el “juicio político” o “impeachment” en el derecho constitucional

Anuncio
5HYLVWD-XGLFLDO&RVWD5LFD1ž6HWLHPEUH
(/³-8,&,232/Ë7,&2´2³,03($&+0(17´
(1(/'(5(&+2&2167,78&,21$/
&203$5$'2/$7,12$0(5,&$12
/LF$GROIR)HOLSH&RQVWHQOD$UJXHGDV
,QWURGXFFLyQ
/D IRUPD UHSXEOLFDQD GH JRELHUQR VH KD
FDUDFWHUL]DGR KLVWyULFD \ MXUtGLFDPHQWH SRU
HO UHVSHWR D ORV SULQFLSLRV GH D OD GLYLVLyQ
GH SRGHUHV $UWtFXOR OD HOHFFLyQ SRSXODU
GH ORV JREHUQDQWHV $UWtFXORV \ F
OD WHPSRUDOLGDG GHO HMHUFLFLR GHO SRGHU R
OD UHQRYDFLyQ SHULyGLFD GH ORV PDQGDWRV
$UWtFXOR G OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH ORV
JREHUQDQWHV $UWtFXOR \ H OD LJXDOGDG
DQWH OD OH\ $UWtFXOR WRGRV HOORV
FRQWHQLGRVHQHODUWLFXODGRGHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ
GHOD5HS~EOLFDGH&RVWD5LFD
(Q UHODFLyQ FRQ OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG SROtWLFD
GH ORV JREHUQDQWHV HVWD VH HQFXHQWUD
FRQVDJUDGDHQHOWH[WRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHORV
(VWDGRV \ VH UHÀHMD IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH HQ
ORVPHFDQLVPRVGHFRQWUROTXHVHHVWDEOHFHQ
HQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ JXEHUQDPHQWDO (Q HO
FDVRGH&RVWD5LFDHVWDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGVH
HQFXHQWUDHVWDEOHFLGDHQHO$UWtFXORGHOD
&RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFD
/RVPDQGDWDULRVVHULJHQ\VRQMX]JDGRVSRU
ODV PLVPDV OH\HV \ MXHFHV TXH ORV FLXGDGD
QRVSHURWLHQHQFLHUWDVSUHUURJDWLYDV\SULYLOH
JLRVHQIXQFLyQGHORVFDUJRV\ODVIXQFLRQHV
TXH GHVHPSHxHQ &RPR FRQWUDSDUWLGD ORV
PDQGDWDULRV WLHQHQ FLHUWRV GHEHUHV \ FRQ
WUROHV TXH WDPELpQ HVWiQ HVWDEOHFLGRV SDUD
KDFHUFXPSOLUFRUUHFWDPHQWHVXPDQGDWR
0HGLDQWH HVWD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VH SUHWHQGH
GHVFULELU LQLFLDOPHQWH HQ TXp FRQVLVWH
HO FRQFHSWR GH ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ FRPR
PHFDQLVPR MXUtGLFR SDUD HO FRQWURO GH OD
UHVSRQVDELOLGDG GH ORV JREHUQDQWHV DO
HMHUFHUVXVIXQFLRQHV8QDYH]WHQLHQGRFODUR
HVHDVSHFWRVHREVHUYDUiODH[LVWHQFLDRQR
GH OD ¿JXUD GHO ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ HQ GLYHUVDV
OHJLVODFLRQHV DPHULFDQDV HQ SDUWLFXODU HO
WUDWDPLHQWR GHO WHPD HQ ODV &RQVWLWXFLRQHV
DUJHQWLQD EROLYLDQD EUDVLOHxD FRORPELDQD
FKLOHQD GRPLQLFDQD HFXDWRULDQD JXDWH
PDOWHFD KRQGXUHxD QLFDUDJHQVH PHML
FDQD SHUXDQD SDUDJXD\D VDOYDGRUHxD \
XUXJXD\D 3RU ~OWLPR GH HQFRQWUDU SUXHEDV
SDUDVHxDODUORVHDQDOL]DUiODH[LVWHQFLDGHO
FRQFHSWR GH ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ HQ OD KLVWRULD
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOFRVWDUULFHQVH
(VWR SHUPLWLUi VHxDODU GH H[LVWLU HVD ¿JXUD
MXUtGLFD HQ ORV RUGHQDPLHQWRV MXUtGLFRV
LQGLFDGRV OD SUHVHQFLD GH UDVJRV FRPXQHV
HQFXDQWRDOWUDWDPLHQWRGHHVHPHFDQLVPR
GHFRQWUROHQHOHMHUFLFLRGHODIXQFLyQS~EOLFD
(O HVWXGLR VH FHQWUDUi HQ OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH
HVWH PHFDQLVPR VREUH HO 3UHVLGHQWH GH
OD 5HS~EOLFD SRU VHU HVWH HO FDUJR PiV
LPSRUWDQWHHQORVVLVWHPDVSUHVLGHQFLDOLVWDV
$ERJDGRDVHVRUSDUODPHQWDULR\SURIHVRUGH+LVWRULDGHO'HUHFKR\'HUHFKR,QWHUQDFLRQDO3~EOLFRHQOD8QLYHUVLGDG
(VFXHOD/LEUHGH'HUHFKR
$QWHFHGHQWHV\FRQFHSWR
GH³-XLFLR3ROtWLFR´
/DUHVSRQVDELOLGDGSROtWLFDWLHQHTXHYHUFRQ
ODMXVWLFLDGHFDUiFWHUFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHVGHFLU
LPSOLFD OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG IUHQWH DO (VWDGR
IUHQWHDODIRUPDGHFRQWURODUHOSRGHU
'HDFXHUGRFRQHVWRXQDGHODVSULQFLSDOHV
IRUPDV GH PDQWHQHU DOHMDGRV ORV DQKHORV
DXWRULWDULRV VH IXQGD HQ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH
FRQWURODU HO SRGHU PHGLDQWH IDFXOWDGHV
H[FOXVLYDV\YtDVSURSLDVGHFDGD(VWDGR
6HxDOD OD GRFWULQD TXH HO DQWHFHGHQWH GH
HVWDLGHDGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGSROtWLFDDFRUGH
FRQXQDGLVWLQFLyQGHIXQFLRQHVHVWDWDOHVVH
HQFXHQWUDSRUSULPHUDYH]HQ,QJODWHUUD/RV
KLVWRULDGRUHV KDQ VHxDODGR DQWHFHGHQWHV
GHO ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ R ³,PSHDFKPHQW´ HQ
HO SHUtRGR GH FRQTXLVWD QRUPDQGD GH HVH
WHUULWRULR (QORVVLJORV;,,,\;,9VHGLHURQ
