feeding broiler chicken with diets containing whole cassava root

FEEDING BROILER CHICKEN WITH DIETS CONTAINING WHOLE
CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE
ALIMENTACIÓN DE POLLOS CON DIETAS A BASE DE HARINA INTEGRAL DE RAÍZ DE
YUCA, FERMENTADA CON FILTRADO RUMINAL
Adeyemi, O.A.1, D. Eruvbetine2, T. Oguntona2, M. Dipeolu3 and J.A. Agunbiade1
Department of Animal Production. College of Agricultural Sciences. Olabisi Onabanjo University. Yewa
Campus. P.M.B. 0012 Ayetoro. Ogun State. Nigeria. olajideadeyemi@yahoo.com
2
Department of Animal Nutrition. College of Animal and Livestock Production. University of Agriculture.
P.M.B. 2240 Abeokuta. Ogun State. Nigeria.
3
College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Agriculture. P.M.B. 2240 Abeokuta. Ogun State. Nigeria.
1
ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS
PALABRAS
Manihot esculenta. Growing. Nutrient retention.
Manihot esculenta. Crecimiento. Retención de
nutrientes.
CLAVE ADICIONALES
SUMMARY
234 two week-old broilers, that were floor
bred, were distributed into 18 groups of 13 birds
each after balancing for live weights, randomly
allocated to six dietary treatments in which 0, 12.5
and 25% of maize was replaced on a weight for
weight basis with cassava enhanced with dried
cage layer waste and fermented with rumen
filtrate (CCLW). Each inclusion level was fed as
mash and pellet form for duration of 6 weeks. The
experiment was carried out as a 2x3 factorial
design. A nutrient retention trial was carried out in
the last week of the trial. Increasing the level of
CCLW significantly reduced average daily weight
gain (ADG) and average final weight (AFW) when
fed in mash form (p<0.01). The retention of crude
protein (CP), crude fibre (CF) and ether extract
(EE) were depressed significantly (p<0.01) with
increasing level of CCLW in broiler diet. Pelleting
significantly (p<0.05) improved nutrient retention
compared to mash form (68.70 vs. 60.52% for CP,
72.03 vs. 60.41% EE and 71.64 vs. 63.33% for CF).
Abdominal fat pad weight was significantly
(p<0.05), reduced with increasing concentration
of CCLW in the diet when fed in mash form,
however pelleting significantly increased abdominal fat weight on all dietary treatments. The level
of CCLW in the diet did not significantly affect
breast and thigh weights but the form of feed
presentation significantly influenced the weight of
Recibido: 21-9-05. Aceptado: 17-1-08.
these two choice retail cuts. Serum total protein
was depressed with increasing level of CCLW but
not affected by the form of feed presentation. The
data obtained from these series of studies indicate
that CCLW is a potentially useful feed material for
monogastric feeding.
RESUMEN
Doscientos treinta y cuatro pollos broiler de
dos semanas, criados sobre el suelo, fueron
distribuidos en 18 grupos de 13 aves cada uno
después de equilibrar pesos. Aleatoriamente fueron asignados a seis tratamientos alimenticios en
los cuales, 0, 12,5 y 25% del maíz, fue reemplazado (peso por peso) por yuca enriquecida con
gallinaza desecada y fermentada con un filtrado
ruminal (CCLW). Cada nivel de inclusión fue suministrado como harina o gránulos durante seis
semanas. El experimento se realizó con arreglo a
un diseño factorial 2x3. Una prueba de retención
de nutrientes fue realizada durante la última semana del ensayo. Al aumentar el nivel de CCLW en
forma de harina, se redujo significativamente
(p<0,01) la ganancia media diaria de peso (ADG)
y el peso medio final (AFW). La retención de la
proteína bruta (CP), fibra bruta (CF) y extracto
etéreo (EE) fue deprimida significativamente
(p<0,01) al aumentar el nivel de CCLW en la dieta.
Arch. Zootec. 57 (218): 247-258. 2008.
ADEYEMI, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, DIPEOLU AND AGUNBIADE
La granulación mejoró significativamente (p<0,05)
la retención de nutrientes en comparación con la
harina (68,70 vs. 60,52% para CP, 72,03 vs.
