5RPiQ0DUWKD/LJLD3DUUD$OHMDQGUD0RQWR\D*LUDOGR<HQQLIHU8ULEH$O]DWH0DUJDULWD7REDUÉOYDUH]
&,1(0$$1'/,7(5$785(
,'(17,7<1$55$7,21
5(680(1
7KLVDUWLFOHLVWKHUHVXOWRIWKHUHVHDUFK´/LWHUDU\DQG$XGLRYLVXDO1DUUDWLRQLQWKH
&RQVWUXFWLRQRI&RORPELDQ&XOWXUDO,GHQWLW\$ORRNIURPWKHFLQHPDDQGWKHOLWHUDWXUH
$GDSWDWLRQVRIOLWHUDU\ZRUNVWDNHQWRWKHFLQHPDEHWZHHQDQG,QWKLV
WH[WDQDQDO\VLVRIFLQHPDOLWHUDWXUHUHODWLRQLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI&RORPELDQLGHQWLW\
IURPWKHELEOLRJUDSKLFFRQVXOWDWLRQRIFULWLFLVPOLWHUDU\DQGFLQHPDWRJUDSKLFVWRULHV
WRDFRUSXVVHOHFWHGIURPOLWHUDU\ZRUNVWDNHQWRWKHPRYLHVLVGHYHORSHG
.H\ ZRUGV FLQHPD OLWHUDWXUH LGHQWLW\ FULWLFLVP FLQHPDWRJUDSKLF DGDSWDWLRQV
&RORPELD
$1$*5$0$6
&LQH\OLWHUDWXUDQDUUDWLYDGHODLGHQWLGDG
,1752'8&&,Ð1
(Q XQ FRPLHQ]R IXH OD OLWHUDWXUD < HQ ORV
LQLFLRVGHOFLQHODOLWHUDWXUDDSR\yVXFUHFLPLHQWR
\GHVDUUROOR+R\HVHQH[RVHFRQVHUYDHLQFOXVR
VLJXHPiVYLJHQWHTXHQXQFDHQXQDUHODFLyQTXH
KD VLGR WDQ HVWUHFKD FRPR GLItFLO WDQ DQWLJXD
FRPR QHFHVDULD WDQ DSDVLRQDQWH FRPR DFWXDO
'RV OHQJXDMHV GLVWLQWRV \ XQD PLVPD YRFDFLyQ
QDUUDWLYD&RPRORVHxDOD-RVp/XLV6iQFKH]1R
ULHJD´'HQWURGHODUHODFLRQHVFLQHOLWHUDWXUDOD
DGDSWDFLyQ HV OD JUDQ FXHVWLyQ WDQWR GHVGH HO
LQWHUpVGHOGHEDWHFXOWXUDOFRPRGHVGHHODQiOLVLV
GHODVIRUPDVDUWtVWLFDVµ
/DUHODFLyQHQWUHDPERVHVFRPSOHMDSRUOD
FRPSDUDFLyQDODTXHVHOHVVRPHWHHOHVSHFWDGRU
VLHPSUHDFXGHDODVDODGHFLQHHQEXVFDGHORV
SHUVRQDMHVTXHVXLQTXLHWDLPDJLQDFLyQKDIRUPD
GRGHORVHVSDFLRVFUHDGRVHQORVUDWRVGHOHFWXUD
\TXHUHVSRQGHQHQRFDVLRQHVDRWURVUHIHUHQWHV
GHVXHQWRUQRRWDOYH]DDOJ~QOXJDUYLVWRHQXQ
YLHMRILOPHXQOXJDUGHODQLxH]HQILQWRGDVODV
SRVLELOLGDGHVTXHVXYLGD\VXH[SHULHQFLDOHKDQ
SURYRFDGR
(OFUtWLFRRHOHVWXGLRVRFDGDXQRHQVXGLV
FLSOLQDRDUWHEXVFDQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSURSLDV
GHFDGDiPELWRSDUDOOHYDUDFDERODFRPSDUDFLyQ
TXH HQ RFDVLRQHV UHVXOWD LQFRQYHQLHQWH SDUD OD
OLWHUDWXUD R SDUD HO FLQH SHUVRQDMHV HVSDFLRV
QDUUDGRUHVWHPDV\VHQWLGRVGHODREUDOLWHUDULD
VHDQDOL]DQHQHOILOPHVHHYDO~DODILGHOLGDGRQR
DOWH[WROLWHUDULRSDUDGLFWDUXQDVHQWHQFLDDIDYRU
RHQFRQWUD
FXPSOHQ XQ SDSHO GHQWUR GH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ
\ FRQVWUXFFLyQ VRFLDO GH ORV SDtVHV HQ ORV TXH
HVWiQLQVHUWRV(QHOFLQH\HQODOLWHUDWXUDFRPR
IRUPDVGHH[SUHVLyQSRGHPRVUHFRQRFHUODVVHxDV
SDUWLFXODUHVGHXQDVRFLHGDG,QGHSHQGLHQWHGHOD
LQWHQFLRQDOLGDGH[SOtFLWDGHXQDREUDOLWHUDULDRGH
XQDSLH]DDXGLRYLVXDOVXGLVFXUVRQDUUDWLYRKDFH
YLVLEOHVORVFyGLJRVSURSLRVTXHSDUWLFXODUL]DQ\
GLIHUHQFLDQHVDVRFLHGDG
3RUXQDSDUWHODREUDOLWHUDULDVHKDFRQVWLWXL
GRFRPRPHGLRGHE~VTXHGDGHODLGHQWLGDG\D
VHDLQGLYLGXDOFROHFWLYDRFXOWXUDO²HVHOFDVRGH
ODQXHYDOLWHUDWXUDODWLQRDPHULFDQDGHODVGpFDGDV
GHO\²SHURHVXQSURFHVRTXHVHYHQtDGDQ
GRGHVGHGpFDGDVDWUiV\\TXHFRQWLQ~D
KDVWDODVGpFDGDVSRVWHULRUHV'HLJXDOPDQHUDOD
QDUUDWLYDDXGLRYLVXDOVXIUHXQSURFHVRSDUDOHORHQ
ORVGLIHUHQWHVSDtVHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRV3DtVHVFRQ
PD\RUWUDGLFLyQFLQHPDWRJUiILFDHPSLH]DQDSUR
SRQHUXQDLGHQWLGDGODWLQRDPHULFDQDDOUHGHGRUGH
VXVH[SUHVLRQHVFXOWXUDOHVSRSXODUHVODVSHOtFXODV
PH[LFDQDV\DUJHQWLQDVGLIXQGHQVXVSURSXHVWDV
SRUHOUHVWRGH$PpULFD/DWLQDSHURVREUHWRGR
QRV KDFHQ VHQWLU PiV FHUFD SDUWH GH XQ WRGR
/RVPHGLRVDFRUWDQODVGLVWDQFLDV\SURPXHYHQ
ODVHQVDFLyQGHKDFHUSDUWHGHDOJRPD\RU
(QILQHOGLUHFWRUTXHHPSUHQGDODHPSUHVDGH
OOHYDUXQDREUDOLWHUDULDDOFLQHVDEHTXHVHUiHYD
OXDGRTXHVHVRPHWHDODFUtWLFDGHOTXHFRQRFH
\GHOTXHLQWX\HSRUTXHFRQPD\RUHVRPHQRUHV
HOHPHQWRVSDUDHOORWRGRHOTXHKDOHtGRHOOLEUR
VHFRQYLHUWHHQMXH]GHODFLQWDFLQHPDWRJUiILFD
(OFLQH\VREUHWRGRODWHOHYLVLyQPiVTXHOD
OLWHUDWXUDVRQPHGLRVLGHRORJL]DQWHVHQPXFKDV
RFDVLRQHV FRQ XQ WRQR GRPLQDQWHPHQWH PRUDO
TXHUD\DHQHOPDQLTXHtVPR\DTXHWLHQHQXQD
IXQFLyQPiVFODUDFRQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHORVYD
ORUHVVRFLDOHV\ODFXOWXUDTXHORVURGHDDPERV
WLHQHQVXSDUWHHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHORVJXVWRV
\ODVLPiJHQHVVRFLDOHVVHSRGUtDGHFLUTXHPiV
DOOiGHLQIRUPDUHVWiODLGHDGHIRUPDU'HLJXDO
PDQHUDHVFODURTXHFDGDPHGLR\H[SUHVLyQWLHQH
VXV OHQJXDMHV SURSLRV VX QDWXUDOH]D \ UHFXUVRV
WpFQLFRV\QDUUDWLYRVTXHOHVSHUPLWHQSURSRQHU
FDGD XQR GHVGH VXV SRVLELOLGDGHV FUHDFLRQHV
QDUUDWLYDVGLIHUHQWHV
(QORTXHVtVXHOHKDEHUFRLQFLGHQFLDHQWUH
HVWXGLRVRVFUtWLFRVUHDOL]DGRUHVGLUHFWRUHVHVFUL
WRUHVJXLRQLVWDV\HVSHFWDGRUHVHVHQTXHDPERV
WDQWRHOUHODWRFLQHPDWRJUiILFRFRPRHOOLWHUDULR
(OSURFHVRFRQWLQ~DHQODVGpFDGDVVLJXLHQ
WHVHQODVTXHVHSODQWHDQRWURVHVFHQDULRVFRQ
ODOOHJDGDGHOQHROLEHUDOLVPR\ORVDYDWDUHVGHOD
JOREDOL]DFLyQODVQXHYDVSURGXFFLRQHVVHDEULH
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
$OHMDQGUD/DYHUGH5RPiQ0DUWKD/LJLD3DUUD$OHMDQGUD0RQWR\D*LUDOGR<HQQLIHU8ULEH$O]DWH0DUJDULWD7REDUÉOYDUH]
URQDODLQWHUQDFLRQDOL]DFLyQDODH[SRUWDFLyQGH
SHOtFXODV (VWD PLVPD LQWHUQDFLRQDOL]DFLyQ OOHYD
D SUHJXQWDUVH SRU OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ DFWXDO GH OD
LGHQWLGDG FXOWXUDO HQ XQ PXQGR TXH GLOX\H VXV
OtPLWHVWHUULWRULDOHV/DSUHJXQWDKDVLGRSODQWHDGD
SRU 1pVWRU *DUFtD &DQFOLQL ¢SXHGHQ VHU D~Q HO
DUWH\ODVFRPXQLFDFLRQHVPDVLYDVHVFHQDULRVGH
LGHQWLGDGQDFLRQDO"(VWHFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRIRUPX
ODGRSODQWHDODGXGDVREUHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOD
LGHQWLGDGSRUSDUWHGHODUWH\ODVFRPXQLFDFLRQHV
HQXQPXQGRJOREDOL]DGRTXHSLHUGHRGHVGLEXMD
ORV OtPLWHV QR VyOR JHRJUiILFRV VLQR QDFLRQDOHV
UHJLRQDOHV\ORFDOHV
1$55$7,9$
(,'(17,'$'&2/20%,$1$
(OFLQHFRORPELDQRHQFRQVRQDQFLDFRQHVWH
SDVDGRSULPLJHQLRGHOVpSWLPRDUWHHQVXVLQL
FLRVVHVLUYHGHODVOHWUDVFRPRPHGLRHILFD]SDUD
FRQHFWDUVHFRQORVHVSHFWDGRUHVSDUDHPSH]DU
DFRQVWUXLUGHVGHORDXGLRYLVXDOODLGHQWLGDGFXO
WXUDOFRORPELDQD(QHVWHVHQWLGRHVUHOHYDQWHOD
UHODFLyQTXHKDQHVWDEOHFLGRGHVGHVXRULJHQHO
FLQH\ODOLWHUDWXUD²DSHQDVLQLFLDHOFLQHVRQRUR
HQORVDxRVYHLQWHHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHODVQRYHODV
FXHQWRV \ RWUDV QDUUDFLRQHV VRQ DGDSWDGDV DO
OHQJXDMH FLQHPDWRJUiILFR² HQ DPERV VH KDEOD
GHODE~VTXHGDGHODLGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDOQDFLRQDO
(O FLQH VH SUHVHQWD DKRUD GH RWUD PDQHUD
FDGDYH]PiVSHUVRQDVSUHILHUHQYHUODVSHOtFXODV
HQVXVFDVDV²\DVHDSRUFDEOHRDOTXLODGDVHQYL
GHRWLHQGDV²SHURHOFLQHQDFLRQDOVHRIHUWDPHQRV
HQHVWRVOXJDUHVDVtTXHHOS~EOLFRQDFLRQDOUHFLEH
FRQUHJXODULGDGHOFLQHGHRWURVSDtVHV\RWUDVFXO
WXUDV3RURWUDSDUWHHVWiHOSDSHOGHO(VWDGRTXH
FHGHDHPSUHVDVSULYDGDVODLQGXVWULDDXGLRYLVXDO
TXHVRQUHDOPHQWHODVHQFDUJDGDVGHOGHVDUUROOR
GH ODV GLQiPLFDV FXOWXUDOHV FRQ UHSHUFXVLRQHV
PDVLYDVSRUHOOR&DQFOLQLYXHOYHDSODQWHDU¢FXiO
SXHGH VHU HO SDSHO GHO LQWHUpV S~EOLFR \ GH ODV
FXOWXUDVQDFLRQDOHVVLVHGHMDHQPDQRVSULYDGDV
FRQ REMHWLYRV SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH FRPHUFLDOHV
\ WUDVQDFLRQDOHV HO FRQMXQWR GH OD WHOHYLVLyQ
HOYtGHR\RWUDVWHFQRFXOWXUDVDVRFLDGDV"
/DLQWHUQDFLRQDOL]DFLyQ\ODDSHUWXUDHFRQyPLFD
OOHYDQODGLVFXVLyQKDFLDQXHYRVSXQWRVGHYLVWD
FXDQGRKDVWDKDFHSRFRVHGLVFXWtDODPRGHUQLGDG
\ODWUDGLFLyQFRPRFXHVWLRQHVUHOHYDQWHVHQHOHV
WXGLRGHODLGHQWLGDGDKRUDODSUHJXQWDYDGLULJLGD
KDFLDODUHSHUFXVLyQGHORVLQWHUHVHVJOREDOHV\GH
PHUFDGRVREUHHOGHVDUUROORFXOWXUDOWUDGLFLRQDO\
PRGHUQR/DFXHVWLyQGHIRQGRGHVDUUROODGDSRU
&DQFOLQLHV¢TXLpQQRVYDDFRQWDUODLGHQWLGDG"
(QHVWHHVWDGRGHFRVDVORDQWHULRUOOHYDDUHSODQ
WHDUVHODVIRUPDVGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODLGHQWLGDG
3HUVLVWH XQ LQWHUpV SRU ODV FXOWXUDV FRQFUHWDV H
LGHQWLGDGHV FXOWXUDOHV GH JUXSRV HVSHFtILFRV
¢FyPRYDQORVPHGLRVDUHODWDUODV"3RVLEOHPHQWH
WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODLGHQWLGDGVHFRQVWUX\H
FRQ OD LQWHUDFFLyQ GH GLIHUHQWHV FRQWH[WRV SRU
HOOR´ORVPHGLRVPDVLYRVTXHQDFLHURQDVRFLDGRV
DODUHXELFDFLyQWUDQVFXOWXUDOGHODVFRPXQLFDFLR
QHVQRHVWiQPDOSUHSDUDGRVSDUDDFWXDUµ
/DRWUDSUHJXQWDREYLDHVTXpHVLGHQWLGDG
HOFRQFHSWRHVEiVLFRSDUDHQWHQGHUGHTXpVH
KDEOD\HVWDEOHFHUGHVGHTXpSHUVSHFWLYDVHSDU
WH/DLGHQWLGDGHPSH]yDVHUHVWXGLDGDGHVGHOD
$QWURSRORJtDVHGHILQLyFRPRORVUDVJRVJHQHUDOHV
TXH FDUDFWHUL]DQ D XQD SHUVRQD R JUXSR VRFLDO
SRUHOORFXDQGRVHKDEODGHLGHQWLGDGVHKDEOD
WDPELpQGHGLIHUHQFLDGHODUHODFLyQFRQHORWUR6H
HVWDEOHFLyTXHORVKDELWDQWHVGHXQFLHUWRHVSDFLR
GHEtDQSHUWHQHFHUDXQDVRODFXOWXUDKRPRJpQHD
\WHQHUSRUORWDQWRXQD~QLFDLGHQWLGDGGLVWLQWLYD
\FRKHUHQWH/DFXOWXUDSURSLDVHIRUPDUtDHQUHOD