YDULRV LQFLGHQWHV TXH GLHURQ IRUPD D HVD
¿JXUD MXUtGLFD D SDUWLU GH OD UHPRFLyQ GH
IXQFLRQDULRVS~EOLFRVSRUSDUWHGHO5H\FRQ
HOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRGHO3DUODPHQWR
6HxDOD HO 'LFFLRQDULR 0HUULDP :HEVWHU GH
ODOHQJXDLQJOHVDTXHHOYHUER³WRLPSHDFK´
SRVHHODVVLJXLHQWHVDFHSFLRQHV
(VWDEOHFHUXQDDFXVDFLyQFRQWUD«
(VWDEOHFHU FDUJRV GH FRPLVLyQ GH XQ
FULPHQ R XQD IDOWD HVSHFt¿FDPHQWH
DFXVDU D XQ VHUYLGRU S~EOLFR DQWH XQ
WULEXQDO FRPSHWHQWH SRU XQD DFWXDFLyQ
LQFRUUHFWD
5HPRYHU GH VX FDUJR D XQ VHUYLGRU
S~EOLFRSRUXQDDFWXDFLyQLQFRUUHFWD«´
$XQDGRDORDQWHULRUDOKDFHUPHQFLyQDVX
RULJHQ VHxDOD TXH VH WUDWD GH XQ WpUPLQR
GHOLQJOpVPHGLHYDOXWLOL]DGRSULPHUDPHQWH
HQ HO VLJOR ;,9 \ TXH VXUJH GHO QRUPDQGR
³SURVHFXWH´SHUVHJXLU
6REUH HO WpUPLQR DQDOL]DGR $OH[DQGHU
+DPLOWRQ XQR GH ORV UHGDFWRUHV GH OD
&RQVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV GH
$PpULFD GH VHxDOy HQ HO SHULyGLFR
³(O )HGHUDOLVWD TXH OD SUiFWLFD GHO -XLFLR
3ROtWLFR GHVDUUROODGR SRU HO 3DUODPHQWR
LQJOpVIXHHOPRGHORTXHVLUYLyGHEDVH\TXH
IXH LQWURGXFLGR HQ ODV &RORQLDV LQJOHVDV HQ
$PpULFDGHO1RUWH
$ SDUWLU GH HVD UHIHUHQFLD KLVWRULDGRUHV GH
ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV GH $PpULFD \ GH *UDQ
%UHWDxDKDQVHxDODGRTXHORVMXLFLRVSROtWLFRV
HQ FRQWUD GH 5LFKDUG /\RQV XQ PHUFDGHU
ORQGLQHQVH \ HQ FRQWUD GH /RUG :LOOLDP
/DWLPHU XQ QREOH LQJOpV FRQVWLWX\HQ ORV
SULPHURVHMHPSORVGHHVWHWLSRGHSURFHVRV
(Q FXDQWR D OD IRUPD GH GHVDUUROOR GHO
SURFHVR VH VHxDOD TXH HO 3RUWDYR] GH OD
&iPDUD GH ORV &RPXQHV DFXVy D /\RQV
\ D /DWLPHU GH HIHFWXDU WUDQVDFFLRQHV
5RPQH\0DWWKHZ57KH2ULJLQVDQG6FRSHRI3UHVLGHQWLDO,PSHDFKPHQW'LVSRQLEOHHQ85/KWWSZDULVDFULPHRUJ
QRGH&RQVXOWDGRHOGH-XOLRGHO
,ELG
,ELG
*HQWLOH -RUJH +RUDFLR 5HVSRQVDELOLGDG GH ORV PDQGDWDULRV \ MXLFLR SROtWLFR 'LVSRQLEOH HQ 85/ KWWSZZZ
SURIHVRUJHQWLOHFRPDUSXEOLPDQGDWDKWPO&RQVXOWDGRHOGHMXOLRGHO
5RPQH\0DWWKHZ52SFLW
IUDXGXOHQWDV FRQ GLQHUR GH OD &RURQD HQ
EHQH¿FLR GH VXV LQWHUHVHV SHUVRQDOHV (O
3RUWDYR] GH OD &iPDUD GH ORV &RPXQHV
VROLFLWy HQWRQFHV OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ GH
GHFODUDFLRQHVMXUDGDVGHH[WHVRUHURVUHDOHV
DQWHHVHFXHUSROHJLVODWLYR6HVHxDODTXHHO
5H\(GXDUGR,,,QRDSR\yODLGHDGHHMHUFHU
QLQJXQD DFFLyQ FRQWUD ORV DFXVDGRV VLQ
HPEDUJRSRUVXDYDQ]DGDHGDG\SRUHVWDU
LQYROXFUDGRHQFRQÀLFWRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVQR
SXGR LPSHGLU TXH HO 3DUODPHQWR DFWXDUD HQ
FRQWUD GH ORV DFXVDGRV 3RU HVR VH LQGLFD
TXHXQDGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSULQFLSDOHVGHO
³-XLFLR3ROtWLFR´HVHOKHFKRGHTXHHOSRGHU
OHJLVODWLYRVHDYRFDHOGHUHFKRGHVDQFLRQDU
DPLHPEURVGHORVRWURVSRGHUHV
(O SURFHVR FRQFOX\y DQWH OD &iPDUD GH
ORV &RPXQHV FRQ XQD VROLFLWXG GH MXLFLR \
FDVWLJRGHORVDFXVDGRV(QUHODFLyQFRQOD
SHWLFLyQGHOD&iPDUDVHHVWDEOHFtDTXH³(Q
YLVWDGHORVXFHGLGRURJDPRV\VROLFLWDPRV
TXHHQEHQH¿FLRGHO5H\\GHO&RQVHMRGHO
3DUODPHQWR HO VHxDODGR /RUG /DWLPHU VHD
DUUHVWDGR KDVWD TXH VDWLVIDJD DO 5H\ SRU
VXV IDOWDV FRPHWLGDV \ TXH 5LFKDUG /\RQV
VHD MX]JDGR FRPR HV VX GHUHFKR SRU ODV
DFXVDFLRQHVHVWDEOHFLGDVHQVXFRQWUDTXH
QRSXHGHGHIRUPDUD]RQDEOHUHFKD]DU´
6HVHxDODTXH/RUG/DWLPHUVHRSXVRDVHU
MX]JDGR GH IRUPD VXPDULD SRU OD &iPDUD
GH ORV &RPXQHV \ SLGLy TXH ORV FDUJRV HQ
VX FRQWUD IXHUDQ SUHVHQWDGRV SRU HVFULWR \
TXH VH OH EULQGDUD DVHVRUtD OHJDO \ WLHPSR
SDUDSUHSDUDUVXGHIHQVD&RPRPLHPEURGH
OD &DVD GH ORV /RUHV HV GHFLU PLHPEUR GH
,ELG
,ELG
,ELG
,ELG
,ELG
OD QREOH]D /DWLPHU VROLFLWy VHU MX]JDGR SRU
HOORVSDUDGHWHUPLQDUVXUHVSRQVDELOLGDG$
SHVDUGHTXHQRVHOHDFHSWyODVROLFLWXGGH
TXH ORV FDUJRV HQ VX FRQWUD IXHUDQ KHFKRV
SRU HVFULWR VH OH FRQFHGLy OD SRVLELOLGDG GH
VHUMX]JDGRDQWHOD&iPDUDGHORV/RUHV
&RQ HVWR VH HVWDEOHFH HO SULQFLSLR GH TXH
VHDQ &iPDUDV GLIHUHQWHV ODV TXH DFXVHQ \
UHVXHOYDQ HO SURFHVR GHO -XLFLR 3ROtWLFR $
SDUWLU GH HVWH KHFKR VH LQWURGXFH WDPELpQ
HO SULQFLSLR GH LPSDUFLDOLGDG TXH GHEH UHJLU
HOMX]JDPLHQWRGHTXLHQKDVLGRDFXVDGRGH
FRPHWHUXQDIDOWDRXQGHOLWR
/D &iPDUD GH ORV /RUHV IXH OD HQFDUJDGD
GH YHUL¿FDU OD OHJDOLGDG GH ORV FDUJRV ORV