60,41% para EE y 71,64 vs. 63,33% para CF). El
peso de la grasa abdominal se redujo de manera
significativa (p<0,05) al aumentar la concentración de CCLW en forma de harina, mientras que la
granulación, aumentó significativamente el peso
de grasa abdominal en todos los tratamientos. El
nivel de CCLW en la dieta no afectó significativamente al peso de pechuga y muslo, pero la forma
de presentación del pienso afectó significativamente al peso de esas piezas comerciales. La
proteína sérica total se deprimió al aumentar el
nivel de CCLW pero no fue afectada por la forma
de presentación. Los datos obtenidos en estos
estudios indican que CCLW es un alimento potencialmente útil para alimentación de monogástricos.
meal. Adeyemi and Sipe (2004), reported an
improvement in crude protein concentration
of cassava root when fermented with rumen
filtrate with or without ammonium sulphate
as the source of nitrogen. Adeyemi et al.
(2004) obtained a of 237.8 % increase in the
crude protein value of whole cassava root
meal fermented with rumen filtrate using
caged layer waste as source of nitrogen.
The same product was used in this
experiment as replacement for maize in diet
of starter/finishing broilers presented in the
form of mash and pelleted diets. The effect
on growth performance, nutrient retention,
carcass evaluation and serum chemistry
were evaluated.
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a widely
cultivated crop in the tropics. It is the highest
supplier of carbohydrates among staple
crops (FAO, 1995). Annual production
estimate in Nigeria was 34 million tonnes in
2002 (FAO, 2002). Cassava products had
been in use for a long time as an energy
source in place of cereal grains for livestock
(Eruvbetine et al., 2003). There is thus the
likelihood of continued use of cassava in
animal feeding in the 2st century and beyond.
The potentials of cassava as a feed
ingredient is not withstanding, cassava is
much lower in protein content. Furthermore,
its protein is of poorer quality compared to
that of cereal grain. When utilized in
replacing cereals in diet for monogastric
animals, it becomes imperative to balance
for protein deficiencies, which are sometimes
expensive (Agunbiade et al., 2001). There is
thus the need to identify means of improving
the protein quality of cassava, especially
those that can be easily adapted on the farm.
Noomhorm et al. (1992) reported that the
conversion of a part of the starch in cassava
root meal (CRM) to protein by microbes
during the process of solid-state fermentation has great potential as a means of
improving the feeding value of cassava root
CASSAVA ROOT PROCESSING AND FER MENTATION
Fresh cassava roots (12 months old,
variety TMS30572) were washed to dislodge
all adhering soil and mashed whole
(unpeeled) using a petrol-operated grater.
The cassava root meal was placed on a
perforated tray, steam gelatinized over a
water bath for 30 minutes and cooled. The
gelatinized cassava root meal was placed in
plastic containers mixed with the nitrogen
source (caged layer waste) at the rates of 75
g/kg. Content of the plastic container was
sprayed with rumen filtrate at the rate of
1litre per 5 kg of cassava, made airtight and
fermented for duration 72 hours. Composition of the fermented product was
determined as: 12.88% crude protein; 2.20%
ether extract; 6.34% crude fibre; 6.21% ash;
0.24% Ca.
EXPERIMENTAL DIETS AND PREPARATION
Six dietary treatments were formulated
(table I). Diet 1 (control) contained 0%
fermented cassava root meal (CCLW). Diet
2 was formulated by replacing 25% of the
maize in diet 1 with CCLW. In diet 3 CCLW
replaced 50% of the maize in diet 1. The
replacement of maize with fermented cassava
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 248.
DIETS CONTAINING CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE
pen measuring 1 x1.5m in a conventional
open-sided poultry house. All birds were
subjected to standard management and
health practices. Feeds and water were
provided ad libitum during the experimental period that lasted for 6 weeks.
Data collected during the experiment
include: feed intake, weight gain, feed
conversion, protein efficiency ratio and
mortality (death, if any, in each replicate
was recorded appropriately).
root meal was on a quantitative (W/W)
basis. All other ingredients remain constant.
Diet 4,5 and 6 are in the form of pellets and
are of the same formulation as diets 1, 2 and
3 respectively.
MANAGEMENT OFBIRDSAND DATACOLLECTION
234- two weeks old broiler chicks were
selected from a larger flock that had been
previously floor brooded and raised on a
standard commercial diet. These birds were
distributed into 18 groups of 13 birds each
after balancing for live weights. The eighteen
groups were then randomly allocated to the
six dietary treatments (table I) such that
each experimental diet was fed to 3 replicates
of 13 birds each. The birds were raised in
deep litter pens with dry wood-shavings as
litter material. Each replicate were housed in
METABOLIC STUDIES
At the end of the 5 th week of feeding
experimental diets, two chickens per
replicate whose weights were close to the
mean weight of the replicate were selected
and housed 2 per cell in galvanized iron
battery cells with wire mesh for easy
Table I. Composition of experimental diets fed to broilers (%).