FLyQFRQXQWHUULWRULR\VHRUJDQL]DUtDFRQFHSWXDO
\SUiFWLFDPHQWHJUDFLDVDODIRUPDFLyQGHFROHF
FLRQHVGHREMHWRVWH[WRVULWXDOHVFRQORVTXHVH
DILUPDUtDQ\UHSURGXFLUtDQORVVLJQRVTXHGLVWLQ
JXHQDFDGDJUXSR6HHVWDEOHFLyTXHWHQHUXQD
LGHQWLGDGHTXLYDOtDDVHUSDUWHGHXQDQDFLyQXQD
LGHQWLGDGHVSDFLDOPHQWHGHOLPLWDGDGRQGHWRGR
ORFRPSDUWLGRSRUTXLHQHVODKDELWDEDQ²OHQJXD
REMHWRVFRVWXPEUHV²ORVGLIHUHQFLDUtDHQIRUPD
QtWLGDGHORVGHPiV*DUFtD&DQFOLQL
/XHJRHOFRQFHSWRVHH[WHQGLySRUODVGLIH
UHQWHVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\KXPDQDVDFRPSDxDGR
GHODLGHDGHFXOWXUDHVWD~OWLPDFRQYHUWLGDHQXQD
SDODEUD GH XVR IUHFXHQWH \ OLJHUR VLQ HPEDUJR
HQ VHQWLGR FRQFUHWR HVWD SDODEUD HV FRPSOHMD
$1$*5$0$6
&LQH\OLWHUDWXUDQDUUDWLYDGHODLGHQWLGDG
HVSHFLDOPHQWHVLKDEODPRVGHLGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDO
6HJ~Q+DPHOLQNODLGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDOHVXQWpUPLQR
LQDGHFXDGR\QRHVDQiORJDDODLGHQWLGDGGHORV
VHUHV KXPDQRV pVWD GHEH VHU HQWHQGLGD FRPR
SHUVRQDOLGDG LQGLYLGXDO 0LHQWUDV TXH OD LGHQWL
GDG FXOWXUDO KDFH UHIHUHQFLD D OR TXH OD FXOWXUD
HVHVWHUD]RQDPLHQWRLPSOLFDTXHVHUtDSRVLEOH
DLVODUDXQLQGLYLGXRGHXQDFXOWXUDGHWHUPLQDGD
\pVWHWHQGUtDXQDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHVWDEOHFLGDV
3RUHOORVHSODQWHDTXHFDGDSDtVWLHQHGLIHUHQWHV
FXOWXUDV\FDGDFXOWXUDGLVWLQWDVLGHQWLGDGHVSRU
ORWDQWRVHUtDPiVDFHUWDGRKDEODUGHLGHQWLGD
GHVFXOWXUDOHVTXHGHLGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDO3RUHOOR
HVYiOLGDODSUHJXQWDGH&DWDOLQD*RQ]iOH]HQVX
HQVD\R,GHQWLGDGDOWHULGDG\FRPXQLFDFLyQ'HILQLFLRQHV
\UHODFLRQHV¢1RSRGUtDPRVPiVELHQSHQVDUTXH
HOFRQFHSWRLGHQWLGDGDOLJXDOTXHHOFRQFHSWR
´FXOWXUDµVHUHILHUHDXQFRQMXQWRGHUDVJRVHQ
SHUPDQHQWH FRQVWUXFFLyQ FX\R OtPLWH HV FDGD
YH] PiV YXOQHUDEOH \ YXOQHUDGR SRU ORV PHQVD
MHV GH ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ ORV FXDOHV
LQWURGXFHQ\VDFDQHOHPHQWRVDOFRQMXQWRSDUD
HODERUDUVXVSURSLRVUHODWRVGHLGHQWLGDG"*RQ
]iOH]¢&yPRLQWHUYLHQHQORVPHGLRVGH
FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQ OD IRUPDFLyQ GH OD LGHQWLGDG"
&RQFUHWDPHQWHQRVUHILHUHDODLGHDGHVHUHQWHV
VRFLDOL]DGRUHVTXHSDUWLFLSDQHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQ
GHODVGLYHUVDVLGHQWLGDGHVSHUVRQDOHV\FXOWXUD
OHVDGHPiVHOSURFHVRHVFDPELDQWHSRUTXHOD
LQWHUDFFLyQVRFLDOHVFRQWLQXDGHWDOVXHUWHTXH
ORV PHGLRV SURSRQHQ SDUDGLJPDV GH LGHQWLGDG
GHQWUR \ IXHUD GH XQD FXOWXUD GHWHUPLQDGD (V
GHFLULQWUDFXOWXUDOHVVHUtDQORVPRGHORVGHLGHQ
WLGDGGHQWURGHXQDFXOWXUDHVSHFtILFD²JpQHURV
MXYHQWXG² \ H[WUDFXOWXUDOHV ORV HVWHUHRWLSRV GH
SHUVRQDVGHRWUDVFXOWXUDVGLVWLQWDVDODSURSLD
(QGHILQLWLYDORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQVH
FRQYLHUWHQHQDEDVWHFHGRUHVGHLGHQWLGDGHVFRQ
ORVTXHODVSHUVRQDVYDQVLQWLpQGRVHLGHQWLILFDGDV
RGLIHUHQFLDGDV\OHVSHUPLWHQDGHPiVHQFRQWUDU
XQFLHUWRDSR\RSDUDODDGVFULSFLyQDGHWHUPLQDGD
LGHQWLGDG$OVLQD2WURDVSHFWRDFRQVLGH
UDUHVODUHODFLyQHQWUHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ\HOLQGLYLGXR
HQODGLYHUVLGDGGHOHFWXUDVHLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV8P
EHUWR(FRKDSODQWHDGRHQODWHRUtDJHQHUDOGHOD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQTXHQRH[LVWHXQDVRODOHFWXUDVLQR
WDQWDVOHFWXUDVFRPRLQWpUSUHWHV\WDQWRVWH[WRV
FRPROHFWRUHV(QFRQVHFXHQFLDVLHQWHQGHPRV
ODLGHQWLGDGFRPRXQDFRQVWUXFFLyQ²´UHODWRµ²HQ
JUDQSDUWHHODERUDGDSRUODUHODFLyQGHFRPXQL
FDFLyQ ´XQRPHGLR PDVLYRRWURµ pVWD HQ WDQWR
FRQVWUXFFLyQPHQWDOGHOUHFHSWRUHVP~OWLSOH\D
TXHQRHVRWUDFRVDTXHXQDSRVLEOHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
GHXQWH[WR<OOHYDQGRDOOtPLWHHOSODQWHDPLHQWR
VLKD\WDQWDVLQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVFRPRWH[WRV\OHF
WRUHVGHEHKDEHUDVLPLVPRWDQWDVLGHQWLGDGHV
FRPR´RWURVLQWpUSUHWHVµ*RQ]iOH]'H
HVWD PDQHUD VH H[SUHVD XQD LGHQWLGDG FRPR OD
FRORPELDQD TXH HV PXOWLFXOWXUDO \ PXOWLpWQLFD
8QSDtVSRVHHYDULDVFXOWXUDV\FDGDFXOWXUD
YDULDVLGHQWLGDGHV3RUHOORHVYiOLGDWRGDYtDOD
SUHJXQWDSRUODUHODFLyQGHORVJpQHURVQDUUDWLYRV
²QRYHOD\FLQH²\VXSDSHOHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOD
LGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDOFRORPELDQD(QHVWHVHQWLGRVH
IRUPXODXQSUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQTXHFHQWUD
VX LQWHUpV HQ OD IRUPD FRPR VH FRQVWUX\H HVWD
LGHQWLGDGGHVGHODQDUUDWLYDHVSHFtILFDPHQWHHQ
ODVDGDSWDFLRQHVOLWHUDULDVDOFLQHTXHVHSUHVHQWDQ
FRPRSRVLELOLGDGGHVtQWHVLVGHDPEDVQDUUDFLR
QHVHVGHFLUFXiOHVVRQORVPHFDQLVPRVTXHVH
HPSOHDQ SDUD KDFHUOR \ ODV GLIHUHQFLDV HQ HVWH
VHQWLGRTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQWUHDPEDV
3DUD HPSH]DU OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ UHDOL]D XQD
VHOHFFLyQUHSUHVHQWDWLYDGHORVWH[WRVQDUUDWLYRV
OLWHUDULRVOOHYDGRVDOFLQHHQWUH\HOSULPHU
VHPHVWUHGH(QSULPHUOXJDUVHOOHYDDFDER
XQUDVWUHRELEOLRJUiILFR\XQDUHYLVLyQKLVWyULFD
WDQWRGHOFLQHFRPRGHODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD
FRQHOILQGHLGHQWLILFDUREUDVUHOHYDQWHV\GHILQLU
HOFRUSXVGHREUDVOLWHUDULDV\FLQHPDWRJUiILFDVD
DQDOL]DUTXHFXPSODQFRQORVFULWHULRVHVWLSXODGRV
SDUDODVHOHFFLyQGHOFRUSXV$OJXQRVGHORVSDUi
PHWURVTXHJXLDURQHVWDVHOHFFLyQLQLFLDOIXHURQ
ORVVLJXLHQWHVREUDVOLWHUDULDVDGDSWDGDVDOFLQH
HOJpQHURHOHJLGRHVODQRYHOD\HOODUJRPHWUDMHGH
ILFFLyQSDUDHOFDVRGHOFLQHODSHULRGL]DFLyQHV
LPSRUWDQWHHOWLHPSRGHODKLVWRULDQDUUDGDGHEH
HVWDUHQPDUFDGRHQHOVLJOR;;ODREUDOLWHUDULD
GHEHVHUGHDXWRUtDGHXQHVFULWRUFRQQDFLRQDOL
GDGFRORPELDQDDXQTXHODFLQWDFLQHPDWRJUiILFD
SXHGHVHUGLULJLGDSRUXQH[WUDQMHURGDGRTXHOD
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
$OHMDQGUD/DYHUGH5RPiQ0DUWKD/LJLD3DUUD$OHMDQGUD0RQWR\D*LUDOGR<HQQLIHU8ULEH$O]DWH0DUJDULWD7REDUÉOYDUH]
QRYHOD SUHFHGH DO ILOPH VH SDUWH GH OD EDVH GH
TXHpVWD\DUHODWDODLGHQWLGDGFRORPELDQD\SRU
~OWLPRTXHUHODWHSHUVRQDMHVFRORPELDQRV
/XHJR GH WHQHU XQ FRUSXV GH REUDV DGDS
WDFLRQHVVHOHFFLRQDGDVTXHFXPSOLHUDQFRQORV
FULWHULRVGHILQLGRVHOSDVRVLJXLHQWHHVODUHYLVLyQ
ELEOLRJUiILFDVREUHODFUtWLFDTXHWDQWRHQOLWHUDWXUD
FRPRHQFLQHH[LVWHVREUHODVQRYHODV\SHOtFXODV
GHOFRUSXV(QSULQFLSLRIXHURQREUDVVHOHFFLR
QDGDVGHVSXpVGHODQiOLVLVFUtWLFRVHFRQVHUYDQ
/D 9RUiJLQH HVFULWD SRU -RVp (XV
WDVLR 5LYHUD \ DGDSWDGD FRQ HO QRPEUH GH
$ELVPRVGHDPRUHQSRU0LJXHO=DFDUtDV
(OFRURQHOQRWLHQHTXLHQOHHVFULEDGH
*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH]\DGDSWDGDSRU$U
WXUR5LSVWHLQHQ
&DtQHVFULWDSRU(GXDUGR&DEDOOH
UR&DOGHUyQ\DGDSWDGDSRU*XVWDYR1LHWR
5RDHQ
&yQGRUHV QR HQWLHUUDQ WRGRV ORV GtDV
HVFULWD SRU *XVWDYR ÉOYDUH] *DUGHD]iEDO \
DGDSWDGDSRU)UDQFLVFR1RUGHQHQ
/DPDQVLyQGH$UDXFDLPDHVFULWDSRU
ÉOYDUR0XWLV\DGDSWDGDSRU&DUORV0D\ROR
HQ
&UyQLFDGHXQDPXHUWHDQXQFLDGDHV
FULWDSRU*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH]\DGDSWD
GDSRU)UDQFHVFR5RVVL\7RQLQR*XHUUDHQ
(ODPRUHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFyOHUDHV
FULWDSRU*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH]\DGDSWDGD
SRU0LOH1HZHOOHQ
/D YLUJHQ GH ORV VLFDULRV HVFULWD SRU
)HUQDQGR 9DOOHMR \ DGDSWDGD SRU %DUEHW
6FKURHGHUHQHO
3HUGHU HV FXHVWLyQ GH PpWRGR HVFULWD
SRU6DQWLDJR*DPERD\DGDSWDGDSRU6HUJLR
&DEUHUDHQ
5RVDULR 7LMHUDV HVFULWD SRU -RUJH
)UDQFR \ DGDSWDGD SRU (PLOLR 0DLOOHW HQ
6DWDQiVHVFULWDSRU0DULR0HQGR
]D\DGDSWDGDSRU$QG\%DL]HQ
3DUDtVR 7UDYHO HVFULWD SRU -RUJH
)UDQFR \ DGDSWDGD SRU 6LPyQ %UDQG HQ
3DUDUHFRSLODUODLQIRUPDFLyQREWHQLGDHQOD
UHYLVLyQFUtWLFDVHHODERUyXQDILFKDWpFQLFDSDUD
ODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHOFRUSXVHQHOODVHFRQVLJQD
URQGDWRVELEOLRJUiILFRVWDOHVFRPRQRPEUHGHOD
KLVWRULD OLWHUDULD R FLQHPDWRJUiILFD QRPEUH GHO
FDStWXORDUWtFXORRHQVD\R\SiJLQDVHQHOTXH
VH HQFXHQWUD DXWRU \ GDWRV ELEOLRJUiILFRV GH OD
SXEOLFDFLyQFRQVXOWDGDHGLWRULDODxRFLXGDG\
GDWRVGHVFULSWLYRVREUDGHOFRUSXV\FLWDREVHU
YDFLRQHV R FRPHQWDULR FUtWLFR 6H FRQVLGHUy XQ
OLVWDGRGHSXEOLFDFLRQHVHQWUHPDQXDOHVOLEURV
GHKLVWRULDFUtWLFD\UHYLVWDVHVSHFLDOL]DGDVWDQWR
HQOLWHUDWXUDFRPRHQFLQHTXHVHSXHGHFRQVXOWDU
HQODELEOLRJUDItDGHHVWHDUWtFXOR
9,2/(1&,$817(0$5(&855(17(
(1 /$ 1$55$7,9$ &2/20%,$1$
/DYLROHQFLDKDVLGRXQWHPDRPQLSUHVHQWH
HQODOLWHUDWXUD\HQHOFLQHQDFLRQDO(VXQUHIOHMR
GHODKLVWRULDGHOSDtVFRQXQDJXHUUDQRDGPLWLGD
TXHWLHQHPiVGHFLQFXHQWDDxRV(VWDWHPiWLFDKD
VLGRODPDWHULDSULPDSDUDPXFKDVQRYHODV\SHOt
FXODVFRORPELDQDVHQODVFXDOHVVHKDSXHVWRHQ
