Yews (género Taxus)

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Yews (género Taxus)
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National distribution 1
United States
Ori gi n : Exotic
R egu l ari ty : Regularly occurring
Cu rren tl y : Unknown/Undetermined
Con fi d en ce : Confident
Habitat and ecology 2,3
Hab i tat an d Ecol ogy
Taxus baccata is capable of growing under (not entirely closed) canopy of beech (Fagus spp.) as well as
other deciduous broad-leaved trees, but it will only develop to large trees in more open situations. In
Switzerland, the richest area of Central Europe for yew, it forms a yew-beech wood on cool, steep marl
slopes in the Jura and the foothills of the Alps up to 1,400 m a.s.l. (Ellenberg 1988). Under the evergreen
Common Yew, nothing else will grow. In England, T. baccata is best developed on chalk downs - again on
steep slopes - and can form extensive stands outside the beech woods invading down grassland. In
much of Europe where the climate is less oceanic it survives better in mixed forests, coniferous as well
as mixed broad-leaved-conifer forests, again mostly on limestone substrates, and often occupying rocky
cliffs and slopes. On acid soils yews perform less well under canopy and usually do not develop beyond
a sapling stage in woods. Its northern limits in Scandinavia are determined by its sensitivity to severe
frost. Its toxicity (all parts except the red arils around the seeds) prevent browsing by cattle and sheep,
but not by rabbits and deer, as these animals have developed a level of immunity to the dangerous
alkaloids. Apart from seed germination (dispersed by birds), T. baccata readily regenerates from stumps
and roots (suckers); ancient hollow trees may rejuvenate constantly in this way. When planted, e.g. in
church yards and cemeteries, soil pH seems unimportant; some of the largest and presumably oldest
specimen trees in NW Europe, in particular Brittany (France) and the British Isles, are known from such
locations and were planted probably since Celtic times
Systems
Terrestrial
Associations 4
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Acrogenospora dematiaceous anamorph of Acrogenospora sphaerocephala is saprobic
on rotten wood of Taxus baccata
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus altipes is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus augustus is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus gennadii is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus phaeolepidotus is associated with Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Agaricus subfloccosus is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / epiphyte
fruitbody of Aleurodiscus aurantius grows on dead stem of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Amanita gemmata is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Amanita inopinata is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Amanita singeri is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Plant / epiphyte
resupinate fruitbody of Amylostereum laevigatum grows on dead bark of Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed perithecium of Anthostomella formosa var. taxi is saprobic on dead leaf of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / pathogen
Armillaria mellea s.l. infects and damages Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Auricularia mesenterica is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Battarrea phalloides is associated with Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Bjerkandera adusta is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Blastobasis lignea grazes on leaf of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: autumn-spring
Foodplant / saprobe
larva of Brachyopa scutellaris is saprobic on sap run of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Brevicellicium exile is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Brevicellicium olivascens is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Calocera pallidospathulata is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 1-12
Fungus / parasite
effuse colony of Capnobotrys dematiaceous anamorph of Capnobotrys dingleyae parasitises live twig of
Taxus baccata
Foodplant / gall
Cecidophyopsis psilaspis causes gall of live bud (flower) of Taxus baccata
Plant / epiphyte
podetium of Chaenothecopsis caespitosa grows on rotten wood of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 10
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Catenularia dematiaceous anamorph of Chaetosphaeria cupulifera is saprobic on fallen, dead
branch of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 12-6
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Chalara dematiaceous anamorph of Chalara cylindrica is saprobic on leaf litter of Taxus
baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria acuta is associated with Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria incarnata is associated with Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavaria purpurea is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavicorona taxophila is associated with Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Clavulinopsis umbrinella is associated with Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Clitocybe ditopa is saprobic on dead, rotting litter of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Clitopilus hobsonii is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coniophora arida is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coniophora olivacea is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
usually tufted colony of Corynespora dematiaceous anamorph of Corynespora pruni is saprobic on bark
of Taxus baccata
Animal / parasite
Cryptocline coelomycetous anamorph of Cryptocline taxicola parasitises live Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
sporodochium of Cryptocoryneum dematiaceous anamorph of Cryptocoryneum condensatum is
saprobic on dead bark of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Cytospora taxi is saprobic on dead twig of
Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 11-3
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Dacrymyces estonicus is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Dacrymyces punctiformis is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Dacryobolus karstenii is saprobic on fallen, decayed, decorticate trunk (large) of Taxus
baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
bracket of Daedaleopsis confragosa is saprobic on dead wood of Taxus baccata
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Plant / epiphyte
fruitbody of Dendrothele amygdalispora grows on live bark of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Diaporthe eres is saprobic on dead
twig of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
amphigenous pycnidium of Diplodia coelomycetous anamorph of Diplodia taxi is saprobic on dead leaf