(Composición de las dietas
experimentales consumidas por las aves).
Dietary treatment
1
Mash
2
3
4
Pellets
5
6
Ingredients (%)
Maize
Wheat offal (<7% fiber)
Enriched cassava (CCLW)
Soybean meal
Fish meal
Oyster shell
Bone meal
Lysine
Methionine
Salt
Premix*
Total
50.00
11.00
30.00
4.50
1.00
2.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
100.0
37.50
11.00
12.50
30.00
4.50
1.00
2.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
100.0
25.00
11.00
25.00
30.00
4.50
1.00
2.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
100.0
50.00
11.00
30.00
4.50
1.00
2.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
100.0
37.50
11.00
12.50
30.00
4.50
1.00
2.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
100.0
25.00
11.00
25.00
30.00
4.50
1.00
2.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
100.0
Determined analysis
Dry matter
Crude protein (%)
Ether extract
Crude fibre
91.05
22.51
3.08
4.12
91.40
23.30
2.64
5.50
91.25
23.75
2.90
5.92
89.35
22.55
3.15
4.10
89.10
23.18
2.70
5.45
89.20
23.70
2.62
5.80
*Provide the following per kg of feed: Vit A 10 000 000 iu; Vit D3 2 000 000 iu; Vit B 1 0.75 g; Vit B2 5 g;
Nicotinic acid 25 g; Calcium pantothenate 12.5 g; Vit B 12 0.015 g; Vit K3 2.5 g; Vit E 25 g; Biotin 0.05 g;
Folic acid 1 mg; Choline chloride 250 g; Co 0.4 g; Cu 8 g; Mn 64 g; Fe 32 g; Zn 40 g; I 0.8 g; Flavomycin
100 g; Spranycin 5 g; 3-Nitro 50 g; DL-Methionine 50 g; Se 0.16 g; L-Lysine 120 g; BHT 5 g.
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 249.
ADEYEMI, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, DIPEOLU AND AGUNBIADE
Table II. Main effects of CCLW level and form of feed presentation on broilers performance
characteristics (2-8 weeks). (Principales efectos del nivel de CCLW y de la forma de presentación
del alimento sobre las características de la producción de los pollos (2-8 semanas).
Parameter
AVG
AFW
ADMI
Feed/Grain.
Level of CCLW (%)
0
12.5
25
Feed Form
Mash
Pellet
SEM
SEM
Interaction
LevelxForm
35.23 a
33.37 b
31.12 c
0.346 ***
31.33 b
35.15 a
0.283***
1688.27 a 1612.99 b 1512.16c 17.00 *** 1512.32b 1696.63 a 10.74***
86.89 b
89.52 a
0.486 **
93.35 a
83.63 b
0.434***
89.05 a
b
b
a
**
a
b
2.54
2.61
2.92
0.029
3.01
2.37
0.026 **
**
**
**
**
AVG Average daily gain (g); AFW Average final weight (g); ADMI Average daily DM feed intake (g).
Figures in a row, respective of diet and feed form, bearing different superscripts are significantly
different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).
collection of droppings. A 3-day acclimatization period was allowed before a 4-day
collection period. The cages were housed in
an open sided poultry pen.
During the digestibility trial, data on the
daily feed consumption were collected. The
droppings were collected daily after the
initial acclimatization period on previously
weighed aluminum foil using the total
collection method as described by Cullison
(1982). Such daily droppings from each cell
were weighed fresh and oven dried at 70°C
for 72 hours. Thereafter, the faecal droppings for each replicate were pooled
together ground and kept for analysis and
subsequent determination of apparent
retention and digestibility of nutrients.
CARCASS EVALUATION
At the end of the metabolic studies, two
birds in each replicate were weighed, tagged
and slaughtered by cutting the vena cava.
Blood samples were taken for haematology
and serum chemistry analysis by collecting
blood in 2 containers each with and without
EDTA. The head, crop and shank were removed and the carcass eviscerated for
calculation of dressing percentage.