SULPHUSODQRRFRPRWHOyQGHIRQGR3RGUtDPRV
GHFLUTXHDGHPiVGHVHUXQDVSHFWRUHFXUUHQWHHV
HOJUDQWHPDGHODQDUUDWLYDQDFLRQDO
/DVSHOtFXODVGHOFRUSXVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
LQFOX\HQREUDVOLWHUDULDV\SHOtFXODVTXHDEDUFDQ
HOHVSHFWURGHODYLROHQFLDVXVGLYHUVDVIRUPDV\
FRQVHFXHQFLDV GHVGH HO FRQIOLFWR GH ODV VHOYDV
FDXFKHUDV GH &RORPELD TXH WUDVFLHQGH OR ORFDO
HQ/DYRUiJLQHDODYLROHQFLDSROtWLFDHQ&yQGRUHV
QRHQWLHUUDQWRGRVORVGtDV\VXVFRQVHFXHQFLDVFRPR
HOGHVSOD]DPLHQWR\ODGHVLJXDOGDGGHFODVHVHQ
7HUUHPRWR²3LVLQJDxD²\&DtQSDVDQGRSRUODYLR
OHQFLDJXHUULOOHUDGHORV\HQ/DJXHUUDGHORV
WLJULOORV²&DQDJXDUR²ODGHOQDUFRWUiILFRGHORVDxRV
\H[SUHVDGDHQODVLFDUHVFDGH/DYLUJHQGH
ORV VLFDULRV \ 5RVDULR 7LMHUDV KDVWD OD GHOLQFXHQFLD
FRWLGLDQD GH ODV FLXGDGHV HQ 3HUGHU HV FXHVWLyQ GH
PpWRGRRODORFXUD\HODVHVLQDWRHQ6DWDQiVR/D
0DQVLyQGH$UDXFDLPD
(Q ODV REUDV GH *DEULHO *DUFtD 0iUTXH] OD
YLROHQFLDHVXQDVHQVDFLyQFRQWLQXDHQHODPELHQ
$1$*5$0$6
&LQH\OLWHUDWXUDQDUUDWLYDGHODLGHQWLGDG
WHHQ(ODPRUHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFyOHUDHOWHPDQRHV
SURWDJyQLFRSHURKDFHSDUWHGHOFRQWH[WRFRPR
ORFRQILUPDODGHVFULSFLyQGHOYLDMHHQJORERGH
)HUPLQD'D]D\-XYHQDO8UELQR
9RODURQVREUHHORFpDQRGHVRPEUDVGHORV
SODQWtRVGHEDQDQR«(OLQJHQLHURGHOJORER
TXH LED REVHUYDQGR HO PXQGR FRQ XQ FDWDOHMR
GLMR ´3DUHFHQ PXHUWRVµ /H SDVy HO FDWDOHMR DO
GRFWRU-XYHQDO8UELQR\pVWHYLRODVFDUUHWDVGH
EXH\HVHQWUHORVVHPEUDGRVODVJXDUGDUUD\DVGHOD
OtQHDGHOWUHQODVDFHTXLDVKHODGDV\GRQGHTXLHUD
TXHILMyVXVRMRVHQFRQWUyFXHUSRVKXPDQRVHV
SDUFLGRV$OJXLHQGLMRVDEHUTXHHOFyOHUDHVWDED
KDFLHQGRHVWUDJRVHQORVSXHEORVGHOD&LpQDJD
*UDQGH(OGRFWRU8UELQRPLHQWUDVKDEODEDQR
GHMyGHPLUDUSRUHOFDWDOHMR²3XHVGHEHVHUXQD
PRGDOLGDGPX\HVSHFLDOGHOFyOHUD²GLMR²SRUTXH
FDGDPXHUWRWLHQHVXWLURGHJUDFLDHQODQXFD
$VLPLVPRHQ(OFRURQHOQRWLHQHTXLHQOHHVFULED
HODXWRUHVFODURHQDILUPDUTXHVLELHQQRHVXQD
QRYHODGHODYLROHQFLDVtORHVGHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV
HQORVVREUHYLYLHQWHV3RU~OWLPRVHPXHVWUDRWUD
IRUPDGHYLROHQFLDFRPRODYHQJDQ]D\VXVPyYLOHV
TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQ&UyQLFDGHXQDPXHUWHDQXQ
FLDGDHQODKLVWRULDGHODYHQGHWWDGHORVKHUPDQRV
9LFDULRDQWHODGHVKRQUDGHVXKHUPDQD
/DFUtWLFDHQFRQWUDGDVREUHODVREUDVWDQWR
OLWHUDULDVFRPRFLQHPDWRJUiILFDVVHGLYLGHHQFDOL
GDG\FDQWLGDGGHHVWXGLRVFRPHQWDULRVUHVHxDV
DQiOLVLV$OJXQDVREUDVGHOFRUSXVVHOHFFLRQDGR
VLQGXGDUHFLELHURQHQHOSDVDGR\SRVLEOHPHQWH
VHJXLUiQUHFLELHQGRPiVDWHQFLyQTXHRWUDVFRQ
ODV FXDOHV FRPSDUWHQ XQ WHPD HQ FRP~Q XQD
PLVPDUHDOLGDGHLQFOXVRORVPLVPRVHVFHQDULRV
(QJHQHUDOVHWUDWDGHQRYHODVTXHSRUGLYHUVDVUD
]RQHVRFXSDQXQOXJDULPSRUWDQWHHQODVKLVWRULDV
\ODFUtWLFDOLWHUDULDGHOSDtV(VHOFDVRGH&UyQLFD
GHXQDPXHUWHDQXQFLDGDGHXQDGHODVREUDV
OLWHUDULDVDGDSWDGDVDOFLQHVREUHODTXHPiVVH
KDHVFULWRDFDVRPHQRVSRUHOODPLVPDTXHSRU
HOLQWHUpVTXHVXVFLWDVXFUHDGRU
*DEULHO *DUFtD 0iUTXH] SXEOLFD &0$ SDVD
GRVVHLVDxRVGHVGHVX~OWLPDQRYHOD(ORWRxRGHO
SDWULDUFDSXEOLFDGDHQSRUHOORKDEtDJUDQ
H[SHFWDWLYDVREUHVXQXHYDSXEOLFDFLyQVLQHP
EDUJR*DUFtD0iUTXH]GHFLGHWRPDURWURUXPER
FRQHVWDQDUUDFLyQEDVDGDHQKHFKRVUHDOHVRFX
UULGRVPXFKRVDxRVDQWHVHQ6XFUHXQSXHEOLWRGH
ODFRVWDFDULEH1RVHVDEHH[DFWDPHQWHFXiQGROD
HPSH]yDHVFULELUSHURHVSHUyKDVWDTXHHO~OWLPR
GH ORV LPSOLFDGRV PXULHUD SDUD HPSUHQGHU HVWD
WDUHD(VWDSXEOLFDFLyQHVUHVHxDGDHQQXPHURVRV
HVWXGLRVGHOLWHUDWXUDHQKLVWRULDVGHODOLWHUDWXUD
HQODFUtWLFD\HQILQHQGLYHUVDVSXEOLFDFLRQHV
OLWHUDULDVGHOSDtV$VLPLVPRVHUHDOL]DQDQiOLVLV
VREUHVXVSHUVRQDMHVODKLVWRULDQDUUDGDHOWHPD
SURSXHVWRVHODQ]DQKLSyWHVLVVREUHODFXOSDROD
LQRFHQFLDGH6DQWLDJR1D]DUHQHOSHUMXLFLRVXIULGR
SRU ÉQJHOD 9LFDULR D ORV RMRV GH OD VRFLHGDG HO
SXHEOR\VXIDPLOLD'HLJXDOPDQHUDVHDQDOL]DOD
SDUWLFLSDFLyQ\FRPSOLFLGDGGHOSXHEORHQWHURHQ
HODVHVLQDWRGH1D]DUFRQODLQWHQFLRQDOLGDGTXH
HQWUDxDHOVLOHQFLRGHOSXHEORHQWHUR
)HUQDQGR $\DOD 3RYHGD HQ VX 0DQXDO GH OL
WHUDWXUD FRORPELDQD GH GHGLFD XQ DSDUWDGR
FRPSOHWRD*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH]OXHJRGHXQD
EUHYHELRJUDItDGHOQRYHOLVWDFRPHQWDDOJXQDVGH
VXVREUDVPiVUHSUHVHQWDWLYDV&0$HQWUHpVWDV
HVSHFtILFDPHQWHVHUHILHUHDOXVRGHODLURQtDGH
ODKLVWRULDHQODTXHWRGRVORVSHUVRQDMHVKDFHQ
SDUWHGHXQPLVPRHQJUDQDMHPLHQWUDVHO0DQXDO
GHOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQDGH3URFXOWXUDHQPDQRVGH
0DUWKD&DQILHOGGHGLFDXQFDStWXORFRPSOHWRDO
1REHOFRORPELDQR\DVXREUDXQDGHODVQRYHODV
PHQFLRQDGDVHV&0$UHVHxDODVSDUWLFXODULGDGHV
GHVXQDFLPLHQWRFyPRVHYLRREOLJDGRHOHVFULWRU
DHVSHUDUGHELGRDXQDSURPHVDGHFRQWDUODKLV
WRULDVyORFXDQGRORVLPSOLFDGRVQRVHYLHUDQVH
xDODGRVODVSDUWLFXODULGDGHVHQJHQHUDOGHODREUD
HLQFOXVRHVGHQRPLQDGDXQDSHTXHxDMR\D
SiJLQDVGHDEVROXWDSHUIHFFLyQ$VLPLVPROD
DXWRUDVHRFXSDGHODDGDSWDFLyQFLQHPDWRJUiILFD
HQVXRSLQLyQpVWDHVUHDOL]DGDFRQXQFDVWLQJGH
DOWDWDTXLOOD\DOWDFDOLGDG(QRWURVDSDUWDGRVGHO
0DQXDOGH3URFXOWXUDVHPHQFLRQDODREUDFRPR
´XQD QRYHOD EUHYH \ SHUIHFWD HQ VX UHDOL]DFLyQ
FHQWUDGDHQODWHQWDFLyQ\FRQWHPSRUiQHDLQFDSD
FLGDGGHHYDGLUHOGHVWLQRµ(QWH[WRVFRPR
(VWXGLRV FRORPELDQR $VRFLDFLRQHV GH FRORPELDQLVWDV
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
$OHMDQGUD/DYHUGH5RPiQ0DUWKD/LJLD3DUUD$OHMDQGUD0RQWR\D*LUDOGR<HQQLIHU8ULEH$O]DWH0DUJDULWD7REDUÉOYDUH]
YHLQWHDxRVGHGLFDWRGRXQHQVD\RGH
0LFKDHO3DOHQFLD5RWKDODFRQVLGHUDFLyQGH&0$
FRPRHODQWL(GLSRGH*DUFtD0iUTXH]\RWURPiV
GH5KRQGD'DKO%XFKDQDQVREUHHODUWHQDUUDWLYR
FRPRH[RUFLVPRHQ&0$
/RSURSLRRFXUUHFRQ(OFRURQHOQRWLHQHTXLHQ
OHHVFULEDHVFULWDHQHODxRSRU*DUFtD0iU
TXH]/DFUtWLFDHYLGHQFLDODDFRJLGDSRUSDUWHGH
OHFWRUHV \ HVWXGLRVRV (O FRURQHO HV XQD GH ODV
REUDVSULQFLSDOHVGHQWURGHOD/LWHUDWXUDGH*DUFtD
0iUTXH]\DTXHGHDFXHUGRFRQ&RQUDGR=XOXDJD
HQ´/DHVSHUDGHOYLHMRFRPEDWLHQWHµSXEOLFDGRHQ
ODHGLFLyQGHODQRYHODTXHKDFH1RUPD´SRFDV
QDUUDFLRQHVHQHOSDQRUDPDOLWHUDULRFRORPELDQR
DOFDQ]DQHOHTXLOLEULRODVHJXULGDG\ODSHUIHFFLyQ
GHTXHKDFHJDODODKLVWRULDGHOYLHMRFRPEDWLHQ
WHµ6HOHYDORUDLQFOXVRSRUVXSRGHU
DUJXPHQWDWLYR FRQ HO TXH LPSXOVD HVWDV LGHDV
DFHUWDGDV HQ SRV GH SUHVHQWDU ODV FRQGLFLRQHV
SRUODVTXH&RORPELDKDFUHFLGRDWUDYpVGHORV
DxRVFRQXQKDORGHSDtVDJUHVLYR\VDQJULHQWR
GRPLQDGRSRULQWHUHVHVDMHQRVDORVPiVSREUHV
2WUDV REUDV TXH KDFHQ SDUWH GH FRUSXV
VHOHFFLRQDGR FRPR &DtQ GH (GXDUGR &DEDOOHUR
&DOGHUyQ QR FRUUHQ FRQ LJXDO VXHUWH $\DOD 3R
YHGD SRU HMHPSOR PHQFLRQD HVWD REUD MXQWR D
RWUDV WUHV QRYHODV FRPR REUDV QR ORJUDGDV ´(O
DUWHGHYLYLU&DtQ(OEXHQVDOYDMH\/DSHQ~OWLPDKRUD
VRQPHQRVQRYHODV\WRWDOPHQWHDUWLILFLRVDV>«@
FRQVLGHUDPRV TXH VRQ REUDV PDUJLQDOHV PD
ORJUDGDV FDVL WRWDOPHQWHµ 0LHQWUDV TXH
HO 0DQXDO GH 3URFXOWXUD OD LJQRUD GH OOHQR QR
VH HQFXHQWUD QL XQD VROD PHQFLyQ D OD REUD OR
TXHHVEDVWDQWHGLFLHQWHVLVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDOD
LPSRUWDQFLD GHO HVFULWRU SDUD ODV OHWUDV FRORP
ELDQDV(GXDUGR&DEDOOHUR&DOGHUyQHVPHQFLR
QDGR HQ DOJXQDV SiJLQDV GHO 0DQXDO OR PHQ
FLRQD (GXDUGR 3DFKyQ 3DGLOOD SRU VXV FXHQWRV
\ORVHxDODFRPRXQDXWRUTXHVHGHVWDFDHQOD
QRYHODDVLPLVPRHVUHVHxDGD7LSDFRTXHGH
FRPR XQD QRYHOD VHxRULDO GH FRVWXPEUHV GH
ODV DOWLSODQLFLHV DQGLQDV (Q RWURV WH[WRV FRPR
/LWHUDWXUD&RORPELDQDGH-RVp$1~xH]6HJXUDVH
PHQFLRQDQ ORV GDWRV ELEOLRJUiILFRV DOJXQRV GH
ORVHQVD\RV\GRVGHODVQRYHODVHVFULWDVSRUHO
&DEDOOHUR(ODUWHGHYLYLUVLQVRxDU\7LSDFRTXHSHUR
QR VH KDFH PHQFLyQ DOJXQD GH OD QRYHOD &DtQ
'HPDQHUDVLPLODUHQ(YROXFLyQGHODQRYHODHQ&R
ORPELDGH$QWRQLR&XUFLR$OWDPDUVHPHQFLRQDQ
ODV GLIHUHQWHV QRYHODV GH &DEDOOHUR &DOGHUyQ
SHURQRKD\QLQJXQDPHQFLyQD&DtQ
8QFDVRVLPLODUDXQTXHPiVHYLGHQWHHVHO
TXH RFXUUH FRQ OD QRYHOD (O WHUUHPRWR GH
*HUPiQ 3LQ]yQ (Q HO 0DQXDO GH $\DOD 3RYHGD
QRVHHQFXHQWUDQLQJXQDPHQFLyQQLDODXWRUQL
D OD REUD &XUFLR $OWDPDU HQ (YROXFLyQ GH OD QR
YHOD HQ &RORPELD WDPSRFR OR FRQVLGHUD HQWUH ORV
DXWRUHVUHVHxDGRV\HO0DQXDOGH3URFXOWXUDHQ
HOFDStWXORGHORV1DGDtVWDVVHPHQFLRQDFRPR
JDQDGRUGHOSUHPLRHQHO&RQJUHVR1DGDtVWDGH
SHUR QR VH RIUHFHQ GHWDOOHV GH OD REUD R
VXDXWRU
2WUD KLVWRULD VH FXHQWD GH REUDV FRPR /D
YRUiJLQHGH-RVp(XVWDVLR5LYHUDSXEOLFDGDHQ
\DTXHHOWLHPSRQRKDKHFKRPiVTXHFRQILUPDU
ODLPSRUWDQFLDGHHVWDREUDVXFDUiFWHUSLRQHUR
\ VX PRGHUQLGDG 8QD REUD IXQGDPHQWDO TXH
LQVWDXUDODQRYHODGHODLGHQWLGDGODWLQRDPHULFDQD
6LQGXGD/DYRUiJLQHHVXQDGHODVJUDQGHVREUDV
GHODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD\ODWLQRDPHULFDQD(V
MXQWRD0DUtDGH-RUJH,VDDFV\&LHQDxRVGH
VROHGDGGH*DUFtD0iUTXH]FRPRORVHxDOD