SURFHGLPLHQWRV\ODVSUXHEDV
&DEH LQGLFDU TXH VHJ~Q HVWH LQVWUXPHQWR
MXUtGLFRGHFRQWUROGHODDFWXDFLyQSROtWLFDGH
ODVSHUVRQDVVRPHWLGDVD³-XLFLR3ROtWLFR´
HQ ,QJODWHUUD HQWUH \ VRODPHQWH
FLQFRIXHURQOOHYDGDVDMXLFLRSRUOD&iPDUD
GHORV/RUHV
'HELGRDODFUHDFLyQGHXQSURFHVRGHVWLQDGR
DOHIHFWRGHQWURGHOD&iPDUDGHORV/RUHV
LQGHSHQGLHQWHGHOyUJDQRHQFDUJDGRGHSUH
VHQWDUODDFXVDFLyQHVTXHVHFRQVLGHUDTXH
HVWRVSURFHVRVGHOHRWRUJDURQDO³-XLFLR
3ROtWLFR´ODVEDVHVGHOSURFHGLPLHQWRHPSOHD
GRHQORVSDtVHVTXHWLHQHQHVWDPRGDOLGDG
GHFRQWUROGHOHMHUFLFLRGHOSRGHUSROtWLFR
&DEH LQGLFDU TXH HQ HO VLJOR ;9,, HQ ODV
FRORQLDV LQJOHVDV GH $PpULFD GHO 1RUWH
ODV
DVDPEOHDV
OHJLVODWLYDV
XVDEDQ
IUHFXHQWHPHQWH HO ³,PSHDFKPHQW´ SDUD
GHVWLWXLUDORVJREHUQDGRUHV(OSULPHUFDVR
GH XQ ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ TXH OOHYy D UHPRYHU
GHVXSXHVWRDXQDOWRIXQFLRQDULRIXHHOGHO
*REHUQDGRU 5HDO GH 9LUJLQLD -RKQ +DUYH\
HQ
(Q OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ GH )LODGHO¿D GH VH HVWDEOHFH TXH GHQWUR GHO VLVWHPD
SUHVLGHQFLDOLVWD DO GHVDUUROODUVH XQ ³-XLFLR
3ROtWLFR´HOyUJDQRHQFDUJDGRGHOMX]JDPLHQWR
GH WRGRV ORV IXQFLRQDULRV FLYLOHV VHUtD HO
6HQDGR GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV GH$PpULFD
\ OD DFXVDFLyQ VHUtD SUHVHQWDGD SRU OD
&iPDUDGH5HSUHVHQWDQWHV/DVSULQFLSDOHV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXH OR GLIHUHQFLDEDQ GHO
´,PSHDFKPHQW´LQJOpVIXHURQODOLPLWDFLyQGHO
FRQFHSWRGHOGHOLWRGHWUDLFLyQ\HO3UHVLGHQWH
\HO9LFHSUHVLGHQWHHVWDEDQVXMHWRVD-XLFLR
3ROtWLFRSRUWUDLFLyQFRKHFKRXRWURVGHOLWRV
$GHPiV VH HQWHQGLy TXH ³IXQFLRQDULRV
S~EOLFRV´ VHUtDQ DTXHOORV GHVLJQDGRV SRU HO
3UHVLGHQWHFRQDFXHUGRGHO6HQDGR
/D SRVLELOLGDG GH ³HQMXLFLDU SROtWLFDPHQWH´
VH HQFXHQWUD FRQWHQLGD HQ HO $UWtFXOR ,
6HFFLRQHV \ \ HQ HO$UWtFXOR ,, 6HFFLyQ
GH OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV (VWDGRV
8QLGRVGH$PpULFDGyQGHVHHVWDEOHFHQHO
SURFHGLPLHQWR\ORVPRWLYRVSDUDGHVDUUROODU
HO³-XLFLR3ROtWLFR´
3DUD GHSRQHU GHO SXHVWR D TXLHQ KD\D VLGR
DFXVDGR VH UHTXLHUH GH FRQIRUPLGDG FRQ
OD QRUPDWLYD VHxDODGD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH
XQD DFXVDFLyQ IRUPDO HPLWLGD SRU HO YRWR
PD\RULWDULRGHOD&iPDUDGH5HSUHVHQWDQWHV
\XQMXLFLR\FRQGHQDSRUSDUWHGHO6HQDGR
(VWD FRQGHQD GHEH VHU DSUREDGD SRU GRV
WHUFHUDVSDUWHVGHO6HQDGR
(QODKLVWRULDSROtWLFDGHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRV
GH $PpULFD VROR WUHV SUHVLGHQWHV GH HVD
QDFLyQ IXHURQ VRPHWLGRV DO SURFHVR GH
³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ $QGUHZ -RKQVRQ 5LFKDUG
1L[RQ\:LOOLDP-HIIHUVRQ&OLQWRQ
(Q ORV FDVRV GH -RKQVRQ \ &OLQWRQ ODV
DFXVDFLRQHVQRSURVSHUDURQDQWHHO6HQDGR
\ HQ HO FDVR GH 1L[RQ UHQXQFLy D OD
3UHVLGHQFLDGHOSDtVDQWHVGHVHUDFXVDGR
+DELHQGR H[DPLQDGR OD KLVWRULD GH HVWD
¿JXUDMXUtGLFDVHSDVDDDQDOL]DUFyPRVHKD
GHVDUUROODGR GHQWUR GHO FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVPR
ODWLQRDPHULFDQR REVHUYDQGR HQ FXiOHV
(VWDGRVH[LVWH\FyPRKDVLGRUHJXODGD
(OPHFDQLVPRGH
-XLFLR3ROtWLFRHQ
ODVFRQVWLWXFLRQHV
ODWLQRDPHULFDQDV
(O HVWXGLR GH OD OHJLVODFLyQ FRPSDUD
GD VREUH HO WHPD GHO ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ HQ
ODV GLYHUVDV QRUPDWLYDV FRQVWLWXFLRQD
OHV ODWLQRDPHULFDQDV SHUPLWH VHxDODU ORV
VLJXLHQWHVDVSHFWRV
/DV ~QLFDV &RQVWLWXFLRQHV 3ROtWLFDV TXH
FRQWLHQHQ HQ VXV WH[WRV OD UHIHUHQFLD D
OD ¿JXUD GHO ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ VLJXLHQGR OD
&DPSL *HUPDQ -XLFLR 3ROtWLFR 'LVSRQLEOH HQ 85/ KWWSZZZHVSDFLRVMXULGLFRVFRPDUGDWRV$5($6
7(0$7,&$638%/,&2-XLFLR3ROLWLFRKWP&RQVXOWDGRHOGHMXOLRGHO
*HQWLOH-RUJH+RUDFLR2SFLW
,ELG
5RPQH\0DWWKHZ52SFLW
FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GHO ³,PSHDFKPHQW´ LQJOpV \
HVWDGRXQLGHQVH GH TXH OD DFXVDFLyQ \ HO
MX]JDPLHQWR VRQ GHVDUUROODGRV SRU yUJDQRV
GLVWLQWRVGHQWURGHO3DUODPHQWRVRQODVGHOD
5HS~EOLFD$UJHQWLQDOD5HS~EOLFD)HGHUDWLYD
GHO%UDVLOOD5HS~EOLFDGH&KLOHOD5HS~EOLFD
GH &RORPELD OD 5HS~EOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD ORV
(VWDGRV 8QLGRV 0H[LFDQRV OD 5HS~EOLFD
GHO3DUDJXD\OD5HS~EOLFDGHO3HU~\GHOD