The different parts: thigh, drumstick,
neck, wing, breast-cut and back cut were
weighed. In addition, organs including the
pancreas, heart, liver, kidney, gizzard, spleen
Table III. Interaction effects of CCLW level x form of feed presentation on broiler performance.(2-8 weeks). (Efecto de interacción de los niveles de CCLW x forma de presentación sobre la
producción de pollos (2-8 semanas)).
CCLW Level
Parameter
Mash
0
Pellet
Mash
12.5
Pellet
Mash
25
Pellet
SEM
AVG
AFW
ADMI
Feed/Grain
33.61 b
1617.25 bc
95.73 a
2.85b
36.85 a
1759.29 a
82.37 d
2.23d
32.49 b
1549.28 c
90.95 b
2.83b
34.26 b
1676.70 b
82.84 cd
2.39cd
27.89 c
1370.42 d
93.36 ab
3.35a
34.34 b
1653.90 b
85.67 c
2.49c
0.490**
17.00**
0.69**
0.04**
AVG Average daily gain (g); AFW Average final weight (g); ADMI Average daily DM feed intake (g).
Figures in a row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (**p<0.01).
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 250.
DIETS CONTAINING CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE
and the lungs were excised out and weighed.
CHEMICAL AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE
Proximate analysis
The proximate analysis of the experimental diets and droppings were carried out
using the method of AOAC (1995).
Haematological and serum analysis
Blood collected in tubes containing
EDTA were analysed for haematological
parameters including haemoglobin (Hb),
packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell
(WBC) count and Red blood cell (RBC)
count. The cell counts were carried out by
the use of haemocytometer while Hb, PCV
and serum chemistry indices were determined using standard methods (Baker and
Silverton, 1985).
Statistical analysis
All data collected were subjected to
statistical analysis appropriate for a 2 x 3
factorial design using Minitab Analytical
computer package (Minitab Inc., 1989).
Significant means were separated using
Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1955).
RESULTS
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
General comparison of the dietary
treatment across the form of presentation
revealed highly (p<0.01) significant differences in ADG, AFW, ADFI and F:G (table
II). The effect of interaction between CCLW,
level and feed form was significant for ADG,
AFW, ADFI and F:G (p<0.01) (table III). In
all measured performance indices, birds on
the control diet gave better performance
compared to birds on the CCLW based diets.
Pelleting of diets improved the performance of birds to the extent that birds on the
pelleted cassava diets performed better than
the birds on the control diet fed in the meal
form. Mortality recorded during the experiment was observed in birds on diet 3 (diet in
which 50% of the maize was replaced by
enhanced cassava).
E FFECT OF DIETARY TREATMENTS ON
NUTRIENT RETENTION
Nutrient retention data, presented in table
IV indicated that form of feed presentation
had highly significant (p<0.001) effect on
CP, EE and CF retention. CP, CF (p<0.001)
and EE (p<0.01) retentions were affected by
dietary level of CCLW inclusion level. With
respect to CP retention, there was a decrease
in values with increasing concentration of
cassava in the diet irrespective of form of
feed presentation. However, the pelleted
cassava diets were better retained compared
to the mash form and compared favorably
with the mash control diet (table V).
RETAIL CUTS AND ORGAN MEASUREMENTS
Retail cuts data for which significant
diet x feed form interaction occurred are
shown in table VIII.
Table IV. Main effects of level of CCLW and form of feed on nutrient retention. (Principales
efectos del nivel de CCLW y la forma de presentación del pienso sobre la retención de nutrientes).
Parameter
Crude protein
Ether extract
Crude fiber
Level of CCLW (%)
0
12.5
25
SEM
65.24 b
65.85 ab
66.55 b
0.534***
0.442 **
0.279***
68.58 a
67.67 a
69.69 a
60.01 c
65.16 b
66.22 b
Feed form
Mash
Pellet
60.52 b
60.41 b
63.33 b
68.70 a
72.03 a
71.64 a
SEM
Interaction
LevelxFeed
0.436***
0.361***
0.228***
**
**
**
Figures in a row, respective of CCLW level and feed form, bearing different superscripts are significantly
different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 251.
ADEYEMI, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, DIPEOLU AND AGUNBIADE
Table V. Interaction effects of CCLW level x form of feed presentation on nutrient retention.
(Efecto de interacción del nivel de CCLW x forma de presentación del alimento sobre la retención de
nutrientes).