ODKLVWRULD\ORFRQILUPD0RQVHUUDW2UGyxH]HQHO
0DQXDOGHOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQDXQDGHODVWUHVREUDV
GHODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQDTXHKDQDSRUWDGRD
ODOLWHUDWXUDODWLQRDPHULFDQD6H\PRQ
0HQWRQHQ/DQRYHODFRORPELDQD3ODQHWDV\VDWpOLWHV
SRUHMHPSORODXELFDDOQLYHOGHODVJUDQGHVREUDV
GHODOLWHUDWXUDXQLYHUVDO\ODFRPSDUDFRQ/D'LYLQD
FRPHGLDGH'DQWHROD(QHLGDGH9LUJLOLR´(OLQILHUQR
GH 5LYHUD VH HQFXHQWUD HQ ODV VHOYDV FDXFKHUDV
GH&RORPELDSHURHVWRQRLPSLGHTXHWDPELpQ
VHLGHQWLILTXHFRQHOERVTXHRVFXURGHOLQILHUQR
GH'DQWHRFRQ/DYRUiJLQHQHJUDGHOD(QHLGDGH
9LUJLOLRµ0DUJDULWD3DOPHUVHxDODSRU
VXSDUWHTXHHVWDREUDQRVRORKDUHFUHDGRORV
PLWRVGHFDUiFWHUXQLYHUVDOVLQRTXHDQWHWRGR
KDWRPDGRFRPRHOHPHQWRFHQWUDOODOH\HQGDGH
RULJHQDPHULFDQRHOSHQVDPLHQWRPLWROyJLFRGH
ORVLQGtJHQDV
$1$*5$0$6
&LQH\OLWHUDWXUDQDUUDWLYDGHODLGHQWLGDG
3DUD)HUQDQGR$\DOD3RYHGDHQHO0DQXDOGH
/LWHUDWXUD SXEOLFDGR HQ HVWD REUD LQVWDXUD
OD QRYHOD GH OD LGHQWLGDG \ DGHPiV SHUIHFFLRQD
\DJLJDQWDODLGHQWLGDGODWLQRDPHULFDQD(OWHPD
OD YLROHQFLD UHDO VRFLDO \ GH LPSXQLGDG HVWi
SUHVHQWHHQWRGDODKLVWRULDQDUUDGDFRPRORH[
SOLFD$OIRQVR$URFKDHQVXDUWtFXORHQ3ROLJUDPDV
3DUD-DYLHU$UDQJR)HUUHUHQ+RUDVGH
ODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQDODQRYHODGH5LYHUDQRHV
&RORPELDVLQRODGHILQLFLyQPLVPDGHODYLROHQFLD
2WUD GH ODV REUDV DGDSWDGDV HQFRQWUDGDV
HV &yQGRUHV QR HQWLHUUDQ WRGRV ORV GtDV XQD GH ODV
SRFDVDGDSWDFLRQHVTXHQRKDQGHFHSFLRQDGRDO
S~EOLFRQLDODFUtWLFD\DTXHSRUDPERVUHFLEH
XQDFUtWLFDSRVLWLYD(QPiVGHWUHLQWDREUDVFRQ
VXOWDGDV SDUD HO DQiOLVLV VLHWH OD UHIHUHQFLDQ GH
XQDPDQHUDPX\SRVLWLYDSRUTXHHVFRQVLGHUDGD
FRPRXQDGHODVPHMRUHVQRYHODVVREUHHOSHULRGR
GH OD 9LROHQFLD HQ &RORPELD (VWD QRYHOD FDXVD
LPSDFWRHQODOLWHUDWXUDSRUTXHDERUGDGHVGHXQD
SHUVSHFWLYDGLIHUHQWHHVWDWHPiWLFDSXHVWRTXH
VHPXHVWUDGHVGHXQDSRVWXUDQXHYDDOKpURH\
UHFUHDXQDDWPyVIHUDSURYLQFLDQDPX\SURSLDGHO
9DOOHHVSHFLDOPHQWHGH7XOXi(VWiUHVHxDGDSR
VLWLYDPHQWHSRUTXH*XVWDYRÉOYDUH]*DUGHD]iEDO
UHFRJH WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH KDFHQ SRVLEOH
HOGHVDUUROORtQWHJURGHODFLXGDGFRQYLUWLpQGROR
HQXQOXJDUPiJLFRHQHOFXDOVHHYLGHQFLDQODV
FRVWXPEUHV\UDtFHVGHHVWDUHJLyQGHOSDtVTXH
JHQHUDOPHQWH DQKHOD ORV WLHPSRV SDVDGRV \D
TXHORVDFWXDOHVVHFRQVLGHUDQSHRUHV(VRVDQ
KHORVGHOSDVDGRVHFRQYLHUWHQSRUORJHQHUDOHQ
WHPRUHV\HVRKDFHTXHHQHVWDREUDOLWHUDULDVHD
HYLGHQWHHOPLHGRDXQDUHDOLGDGTXHFRQVLGHUDQ
SHOLJURVDHLPSRVLEOHGHUHVROYHU(QODPD\RUtDGH
ODVFLWDVHQODVFXDOHVHVWi&yQGRUHVUHIHUHQFLDGD
VHHQFXHQWUDDERUGDGRHOWHPDGHODPXMHU\VX
SDSHOGHQWURGHHVWDREUDSXHVWRTXHVRQHOODV
ODV TXH VREUHVDOHQ SRU VX SDSHO HQ OD IDPLOLD \
SRUODFDSDFLGDGGHÉOYDUH]*DUGHD]iEDOGHXQLU
HQXQDPXMHUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHWRGDV\QDUUDU
HVWDVSRVWXUDVGHVGHDOOt
0LHQWUDVTXHD(ODPRUHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFyOHUD
UHFLEHXQDFUtWLFDIXHUWHDOVHUFRQVLGHUDGDXQD
QRYHODPHQRUUDQJRGHQWURGHODREUDGHO1REHO
FRORPELDQRQRWLHQHHOQLYHOGHXQFOiVLFRFRPR
ORVHxDOD0HPSR*LDUGLQHOOLHQOD5HYLVWD/LQJtVWLFD
\/LWHUDWXUD´0HDWUHYRDGHFLUTXHHVWDQRYHODQR
VHUHFRUGDUiGHQWURyDxRVµ&RQVLGHUD
DGHPiV TXH HO DXWRU OODPD PiV OD DWHQFLyQ
VREUH VX YLUWXRVLVPR TXH VREUH OR QDUUDGR (O
WHPDGHODQRYHODHVHODPRUURPiQWLFRHODPRU
LPSRVLEOH GXUDQWH PiV GH DxRV \ OD YHMH]
&RPR OR VHxDOD *XDUGLQHOOL ´/D UHFXSHUDFLyQ \
OD GLJQLILFDFLyQ GH OD YHMH] /D LGHD GH OD YHMH]
KHUPRVD *DUFtD 0iUTXH] LPSRQH OD EHOOH]D GH
ORVDPRUHVRWRxDOHVµ
3RU VX SDUWH 3DUDtVR 7UDYHO GH -RUJH
)UDQFR HV GHILQLGD SRU -RVp 0DQXHO &DPDFKR
FRPRXQUHWUDWRYLYRVREUHODWUDQVFXOWXUL]DFLyQ
\ OD LGHQWLGDG FRORPELDQD ´(O SURWDJRQLVWD
DGTXLHUHHQODOHMDQtDFRQFLHQFLDGHVXLGHQWLGDG
/DFLUFXQVWDQFLDGLFHHOQDUUDGRUHUDSDUDVHQWLU
GRORU\UDELDFRQXQDSDWULDTXHQRRIUHFHQDGD
TXH QR VHD VDQJUH \ PXHUWRV \ XQ IXWXUR GH
SREUH]Dµ(OWHPDHVODE~VTXHGDGHO
VXHxR QRUWHDPHULFDQR FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH
ODYLROHQFLDLQPLJUDQWHVFRORPELDQRVHQ1XHYD
<RUN \ VXV FRQVHFXHQFLDV HO GHVDUUDLJR \ OD
GHVDUWLFXODFLyQGHODLGHQWLGDG/DQRYHODHQIDWL]D
HQODKLVWRULDGHDPRUODSHOtFXODHQODHPLJUDFLyQ
(Q HO FDVR GH REUDV FRPR /D 0DQVLyQ GH
$UDXFDLPDHVFULWDHQSRUÉOYDUR0XWLVOODPDOD
DWHQFLyQTXHVHDXQUHODWRJyWLFRGHWLHUUDFDOLHQWH
FRPRHOPLVPRDXWRUORKDQRPEUDGRSRUWUDWDUVH
GHGRVSDODEUDVTXHGHVLJQDQDOJRFDVLH[FOX\HQWH
JyWLFR\FDOLHQWH\ODVXJHVWLyQTXHHQHOOHFWRU
SXHGH JHQHUDU HVD FRPELQDFLyQ &RPR REUD
OLWHUDULDHVDQDOL]DGDWDQWRSRUVXWHPDSDVLRQHV
TXHVHDYLYDQHQXQUHFLQWRURGHDGRSRUODVHOYD
TXH FUHD XQD DWPyVIHUD GH SHUILGLD \ GHPHQFLD
TXH VRVWLHQH OD WUDPD QDUUDWLYD \ HYLGHQFLD HO
GHVHQODFHGHODILFFLyQVXVH[FpQWULFRVSHUVRQDMHV
SURFHGHQWHV GH XQLYHUVRV FRQWUDGLFWRULRV \
GLVtPLOHV\SRUVXHVWUXFWXUD
6H WUDWD GH XQD REUD DELHUWD XQD VHULH GH
IUDJPHQWRVRILJXUDVTXHHOOHFWRUKDEUiGHDUPDU
DVXJXVWR6HWUDWDHQGHILQLWLYDGHXQDPHWiIRUD
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
$OHMDQGUD/DYHUGH5RPiQ0DUWKD/LJLD3DUUD$OHMDQGUD0RQWR\D*LUDOGR<HQQLIHU8ULEH$O]DWH0DUJDULWD7REDUÉOYDUH]
\XQDPHWiIRUDORVDEHPRVELHQHVODVXVWLWXFLyQ
HQ HO LQWHULRU GH XQ FyGLJR GH XQ WpUPLQR SRU
RWURHQYLUWXGGHXQDVLPLOLWXGLQVWLWXLGD\OXHJR
HQFXELHUWDFRPRORDQRWD8PEHUWR(FRHQ/D
HVWUDWHJLDGHODLOXVLyQ&RER%RUGD\
0XFKRV GLFHQ TXH QR HV SURSLDPHQWH XQD
QRYHODVLQRXQRVDSXQWHVTXH0XWLVHVFULELySRU
XQGHVHRGHOGLUHFWRUHVSDxRO/XLV%XxXHOGHKDFHU
XQDSHOtFXODJyWLFDSHURIXH&DUORV0D\RORXQ
FRORPELDQRTXLHQODDGDSWy5HVXOWDLQWHUHVDQWHHO
WUDEDMRGH0XWLVSDUDODFUtWLFDHQJHQHUDO\DTXH
DERUGDWHPDVHVHQFLDOHVFRPRODOXFLGH]ODLQFR
PXQLFDELOLGDGODVROHGDGHOHURWLVPRHLQFOXVR
ODYLROHQFLDTXHFRQYLHUWHDOD0DQVLyQHQXQVLWLR
LGtOLFRLQVyOLWRHVSOHQGRURVR´GRQGHVHPXHYH
XQUtRVXEWHUUiQHRGHSDVLRQHVLQWULJDVFHORV\
YHQJDQ]DV6RQODVSHTXHxDVPLVHULDVKXPDQDV
OOHYDGDVDOSXQWROtPLWHHQODVTXHVHSLHUGHWRGD
VHQVLELOLGDGHVHQFLDOQRGHORVVHQWLGRVVLQRGHO
HVStULWXµ$UGLOD
-XDQ *XVWDYR &RER ERUGD GLFH TXH 0XWLV
UHDOPHQWHKDORJUDGRODGHVYLDFLyQDPHULFDQDGH
YLROHQFLD\SRHVtDGHQWURGHOFyGLJRRFFLGHQWDO
\SRUHOORQRVHQFRQWUDPRVSRUILQFRQQRVRWURV
PLVPRV HQ OD XQLYHUVDOLGDG FRQ TXH &RORPELD
WDPELpQIRUPDSDUWHGHOPXQGR'HDOJXQDPD
QHUDHQODEDVHGHORVPLWRVWDE~HV\IDQWDVPDV
VRFLDOHVVHFRQVWUX\HLGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDO
,ORQDOOHJDFRQODOOXYLDGHOPLVPRDXWRUSXEOL
FDGDHQKDFHSDUWHGHORTXHSXHGHOODPDUVH
ODWULORJtDGHO*DYLHURODVRWUDVGRVQRYHODVVRQ
/DQLHYHGHODOPLUDQWH\8QEHOPRULU
TXHGHVSXpVGHFRQRFHUODWRWDOLGDGGHODREUD
GH0XWLVPXFKRVFUtWLFRVKDQGHVSOD]DGRODGH
VLJQDFLyQWULORJtDSDUDRWRUJDUOHODGHVDJDHVWR
VHGHEHDTXHH[LVWHXQSHUVRQDMHTXHVXUJHGH
OD SRHVtD GHO HVFULWRU \ TXH VH FRQILJXUD FRPR
ODFULDWXUDTXHPiVHVWUHFKDPHQWHVHLGHQWLILFD
FRQpO\TXHPHMRUORUHSUHVHQWDLQFOXVRVHGLFH
TXHHVHOiOWHUHJRGH0XWLVVHWUDWDGH0DTUROO
HO *DYLHUR HO SURWDJRQLVWD GH JUDQ SDUWH GH OD
QDUUDWLYDGH0XWLV(QJHQHUDOORVWHPDVGH0XWLV
WDQWRHQSRHVtDFRPRHQSURVDVRQHOGHWHULRUR
OD GHVHVSHUDQ]D HO YLDMH HO H[LOLR \ OD HOXVLYD
E~VTXHGD GH XQD WUDVFHQGHQFLD WHPDV TXH VH
HYLGHQFLDQHQ,ORQD0DTUROOKDEODGHXQFXHUSR
DUUDVDGRSRUHOWUySLFRSHURHVWHSHUVRQDMHQRKD
ELWDHQ&RORPELDVHWUDVODGD\VHFRQYLHUWHHQOD
UHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHXQVHUFRVPRSROLWDTXHVLHQWH
QRVWDOJLDSRUVXSDVDGRJORULRVRTXHOHLQWHUHVDQ
ODVUHIOH[LRQHVTXHKDFHVREUHVXVSURSLRVYLDMHV
GRQGH VX PpULWR HV KDOODGR HQ HO UHFRUULGR VLQ
FRQVLGHUDUORVUHVXOWDGRVGHORVPLVPRV
8QDQRYHODTXHDSDUHFHSRFRUHSUHVHQWDGD
HQODFUtWLFDOLWHUDULDHV3HUGHUHVFXHVWLyQGHPpWRGR
GH6DQWLDJR*DPERDSXEOLFDGDHQHOFX\R
PD\RUDSRUWHDODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQDHVFXOWL
YDUHOJpQHURGHODQRYHODQHJUD'HDFXHUGRFRQ
2VFDU 0RQWR\D ´FRQVWLWX\H XQD H[SORUDFLyQ HQ
HO JpQHUR GH OD QRYHOD QHJUD >«@ /D SUHVHQFLD
GHO HOHPHQWR VHQWLPHQWDO GUDPiWLFR \ OD FRQV
WLWXFLyQSVLFROyJLFDGHOSHUVRQDMHVRQORVUDVJRV
GLIHUHQFLDGRUHVµ$VLPLVPRVHREVHUYD
OD UHODFLyQ TXH *DPERD LQWHQWD HVWDEOHFHU FRQ
HOHPHQWRVGHODFXOWXUDSRSXODU´ODVUHIHUHQFLDV
OLWHUDULDVWHOHYLVLYDVFLQHPDWRJUiILFDVUHYHODQHO
DIiQGHODXWRUSRUKDFHUGHODFXOWXUDSRSXODU\
PDVLYDXQUHIHUHQWHYiOLGRHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGH
REUDVOLWHUDULDVµ
&RQ UHVSHFWR D 6DWDQiV GH 0DULR
0HQGR]DQRVHHQFRQWUyUHJLVWURHQORVPDQXDOHV
GHOLWHUDWXUDHKLVWRULD\FUtWLFDOLWHUDULDGHELGRD
TXHODQRYHODIXHSXEOLFDGDHQ\ORVOLEURV