5HS~EOLFD2ULHQWDOGHO8UXJXD\
6HSXHGHDVtREVHUYDUFyPROD&RQVWLWXFLyQ
DUJHQWLQDLQGLFD
$UW $ OD &iPDUD GH 'LSXWDGRV
FRUUHVSRQGH H[FOXVLYDPHQWH OD LQLFLDWLYD GH
ODVOH\HVVREUHFRQWULEXFLRQHV\UHFOXWDPLHQWR
GHWURSDV
$UW6yORHOODHMHUFHHOGHUHFKRGHDFXVDU
DQWHHO6HQDGRDOSUHVLGHQWHYLFHSUHVLGHQWH
DOMHIHGHJDELQHWHGHPLQLVWURVDORVPLQLVWURV
\ D ORV PLHPEURV GH OD &RUWH 6XSUHPD
HQ ODV FDXVDV GH UHVSRQVDELOLGDG TXH VH
LQWHQWHQ FRQWUD HOORV SRU PDO GHVHPSHxR R
SRUGHOLWRHQHOHMHUFLFLRGHVXVIXQFLRQHVR
SRU FUtPHQHV FRPXQHV GHVSXpV GH KDEHU
FRQRFLGRGHHOORV\GHFODUDGRKDEHUOXJDUD
ODIRUPDFLyQGHFDXVDSRUODPD\RUtDGHGRV
WHUFHUDVSDUWHVGHVXVPLHPEURVSUHVHQWHV
$UW $O 6HQDGR FRUUHVSRQGH MX]JDU HQ
MXLFLRS~EOLFRDORVDFXVDGRVSRUOD&iPDUD
GH 'LSXWDGRV GHELHQGR VXV PLHPEURV
SUHVWDUMXUDPHQWRSDUDHVWHDFWR«
&XDQGR HO DFXVDGR VHD HO SUHVLGHQWH GH
OD 1DFLyQ HO 6HQDGR VHUi SUHVLGLGR SRU HO
SUHVLGHQWH GH OD &RUWH 6XSUHPD 1LQJXQR
VHUi GHFODUDGR FXOSDEOH VLQR D PD\RUtD GH
ORVGRVWHUFLRVGHORVPLHPEURVSUHVHQWHV
$UW 6X IDOOR QR WHQGUi PiV HIHFWR
TXH GHVWLWXLU DO DFXVDGR \ DXQ GHFODUDUOH
LQFDSD]GHRFXSDUQLQJ~QHPSOHRGHKRQRU
GHFRQ¿DQ]DRDVXHOGRHQOD1DFLyQ3HUR
OD SDUWH FRQGHQDGD TXHGDUi QR REVWDQWH
VXMHWDDDFXVDFLyQMXLFLR\FDVWLJRFRQIRUPH
DODVOH\HVDQWHORVWULEXQDOHVRUGLQDULRV
6HxDOD OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ EUDVLOHxD VREUH
HVWHWHPD
6HomR,,,
$UW &RPSHWH SULYDWLYDPHQWH j &kPDUD
GRV'HSXWDGRV
,DXWRUL]DUSRUGRLVWHUoRVGHVHXVPHPEURV
D LQVWDXUDomR GH SURFHVVR FRQWUD R
3UHVLGHQWHHR9LFH3UHVLGHQWHGD5HS~EOLFD
HRV0LQLVWURVGH(VWDGR
$UW&RPSHWHSULYDWLYDPHQWHDR6HQDGR
)HGHUDO
,SURFHVVDUHMXOJDUR3UHVLGHQWHHR9LFH
3UHVLGHQWH GD 5HS~EOLFD QRV FULPHV GH
UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH EHP FRPR RV 0LQLVWURV
GH (VWDGR H RV &RPDQGDQWHV GD 0DULQKD
GR([pUFLWRHGD$HURQiXWLFDQRVFULPHVGD
PHVPDQDWXUH]DFRQH[RVFRPDTXHOHV
3DUiJUDIR ~QLFR 1RV FDVRV SUHYLVWRV QRV
LQFLVRV , H ,, IXQFLRQDUi FRPR 3UHVLGHQWH R
GR 6XSUHPR 7ULEXQDO )HGHUDO OLPLWDQGRVH
D FRQGHQDomR TXH VRPHQWH VHUi SURIHULGD
SRUGRLVWHUoRVGRVYRWRVGR6HQDGR)HGHUDO
j SHUGD GR FDUJR FRP LQDELOLWDomR SRU RLWR
DQRVSDUDRH[HUFtFLRGHIXQomRS~EOLFDVHP
SUHMXt]RGDVGHPDLVVDQo}HVMXGLFLDLVFDEtYHLV
,QGLFDOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFDFKLOHQD
$UWtFXOR6RQDWULEXFLRQHVH[FOXVLYDVGH
OD&iPDUDGH'LSXWDGRV
'HFODUDUVLKDQRQROXJDUODVDFXVDFLRQHV
TXH QR PHQRV GH GLH] QL PiV GH YHLQWH GH
VXV PLHPEURV IRUPXOHQ HQ FRQWUD GH ODV
VLJXLHQWHVSHUVRQDV
D 'HO 3UHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD SRU
DFWRV GH VX DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ TXH KD\DQ
FRPSURPHWLGR JUDYHPHQWH HO KRQRU R
OD VHJXULGDG GH OD 1DFLyQ R LQIULQJLGR
DELHUWDPHQWH OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ R ODV OH\HV
(VWDDFXVDFLyQSRGUiLQWHUSRQHUVHPLHQWUDV
HO 3UHVLGHQWH HVWp HQ IXQFLRQHV \ HQ ORV
VHLVPHVHVVLJXLHQWHVDVXH[SLUDFLyQHQHO
FDUJR'XUDQWHHVWH~OWLPRWLHPSRQRSRGUi
DXVHQWDUVH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD VLQ DFXHUGR GH
OD&iPDUD
/DDFXVDFLyQVHWUDPLWDUiHQFRQIRUPLGDGDOD
OH\RUJiQLFDFRQVWLWXFLRQDOUHODWLYDDO&RQJUHVR
$WULEXFLRQHVH[FOXVLYDVGHO6HQDGR
$UWtFXOR 6RQ DWULEXFLRQHV H[FOXVLYDV
GHO6HQDGR
&RQRFHU GH ODV DFXVDFLRQHV TXH OD
&iPDUDGH'LSXWDGRVHQWDEOHFRQDUUHJORDO
DUWtFXORDQWHULRU
(O6HQDGRUHVROYHUiFRPRMXUDGR\VHOLPLWDUi
DGHFODUDUVLHODFXVDGRHVRQRFXOSDEOHGHO
GHOLWR LQIUDFFLyQ R DEXVR GH SRGHU TXH VH
OHLPSXWD
/D GHFODUDFLyQ GH FXOSDELOLGDG GHEHUi
VHU SURQXQFLDGD SRU ORV GRV WHUFLRV GH ORV
VHQDGRUHV HQ HMHUFLFLR FXDQGR VH WUDWH GH
XQDDFXVDFLyQHQFRQWUDGHO3UHVLGHQWHGHOD
5HS~EOLFD\SRUODPD\RUtDGHORVVHQDGRUHV
HQHMHUFLFLRHQORVGHPiVFDVRV
3RU OD GHFODUDFLyQ GH FXOSDELOLGDG TXHGD HO
DFXVDGRGHVWLWXLGRGHVXFDUJR\QRSRGUi
GHVHPSHxDU QLQJXQD IXQFLyQ S~EOLFD VHD
R QR GH HOHFFLyQ SRSXODU SRU HO WpUPLQR GH
FLQFRDxRV
6HxDODOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFDFRORPELDQD
$UWtFXOR &RUUHVSRQGH DO 6HQDGR
FRQRFHU ODV DFXVDFLRQHV TXH IRUPXOH
OD &iPDUD GH 5HSUHVHQWDQWHV FRQWUD HO
3UHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD R TXLHQ KDJD