Level of CCLW
Parameter
Mash
0
Pellet
Mash
12.5
Pellet
Mash
25
Pellet
SEM
Crude protein
Ether extract
Crude fibre
65.85 b
63.46 b
68.25 b
71.31 a
71.87 a
71.14 a
61.29 c
59.65 c
60.91 c
69.17 a
72.04 a
72.19 a
54.41 d
58.12 c
60.83 c
65.61 b
72.19 a
71.60 a
0.756**
0.626**
0.395***
Figures in a row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).
There were no significant (p>0.05) effect
of dietary treatment on breast weight and
thigh weight (table VI). Increasing the CCLW
level in dietary treatments significantly
reduced abdominal fat (p<0.01), and
liveweight, dressing percentage and drumstick weight (p<0.001). However, form of feeds
significantly (p<0.001) influenced abdominal fat, dressing percentage, breast drumstick and thigh weights of broiler chickens,
with birds fed pelleted diets generally having
higher values than those given mash diets.
In addition, there was a tendency for
significant interaction effects of dietary
treatment and feed form on dressing
percentage, live-weight, abdominal fat and
weight of drumstick (p<0.01).
As indicated in table VII, level of cassava
had no effect (p>0.05) on weight of liver,
kidney, crop, spleen and gizzard. However
there was an effect on weight of heart and
lungs, (p<0.01) and pancreas, proventriculus and caecum (p<0.05). The values
for birds fed the CCLW-based diets were
generally significantly higher than for birds
on the control diet.
Form of feed had a highly significant
effect on weight of crop, lungs, gizzard,
proventriculus and caecum (p<0.001), and
liver, heart and pancreas (p<0.01). Cassava
inclusion level and form of feed interaction
were not significant for organ weight
measurements (p>0.05).
HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD CHEMISTRY
Dietary treatment had no influence
(p>0.05) on packed cell volume (PCV), red
blood cell counts and haemoglobin. Serum
Table VI. Main effects of CCLW level and form of feed of presentation on retail cuts. (Principales
efectos del nivel de CCLW y forma de presentación del pienso sobre las piezas comerciales).
Parameter
Liveweight (g)
Dressing %
Breast 1
Drumstick1
Thigh1
Abdominal fat 1
0
Level of CCLW (%)
12.5
25
SEM
1643.33a 1563.33 b 1485.00c 14.94 ***
75.61 a
73.70 b
72.83 b
0.23***
24.55
24.47
23.29
0.57NS
12.34 a
11.49 b
10.99 b
0.16***
12.05
12.04
12.22
0.31NS
1.48 a
1.27ab
1.22b
0.05**
Feed form
Mash
Pellet
1483.33b 1644.44 a
71.24 b
76.85 a
20.66 b
27.54 a
10.67 b
12.55 a
10.08 b
14.12 a
1.12b
1.52a
SEM
12.19***
0.19***
0.47***
0.13***
0.25***
0.04***
Interaction
LevelxForm
**
**
NS
**
NS
**
%LW. Figures in a row, respective of CCLW level and feed forms bearing different superscripts are
significantly different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).
1
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 252.
DIETS CONTAINING CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE
Table VII. Main effects of CCLW level and form of feed presentation on relative organ of
broilers (%LW). (Principales efectos del nivel de CCLW y forma de presentación del pienso sobre el
peso relativo de los órganos de pollos, % LW).
Parameter
Liver
Kidney
Heart
Crop
Spleen
Lung
Gizzard
Pancreas
Proventriculus
Caecum
Level of CCLW (%)
0
12.5
25
2.04
0.56
0.43c
0.495
0.112
0.497 b
1.728
0.203 c
0.330 c
0.303 c
1.89
0.55
0.44b
0.487
0.113
0.535 ab
1.810
0.208 b
0.343 b
0.308 b
Feed form
Mash
Pellet
SEM
2.10
0.54
0.48a
0.493
0.116
0.572 a
1.925
0.228 a
0.365 a
0.338 a
0.06NS
0.018NS
0.009 **
0.01NS
0.006NS
0.014 **
0.072NS
0.006 *
0.007 *
0.006 *
1.88b
0.57
0.47a
0.542 a
0.118
0.580 a
2.09a
0.229 a
0.376 a
0.339 a
2.14a
0.53
0.43b
0.441 b
0.109
0.489 b
1.54b
0.197 b
0.317 b
0.294 b
SEM
Interaction
LevelxForm
0.049**
0.015NS
0.007**
0.008***
0.005NS
0.011***
0.059***
0.005**
0.006***
0.005***
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Figures in row, respective of CCLW level and feed form; bearing different superscripts are significantly
different (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001).
chemistry indices were significantly (p<0.01)
influenced by dietary treatment (table IX).