FRQVXOWDGRVHQDxRVDQWHULRUHVDpVWH6LQHP
EDUJRHQUHYLVWDVOLWHUDULDVVHHQFXHQWUDTXHHVWD
QRYHODKDVLGRPHQFLRQDGD\KDWHQLGRXQSUR
WDJRQLVPRHQODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQDSRUKDEHU
UHFLELGRHO3UHPLR%LEOLRWHFD%UHYHGH1RYHODHQ
HODxRSHVHDHVWRORVFUtWLFRVGLFHQTXHQR
HVVXILFLHQWHSDUDGHFLUTXHHVXQDEXHQDREUD´/D
~QLFDUD]yQSDUDHODERUDUHVWDQRWDVREUH6DWDQiV
HVHOKHFKRLQFUHtEOHGHTXHOHKD\DVLGRRWRUJDGR
HOSUHPLR%LEOLRWHFD%UHYH\SRUXQMXUDGRHQHO
TXH QR IDOWDQ QRPEUHV GH FDOLGDG UHFRQRFLGDµ
%DGD+DQVHQ/DFUtWLFDDSXQWDTXH
IXH XQ HUURU TXH HVWD QRYHOD KXELHUD JDQDGR HO
SUHPLR DQWHV PHQFLRQDGR VH GLFH TXH HV XQD
ULGLFXOH]ODPDQHUDHQTXH0HQGR]DWUDWDGHH[
SOLFDUODVVLWXDFLRQHVUHODWDGDVDGHPiVGHODFODUD
$1$*5$0$6
&LQH\OLWHUDWXUDQDUUDWLYDGHODLGHQWLGDG
LQWHQFLyQGHTXHUHUFRQWDUODKLVWRULDDSDUWLUGHOD
FRQVLJQDFLQHPDWRJUiILFD£/X]FiPDUDDFFLyQ
´SRUVLDFDVRODOHHXQDOHYtQGH4XHQWLQ7DUDQWLQR
GHFLGLGRDKDFHUXQD3XOS)LFWLRQDPELHQWDGDHQ
%RJRWiSDUDTXHTXHGHFODURTXHDTXtVHYDQD
ODYDUORVWUDSRVVXFLRVGHO0DOµD
/DQRYHODFRPRSURGXFWROLWHUDULRHVIXHUWH
PHQWHFULWLFDGDVLQHPEDUJRPXFKRVUHVFDWDQHO
SRGHURWUDVFHQGHQFLDTXHSXHGHWHQHUODKLVWR
ULD\DTXHDXQTXHDERUGDXQWHPDWDQXQLYHUVDO
FRPR OD PDOGDG TXH QDFH GHVGH HO LQWHULRU GH
FDGDVHUSHURTXHGHVHPERFDHQXQDFUXGDPD
QLIHVWDFLyQGHYLROHQFLDFRQWUDHORWURORSODVPD
HQSHUVRQDMHVUHDOLVWDV\FRWLGLDQRVGHODFDSLWDO
FRORPELDQDTXHHYLGHQFLDQODDEVXUGDGLIHUHQFLD
GHFODVHVVRFLDOHVGHQXHVWURSDtV\HOGHVYLDGR
IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV SROtWLFRV
FRORPELDQRV 3HVH D ORV FRPHQWDULRV QHJDWLYRV
TXH VXVFLWD HVWD QRYHOD KD\ TXLHQHV UHVDOWDQ
HOHPHQWRVTXHGHDOJXQDPDQHUDSXHGHQOOHJDU
DWHQHUSHVRGHQWURGHODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD
DFWXDODSXQWDQTXHHVXQOLEURSHTXHxR\OHJLEOH
TXHOHDSRUWDDODFUHDFLyQGHOFXHUSRGHODOLWH
UDWXUDFRORPELDQD
2WUDGHODVREUDVDERUGDGDVHV/DYLUJHQGHORV
VLFDULRVHVFULWDSRU)HUQDQGR9DOOHMRHQHOOD
VHHYLGHQFLDXQDUHDOLGDGFHUFDQDXUEDQDTXHVH
GHVDUUROODHQODFLXGDGGH0HGHOOtQ(VXQDREUD
PDUFDGDSRUODYLROHQFLDGHOVLFDULDWR/DFUtWLFD
UHIOHMDXQDREUDOOHQDGHVDQJUHGRORU\OiJULPDV
PDUFDGDSRUODYLROHQFLDTXHYLYLy0HGHOOtQHQOD
pSRFD GH ORV FRQ XQ OHQJXDMH LPSRQHQWH \
JURWHVFR\´WRQRLUUHYHUHQWH9DOOHMRHYRFDD0LJXHO
GH &HUYDQWHV -RUJH /XLV %RUJHV +RQRUDWR GH
%DO]DF7LUVRGH0ROLQD$QWRQLR0DFKDGR*XQWHU
*UDVVSDUDYDOLGDUVXVDILUPDFLRQHVVDUFiVWLFDV
FtQLFDV R GHVDFUDOL]DGRUDVµ -DUDPLOOR 0DUtD
0HUFHGHV9RO,,$VtVHYDFRQVWUX\HQGR
HVWDREUDOLWHUDULDHQWUHODGHVD]yQGHODPXHUWH\
ORDIDQRVRGHOGHYHQLUHQWUHODYLGDGHORVVLFDULRV
'HDFXHUGRFRQ-XDQ)HUQDQGR7DERUGD´/DLOXVLyQ
GHRUDOLGDGHQTXHVHEDVDODHVWUXFWXUDQDUUDWLYD
WLHQHXQDIXQFLyQHVHQFLDOHVHOUHFXUVRDSURSLDGR
SDUDGDUFXHQWDGHVGHODQRYHODGHXQDUHDOLGDG
TXH H[FHGH WRGRV ORV OtPLWHV GH OD ILFFLyQ /H
SHUPLWHPDQWHQHUDOQDUUDGRUXQFRQWDFWRGLUHFWR
FRQODYLGDGHODFLXGDGH[SUHVDUFRQLQPHGLDWH]
VXGHVHVSHURVXVVHQWLPLHQWRVHQFRQWUDGRV/H
SRVLELOLWDDVtPLVPRXWLOL]DUVLQFDHUHQXQIDOVR
DUWLILFLRHOOHQJXDMHFDOOHMHURµ&RPR
UHDOLGDG HO SHUPDQHFHU FRQ HO VLFDULDWR H[LJH
FRQRFHU ODV QHFHVLGDGHV GHO KR\ FRPR OR KDFH
9DOOHMR\GHVFULELUODVKHULGDVPiVSURIXQGDVTXH
H[LVWHQHQODVRFLHGDGFRORPELDQDFRQGLFLRQDGD
D XQD YLGD FRQ PLHGR KDPEUH DQJXVWLD \
QHFHVLGDG GRQGH HO DVHVLQDWR VH FRQYLHUWH HQ
XQDRSFLyQODERUDO
/$&5Ì7,&$&,1(0$72*5É),&$
/DSHOtFXODGH0LJXHO=DFDUtDV/DYRUi
JLQHDELVPRVGHDPRUDGDSWDFLyQGH/DYRUiJLQHHV
UHDOL]DGDHQWLHQHHQVXUHSDUWRDODDFWUL]
FRORPELDQD%HDWUL]6HJXUD3HxXHODFRQRFLGDDU
WtVWLFDPHQWHFRPR$OLFLD&DUR\TXLHQIXHXQDGH
ODVSULPHUDVDFWULFHVFRORPELDQDVTXHWULXQIyHQ
HOH[WHULRU/DVHVFDVDVUHVHxDV\FUtWLFDVHQFRQ
WUDGDVVREUHHVWDSHOtFXODVRQGLVSDUHVSHUROD
FRQVLGHUDQGLJQDGHYHUVH\XQHVIXHU]RYiOLGRHQ
WRGRFDVR8QDGHHVWDVFUtWLFDVDFDUJRGH*DUFtD
0iUTXH]UHFRQRFHTXHSHVHDVXSUHYHQFLyQVHOOH
YyXQDVRUSUHVD9HGHIHFWRVHQHVWDDGDSWDFLyQ
SHURODFRQVLGHUDGLJQD\DSUHFLDEOH´/DIXHU]DGH
5LYHUDODEUXWDOLGDGGHODPELHQWHHQTXHVHPRYLH
URQVXVSHUVRQDMHVODVYLROHQWDVSDVLRQHVTXHORV
HPSXMDURQKDVWDHOVDWiQLFRFRUD]yQGHODVHOYD
KDQ VLGR OOHYDGRV ILHOPHQWH D OD SDQWDOOD TXL]i
FRQ XQD PDHVWUtD SRFR FRP~Q HQ OD PHUFDQFtD
FLQHPDWRJUiILFDGH0p[LFRµ6DXFHGR
&yQGRUHVQRHQWLHUUDQWRGRVORVGtDVDGDSWDGDSRU
)UDQFLVFR1RUGHQHQDOLJXDOTXHODQRYHOD
HVWDSHOtFXODIXHUHFLELGDPX\SRVLWLYDPHQWHSRU
OD FUtWLFD SXHVWR TXH OD QDUUDWLYD TXH XWLOL]D HV
FDWDORJDGD FRPR EDVH SDUD XQD FRQVWUXFFLyQ
HILFLHQWHGHWHPDVSROtWLFRV\VRFLDOHVHQGRQGH
VHGDFXHQWDGHXQXQLYHUVRUHJLRQDOTXHUH~QH
WRGDVODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\FRVWXPEUHVGHODPLV
PDHVGHFLUHVXQFLQHTXHVHGHYXHOYHDPLUDUVH
HQODJHQWH\VXVUHDOLGDGHVFLUFXQGDQWHV)XHXQD
FLQWDUHFRQRFLGDQDFLRQDOHLQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWH
JUDFLDVDVXEXHQDUHDOL]DFLyQHVFRQVLGHUDGDSRU
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
$OHMDQGUD/DYHUGH5RPiQ0DUWKD/LJLD3DUUD$OHMDQGUD0RQWR\D*LUDOGR<HQQLIHU8ULEH$O]DWH0DUJDULWD7REDUÉOYDUH]
ODFUtWLFDFRPRXQDSHOtFXODUHVSHWDEOHLQWHUHVDQWH
HLPSRUWDQWH\HVRVHYHUHIOHMDGRHQODDFRJLGD
TXHWXYRHQHOS~EOLFR\DTXHHVWHDFXGLyDORV
WHDWURVDYHUXQFLQHQDFLRQDOGLIHUHQWH(VUHOH
YDQWHQRVyORSRUVXFRQWHQLGRVLQRWDPELpQSRU
HOFXLGDGRTXHSRQHVHJ~QODFUtWLFDHQWRGRVORV
SHTXHxRV GHWDOOHV TXH KDFHQ GH ODV ORFDFLRQHV
XWLOL]DGDV HVSDFLRV FUHtEOHV QDWXUDOHV \ VREUH
WRGRUHYHODGRUHVGHXQDWUDGLFLyQHVSHFLDODXQ
TXHQRVHSXHGHGHMDUGHODGRTXHHOFXLGDGRTXH
VHWXYRSDUDODHVFRJHQFLDGHORVSURWDJRQLVWDV
\ GH OD PD\RUtD GH ORV SHUVRQDMHV VHFXQGDULRV
IXHHQ~OWLPDVORTXHOHGLRHOYDORUDJUHJDGRDOD
KLVWRULD\DTXHVLQpODSHOtFXODQRKDEUtDWHQLGR
ODPLVPDIXHU]DGUDPiWLFD
'HOILOPH&DtQGHGH*XVWDYR1LHWR5RD
VyORVHHQFXHQWUDQUHIHUHQFLDVHQGRVWH[WRVGH
FLQHGHDFXHUGRFRQ*DUFtD6DXFHGRVHUHVFDWD
TXHDSHVDUGHODFRQWURYHUVLDTXHFDXVyHOILOPH
HQWUHODFUtWLFDHVHOILOPHFRORPELDQRFRQPD\RU
DXGLHQFLDHVGHFLUTXHFDOySURIXQGDPHQWHHQWUH
HO S~EOLFR QDFLRQDO $GHPiV REWXYR
SUHPLRVFRPRHO6DOyQGHOD)DPDHQ1XHYD<RUN
\XQD&DWDOLQDGH2URHQ&RORPELD\ORVSUHPLRV
$QWHQDGHOD$3(\GH&ROFXOWXUD1RREVWDQWH
HVWHFRPHQWDULRSDUHFHROYLGDGRSRUODFUtWLFDGH
FLQHHQHOSDtVWDOYH]SRUODFUtWLFDGHVIDYRUDEOH
RQXODKDFLDODREUDOLWHUDULD
(QHOFDVRGH3LVLQJDxDGH/HRSROGR3LQ]yQ
GHFRPRDGDSWDFLyQGHODQRYHOD(OWHUUHPR
WR GH *HUPiQ 3LQ]yQ HO SDQRUDPD HV VLPLODU DO
DQWHULRUHVXQDREUDSRFRUHVHxDGDFX\RPD\RU
ORJURHVHOVHUJDQDGRUDGHOSULPHUSUHPLRHQHO
&RQFXUVR1DGDtVWDGH1RYHODHQ/DFLQWD
HVUHVHxDGDSRU*DUFtD6DXFHGRVLQFRPHQWDULRV
FUtWLFRVDILUPDTXHHV´XQDSHOtFXODTXHLQWHQWD
GHQXQFLDUODUHSUHVLyQODHQDMHQDFLyQODYLROHQFLD
DFWLYD\SDVLYDTXHODVRFLHGDGHMHUFHVREUHORV
PLHPEURVGHODFODVHPHGLD\VREUHVHFWRUHVGH
ODSREODFLyQFDPSHVLQDµ$OLJXDOTXH
ODREUDOLWHUDULDVXHVWXGLR\UHIHUHQFLDVVRQFDVL
QXORVGHQWURGHODFUtWLFDFLQHPDWRJUiILFD
/D FUtWLFD FLQHPDWRJUiILFD GH /D 0DQVLyQ GH
$UDXFDLPD HQ DGDSWDFLyQ GH &DUORV 0D\ROR OD
FDOLILFD GH OLWHUDO \ WRUSH 5+ 0RUHQR'XUiQ HQ
ODUHYLVWD&LQHPDWHFDSODQWHyTXHFXDQGRVHYH
ODSHOtFXODQRVHHVWiIUHQWHDXQWH[WRHYLGHQ
WHPHQWHDXWyQRPRVLQRDXQDREUDTXHQRVHVWi
FRQWDQGRVXUHODFLyQFRQODQRYHOD(QGHILQLWLYD
FXDOTXLHUWLSRGHYLROHQFLDVHJHVWDHQHOLQWHULRU
GHOLQGLYLGXR\HVODLGHDTXH0XWLVTXLVRH[SUHVDU
SDUDTXH%XxXHOODSODVPDUDHQXQDSHOtFXOD3DUD
PXFKRV ODPHQWDEOHPHQWH 0D\ROR QR FDSWy OD
HVHQFLDGHOUHODWR\VHOLPLWyDFDOFDUVXSHUILFLDO
PHQWHHOHVFULWRGH0XWLV´6LHOUHDOL]DGRUKXELHUD
VLGRDXWpQWLFDPHQWHILHORLQJHQLRVDPHQWHLQGH
SHQGLHQWHODSHOtFXODKDEUtDVDOLGRPHMRUVREUH
WRGRVLFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHODQRYHODRIUHFHXQD
VHULHGHSDXWDVTXHSHUPLWHQUH]DUOD´FLQHPDWR
JUiILFDPHQWHµ
2WURGHORVJUDQGHVFUtWLFRVGHODSHOtFXODGH
0D\RORHV9tFWRU*DYLULDTXLHQHQ´/DDGDSWDFLyQ
GHODOLWHUDWXUDDOFLQHµ(Q/LWHUDWXUD\FLQHXQD
WUDGLFLyQGHSDVLRQHVHQFRQWUDGDVKDFHXQFRPHQWDULR
SHUWLQHQWHVREUHODOLWHUDOLGDG\H[FHVLYDILGHOLGDG
GHODSHOtFXODFRQHOWH[WR´6DFDPRVODFRQFOX
VLyQHQWRQFHVTXHFXDQGRVHUHVSHWDGHPDVLDGR
ODOLWHUDOLGDGGHOWH[WRRULJLQDOQRVHSURGXFHHO
HIHFWR EXVFDGR TXH HV HO TXH HO HVStULWX GH OD
QRYHODGHVSLHUWH\VHHQFDUQHHQHOFLQHµ*DYLULD
*DYLULD FRQFOX\H HQWRQFHV TXH HO SULPHU
HUURU GH OD DGDSWDFLyQ HV WUDWDU GH FRSLDU GH
LPLWDU GH UHSURGXFLU ORV HOHPHQWRV GHO WH[WR
RULJLQDOWDOFRPRORKDFH/DPDQVLyQGH$UDXFDLPD
OR TXH WLHQH TXH KDFHU HO DGDSWDGRU HV FUHDU
XQ VHJXQGR WH[WR EDVDGR HQ DVRFLDFLRQHV HO
FLQHDVWDGHEHGHYROYHUVHHLQGDJDUSRUHORULJHQ
GH ORV SHUVRQDMHV GH ORV OXJDUHV GH OD KLVWRULD
HQJHQHUDO(QPHGLRGHHVWDVFUtWLFDVVHKDOODQ