VXVYHFHVFRQWUDORV0DJLVWUDGRVGHO&RUWH
6XSUHPDGH-XVWLFLDGHO&RQVHMRGH(VWDGR
\GHOD&RUWH&RQVWLWXFLRQDOORVPLHPEURVGHO
&RQVHMR6XSHULRUGHOD-XGLFDWXUD\HO)LVFDO
*HQHUDO GH OD 1DFLyQ DXQTXH KXELHUHQ
FHVDGR HQ HO HMHUFLFLR GH VXV FDUJRV (Q
HVWHFDVRFRQRFHUiSRUKHFKRVXRPLVLRQHV
RFXUULGRVHQHOGHVHPSHxRGHORVPLVPRV
$UWtFXOR(QORVMXLFLRVTXHVHVLJDQDQWH
HO6HQDGRVHREVHUYDUiQHVWDVUHJODV
(O DFXVDGR TXHGD GH KHFKR VXVSHQVR GH
VXHPSOHRVLHPSUHTXHXQDDFXVDFLyQVHD
S~EOLFDPHQWHDGPLWLGD
6LODDFXVDFLyQVHUH¿HUHDGHOLWRVFRPHWLGRV
HQHMHUFLFLRGHIXQFLRQHVRDLQGLJQLGDGSRU
PDOD GHVWLWXFLyQ GHO HPSOHR R OD SULYDFLyQ
WHPSRUDORSpUGLGDDEVROXWDGHORVGHUHFKRV
SROtWLFRV SHUR DO UHR VH OH VHJXLUi MXLFLR
FULPLQDO DQWH OD &RUWH 6XSUHPD GH -XVWLFLD
VLORVKHFKRVORFRQVWLWX\HQUHVSRQVDEOHGH
LQIUDFFLyQTXHPHUH]FDRWUDSHQD
6LODDFXVDFLyQVHUH¿HUHDGHOLWRVFRPXQHV
HO6HQDGRVHOLPLWDUiDGHFODUDUVLKD\RQR
OXJDU D VHJXLPLHQWR GH FDXVD \ HQ FDVR
D¿UPDWLYR SRQGUi DO DFXVDGR D GLVSRVLFLyQ
GHOD&RUWH6XSUHPD
(O 6HQDGR SRGUi FRPHWHU OD LQVWUXFFLyQ
GH ORV SURFHVRV D XQD GLSXWDFLyQ GH VX
VHQR UHVHUYiQGRVH HO MXLFLR \ OD VHQWHQFLD
GH¿QLWLYD TXH VHUi SURQXQFLDGD HQ VHVLyQ
S~EOLFD SRU GRV WHUFLRV DO PHQRV GH ORV
YRWRVGHORV6HQDGRUHVSUHVHQWHV
$57,&8/2 /D &iPDUD GH
5HSUHVHQWDQWHV WHQGUi ODV VLJXLHQWHV
DWULEXFLRQHVHVSHFLDOHV
$FXVDU DQWH HO 6HQDGR FXDQGR
KXELHUH FDXVDV FRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV DO
3UHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD R D TXLHQ KDJD
VXV YHFHV D ORV PDJLVWUDGRV GH OD &RUWH
&RQVWLWXFLRQDO D ORV PDJLVWUDGRV GH OD
&RUWH 6XSUHPD GH -XVWLFLD D ORV PLHPEURV
GHO &RQVHMR 6XSHULRU GH OD -XGLFDWXUD D
ORVPDJLVWUDGRVGHO&RQVHMRGH(VWDGR\DO
)LVFDO*HQHUDOGHOD1DFLyQ
$57,&8/2 6RQ IDOWDV DEVROXWDV GHO
3UHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD VX PXHUWH
VX UHQXQFLD DFHSWDGD OD GHVWLWXFLyQ
GHFUHWDGD SRU VHQWHQFLD OD LQFDSDFLGDG
ItVLFD SHUPDQHQWH \ HO DEDQGRQR GHO FDUJR
GHFODUDGRVpVWRVGRV~OWLPRVSRUHO6HQDGR
0HQFLRQD OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ 3ROtWLFD GH OD
5HS~EOLFD 'RPLQLFDQD VREUH HO WHPD GHO
³-XLFLR3ROtWLFR´
$UWtFXOR$WULEXFLRQHV6RQDWULEXFLRQHV
H[FOXVLYDVGHO6HQDGR
&RQRFHU GH ODV DFXVDFLRQHV IRUPXODGDV
SRUOD&iPDUDGH'LSXWDGRVFRQWUDODV\ORV
IXQFLRQDULRVS~EOLFRVVHxDODGRVHQHODUWtFXOR
QXPHUDO/DGHFODUDFLyQGHFXOSDELOLGDG
GHMDDODSHUVRQDGHVWLWXLGDGHVXFDUJR\QR
SRGUiGHVHPSHxDUQLQJXQDIXQFLyQS~EOLFD
VHDRQRGHHOHFFLyQSRSXODUSRUHOWpUPLQR
GHGLH]DxRV/DSHUVRQDGHVWLWXLGDTXHGDUi
VXMHWD VL KXELHUH OXJDU D VHU DFXVDGD \
MX]JDGD SRU DQWH ORV WULEXQDOHV RUGLQDULRV
FRQDUUHJORDODOH\(VWDGHFLVLyQVHDGRSWDUi
FRQHOYRWRGHODVGRVWHUFHUDVSDUWHVGHOD
PDWUtFXOD
$UWtFXOR $WULEXFLRQHV 6RQ DWULEXFLRQHV
H[FOXVLYDVGHOD&iPDUDGH'LSXWDGRV
$FXVDU DQWH HO 6HQDGR D ODV \ ORV
IXQFLRQDULRV S~EOLFRV HOHJLGRV SRU YRWR
SRSXODU D ORV HOHJLGRV SRU HO 6HQDGR \ SRU
HO &RQVHMR 1DFLRQDO GH OD 0DJLVWUDWXUD SRU
ODFRPLVLyQGHIDOWDVJUDYHVHQHOHMHUFLFLRGH
VXVIXQFLRQHV
/D DFXVDFLyQ VyOR SRGUi IRUPXODUVH FRQ HO
YRWRIDYRUDEOHGHODVGRVWHUFHUDVSDUWHVGH
ODPDWUtFXOD&XDQGRVHWUDWHGHO3UHVLGHQWH
\ HO 9LFHSUHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD VH
UHTXHULUiHOYRWRIDYRUDEOHGHODVWUHVFXDUWDV
SDUWHVGHODPDWUtFXOD/DSHUVRQDDFXVDGD
TXHGDUiVXVSHQGLGDHQVXVIXQFLRQHVGHVGH
HO PRPHQWR HQ TXH OD &iPDUD GHFODUH TXH
KDOXJDUODDFXVDFLyQ
,QGLFD OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ 3ROtWLFD PH[LFDQD
UHVSHFWRGHHVHWHPD
$UWtFXOR6RQIDFXOWDGHVH[FOXVLYDVGHOD
&iPDUDGH'LSXWDGRV
9 'HFODUDU VL KD R QR OXJDU D SURFHGHU
SHQDOPHQWH FRQWUD ORV VHUYLGRUHV S~EOLFRV
TXH KXELHUHQ LQFXUULGR HQ GHOLWR HQ ORV
WpUPLQRVGHODUWtFXORGHHVWD&RQVWLWXFLyQ
&RQRFHUGHODVLPSXWDFLRQHVTXHVHKDJDQ
D ORV VHUYLGRUHV S~EOLFRV D TXH VH UH¿HUH
HO DUWtFXOR GH HVWD&RQVWLWXFLyQ \IXQJLU
FRPR yUJDQR GH DFXVDFLyQ HQ ORV MXLFLRV
SROtWLFRVTXHFRQWUDpVWRVVHLQVWDXUHQ
$UWtFXOR 6RQ IDFXOWDGHV H[FOXVLYDV
GHO6HQDGR
9,, (ULJLUVH HQ -XUDGR GH VHQWHQFLD SDUD
FRQRFHU HQ -XLFLR 3ROtWLFR GH ODV IDOWDV X
RPLVLRQHV TXH FRPHWDQ ORV VHUYLGRUHV
S~EOLFRV\TXHUHGXQGHQHQSHUMXLFLRGHORV
LQWHUHVHV S~EOLFRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV \ GH VX