Similarly, feed form influenced haemoglobin
and serum albumin (p<0.01), serum globulin
(p<0.001) and albumin:globulin ratio (p<0.01)
but had no influence on serum total protein
(p>0.05). The interaction effect of dietary
treatment and form of feed significantly
influenced serum albumin (p<0.001), serum
globulin and albumin ratio (p<0.01) (table X).
DISCUSSION
The significant reduction in ADG and
AFW of broilers with increasing dietary
level of CCLW from 0 to 25% of total diet at
the expense of maize when fed in mash form
is in agreement with earlier reports (Akinfala
et al., 2003) but contrary to the report of
Gomez et al. (1988). Eruvbetine and Afolami
(1992) observed that the inclusion of cassava
root meal up to 30% in diets for broilers had
no detrimental effects on body weight.
Akinfala et al. (2003) reported growth
impairments of 13 and 19% of control
(containing 0% of cassava) when starter
broilers were fed diets containing 12.5 and
25% of whole cassava plant meal. Eruvbetine
Table VIII. Interaction effects of cassava level x form of feed presentation on retail cuts.
(Efectos de interacción del nivel de CCLW x forma de presentación del pienso sobre las piezas
comerciales).
Level of CCLW
Parameter
0
Mash
Liveweight (g)
1586.67bc
Dressing (%)
73.31 c
Drumstick (%LW)
12.05a
Abdominal fat (%LW) 1.27c
12.5
25
Pellet
Mash
Pellet
Mash
Pellet
SEM
1700.00 a
77.91 a
12.63 a
1.78a
1510.00c
71.01 d
10.39 b
1.11d
1616.67ab
76.38 b
12.60 a
1.29 c
1353.33d
69.39 e
9.56b
0.94e
1616.67ab
76.27 b
12.42 a
1.50b
21.13**
0.33**
0.22**
0.07**
**Figure in a row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (p<0.01).
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 253.
ADEYEMI, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, DIPEOLU AND AGUNBIADE
Table IX. Main effects of CCLW level and form of feed presentation on haematology and serum
chemistry of broilers. (Principales efectos del nivel de CLLW y la forma de presentación del pienso
sobre la hematología y química del suero de las aves).
Parameter
PCV
RBC
WBC
Hb
STP
SA
SG
Albumin/globulin
Level of CCLW (%)
0
12.5
25
28.22
3.19
33.52 a
8.62
6.40a
4.14b
2.26a
1.83b
28.81
3.23
31.89 b
8.56
6.15c
4.00b
2.15a
1.88b
SEM
28.51
3.23
31.64 b
8.60
6.28b
4.40a
1.89b
2.53a
0.268NS
0.049NS
0.253 **
0.047NS
0.018 **
0.051 **
0.530 **
0.115 **
Feed form
Mash
Pellet
28.72
3.21
32.40
8.68 a
6.29
4.02 b
2.27 a
1.77 b
28.30
3.22
32.30
8.50b
6.26
4.34a
1.92b
2.39a
SEM
Interaction
LevelxForm
0.219NS
0.04NS
0.21NS
0.04**
0.15NS
0.042 **
0.043***
0.094 **
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
***
**
**
PCV Packed cell volume %; RBC Red blood cell x106mm-3 ; WBC White blood cell x103mm-3; Hb Haemoglobin;
STP Serum total protein; SA Serum albumin; SG Serum globulin.
Figures in a row, respective of CCLW level and feed form bearing different superscripts are significantly
different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).
et al. (2003) explained that the decline in
body weight of birds with increasing
concentration of cassava root: leaf meal
concentrate (50:50) might have been due to
the presence of high fiber.
Feed intakes of CCLW based mash diets
were slightly lower than the mash control
diet. The lower feed intake compared to
control may be related to the adequacy of
dietary energy. Birds are known to eat in
order to satisfy their energy need, thus in a
situation of adequate dietary energy, feed
intake will be low. The response of broilers
(ADG, AFW and F: G) on 12.5% CCLW diet
was not significantly different from those of
birds on the control diet (0% cassava) when
fed in mash form. This study revealed that
the 12.5% CCLW diet was slightly more
efficient than the control (2.83 vs. 2.85 F: G
ratio).