WDPELpQDOJXQRVFRPHQWDULRVSRVLWLYRVIUHQWHD
OD SHOtFXOD \ HO WUDEDMR GH 0D\ROR SRU HMHPSOR
/XLV $OEHUWR ÉOYDUH] HQ 3iJLQDV GH FLQH DSXQWD
TXHHQ&DOL&DUORV0D\RORIXHTXLHQPiVORJUy
DSUR[LPDUVH D SODVPDU FRQ IXHU]D \ FRQYLFFLyQ
OD LGLRVLQFUDVLD YDOOHFDXFDQD \ DJUHJD TXH HO
WDOHQWRGHOFDOHxRQRKDFXDMDGRWRGDYtDHQXQ
ODUJRPHWUDMHVDWLVIDFWRULRSHURFRQWLQ~DHVWDQGR
ODWHQWH
$1$*5$0$6
&LQH\OLWHUDWXUDQDUUDWLYDGHODLGHQWLGDG
/D FUtWLFD FLQHPDWRJUiILFD GH (O &RURQHO QR
WLHQH TXLHQ OH HVFULED SODQWHD TXH VH WUDWD GH XQD
FODUD FRQVWUXFFLyQ YLVXDO \ FLQHPDWRJUiILFD OR
TXH IDYRUHFLy TXL]i TXH SXGLHUD VHU SXHVWD HQ
FDUWHOHUDDOUHGHGRUGHODxRHQ0p[LFRFRQ
HOJXLyQGH3D]$OLFLD*DUFLDGLHJR\ODGLUHFFLyQ
GH$UWXUR5LSVWHLQ'HDFXHUGRFRQ&pVDU$O]DWH
´%DVDGDHQODQRYHODGH*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH]
GLFHXQFUpGLWR<GLFHRWURHVFULWDSRU3D]$OLFLD
*DUFLDGLHJR«DTXtQRHVWDPRVDQWHODDGDSWDFLyQ
SiUUDIR D SiUUDIR GH XQD QRYHOD ²FDVXDOPHQWH
HVFULWDFiPDUDHQPDQR²VLQRDQWHODUHFUHDFLyQ
GHXQDKLVWRULD6LQOLPLWDFLRQHV«ODOLEHUWDGGHO
QRYHOLVWDHVJUDQGHODGHOJXLRQLVWDFDVLQXODµ
(VWDREUDEDVDGDHQ(O&RURQHOUHIOHMDODPL
UDGD\DFRJLGDGHVXGLUHFWRU5LSVWHLQGRQGHVH
DWLHQGHQWUHVPLUDGDVGHVDUUROODGDVSDUDOHODPHQWH
HQVXILOPWUHVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVTXHGHQRWDUDQ
ODYLGDGHOFRURQHOODUHODFLyQFRQVXHVSRVD\OD
HVSHUDQ]DHQVXJDOOR~QLFRUHFXHUGRGHVXKLMR
PXHUWR
/DSULPHUDXQKRPEUHDJRELDGRSRUHOKDP
EUH\ODEXURFUDFLD8QKRPEUHWHQD]TXHHVSHUD
\ GHVHVSHUD HQ HO PXHOOH DJXDUGDQGR HO EDUFR
TXH OH GHEH WUDHU OD SHQVLyQ SURPHWLGD (V OD
KLVWRULDTXHGHPDQHUDPiVHYLGHQWHQRVYLHQH
DORVOHFWRUHVDODFDEH]DFXDQGRUHFRUGDPRVDO
&RURQHO«ODVHJXQGDHVODKLVWRULDGHDPRUHQWUH
HO &RURQHO \ VX HVSRVD FRPR GRV HQDPRUDGRV
TXHD~Q\FRQODPLVHULDVHDFHSWDQVHDPDQVH
FXLGDQ\ODWHUFHUDHVODXWRStDHO´TXLMRWLVPRµ
GHO&RURQHODOSRQHUVXHVSHUDQ]DHQXQJDOORTXH
SRGUtDUHLYLQGLFDUHOPDOWUDWRGHODEXURFUDFLDGH
DTXHOORVDORVTXHVLUYLy\QRORKDQUHFRPSHQVDGR
&HUYDQWHV&ULVWLQD
6LQ HPEDUJR OD UHFUHDFLyQ FLQHPDWRJUiILFD
QR IXH ELHQ UHFLELGD HQ &RORPELD SRU HO
FDPELR HQWUH SHUVRQDMHV \ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV QR
HVSHFLILFDGRVHQODREUDOLWHUDULDLQFOXVRSRUVX
FRQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQ\DPELHQWHTXHHYLGHQWHPHQWH
KDFHQ IDOWD HQ OD YHUVLyQ GH ORV FLQHDVWDV HQ
RSLQLyQGH9tFWRU*DYLULDKDFLHQGRUHIHUHQFLDD(O
FRURQHOGH5LSVWHLQ\*DUFLDGLHJRORVFRORPELDQRV
WLHQHQXQDLQIRUPDFLyQDGLFLRQDOVREUHODREUD
\D KD\ XQRV UHIHUHQWHV HVWDEOHFLGRV TXH VH
TXLHUHQ YHU UHIOHMDGRV HQ OD SHOtFXOD SHUR HO
GLUHFWRU PH[LFDQR ODV PRGLILFy VLQ ORJUDU ORV
REMHWLYRVHVSHUDGR
,ORQDOOHJDFRQODOOXYLDOOHYDGDDOFLQHSRU6HUJLR
&DEUHUDHQQRWLHQHEXHQDFUtWLFDFLQHPDWR
JUiILFD\DTXHHVWDSHOtFXODQRHVPX\UHVHxDGDQL
HVFRQVLGHUDGDXQDDGDSWDFLyQUHSUHVHQWDWLYDHQ
HOFLQHFRORPELDQR'HKHFKRVRQPHQFLRQDGDV
RWUDVSHOtFXODVGH6HUJLR&DEUHUDFRPR/DHVWUDWH
JLDGHOFDUDFRO\QRHVWDREUD1RREVWDQWH3HGUR
$GULiQ=XOXDJDHQODUHYLVWDGHFLQH.LQHWRVFRSLR
UHIHUHQFLD HVWD SHOtFXOD FRPR ´OD FRQVROLGDFLyQ
GHOVWDUV\VWHPFULROORHQHOHQFOHQTXHVLVWHPDGH
SURGXFFLyQGHQXHVWURFLQHQDFLRQDO3DUDGyMLFD
PHQWHGHHVWHSURPHWHGRUFDOGRGHFXOWLYRQR
FDEUtDHVSHUDUPiVTXHXQDPDVLMRLQIRUPHFDUHQ
WHGHLGHQWLGDGµ=XOXDJD(VWDSHOtFXOD
QR IXH ELHQ UHFLELGD SRU ORV FUtWLFRV KDEODQ GH
&DEUHUDFRPRXQPDTXLOODGRUGHODGHFDGHQFLD
JUDQWHPDGH0XWLVFRQXQDH[WUHPDHVWLOL]DFLyQ
XQDE~VTXHGDGHVRILVWLFDFLyQTXHOOHYyDODFLQWD
DWHQHUXQKHWHURJpQHRUHFLERHQWUHORVS~EOLFRV
\DTXHVHJ~QORKDOODGRORTXHQRVHOHSHUGRQD
D&DEUHUDIXHKDEHUGHMDGRGHODGRHOFLQHDQWUR
SROyJLFR R HO IROFORULVPR ´1R KD\ HQ FXDQWR D
VLWXDFLRQHVUHIOH[LRQHVHVFHQDULRVHLQWHQFLRQHV
QDGDSDUWLFXODUPHQWHQXHYRµ
6HGLFHDGHPiVTXHODSHOtFXODWLHQHYHUGD
GHURVORJURVWpFQLFRVEXHQPDQHMRGHOOHQJXDMH
FLQHPDWRJUiILFR \ SURIHVLRQDOLVPR HQ HO RILFLR
$XQTXHHVWDREUDQRWHQJDFRPRREMHWRFHQWUDO
OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GHO VHU FRORPELDQR *DUFtD
6DXFHGRHQVX'LFFLRQDULRGHOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQDHQ
HOFLQHDSXQWDTXHHVXQDPHWiIRUDGHODYHQWXULV
PRDODFRORPELDQDSHURORVFUtWLFRVLWDOLDQRVOD
FDWDORJDURQFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWyHQOD´0RVWUDµ
GHFLQHHQ9HQHFLDFRPRSLQWRUHVTXLVPRSDVDGR
GH PRGD \ FRPR H[RWLVPR DUWLILFLDO H LQHUWH \
KDEODQGHHOODFRPRXQPHORGUDPD/DPD\RUtD
FRLQFLGHHQTXHQLODQRYHODQLODSHOtFXODKDEODQ
GHODLGHQWLGDGFRORPELDQD´ODQRYHODGHÉOYDUR
0XWLVSRVHHXQRULJHQHXURSHRTXHHPDQDGHOD
FRQGLFLyQGHVXVSHUVRQDMHV$OHOHJLUHVWDREUD
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
$OHMDQGUD/DYHUGH5RPiQ0DUWKD/LJLD3DUUD$OHMDQGUD0RQWR\D*LUDOGR<HQQLIHU8ULEH$O]DWH0DUJDULWD7REDUÉOYDUH]
&DEUHUDVHYLRHQIUHQWDGRFRQXQWHMLGRFRPSOHMR
GHDUWLFXODFLRQHVTXHHQOD]DQWUHVKLVWRULDVLQYR
OXFUDGDVDOVXHxRPiVTXHDODUHDOLGDGµ*DUFtD
\
(Q FXDQWR D OD FUtWLFD FLQHPDWRJUiILFD TXH
UHFLEH 6DWDQiV OOHYDGD DO FLQH SRU $QG\ %DL] HQ
ODVRSLQLRQHVVRQGLYLGLGDVSRUXQODGRVH
GLFHTXHHVXQDGHORVPHMRUHVORJURVFLQHPDWR
JUiILFRVHQ&RORPELDKDEODQGRHQWpUPLQRVGH
SURGXFFLyQIDFWXUDLPSHFDEOH\H[FHOHQWHPDQHMR
GHOOHQJXDMHFLQHPDWRJUiILFRWDOFRPRORDILUPD
HOFUtWLFR2VZDOGR2VRULRHQ&RQHOGLDEORDGHQWUR
SXEOLFDGRHQKWWSFLQHIDJRVQHW´VXSUHFLVLyQ
QDUUDWLYDHOEXHQSXOVRSDUDWUDQVPLWLUVHQWLPLHQ
WRV\HPRFLRQHVFRQODVDFWXDFLRQHV\ODVVLWXDFLR
QHVSURSXHVWDVDVtFRPRXQDFRQFHSFLyQYLVXDO
HVPHUDGDHQFUHDULPiJHQHVQRVyORFRQXQYDORU
WpFQLFR\HVWpWLFRVLQRTXHQRVWUDQVSRUWDQDORV
HVSDFLRV\FUHDQDWPyVIHUDVFHUWHUDVµ$XQTXHHV
LPSRVLEOHFRPSDUDUFRQH[SUHVLRQHVGHPHMRUR
SHRUHOOLEURTXHODSHOtFXOD\YLFHYHUVDPXFKRVVH
DWUHYHQDGHFLUTXHODSURSXHVWDFLQHPDWRJUiILFD
VXSHUDODOLWHUDULDWDQWRHQIRUPDFRPRHQFRQ
WHQLGR(OPLVPR2VRULRPHQFLRQDPiVDGHODQWH
HQVXDUWtFXORTXHSHVHDTXHHQ6DWDQiVWRGRVORV
HOHPHQWRVSDUHFHQPX\ELHQXELFDGRVXWLOL]DGRV
KD\XQYDFtR\DTXHHOUHODWRVHWRUQDIUtRGLV
WDQWH\SXHGHOOHJDUDHPRFLRQDUPX\SRFR9DOH
ODSHQDPHQFLRQDUTXHVHJ~Q$GULDQD0RUDHQ
6DWDQiVVHVLHQWHXQHVIXHU]RYROXQWDULRTXHVX
SHUDVXRULJHQOLWHUDULRORTXHSXHGHHQWHQGHUVH
FRPRODFODUDLQWHQFLyQGHOGLUHFWRUSRUKDFHUXQ
WUDEDMRHVHQFLDOPHQWHFLQHPDWRJUiILFRTXHFRQ
HOSRGHUGHVXVLPiJHQHVSHUPLWLHUDDOS~EOLFRYHU
XQDREUDGHDXWRULQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHOOLEUR
0RUDD
(QFRQWUDSRVLFLyQDORFRPHQWDGRSRU2VR
ULR6DQWLDJR$QGUpV*yPH]VHxDODTXH6DWDQiV
HVXQDSHOtFXODTXHSURGXFHJUDQHVWXSRUTXHHV
DJRELDQWH\VXUWHIXHUWHVHIHFWRVHQHOHVSHFWD
GRU´(OGHVDUUROORGHODSHOtFXODHVFRPRGLFHQ
ODV SDODEUDV TXH VXEUD\D (OLVHR HQ HO OLEUR TXH
OHHDYDQ]DLQH[RUDEOHPHQWHHQXQDVRODOtQHD\
ODFRQGROHQFLDTXHKD\HQpOHVGHXQPXWLVPR
LQIUDQTXHDEOHµ*yPH]D
5HVXOWDYDOLRVRPHQFLRQDUTXH6DWDQiVHVHO
SULPHUODUJRPHWUDMHTXH$QG\%DL]GLULJH\VHJ~Q
ODFUtWLFDHVVRUSUHQGHQWH\PHULWRULRSDUDHOFLQH
FRORPELDQR\DTXHVHWUDWDGHXQDGHODVPHMRUHV
SHOtFXODVGHORV~OWLPRVDxRVFRQXQDLQVRQGDEOH
UHIOH[LyQ VREUH WHPDV WDQ XQLYHUVDOHV FRPR ORV
DWURFHV OtPLWHV HQWUH HO ELHQ \ HO PDO FRQ XQD
QDUUDFLyQ FRKHUHQWH KRPRJpQHD \ IiFLOPHQWH
OHJLEOHHVWR~OWLPRHQSDODEUDVGH6DQWLDJR$Q
GUpV*yPH]
/DFLQWD(ODPRUHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFyOHUDGH0LNH
1HZHOO SRU VX SDUWH UHLWHUD TXH *DUFtD
0iUTXH]HVLQWUDGXFLEOHDOFLQHSXHVQLQJXQDGH
VXVREUDVKDWHQLGRXQUHVXOWDGRVDWLVIDFWRULRDO
VHUDGDSWDGD\pVWDQRHVODH[FHSFLyQ\DTXHVH
OH FRQVLGHUD XQD YLVLyQ SDUDVLWDULD GHO OLEUR /D
FUtWLFDKDVLGRXQiQLPHHQDILUPDUTXHVHWUDWDXQ
QXHYRLQWHQWRIDOOLGRSRUDGDSWDUDO1REHO
/RVSHUVRQDMHVFRQTXLHQHVHVGLItFLOORJUDU
DOJXQDLGHQWLILFDFLyQFDUHFHQGH IXHU]DGH FUH
GLELOLGDGGHFDOLGH]QRHVWiQWUDEDMDGRVHQSUR
IXQGLGDG6HOHVFRQVLGHUDGLVWDQWHV/DSHOtFXOD
VHTXHGDHQODGHVFULSFLyQH[WHULRUVLQSHQHWUDU
HQODQDWXUDOH]DKXPDQDFRPRHQODQRYHOD'H
DFXHUGRFRQ/HDQGUR0iUTXH]´/DFLQWDFRQYLHUWH
HQGHIHFWRWRGRORTXHHQODHVFULWXUDGH*DUFtD
0iUTXH]OXFHEHOOR\HQFDQWDGRU$VtVXFHGHFRQ
HOSHUVRQDMHFHQWUDOFRQHOWRQRJHQHUDOHQTXH
VHGHVDUUROODODQDUUDFLyQFRPRFRQHOH[DFHUED
GRURPDQWLFLVPRTXHHQODFLQWDVHYXHOYHOLQHDO
FDUHQWHGHKXPRU\DJRWDGRUµ/D%XWDFD
/DSHOtFXODGH6LPyQ%UDQGDGDSWDFLyQ
GH ODQRYHOD3DUDtVR7UDYHOSHVH DVHU XQDGH ODV
SHOtFXODV PiV WDTXLOOHUDV GHO FLQH FRORPELDQR
HVFRQVLGHUDGDSRUODFUtWLFDFRORPELDQDHLQWHU
QDFLRQDOFRPRXQDREUDGHVLJXDOHQHODVSHFWR
QDUUDWLYRHQHOULWPR\HQODFUHGLELOLGDGGHVXV
SHUVRQDMHV \ FX\D IXHU]D QR YD PiV DOOi GH VXV
LPiJHQHVSXOLGDVGHHVWpWLFDGHYLGHRFOLS&RPR
ORVHxDODHOFUtWLFRHVSDxRO-RUGL5HYHUW´6XLQWH
UHVDQWHMRUQDGDKDFLDHOGUDPDGHOLQPLJUDQWH\