of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 9-3
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed stroma of Dothiora taxicola is saprobic on dead leaf of Taxus baccata
Fungus / saprobe
colony of Endophragmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Endophragmiella eboracensis is saprobic on
dead wood of Taxus baccata
Fungus / saprobe
effuse colony of Endophragmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Endophragmiella taxi is saprobic on dead
leaf of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 4-5
Foodplant / saprobe
hysterothecium of Farlowiella carmichaeliana is saprobic on dead bark of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 2-4
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Ganoderma carnosum parasitises live trunk of Taxus baccata
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Ganoderma lucidum is saprobic on dead stump of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum campestre is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum fimbriatum is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum fornicatum is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum pectinatum is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum quadrifidum is associated with Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Geastrum striatum is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
apothecium of Geopora sumneriana is associated with Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: Spring
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Gloeophyllum trabeum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / endomycorrhiza
sporocarp of Glomus fuegianum is endomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
amphigenous, sometimes in lines, splitting epidermis pycnidium of Phyllosticta coelomycetous
anamorph of Guignardia philoprina is saprobic on dead leaf of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Gymnopilus bellulus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Gymnopilus junonius is saprobic on decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hemimycena tortuosa is saprobic on decayed stick of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Hygrophorus penarius is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
epigeous or hypogeous fruitbody of Hymenogaster luteus is associated with Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Plant / associate
hypogeous fruitbody of Hymenogaster vulgaris is associated with Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphoderma definitum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphodontia arguta is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphodontia pallidula is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hyphodontia rimosissima is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Hypochniciellum subillaqueatum is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed wood of Taxus
baccata
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Inocybe obscurobadia is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / saprobe
superficial stroma of Kretzschmaria deusta is saprobic on dead stump of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Lactarius salmonicolor is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Laetiporus sulphureus is saprobic on trunk of old tree of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lepiota castanea is saprobic on soil of tree of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lepiota ochraceofulva is saprobic on soil of tree of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Lepiota perplexa is saprobic on soil of tree of Taxus baccata
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus badhamii is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed litter of Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus croceovelutinus is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus marriagei is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucoagaricus pilatianus is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucocoprinus brebissonii is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of litter of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucogyrophana mollusca is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Leucogyrophana sororia is saprobic on dead, very decayed, brown rotted bark of Taxus
baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Limacella delicata var. delicata is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lyophyllum favrei is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Lyophyllum konradianum is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Macrolepiota procera var. pseudo-olivascens is associated with Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
epiphyllous, gregarious or in rows, covered pycnidium of Macrophoma coelomycetous anamorph of
Macrophoma taxi is saprobic on dead leaf of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmius androsaceus is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed needle of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Chloridium dematiaceous anamorph of Melanopsammella preussii is saprobic on fallen, dead
branch of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 11-5
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Micromphale foetidum is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed stick of Taxus baccata
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent stroma of Nectria coccinea is saprobic on dead branch of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 9-5
Foodplant / saprobe
stromatic perithecium of Nectria pallidula is saprobic on dead twig of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 8-1
Foodplant / saprobe
Myrothecium dematiaceous anamorph of Nectria ralfsii is saprobic on dead, cut or fallen branch of
Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 9-1
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Neolentinus lepideus parasitises live Taxus baccata
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Otiorhynchus singularis feeds on live Taxus baccata
Foodplant / sap sucker
Parthenolecanium pomeranicum sucks sap of live foliage of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Paullicorticium delicatissimum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Peniophora nuda is saprobic on dead, attached branch of Taxus baccata
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / pathogen
fruitbody of Phaeolus schweinitzii infects and damages live root of mature tree of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Phellinus ferreus parasitises living trunk of Taxus baccata
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / parasite
fruitbody of Phlebiella albida parasitises live twig of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiella pseudotsugae is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiella sulphurea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Phlebiopsis gigantea is saprobic on dead, decayed trunk (cut end) of Taxus baccata