EXHQGHVSDFKRHQORVWpUPLQRVGHODUWtFXOR
GHHVWD&RQVWLWXFLyQ
0HQFLRQDOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFDSDUDJXD\D
VREUHHOSDUWLFXODUTXH
$UWtFXOR'(/352&(',0,(172
(O 3UHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD HO
9LFHSUHVLGHQWH ORV PLQLVWURV GHO 3RGHU
(MHFXWLYRORVPLQLVWURVGHOD&RUWH6XSUHPD
GH-XVWLFLDHO)LVFDO*HQHUDOGHO(VWDGRHO
'HIHQVRUGHO3XHEORHO&RQWUDORU*HQHUDOGH
OD5HS~EOLFDHO6XEFRQWUDORU\ORVLQWHJUDQWHV
GHO 7ULEXQDO 6XSHULRU GH -XVWLFLD (OHFWRUDO
VyOR SRGUiQ VHU VRPHWLGRV D -XLFLR 3ROtWLFR
SRU PDO GHVHPSHxR GH VXV IXQFLRQHV SRU
GHOLWRV FRPHWLGRV HQ HO HMHUFLFLR GH VXV
FDUJRVRSRUGHOLWRVFRPXQHV
/DDFXVDFLyQVHUiIRUPXODGDSRUOD&iPDUD
GH 'LSXWDGRV SRU PD\RUtD GH GRV WHUFLRV
&RUUHVSRQGHUi D OD &iPDUD GH 6HQDGRUHV
SRU PD\RUtD DEVROXWD GH GRV WHUFLRV MX]JDU
HQ MXLFLR S~EOLFR D ORV DFXVDGRV SRU OD
&iPDUDGH'LSXWDGRV\HQFDVRGHFODUDUORV
FXOSDEOHVDOVyORHIHFWRGHVHSDUDUORVGHVXV
FDUJRV (Q ORV FDVRV GH VXSXHVWD FRPLVLyQ
GHGHOLWRVVHSDVDUiQORVDQWHFHGHQWHVDOD
MXVWLFLDRUGLQDULD
6HxDODVREUHHOWHPDGHO³-XLFLR3ROtWLFR´OD
&RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFDGHO8UXJXD\
$UWtFXOR &RPSHWH D OD &iPDUD GH
5HSUHVHQWDQWHV HO GHUHFKR H[FOXVLYR GH
DFXVDU DQWH OD &iPDUD GH 6HQDGRUHV D ORV
PLHPEURVGHDPEDV&iPDUDVDO3UHVLGHQWH
\ HO 9LFHSUHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD D ORV
0LQLVWURV GH (VWDGR D ORV PLHPEURV GH OD
6XSUHPD &RUWH GH -XVWLFLD GHO 7ULEXQDO GH
OR &RQWHQFLRVR $GPLQLVWUDWLYR GHO 7ULEXQDO
GH &XHQWDV \ GH OD &RUWH (OHFWRUDO SRU
YLRODFLyQ GH OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ X RWURV GHOLWRV
JUDYHV GHVSXpV GH KDEHU FRQRFLGR VREUH
HOORV D SHWLFLyQ GH SDUWH R GH DOJXQRV GH
VXV PLHPEURV \ GHFODUDGR KDEHU OXJDU D OD
IRUPDFLyQGHFDXVD
$UWtFXOR $ OD &iPDUD GH 6HQDGRUHV
FRUUHVSRQGH DEULU MXLFLR S~EOLFR D ORV
DFXVDGRVSRUOD&iPDUDGH5HSUHVHQWDQWHV
R OD -XQWD 'HSDUWDPHQWDO HQ VX FDVR \
SURQXQFLDU VHQWHQFLD DO VROR HIHFWR GH
VHSDUDUORVGHVXVFDUJRVSRUGRVWHUFLRVGH
YRWRVGHOWRWDOGHVXVFRPSRQHQWHV
$UWtFXOR /RV DFXVDGRV D TXLHQHV OD
&iPDUD GH 6HQDGRUHV KD\DQ VHSDUDGR GH
VXV FDUJRV GH DFXHUGR FRQ OR GLVSXHVWR HQ
HO DUWtFXOR DQWHULRU TXHGDUiQ QR REVWDQWH
VXMHWRVDMXLFLRFRQIRUPHDODOH\
(Q WRGDV ODV &RQVWLWXFLRQHV 3ROtWLFDV
DQWHULRUPHQWH DQDOL]DGDV VH REVHUYD XQ
FRP~Q GHQRPLQDGRU HO KHFKR GH TXH VH
HQFXHQWUD HVWDEOHFLGR HO SURFHVR GH -XLFLR
3ROtWLFR FRQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SURSLDV
GHO ³LPSHDFKPHQW´ HVSHFLDOPHQWH HO
FRQWHPSODGRHQOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGHORV(VWDGRV
8QLGRV GH $PpULFD /R DQWHULRU HQ FXDQWR
DO KHFKR GH TXH HO yUJDQR SDUODPHQWDULR
DFXVDGRU \ HO yUJDQR GHFLVRU QR VRQ ORV
PLVPRV(QHVWHVHQWLGRVHREVHUYDFyPROD
&iPDUD GH 'LSXWDGRV R 5HSUHVHQWDQWHV HV
ODHQFDUJDGDGHSODQWHDUODDFXVDFLyQFRQWUD
HO3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDPLHQWUDVTXH
OD &iPDUD GH 6HQDGRUHV HV OD TXH UHDOL]D
HO MXLFLR \ HPLWH HO SURQXQFLDPLHQWR SDUD
VHSDUDUORGHOFDUJR
2WURUDVJRHQFRP~QGHODV&RQVWLWXFLRQHV
TXH FRQWLHQHQ HO ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ FRPR
PHFDQLVPRGHFRQWUROGHOHMHUFLFLRSROtWLFRHV
HOUHODWLYRDODSURSRUFLyQGHVHQDGRUHVTXH
GHEHGLFWDUHOSURQXQFLDPLHQWRSDUDVHSDUDU
GHOSXHVWRDO3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFD(Q
ORV FDVRV GH ODV FRQVWLWXFLRQHV DUJHQWLQD
EUDVLOHxD FKLOHQD FRORPELDQD GRPLQLFDQD
SDUDJXD\D \ XUXJXD\D VH UHTXLHUH GH GRV
WHUFHUDVSDUWHVGHO6HQDGRSDUDKDFHUOR
(QOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFDEROLYLDQDHOHQMXL
FLDPLHQWRSROtWLFRQRHVWiFODUDPHQWHGH¿QL
GRHQFXDQWRDORVyUJDQRVTXHORGHVDUUR
OODQ(QHVHFDVRVRODPHQWHVHGLFHTXHODV
&iPDUDVUHXQLGDVHQ$VDPEOHD/HJLVODWLYD
3OXULQDFLRQDO DXWRUL]DUiQ HO HQMXLFLDPLHQWR
GHO3UHVLGHQWHRGHO9LFHSUHVLGHQWH
(Q HO FDVR GH OD 5HS~EOLFD GHO (FXDGRU
HO HQMXLFLDPLHQWR QR HV XQD DFWXDFLyQ
PHUDPHQWH SROtWLFD \D TXH VH UHTXLHUH
HO GLFWDPHQ GH DGPLVLELOLGDG GH OD &RUWH
&RQVWLWXFLRQDOSDUDLQLFLDUHO-XLFLR3ROtWLFR
(Q85/KWWSSGEDJHRUJHWRZQHGX&RQVWLWXWLRQVFRQVWXGLHVKWPO
,ELG