ORVVXHxRVKHFKRVDxLFRVVHYHFRQWUDUUHVWDGDSRU
FRQWH[WRVHVFDVDPHQWHGHILQLGRVODXUEHQRDG
TXLHUHHOSURWDJRQLVPRTXHGHELHUDµ/D%XWDFD
$1$*5$0$6
&LQH\OLWHUDWXUDQDUUDWLYDGHODLGHQWLGDG
3DUDHVWHFUtWLFRXQDGHODVPD\RUHVGHELOL
GDGHV GH OD FLQWD WLHQH TXH YHU FRQ HO DVSHFWR
QDUUDWLYR´(OPRQWDMHDEXQGDQWHHQIODVKEDFNVQR
VLHPSUH MXHJD D IDYRU GH OD QDUUDWLYD GH %UDQG
GHVGHHOPRPHQWRHQTXHLQWXLPRVFyPRHVWRVVH
YHQPDVMXVWLILFDGRVFRPRYiOYXODVGHHVFDSHGH
ODWUDPDSULQFLSDOTXHDXWpQWLFDVUHFRQVWUXFFLRQHV
GHXQSDVDGRRLQIRUPDFLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQ
WRUQRDORVSURWDJRQLVWDVµ/D%XWDFD
(Q/DYLUJHQGHORVVLFDULRVODFUtWLFDFLQHPDWR
JUiILFDUHDOL]DGDSRU%DUEHW6FKURHGHUHQHO
GHMDXQVLQVDERUQRPX\OHMDQRDOR\DFRQRFLGR
HQOROHtGRGHODQRYHODVHH[WLHQGHODUHDOLGDG
GRPLQDGDSRUODYLROHQFLDGRQGHSRFRVVRQORV
VREUHYLYLHQWHV HQ XQ JUDQ YDOOH GH OiJULPDV 'H
HVWD9LUJHQDILUPD9tFWRU*DYLULDHQ/DDGDSWDFLyQ
GHODOLWHUDWXUDDOFLQHµHQHOOLEUR/LWHUDWXUD\&LQH
XQDWUDGLFLyQGHSDVLRQHVHQFRQWUDGDVTXH´VHREVHUYD
GHWHQLGDPHQWH TXH PXFKDV GH ODV VHFXHQFLDV
GH OD SHOtFXOD VRQ EXHQDV SHUR HQ HOOD QR VH
H[SUHVDXQVHQWLGRSRpWLFR(VH[WUDxRHVFRPR
XQDLOXVWUDFLyQSODQDVHFXHQFLDDVHFXHQFLD(V
GHPDVLDGRILHODODQRYHODHVXQDILGHOLGDGTXH
PDWDHOHVStULWXSRpWLFRGHODREUDµ
VLQHPEDUJR\SHVHDVXOLWHUDOLGDGVXQDUUDWLYD
FLQHPDWRJUiILFD HV DSUHFLDGD \ GHPDUFDGD SRU
ORVVLQVDERUHVGHODUHDOLGDGTXH9DOOHMRGHVGHHO
FRPLHQ]RHQPDUFyHQVXOLEUR
)LQDOPHQWHOD~OWLPDGHODVFLQWDVFRQVXOWDGD
3HUGHUHVFXHVWLyQGHPpWRGRGLULJLGDSRU6HUJLR&DEUH
UDHQ²GHODTXHHVHVFDVDODFUtWLFDFLQHPD
WRJUiILFDTXHVHHQFXHQWUD²SODQWHDFRLQFLGHQFLDV
HQ FXDQWR DO LQWHQWR GHO JpQHUR QHJUR WDPELpQ
HQHOFLQHVLQHPEDUJRHOFUtWLFRÐVFDU0RQWR\D
FRQVLGHUDTXHDXQTXHQRSHUWHQHFHSRUFRPSOHWR
DOJpQHURQHJURVtWLHQHDOJXQDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
TXHODDFHUFDQHQWUHHOODVODLQWULJDGHWHFWLYHVFD
ODFRUUXSFLyQHODVHVLQDWRODGDPLVHODHQSHOLJUR
FRQWLQWHVGHPXMHUIDWDOORVDQWLKpURHVODFLXGDG
\ORRFXOWRODQRFKH\ORVHVFHQDULRVPDUJLQDOHV
&21&/86,21(6
'HVSXpVGHODFRQVXOWDUHDOL]DGDHQODVSXEOL
FDFLRQHVVHOHFFLRQDGDVGXUDQWHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
VHHQFXHQWUDQUHVXOWDGRVFRQFOX\HQWHVVREUHHO
FRUSXVVHOHFFLRQDGRSDUDHOSUR\HFWR(VWRVVHGL
YLGHQHQGRVFDWHJRUtDVODVREUDVTXHLQLFLDOPHQWH
HVWDEDQHQODVHOHFFLyQ\OXHJRGHODFRQVXOWDVH
GHVFXEUH TXH QR FXPSOHQ ORV FULWHULRV EiVLFRV
H[SXHVWRVHQHVWHDUWtFXORSRURWURODGRODVREUDV
TXHGHELGRDODFUtWLFDDQDOL]DGDGHMDQGHHVWDUHQ
HOFRUSXVGDGRTXHQRFXPSOHQFRQORVFULWHULRV
GHUHSUHVHQWDWLYLGDGHQODOLWHUDWXUD\ODFLQHPD
WRJUDItDFRORPELDQDUHTXLVLWREiVLFRDOWUDWDUVH
GHXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVREUHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOD
LGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDOGHOSDtV
(QWUHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHODSULPHUDFDWHJRUtD
VHHQFXHQWUDODREUD6HQGHURGHOX]TXHKDEtDHQ
WUDGRLQLFLDOPHQWHHQHOFRUSXVSHURHQODUHYLVLyQ
FUtWLFDVHGHVFXEUHTXHVHWUDWDGHXQFXHQWRGHO
HVFULWRU-DLPH,EixH]&DVWURSRUHOORQRFXPSOH
FRQ ORV FULWHULRV LQLFLDOHV SDUD HVWDU GHQWUR GHO
FRUSXVQRYHODVOOHYDGDVDOFLQH8QFDVRVLPLODU
VHSUHVHQWyFRQODSHOtFXOD$OPDSURYLQFLDQD
SXHVVHHQFRQWUyTXHODIXHQWHOLWHUDULDGHHVWD
SHOtFXODQRHUDXQDQRYHODVLQRXQDREUDWHDWUDO
²&RQHOQRPEUHGH,VDEHOHQORVODELRV²$VLPLVPRVH
HQFRQWUyTXH(OGUDPDGHOTXLQFHGHRFWXEUH
IXH HO SULPHU ODUJRPHWUDMH GRFXPHQWDO GHO FLQH
FRORPELDQR UD]yQ SRU OD FXDO QR FXPSOtD FRQ
XQRGHORVUHTXLVLWRVGHOFRUSXVVHUODUJRPHWUDMH
GHILFFLyQ/DREUD,ORQDOOHJDFRQODOOXYLDVXIUHOD
PLVPDVXHUWHDODQDOL]DUVXFRQWHQLGR\VXFUtWLFD
SRUVHUXQDREUDTXHQRUHSUHVHQWDSHUVRQDMHV
FRORPELDQRVQLVHGHVDUUROODHQHVFHQDULRVGHO
SDtV1LODKLVWRULDQLORVSHUVRQDMHVQLORVOXJD
UHV LQFOXVR QL ORV FRQIOLFWRV QRV DSUR[LPDQ D
ODLGHQWLGDGFXOWXUDOFRORPELDQD$VtSXHVHVWDV
FXDWURREUDVIXHURQUHWLUDGDVGHOFRUSXVLQLFLDOGH
ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
2WUDVREUDVFRPR/DYRUiJLQHGHJUDQLPSRU
WDQFLD SDUD OD OLWHUDWXUD FRORPELDQD SUHVHQWDQ
GLILFXOWDGHVFRPRODSRFDLQIRUPDFLyQGHODSHOt
FXODGH/DYRUiJLQHDELVPRGHDPRUSRUVHUURGDGD
HQHVFHQDULRVIXHUDGHOSDtV3DWULPRQLR)tOPLFRQR
FRQVHUYDQLQJXQDFRSLDSXHVQRVHUtDXQDFLQWD
FRORPELDQD&DVRVFRPR(OFRURQHOQRWLHQHTXLHQOH
HVFULEDFRQXQDDGDSWDFLyQUHDOL]DGD\SURGXFLGD
HQ 0p[LFR HV XQD GH ODV REUDV TXH TXHGDQ HQ
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
$OHMDQGUD/DYHUGH5RPiQ0DUWKD/LJLD3DUUD$OHMDQGUD0RQWR\D*LUDOGR<HQQLIHU8ULEH$O]DWH0DUJDULWD7REDUÉOYDUH]
OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SRU VX FDUiFWHU OLWHUDULR SRU OR
LPSRUWDQWHTXHHVHODSRUWHGH*DUFtD0iUTXH]
GHQWURGHODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD\SRUHODFRP
SDxDPLHQWR FRQVWDQWH TXH 5LSVWHLQ OH SHUPLWLy
HQVXSHOtFXOD
&DQDJXDURIXHRWUDGHODVREUDVTXHHQWUyHQ
XQSULQFLSLRDKDFHUSDUWHGHOFRUSXV(VWDREUDFL
QHPDWRJUiILFDKHFKDHQ\GLULJLGDSRU'XQDY
.X]PDQLFKKDVREUHVDOLGRHQHOFLQHFRORPELDQR
SXHVWRTXHHVGHODSRFDVSHOtFXODVTXHVLELHQQRV
QDUUDQXQWHPDUHFXUUHQWHFRPRORHVOD9LROHQFLD
QRVODPXHVWUDGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDUXUDOFDP
SHVLQRTXHHYLGHQFLDXQDVHQVLELOLGDGDORVSUR
EOHPDVVRFLDOHVSRUSDUWHGHOGLUHFWRUTXHHQPX\
SRFDVRFDVLRQHVVHSXHGHREVHUYDUSRUODJHQWH
GHOFRP~Q'HDKtSURYLHQHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOD
REUD\DTXHGHDFXHUGRFRQODFUtWLFDODFLQWD
WUDVFLHQGHODUHDOLGDGSROtWLFDQDFLRQDO(VWHILOPH
WLHQHFRPRXQRGHVXVUHIHUHQWHVODREUDOLWHUDULD
HVFULWDSRU(GXDUGR)UDQFR,VD]DEDMRHOQRPEUH
/DVJXHUULOODVGHOOODQRSHURLQIRUWXQDGDPHQWHSDUD
HOHVFULWRUODQRYHODQRWXYRWDQWDDFRJLGDFRPR
ODWXYRVXYHUVLyQFLQHPDWRJUiILFD'HKHFKRHQ
ODVREUDVFRQVXOWDGDVQRVHUHVHxD\HQSDODEUDV
GH,VDEHO6iQFKH]HQ&LQHGHOD9LROHQFLDQRHVXQD
DGDSWDFLyQVLQRXQJXLyQRULJLQDO
(QWUHODVREUDVTXHQRVRQUHSUHVHQWDWLYDVD
ODOX]GHODFUtWLFDVHHQFXHQWUD(OWHUUHPRWRTXHQR
KDVLGRUHIHUHQFLDGDHQQLQJXQRGHODVKLVWRULDV
OLWHUDULDVQLHQORVWH[WRVVREUHFUtWLFDFRQVXOWDGD
GHLJXDOPDQHUDVXDGDSWDFLyQDOFLQH3LVLQJDxD
REUDGH*HUPiQ3LQ]yQGHODTXH~QLFDPHQWHVH
HQFXHQWUDQGRVUHVHxDVTXHQRGDQFXHQWDGHVX
FDOLGDGHVWpWLFD8QFDVRVLPLODUORFRQVWLWX\H&DtQ
GH(GXDUGR&DEDOOHUR&DOGHUyQXQDXWRUUHFRQR
FLGR\UHSUHVHQWDWLYRGHODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD
SHURTXHHQHVWDREUDHQSDUWLFXODUQRVHWLHQHHQ
FXHQWDHVLJQRUDGDSRUODFUtWLFDHQHOPHMRUGH
ORVFDVRVRVHxDODGDFRPRXQDREUDPHQRUTXH
QROOHJDDVHUQRYHODVHJ~QHOFUtWLFR)HUQDQGR
$\DOD3RYHGD
(VFODURTXHODIDOWDGHKLVWRULDVOLWHUDULDVGHV
SXpVGHODxRGLILFXOWDODXELFDFLyQGHREUDV
OLWHUDULDVUHFLHQWHVFRPR5RVDULR7LMHUDV²TXHVyOR
DSDUHFHUHIHUHQFLDGDHQWH[WRVFUtWLFRVRUHYLVWDV
HQWUH HOORV ORV FRORPELDQLVWDV HQ VX WH[WR GH
PHPRULDVGHO&RQJUHVRGHVDUUROODGRHQ%RJRWi
HQHODxR&RORPELDWLHPSRVGHLPDJLQDFLyQ\
GHVDItR²R/D9LUJHQGHORVVLFDULRVDERUGDGDVyORSRU
6H\PRU0HQWRQHQ/DQRYHODFRORPELDQDSXEOLFDGD
HQHODxR\HQ/LWHUDWXUD\&XOWXUD<
PXFKRPiVGLItFLOD~QHVHOFDVRGH3HUGHUHVFXHVWLyQ
GHPpWRGRTXHVyORHVUHIHUHQFLDGDUiSLGDPHQWH
SRU /X] 0DU\ *LUDOGR HQ XQ DUWtFXOR VREUH ORV
~OWLPRVDxRVGHQDUUDWLYDHQ&RORPELDDSD
UHFLGRHQODUHYLVWD+RMDV8XQLYHUVLWDULDVHQHODxR
5()(5(1&,$6%,%/,2*5É),&$6
$OVLQD0LJXHO5RGULJR´0LQRUtDVpWQLFDVLGHQWLGDGHV\PHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQµ6LJQR\3HQVDPLHQWR
6DQWD)HGH%RJRWi9RO1R-XO'LFSS
$UDQJR)HUUHU-DYLHU+RUDVGHOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD0HGHOOtQ(GLFLRQHV$XWRUHV$QWLRTXHxRV6HFUHWDUtD
GH(GXFDFLyQ\FXOWXUD(GLWRULDO(DOyQ
$UGLOD&OHPHQFLD$UDQD&KDPHU´/DPDQVLyQGH$UDXFDLPD/DEHULQWRVLQLHVWURµ(Q&RQ7H[WRV5HYLVWD
6HPLyWLFD/LWHUDULD9RO1R0D\R8QLYHUVLGDGGH0HGHOOtQSS
$URFKD $OIRQVR µ5HWyULFD WHVWLPRQLDO HQWUH YHURVLPLOLWXG \ ILFFLyQ HQ /D YRUiJLQHµ (Q 3ROLJUDPDV
1R8QLYHUVLGDGGHO9DOOH(VFXHODGHHVWXGLRVOLWHUDULRVSS
$\DOD3RYHGD)HUQDQGR0DQXDOGHOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD%RJRWi(GXFDU(GLWRUHV
$1$*5$0$6
&LQH\OLWHUDWXUDQDUUDWLYDGHODLGHQWLGDG
%DGD+DQVHQ5LFDUGR´$PRNVHHVFULEHVLQKDFKH6DWDQiVGH0DULR0HQGR]Dµ(Q&XDGHUQRVGH/LWHUDWXUD
FRORPELDQD0DHVWUtDHQOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLD1RHQHURMXQLRSS
&DGDYLG0DUXODQGDÉOYDUR/DPHPRULDYLVXDOGHODQDUUDWLYDFRORPELDQDHQHOFLQH0HGHOOtQ8QLYHUVLGDG
GH$QWLRTXLD
&DPDFKR'HOJDGR-RVp0DQXHO´)URQWHUDVFRQHVSLQDVHOVXHxRQHR\RUNLQRHQ3DUDtVR7UDYHOµ(Q5HYLVWD
&RQ7H[WRV9RO1RSS