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
immersed, mostly hypophyllous pycnidium of Phoma coelomycetous anamorph of Phoma allostoma is
saprobic on dead, attached twig of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 11-3
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Phragmocephala dematiaceous anamorph of Phragmocephala stemphylioides is
saprobic on rotten wood of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / pathogen
mycelium of Phytophthora ramorum infects and damages Taxus baccata
Remarks: captive: in captivity, culture, or experimentally induced
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Polyporus leptocephalus is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia balsamea is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia floriformis is saprobic on dead wood of Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia sericeomollis is saprobic on dead, decayed log (large) of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
Ptychogaster anamorph of Postia sp. ined. (near P. ptychogaster) is saprobic on dead, fallen trunk of
Taxus baccata
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia stiptica is saprobic on dead, decayed log (large) cut end of Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia tephroleuca is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Taxus baccata
Other: unusual host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Postia wakefieldiae is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Pseudobaeospora laguncularis is saprobic on litter of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / sap sucker
hypophyllous Pulvinaria floccifera sucks sap of live leaf of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Radulomyces rickii is saprobic on dead bark of Taxus baccata
Other: unusual host/prey
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Ramaria decurrens is associated with Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Ramaria subbotrytis is associated with Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Ramariopsis crocea is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed needle of debris of Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Ramariopsis kunzei is associated with Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Ramariopsis pulchella is associated with Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
fruitbody of Ramariopsis tenuiramosa is associated with Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Scytinostroma ochroleucum is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Sistotremella perpusilla is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmiella claviformis is saprobic on
dead stem of Taxus baccata
Fungus / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmiella coronata is saprobic on
dead leaf of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 9
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmiella longissima is saprobic on
decaying, dead leaf of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 5
Fungus / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium larvatum is saprobic on
decorticate wood of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 1
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium pedunculatum is saprobic on
rotting wood of Taxus baccata
Plant / associate
epigeous fruitbody of Stephanospora caroticolor is associated with Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Sterigmabotrys dematiaceous anamorph of Sterigmatobotrys macrocarpa is saprobic
on dead wood of Taxus baccata
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Stypella vermiformis is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Other: minor host/prey
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Suillus tridentinus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / gall
larva (2nd year) of Taxomyia taxi causes gall of bud of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Thysanophora dematiaceous anamorph of Thysanophora taxi is saprobic on dead,
fallen leaf of Taxus baccata
Remarks: season: 9
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Trechispora praefocata is saprobic on dead, decayed litter of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
Tubulicrinis accedens is saprobic on dead, decayed wood of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Turdus viscivorus feeds on berry of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Vesiculomyces citrinus is saprobic on dead, decayed bark of Taxus baccata
Foodplant / saprobe
larva of Xylota xanthocnema is saprobic on rot hole of Taxus baccata
Barcode data: taxus baccata 5
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this
species.
Iucn red list assessment 2,3
R ed Li st Category
LC
Least Concern
R ed Li st Cri teri a
Versi on
3.1
Year Assessed
2013
Assessor/s
Farjon, A.
R evi ewer/s
Thomas, P.
Con tri b u tor/s
Ju sti fi cati on
The Common Yew (Taxus baccata) has a very extensive range throughout Europe and beyond.
Exploitation and attempts at eradication are no longer current. Cultivated rather than wild populations
are exploited for chemical compounds to produce Taxol unlike the situation with other yew species.
Expansion is observed in many woodlands in recent decades.
Hi story
1998
Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
National nature serve conservation status 1
United States
R ou n d ed N ati on al Statu s R an k : NNA - Not Applicable
Population 2,3
Pop u l ati on
The global population is increasing due to changed woodland management, which has become less
intensified in many parts of Europe. In Scandinavia, it may be expected to expand inland from coastal
areas if the warming climate trend continues.
Pop u l ati on Tren d
Increasing
Threats 2,3
M aj or Th reats
Although in past centuries Yew has been 'persecuted' in much of Europe and it had become rare in
many areas, with the changes in woodland management and use since the nineteenth century the
species has made a remarkable come-back and is not in danger of extinction in the wild.
Conservation actions 2,3
Con servati on Acti on s
Common Yew is present in numerous protected areas throughout its range. In Europe, several yew
dominated communities are covered under the EU Habitats Directive. Additionally there are many
societies in various countries devoted to yew conservation, especially older trees.
References
1. © NatureServe, some rights reserved
2. Farjon, A. 2013. Taxus baccata. In: IUCN 2014 . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version
2014.1 . <www.iucnredlist.org>
3. © International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, some rights reserved
4. © BioImages, some rights reserved
5. © Barcode of Life Data Systems, some rights reserved
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