(Q ODV 5HS~EOLFDV GH *XDWHPDOD \
3DQDPi QR H[LVWH SURSLDPHQWH OD ¿JXUD
GHO ³HQMXLFLDPLHQWR SROtWLFR´ \D TXH OR TXH
VHHVWDEOHFHHQVXVWH[WRVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV
HV TXH HO 3RGHU /HJLVODWLYR DGPLWLUi R
QR ODV DFXVDFLRQHV TXH VH LQWHUSRQJDQ
FRQWUD TXLHQ HMHU]D OD 3UHVLGHQFLD GH OD
5HS~EOLFD (Q HVWRV FDVRV FODUDPHQWH VH
REVHUYDTXHVHFDUHFHGHXQSURFHGLPLHQWR
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWHHVWDEOHFLGRTXHSHUPLWD
DO 3RGHU /HJLVODWLYR GHSRQHU DO 3UHVLGHQWH
GHOD5HS~EOLFD
(Q OD 5HS~EOLFD GHO 3HU~ H[LVWH OD IyUPXOD
SDUDHOHQMXLFLDPLHQWRSROtWLFRVLQHPEDUJR
HQHOODQRVHKDEODGHTXHVHDQHO6HQDGR\OD
&iPDUDGH5HSUHVHQWDQWHVR'LSXWDGRVORV
TXH SDUWLFLSDQ HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GHO SURFHVR
SXHVVHWUDWDGHXQ3DUODPHQWR8QLFDPHUDO
(QHVWHFDVR~QLFDPHQWHVHKDFHODPHQFLyQ
GHTXHSDUWLFLSDUiOD&RPLVLyQ3HUPDQHQWH
TXHDFXVD\HO&RQJUHVRVLQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ
GH HVD &RPLVLyQ VXVSHQGHUi GH KDEHU
PpULWR SDUD HOOR DO IXQFLRQDULR DFXVDGR R
ORLQKDELOLWDUiSDUDHOHMHUFLFLRGHODIXQFLyQ
S~EOLFD KDVWD SRU GLH] DxRV R OR GHVWLWXLUi
GH VX IXQFLyQ VLQ SHUMXLFLR GH FXDOTXLHUD
RWUDUHVSRQVDELOLGDG
(Q ORV FDVRV GH ODV &RQVWLWXFLRQHV
QLFDUDJHQVHVDOYDGRUHxD\KRQGXUHxD
QRKD\PHQFLyQGHO³HQMXLFLDPLHQWRSROtWLFR´
/R~QLFRTXHVHHQFXHQWUDUHJXODGRHQHOODV
HV HO DVSHFWR GH TXH HO 3RGHU /HJLVODWLYR
FRQRFHUi OD UHQXQFLD GH TXLHQ HMHU]D OD
3UHVLGHQFLDGHOD5HS~EOLFD
,ELG
,ELG
,ELG
,ELG
,ELG
,ELG
(O³-XLFLR3ROtWLFR´HQODV
&RQVWLWXFLRQHV3ROtWLFDVGH
OD5HS~EOLFDGH&RVWD5LFD
(Q OD KLVWRULD FRQVWLWXFLRQDO GH &RVWD
5LFD SXHGH LQGLFDUVH TXH ~QLFDPHQWH
GRV FRQVWLWXFLRQHV KDQ DERUGDGR HO WHPD
GHO ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ VLJXLHQGR ODV UHJODV
DGRSWDGDV SRU HO FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVPR GH ORV
(VWDGRV8QLGRVGH$PpULFD
/DV GRV FRQVWLWXFLRQHV HQ ODV TXH VH
SXHGH REVHUYDU HVD ¿JXUD MXUtGLFD VRQ OD
&RQVWLWXFLyQ )HGHUDO GH &HQWURDPpULFD GHO
GH IHEUHUR GH \ OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ
3ROtWLFDGHOGHMXQLRGH
/DSULPHUDXWLOL]yFRPREDVHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ
GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV GH $PpULFD \
HVWDEOHFLy OD ¿JXUD GHO ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´
LQGLFDQGRORVLJXLHQWH
³$UWtFXOR 6ROR D OD &iPDUD GH 5HSUH
VHQWDQWHVFRUUHVSRQGH
'HFODUDUFXDQGRKDOXJDUDODIRUPDFLyQGH
FDXVD FRQWUD HO 3UHVLGHQWH GH OD 5HS~EOLFD
9LFHSUHVLGHQWH R VHQDGRU VL KDQ KHFKR VXV
YHFHV±\PDJLVWUDGRVGHODVXSUHPD&RUWHHQ
ORVFDVRVTXHH[SUHVDQORVDUWtFXORV\´
³$UWtFXOR ÒQLFDPHQWH D OD FiPDUD GHO
6HQDGRFRUUHVSRQGH
-X]JDU FRQVWLWX\pQGRVH HQ WULEXQDO GH
-XVWLFLD ORV LQGLYLGXRV D TXLHQHV OD &iPDUD
GH 5HSUHVHQWDQWHV HQ XVR GH VX DWULEXFLyQ
$UWtFXORKD\DGHFODUDGRKDEHUOXJDUD
ODIRUPDFLyQGHFDXVD´
³$UWtFXOR7RGRDFXVDGRTXHGDVXVSHQVR
HQ HO DFWR GH GHFODUDUVH TXH KD OXJDU D OD
IRUPDFLyQGHFDXVDGHSXHVWRVLHPSUHTXH
UHVXOWH UHR H LQKDELOLWDGR SDUD WRGR FDUJR
S~EOLFR VL OD FDXVD GLHUH PpULWR VHJ~Q
ODOH\«´
(Q HOOD VH REVHUYD FyPR HO FRQVWLWX\HQWH
FHQWURDPHULFDQR GH HVD pSRFD LPSODQWy HO
PRGHOR ELFDPHUDO HQ FXDQWR DO GHVDUUROOR
GHO³-XLFLR3ROtWLFR´FRPRHVWDEDHVWDEOHFLGR
HQ OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ GH GH ORV (VWDGRV
8QLGRVGH$PpULFD
/RTXHVtQRIXHHVWDEOHFLGRHQHVD1RUPD
)XQGDPHQWDO IXH HO KHFKR GH FXiO HUD OD
SURSRUFLyQ GH VHQDGRUHV QHFHVDULD SDUD
HVWDEOHFHU OD UHPRFLyQ GHO 3UHVLGHQWH 1R
H[LVWHQRUPDTXHUHVXHOYDHVDLQWHUURJDQWH
HQHVHGRFXPHQWRVLQHPEDUJR\WRPDQGR
HQ FXHQWD TXH VH EDVy HQ OD QRUPDWLYD GH
ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV GH $PpULFD GH KDEHU
VLGR QHFHVDULR SUREDEOHPHQWH VH KXELHUD
UHPLWLGRDORHVWDEOHFLGRSRUHVHGRFXPHQWR
MXUtGLFR HV GHFLU TXH VH UHTXLHUD GH
ORV VHQDGRUHV SDUD HVWDEOHFHU OD VDQFLyQ
/R DQWHULRU HQ YLUWXG GH XQD DSOLFDFLyQ
DQDOyJLFDGHHVDQRUPDWLYDSDUDHOFDVRGH
OD5HS~EOLFD)HGHUDOFHQWURDPHULFDQD
/D RWUD &RQVWLWXFLyQ 3ROtWLFD GH &RVWD 5LFD
TXH VH UH¿HUH D HVWH WHPD HV OD GH HQ VXV$UWtFXORV \ 6H KDFH PHQFLyQ