&DQILHOG0DUWKD´*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH](ODPRUHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFyOHUDµ(Q0DQXDOGH/LWHUDWXUD
&RORPELDQD7RPR,,3URFXOWXUD3ODQHWD%RJRWiSS
&HUYDQWHV&ULVWLQD´(O&RURQHOVtWLHQHTXLHQOHHVFULED/DDGDSWDFLyQWUDGXFFLyQJHQRWH[WRVHQGR
WH[WRVµ(Q5D]yQ\SDODEUD1ž7HFQROyJLFRGH0RQWHUUH\&DPSXV0RQWHUUH\0p[LFR
&RER%RUGD-XDQ*XVWDYR&OiVLFRVFRORPELDQRV3URFXOWXUDÉOYDUR0XWLV%RJRWi3URFXOWXUD
&ROOD]RV2VFDU´*DUFtD0iUTXH]ODVROHGDG\ODJORULDµ(Q(OFRURQHOQRWLHQHTXLHQOHHVFULED%RJRWi
(G1RUPD&DUD\&UX]
&XUFLR$OWDPDU$QWRQLR(YROXFLyQGHODQRYHODFRORPELDQD%RJRWi,QVWLWXWRFRORPELDQRGHFXOWXUD
*DUFtD&DQFOLQL1pVWRU&XOWXUDVKtEULGDV(VWUDWHJLDVSDUDHQWUDU\VDOLUGHODPRGHUQLGDG0p[LFR*ULMDOER
*DUFtD&DQFOLQL1pVWRU&RQVXPLGRUHV\FLXGDGDQRV0p[LFR*ULMDOER
*DUFtD&DQFOLQL1pVWRU6LOYD$UFLQLHJDV0XWLV\*DUFtD0iUTXH]%RJRWi,PSUHQWD1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELD
*DUFtD&DQFOLQL1pVWRU/DFiPDUD\ODWLQWD(VWXGLRVVREUHHOVpSWLPRDUWH%RJRWi8QLYHUVLGDG([WHUQDGR
GH&RORPELD'HSDUWDPHQWRGH3XEOLFDFLRQHV
*DUFtD &DQFOLQL 1pVWRU ´/D FXOWXUD YLVXDO HQ OD pSRFD GHO SRVUDFLRQDOLVPR ¢4XLpQ QRV YD D FRQWDU OD
LGHQWLGDG"µ1XHYD6RFLHGDG&DUDFDV1R-XO2FWSS
*DUFtD'XVViQ3DEOR/LWHUDWXUD7KDQiWLFD%~VTXHGDGHXQDPHPRULDFRP~Q%RJRWi3UHPLR1D
FLRQDOGHHQVD\ROLWHUDULR+HUQDQGR7pOOH]
*DUFtD6DXFHGR-DLPH'LFFLRQDULRGHOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQDHQHOFLQH%RJRWi3DQDPHULFDQD(GLWRULDO
/WGDS
*DYLULD9tFWRU´/DDGDSWDFLyQGHODOLWHUDWXUDDOFLQHµ(Q$XJXVWR(VFREDU0HVD/LWHUDWXUD\FLQHXQD
WUDGLFLyQGHSDVLRQHVHQFRQWUDGDV0HGHOOtQ&RPIDPDSS
*LDUGLQHOOL0HPSR´(ODPRU\ODIDOVHGDGHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFyOHUDµ(Q5HYLVWD/LQJ~LVWLFD\OLWHUDWXUD
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH/LQJtVWLFD\/LWHUDWXUD8GH$(GLWRULDO8GH$SS
*RQ]iOH]&DWDOLQD´,GHQWLGDGDOWHULGDG\FRPXQLFDFLyQ'HILQLFLRQHV\UHODFLRQHVµ6LJQR\3HQVDPLHQWR
6DQWDIpGH%RJRWi9RO1RSS(QH-XQ
*RQ]iOH]/XQD-DYLHU´ÉOYDUR0XWLV(OUHWRUQRµ(Q&XDGHUQRVGHOLWHUDWXUD%RJRWi9RO1R(QHUR
MXQLRSS
*yPH])DELR´(PHUJHQFLDGHOPLWRDPHULFDQRHQ/DYRUiJLQHµ(Q5HYLVWD3ROLJUDPDV1R(VFXHOD
GH(VWXGLRVOLWHUDULRV8QLYHUVLGDGGHO9DOOHSS
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
$OHMDQGUD/DYHUGH5RPiQ0DUWKD/LJLD3DUUD$OHMDQGUD0RQWR\D*LUDOGR<HQQLIHU8ULEH$O]DWH0DUJDULWD7REDUÉOYDUH]
*yPH]5HVWUHSR$QWRQLR+LVWRULDGHODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD%RJRWi,PSUHQWD1DFLRQDO
-DUDPLOOR-RVp(GXDUGRVHOHFFLyQ\SUyORJR(VWXGLRVFRORPELDQRV$VRFLDFLyQGHFRORPELDQLVWDVYHLQWH
DxRV'HQLVRQ8QLYHUVLW\
-DUDPLOOR0DUtD0HUFHGHV´)HUQDQGR9DOOHMR'HVDFUDOL]DFLyQ\PHPRULDµ(QÉQJHOD,QpV5REOHGR%HWW\
2VRULR0DUtD0HUFHGHV-DUDPLOOR/LWHUDWXUD\&XOWXUD1DUUDWLYDFRORPELDQDGHOVLJOR;;9RO,,%RJRWi
0LQLVWHULRGH&XOWXUD
0DUWtQH]3DUGR+HUQDQGR+LVWRULDGHOFLQHFRORPELDQR(G$PpULFD/DWLQD%RJRWi
0HQWRQ6H\PRXU/DQRYHODFRORPELDQDSODQHWDV\VDWpOLWHV%RJRWi)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD
0RQWR\DÐVFDU´3HUGHUHVFXHVWLyQGHPpWRGRGH6DQWLDJR*DPERD/RVQXHYRVFDPLQRVGHODQRYHODQHJUD
HQ&RORPELDµ(Q(VWXGLRVGHOLWHUDWXUD&RORPELDQD1RSS
0RUHQR&KXTXHQ/L]´5HVHxDV-DUDPLOOR0RUDOHV$OHMDQGUD1DFLyQ\PHODQFROtDQDUUDWLYDVGHODYLROHQFLD
HQ&RORPELDµ(Q/LWHUDWXUD7HRUtDKLVWRULDFUtWLFD1RRFWXEUHSS
1~xH]6HJXUD-RVp$/LWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQDVLQRSVLV\FRPHQWDULRVGHDXWRUHVUHSUHVHQWDWLYRV0HGHO
OtQ(GLWRULDO%HGRXW
2UGRxH]0RQWVHUUDW´/DYRUiJLQH/DYR]URWDGH$UWXUR&RYDµ(Q0DQXDOGH/LWHUDWXUD&RORPELDQD7RPR
,3URFXOWXUD3ODQHWDSS
2UWHJD7RUUHV-RVp-RDTXtQ+LVWRULDGHODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD%RJRWi(VFXHOD7LSRJUiILFD6DOHVLDQD
3LQHGD%RWHURÉOYDUR'HOPLWRDODSRVWPRGHUQLGDG/DQRYHODFRORPELDQDGHILQDOHVGHOVLJOR;;%RJRWi
7HUFHU0XQGR(GLWRUHV
3LQHGD%RWHURÉOYDUR/DIiEXOD\HOGHVDVWUH(VWXGLRVFUtWLFRVVREUHODQRYHODFRORPELDQD
0HGHOOtQ&ROHFFLyQ$QWRUFKD\'DJD)RQGR(GLWRULDO8QLYHUVLGDG(DILW
3LQHGD%RWHURÉOYDUR-XLFLRVGHUHVLGHQFLDV/DQRYHODFRORPELDQD0HGHOOtQ8QLYHUVLGDG(DILW
3LQHGD%RWHURÉOYDUR/DHVIHUDLQFRQFOXVD1RYHODFRORPELDQDHQHOiPELWRJOREDO0HGHOOtQ(GLWRULDO
8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLD
3LRWURZVNL %RJGDQ /D UHDOLGDG QDFLRQDO FRORPELDQD HQ VX QDUUDWLYD FRQWHPSRUiQHD ,QVWLWXWR &DUR \
&XHUYR%RJRWiS
5LYHUD5RMDVÉOYDUR/XFLDQR´,OXVLyQ\YHUGDGHQ(ODPRUHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFyOHUDµ(Q5HYLVWDGHOD
)DFXOWDG GH &LHQFLDV +XPDQDV \ VRFLDOHV 9RO 1R 8QLYHUVLGDG GHO &DXFD ,PSUHVLyQ 7DOOHU HGLWRULDO
8QLYHUVLGDGGHO&DXFDSS
5LYHUD5RMDVÉOYDUR/XFLDQR´3URFHVRVGHGHVWLQDFLyQHQ(ODPRUHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFyOHUDµ(Q5HYLVWD
GHOD)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV+XPDQDV\VRFLDOHV9RO1R8QLYHUVLGDGGHO&DXFD3RSD\iQ-XQLR
SS
6iQFKH],VDEHO&RPS&LQHGHOD9LROHQFLD%RJRWi8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO
6iQFKH]1RULHJD-RVp/XLV'HODOLWHUDWXUDDOFLQH%DUFHORQD(GLFLRQHV3DLGRV,EpULFD6$
7DERUGD6iQFKH]-XDQ)HUQDQGR´2UDOLGDG\HVFULWXUDHQ/DYLUJHQGHORVVLFDULRVµ(Q(VWXGLRVGH/LWHUDWXUD
&RORPELDQD1RSS
$1$*5$0$6
&LQH\OLWHUDWXUDQDUUDWLYDGHODLGHQWLGDG
9DOHUR6LOYLD&XDGHUQRVGHOLWHUDWXUD+RPHQDMHD(OLJLR*DUFtD0iUTXH]µ9RO,;1RHQHURMXQLR
GH%RJRWi3RQWLILFLD8QLYHUVLGDG-DYHULDQD)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDVVRFLDOHV'HSDUWDPHQWRGH/LWHUDWXUD
9DOOHMR2OJD\RWURV)XHQWHVSDUDHOHVWXGLRKLVWRULRJUiILFRGHODOLWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD)(+/&
0HGHOOtQ8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLD
9DUJDV&DQWLOOR*HUPiQ´(OFRURQHOQRWLHQHTXLHQOHHVFULEDµ(G1RUPD&DUD\&UX]9LGD\REUD6HFFLyQ
&UX]/DHVSHUDGHOYLHMRFRPEDWLHQWH%RJRWi&RORPELD
:LOOLDPV5D\PRQG8QDGpFDGDGHODQRYHODFRORPELDQD/DH[SHULHQFLDGHORVVHWHQWD%RJRWi3OD]D-DQHV
:LOOLDPV5D\PRQG&RPSLODGRU(QVD\RVGH/LWHUDWXUDFRORPELDQD,(QFXHQWURGHFRORPELDQLVWDVQRUWHD
PHULFDQRV%RJRWi3OD]D-DQpV
=XOXDJD&RQUDGR(OFRURQHOQRWLHQHTXLHQOHHVFULED(G1RUPD&DUD\&UX]9LGD\REUD6HFFLyQ&UX]
´/DHVSHUDGHOYLHMRFRPEDWLHQWHµ%RJRWi²&RORPELD
ÉOYDUH]/XLV$OEHUWR´+LVWRULDGHOFLQHFRORPELDQRµ(Q1XHYDKLVWRULDGH&RORPELD%RJRWi9RO9,
&DStWXOR3ODQHWD
ÉOYDUH]/XLV$OEHUWR´&LQHFRORPELDQRHOHVWDGRGHODVFRVDV/DSHUVSHFWLYDGHODUHJLyQHQHOFLQHFR
ORPELDQR5HIOH[LRQHVGHVRUGHQDGDVµ(Q3iJLQDVGHFLQH9RO0HGHOOtQ(GLWRULDO8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLD
5(9,67$6
$O]DWH9DUJDV&pVDU´(O1REHOQRWLHQHTXLHQORILOPHµ(QUHYLVWD.LQHWRVFRSLR0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD9RO
SS
&DUYDMDO(GZLQ$OEHUWR5HYLVWDGHOD)DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV+XPDQDV\VRFLDOHV´3DUDtVR7UDYHORHOGHVHQ
FDQWRGHOVXHxRDPHULFDQRµ(Q5HYLVWD8GH$MXOLRVHSWLHPEUHSS
*yPH]6DQWLDJR$QGUpV´6DWDQiVGH$QGL%DL]4XH'LRVQRVOLEUHµ(Q.LQHWRVFRSLR9RO1R
MXOLRVHSWLHPEUH0HGHOOtQ
-RQHV/HyQ6RQLD´5HHVFULWXUDGHOGLVFXUVRDPRURVRRFFLGHQWDOHQ(ODPRUHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFyOHUDµ(Q
.DxLQD5HYLVWDDUWHV\OHWUDV8QLYHUVLGDGGH&RVWD5LFD9RO;;;(GLWRULDO8&5SS
/RVLOOD&DUORV´*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH]´(ODPRUHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFyOHUDµ(Q4XLPHUD%DUFHORQD
(VSDxD-XQLRS
0D\ROR&DUORV´&DUORV0D\RORKDEODVREUH/DPDQVLyQGH$UDXFDLPDµ0RQRJUDItD5HYLVWD&LQHPDWHFD
9RO-XOLR(GLWRULDO3URFXOWXUD6$SS
0RQWR\D2VFDU´3HUGHUHVFXHVWLyQGHPpWRGRGH6HUJLR&DEUHUD«\FRQWDUXQDKLVWRULDWDPELpQµ
5HYLVWD.LQHWRVFRSLR0HGHOOtQ1RSS
0RUD$GULDQD´$QGL%DL]XQKRPEUHTXHDPDODVLPiJHQHVµ(QUHYLVWD.LQHWRVFRSLR9RO1R
MXOLRVHSWLHPEUH0HGHOOtQ&HQWUR&RORPER$PHULFDQR
0RUHQR'XUiQ5+´(OIDODQVWHULRYLRODGR(QWRUQRD´/DPDQVLyQGH$UDXFDLPDµ0RQRJUDItD(Q5HYLVWD
&LQHPDWHFD9RO-XOLR3URFXOWXUD6$SS
=XOXDJD3HGUR$GULiQ´,ORQDOOHJDFRQODOOXYLDGH6HUJLR&DEUHUD/DDPLVWDGHQWUHJRWDVGHOOXYLD\UD\RV
GHVROµ(QUHYLVWD.LQHWRVFRSLR1R9RO0HGHOOtQ&HQWUR&RORPER$PHULFDQRSS
$QDJUDPDV9ROXPHQ1žSS ,661 (QHURMXQLRGHS0HGHOOtQ&RORPELD
$OHMDQGUD/DYHUGH5RPiQ0DUWKD/LJLD3DUUD$OHMDQGUD0RQWR\D*LUDOGR<HQQLIHU8ULEH$O]DWH0DUJDULWD7REDUÉOYDUH]
&,%(5*5$)Ì$
0DUTXHV/HDQGUR´(ODPRUHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFyOHUDµ(Q/D%XWDFD5HYLVWD2QOLQHKWWSZZZODEXWDFDQHW
ILOPVHODPRUHQORVWLHPSRVGHOFROHUDSKS&RQVXOWDGRGLFLHPEUH
2VRULR2VZDOGR´&RQHOGLDEORDGHQWURµ(QKWWSFLQHIDJRVQHW&RQVXOWDGRGLFLHPEUH
5HYHUW-RUGL´3DUDtVR7UDYHOµ(Q/D%XWDFD5HYLVWD2QOLQHKWWSZZZODEXWDFDQHWILOPVSDUDLVRWUDYHOSKS
&RQVXOWDGRGLFLHPEUH
$1$*5$0$6
Descargar