An improvement in growth performance
indices was observed when the diets were
fed in pelleted form, to the extent that the
diet containing CCLW when fed in pelleted
form compared favourably with the mash
control version. Generally, the data showed
that ADG and AFW were better on the
pelleted diets compared with the corres-
Table X. Interaction effects of CCLW level x form of feed presentation on haematology and
serum chemistry of broilers. (Efectos de interacción del nivel de CCLW x forma de presentación del
pienso sobre la hematología y química del suero de broilers).
Level of CCLW
Parameter
Mash
0
Pellet
Mash
12.5
Pellet
Mash
25
Pellet
SEM
Serum albumin
Serum globulin
Albumin/globulin
4.16b
2.27a
1.84b
4.11 b
2.26 a
1.82 b
3.89 b
2.27 a
1.71 b
4.11b
2.03a
2.04b
4.02b
2.27a
1.77b
4.78a
1.48b
3.29a
0.072***
0.074**
0.162**
Figure in a row bearing different superscripts are significantly different (**p<0.01, ***p<0.001).
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 254.
DIETS CONTAINING CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE
ponding mash diets. ADG of birds on
pelleted diets improved by 9.63, 5.45, and
23.13% respectively over the control, 12.5%
CCLW and 25% CCLW based diets fed in
the mash form. AFW improved by 8.78, 8.22
and 20.69% for birds on pelleted version of
diets 1,2 and 3 respectively.
The significant improvement brought
about by pelleting on growth performance
of broilers observed in the present work
agrees with previous findings of Auckland
and Fulton (1972) but contrary to the reports
of Hull et al. (1968) and Agunbiade (2000).
Fowls prefer feed in particulate form rather
than mash; the preference decreases the
work of prehension, time spent standing at
the feeder and competition for food (Reddy
et al., 1962; Jensen et al., 1962; Savory,
1974). Moran (1989) explained that the mouth
of the fowl is particularly well suited to
benefit from pellets as immobility of the
beak creates problems in apprehending finely
divided feeds.
Auckland and Fulton (1972) observed
that broiler chicks fed crumbles grew 9 and
6% faster than those fed mash when given
low and high energy feeds respectively.
The superior performance of birds on
the pelleted diets compared to those on
mash supports the observation of Patterson
et al. (1991) that pelleting increased weight
gain of chickens. In the present study, the
observation that pelleted diets were more
efficiently converted than the mash may be
because the chicken spent less time feeding
on pellets and expended less energy than
on mash (Savory, 1974; Moran, 1989; Nir et
al., 1994). Patterson et al. (1991) surmised
that the main effect of pelleting on feed
utilization is a reduction in feed energy
devoted to maintenance and therefore
improved productive energy hence the
better weight gains observed on pelleted
diets.
The integrity and quality of pellets affect
birds' performance on pelleted diets. Plavnik
et al. (1997) reported that the growth
response of birds to pelleting when energy
was added, as fat supplementation was lower
than when added in the form of carbohydrates, possibly because of a decline in pellet
quality as dietary fat content increased.
The mortality recorded in this trial
although limited to birds on diet containing
25% CCLW (fed in mash form) was not
directly due to experimental treatment. The
post mortem showed that mortality recorded
on the diets was due to coccidiosis and was
not directly linked to the experiment since
the droppings of all birds used in the
experiment showed the diagnostic bloody
droppings observed with coccidiosis.
Nutrient retention data obtained in the
experiment showed depression in retention
of CP, EE and CF as the concentration of
CCLW increased.
Pelleting of diets however improved
nutrient retention by broilers. The observed
improvement in nutrient retention when
broilers were fed pelleted as opposed to
meal diets is consistent with earlier reports
of Carew and Nesheim (1962), Hull et al.
(1968), Mitchell et al. (1972) and Janssen et
al. (1979). The need for a combination of
thermal and mechanical actions in rupturing
cell walls and thus making encapsulated
nutrients of feedstuff more accessible to
digestive enzymes was reported for pigs
(Vande and Schrijver, 1988).
Live weight and dressing percentage are
important indices in broiler operations. Live
weight pattern follows a reducing trend with
increasing concentration of CCLW in the
diet. The trend was similar to that reported
by Eruvbetine et al. (2003) using increasing
concentration of cassava leaf and tuber
concentrate in broiler chickens. Dressing
percentage and weight of drumstick reduced
with increasing concentration of CCLW.