D HOOD FRPR VHxDODPLHQWR KLVWyULFR SHUR
QRVHDQDOL]DSRUWUDWDUVHGHXQGRFXPHQWR
MXUtGLFR FX\D H[LVWHQFLD VH KD FXHVWLRQDGR
SRUKDEHUVXUJLGRGHXQ*RELHUQRGHIDFWR\
SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRU OD HPLVLyQ GH OD /H\ GH
1XOLGDGHV/H\Q~PHURGHOGHDJRVWR
GH TXH GHFODUD DEVROXWDPHQWH QXOD \
VLQQLQJ~QYDORUHVD&RQVWLWXFLyQ
&DEH VHxDODU TXH ODV RWUDV &RQVWLWXFLRQHV
FRVWDUULFHQVHV GHVGH R FRQWHPSODQ
VLVWHPDVKtEULGRVHQORVTXHHOMXLFLRQRVHUtD
SROtWLFR \D TXH SDUWLFLSD HQ DOJXQD PHGLGD
HO 3RGHU -XGLFLDO R QR WUDWDQ HO WHPD GH OD
IRUPDHQODTXHKDVLGRFRQFHSWXDOL]DGRSRU
ODGRFWULQDFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDFRPSDUDGD
&RQFOXVLRQHV
'HO DQiOLVLV GHVDUUROODGR HQ HVWH WUDEDMR VH
SXHGHQH[WUDHUODVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFOXVLRQHV
/D UHVSRQVDELOLGDG SROtWLFD GH ORV
JREHUQDQWHV KD VLGR XQD SUHRFXSDFLyQ
GH DQWLJXD GDWD UHPRQWiQGRVH D OD
pSRFDPHGLHYDOHXURSHD
(O VXUJLPLHQWR GH PHFDQLVPRV GH
FRQWURO GHO HMHUFLFLR GHO SRGHU FRQWUD
VHUYLGRUHV S~EOLFRV HQFXHQWUD VXV
RUtJHQHVHQOD¿JXUDGHO³-XLFLR3ROtWLFR´
R³,PSHDFKPHQW´GHVDUUROODGRGHVGHHO
VLJOR;,,,HQ,QJODWHUUD
(O ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ HV XQD DFWLYLGDG TXH
GHVGHVXVRUtJHQHVKDVLGRGHVDUUROODGD
SRU HO 3DUODPHQWR R ORV 3RGHUHV
/HJLVODWLYRV FRPR XQ PHFDQLVPR GH
FRQWUROGHHVHSRGHUVREUHHOSRGHUGHORV
PDQGDWDULRVRVREUHHO3RGHU(MHFXWLYR
/RV SURFHVRV GH ³,PSHDFKPHQW´ GH
GHVDUUROODGRV HQ ,QJODWHUUD VRQ
FRQVLGHUDGRV FRPR SXQWR GH SDUWLGD \
6iHQ]&DUERQHOO-RUJH(O'HVSHUWDU&RQVWLWXFLRQDOGH&RVWD5LFD(GLWRULDO/LEUR/LEUH
,ELG
VLUYHQ GH EDVH D OD LQVWLWXFLyQ MXUtGLFD
GHO ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ \D TXH HQ HOORV
VH HVWDEOHFLHURQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV
EiVLFDV GH HVH SURFHGLPLHQWR FRPR
TXH OD DFXVDFLyQ FRQWUD HO PDQGDWDULR
R IXQFLRQDULR \ VX MX]JDPLHQWR VHDQ
DFWLYLGDGHV UHDOL]DGDV SRU FXHUSRV
FROHJLDGRV GLVWLQWRV \ TXH UHTXLHUDQ GH
SRUFHQWDMHV GHWHUPLQDGRV GH YRWDFLyQ
GHQWUR GH ORV FXHUSRV FROHJLDGRV TXH
DQDOL]DQHODVXQWRSDUDSRGHUHVWDEOHFHU
ODVVDQFLRQHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV
/DQRFLyQGHTXHORVPDQGDWDULRV\HQ
JHQHUDOORVIXQFLRQDULRVS~EOLFRVWLHQHQ
FLHUWRVGHEHUHV\FRQWUROHVTXHWDPELpQ
HVWiQ HVWDEOHFLGRV SDUD KDFHU FXPSOLU
FRUUHFWDPHQWH VX PDQGDWR VH KD LGR
GHVDUUROODQGR D SDUWLU GH OD FUHDFLyQ GH
HVD¿JXUDMXUtGLFD
(O HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH OD LQVWLWXFLyQ
MXUtGLFD GHO ³-XLFLR 3ROtWLFR´ HQ WHUULWRULR
FRQWLQHQWDODPHULFDQRVHGLRDWUDYpVGHO
GHVDUUROOR GHO FRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVPR GH ORV
(VWDGRV8QLGRVGH$PpULFD
(VD LQVWLWXFLyQ MXUtGLFD IXH LQWURGXFLGD
HQ ORV SDtVHV ODWLQRDPHULFDQRV D SDUWLU
GH ODV UHJXODFLRQHV FRQWHQLGDV HQ OD
&RQVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV GH
$PpULFD \ VH HQFXHQWUD PiV DVHQWDGD
HQ SDtVHV GH $PpULFD GHO 6XU TXH HQ
SDtVHVFHQWURDPHULFDQRV
/DLQVWLWXFLyQMXUtGLFDGHO³-XLFLR3ROtWLFR´
R³,PSHDFKPHQW´KDHVWDGRSUHVHQWHGH
IRUPDIXJD]HQHOGHVDUUROORFRQVWLWXFLRQDO
GH&RVWD5LFDVLQHPEDUJRKR\HQGtD
QR VH HQFXHQWUD SUHVHQWH HQ OD DFWXDO
&RQVWLWXFLyQ3ROtWLFD
%LEOLRJUD¿D
KWWSVGRFVJRRJOHFRPYLHZHU"D YT FDFK
H2NJ2/2\8DN<-ZZZGHUHFKRGXDGXQDP
P[DPLFXVFXULDHGHVFDUJDV5()/(;,21(6
SGIMXLFLRSRO&$'WLFRKO HQSLG EOV
UFLG $'*((6J;UZ'R2;HO$7OOJS6H%(9
+LR-5*0M2ZSR]679H6Q.,J',+.1K9]
NJ1G*]UVF&'Q0QRUQ*ZIBM1X%/E(\
)ZY2[=*$+Y[X85G+J.QO:
*9'RJF3VLJ $+,(WE6=;Q-4/R)R:F5
LMU4&78*7$SOL KWWSVGRFVJRRJOHFRPYLHZHU"D YT F
DFKHO)1.PW43MV-ZZZJDUFLDEHODXQGH
FRPDUWLFXORV$QWHMXLFLRSGIMXLFLRSRO&
$'WLFRKO HQSLG EOVUFLG $'*((6MU
OLB*-:+R95DV] :Q18V+1WPNP9(
43*<63LNU2(:GKTL/-GPRLE]=KURB
KZ 12WO;FH&3\ 6'\FF 6G /32%
ISE.7&M-H 4/)T9.<Z+=2SI[Q :'9)
E&Z=VLJ $+,(WE5R*FZ*$X<;/3)Z
W9,EB5)-*J
KWWSSGEDJHRUJHWRZQHGX&RPS
/HJLVODWLYR6HQDGRDFXVDFLRQKWPO
KWWSZZZFFHHHGXX\HQVHQLDQFDWGHUSX
WHP\SUHKWPO
KWWSGHUHFKRODJXLDFRPGHUHFKR
FRQVWLWXFLRQDOMXLFLRSROLWLFR
KWWSZZZSURIHVRUJHQWLOHFRPDUSXEOL
PDQGDWDKWPO
KWWSZZZPHUULDPZHEVWHUFRPGLFWLRQDU\
LPSHDFK
KWWSZDULVDFULPHRUJQRGH
Documentos relacionados
Descargar