Higher inclusion level of CCLW significantly
reduced live weight and abdominal fat. The
significant decrease in dressing percentage
with increasing concentration of CCLW is
at variance with the report of Osei and Duodu
(1988) that dietary treatments had no
influence on carcass quality characteristics
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 255.
ADEYEMI, ERUVBETINE, OGUNTONA, DIPEOLU AND AGUNBIADE
such as dressed weight and eviscerated
weight and the report of Eruvbetine et al.
(2003). It is pertinent to note however that
Osei and Duodu (1988) fed fermented
cassava peel meal. Although Eruvbetine et
al. (2003) did not record significant effect of
dietary treatment on dressing percentage,
their data showed a decreasing trend with
increasing concentration of leaf and tuber
concentrate.
The reduction in abdominal fat with
increasing concentration of CCLW is in
agreement with earlier works on cassava at
this station (Eruvbetine, 1995; Eruvbetine
et al., 2003).
Eruvbetine (1995) reported that in
experiments with both layers and broilers,
there were marked reduction in the abdominal fat content of broilers at market weight
and layers after 40wks in lay as a result of
cassava inclusion. The reason for this
reduction can be related to the crude fiber
component of the diet. A similar reason can
be adduced for the higher weights of
proventriculus and caecum in this study
with increasing concentration of CCLW.
The higher percentage of breast meat,
drumstick and thigh, which are the most
expensive commercial cuts of the chicken,
in birds fed pelleted diets over those of
mash is an index of superiority of pelleted
diets in broiler feeding on account of the
degree of carcass meatiness and revenue
yield. Similar observation have been
reported previously (Havorson et al., 1991;
Bartov, 1998; Agunbiade, 2000).
Abdominal fat (%) was however higher
on the pelleted diet a finding in agreement
with earlier reports of Howlider and Rose
(1992), Reddy and Narahari (1993), Nir et al.
(1994), Plavnik et al. (1997) and Agunbiade
(2000).
The corresponding increase in body fat
due to pelleting negates the overall
advantage of pelleting on carcass quality.
It is equally important to note that
although abdominal fat content were higher
on pelleted diets compared to the mash
form, birds on the cassava based pelleted
diets have lower abdominal fat compared to
the maize based pelleted control diet.
The higher abdominal fat content in
broilers fed pelleted diets is thought to be as
result of the greater ether extract retention.
The result of this study showed that pelleted
CCLW based diet led to a significant
reduction in relative weights of various parts
of the GIT. Choi et al. (1986) observed that
various parts of the gastrointestinal system
in broiler chickens given pelleted feed had
reduced weight relative to the body. Moran
(1989) explained that pelleted feed would
appear to reduce the extent of mortality and
other work associated with the GIT.
Agunbiade (2000) observed a similar
reduction in the gizzards of broiler fed
pelleted diets and opined that the gizzard
easily broke down pelleted diets. Attempts
by birds on the meal diet for increased
capacity of the GIT (particularly the gizzard)
to allow for improved nutrient utilization
and growth performance could lead to the
enlargement of the gizzard in this study.
Haematocrit, erythrocytes and haemoglobin are known to be positively correlated
with protein quality and protein level. Brown
and Clime (1972) observed that decreased
red blood cell count is usually associated
with low quality feeds and protein deficiency. PCV is an indicator of blood dilution
(Wilson and Brigstoke, 1981), haemoglobin
measures the ability of an animal to
withstand some level of respiratory stress
(Sainsbury, 1983).
The values obtained for the red blood
cell count and packed cell volume for all the
diets fall within the normal range established
by Mitruka and Rawnsley (1977). Allison
(1955) observed that total protein value is
an indication of the protein reserve in an
animal. The significant reduction in serum
total protein of birds on CCLW based diets
compared to the control may be a reflection
of the inadequacy of dietary protein, even
though there was no particular pattern.
In conclusion, the data obtained from
Archivos de zootecnia vol. 57, núm. 218, p. 256.
DIETS CONTAINING CASSAVA ROOT MEAL FERMENTED WITH RUMEN FILTRATE
this study indicate that protein-enriched
cassava meal can be an useful foodstuff in
poultry nutrition. The productive results
are better when diets containing this novel
foodstuff are presented in pelleted form in
comparison with mash form.
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