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±C, + # LF + M '+ ;4N IJ /. &O ηK # LF + M 'N ! ! ! G2H* %&.%+!5I!+'!/#!'-4#!%+!(&%&'!/&'!*&(+.2)#/+'!%+!,-.(#!/01-)%#!M%+'2&.&2)%&'N@! ! C/!*3&%-2(&!%+!'&/-G)/)%#%6!! RO RO P*' = # LF +# Q/ − ! ! ! GJH! '+! *-+%+! -()/)H#3! *#3#! +/)4).#3! /#! 2&.2+.(3#2)<.! %+! /#! )1F! +.! +/! 2&4*#3()4)+.(&! %+! /#! )H1-)+3%#9! %#.%&!/-F#3!#6! RO C − ! /&F # RLFO + M '+ ;4N# Q/ = − ! /&F P*' ± C , ! − M '+ ;4 N %&.%+! ! ! ! GKH! = T@ UVWW "#$ −W "% @! ! X.(3&%-2)+.%&!/&'!2&+:)2)+.(+'!%+!#2()?)%#%9!/#!GKH!1-+%#3B6! C − S ! /&FM ' + ;4N = − ! /&F P*' + S ! /&F γ R±OM '+ 4N ± C , ! ! ! GLH* ! Q&4&!'+!(3#G#,#3B!+.!2&.%)2)&.+'!(#/+'!1-+6!;!$!C;!YY*-9!/#!+2-#2)<.!GLH!'+!3+%-2+!#6! C − S ! /&FM ;4N = − ! /&F P*' + S ! /&F γ R±OM 4N ± C , ! ! ! GMH* ! A&'!5/()4&'!%&'!(E34).&'!%+!+'(#!+2-#2)<.!.&!*-+%+.!'+3!%+:).)%&'!).%+*+.%)+.(+4+.(+!'</&!*&3! /#!(+34&%).B4)2#9!/&!2-#/!2&.'()(-$+!/#!*3).2)*#/!/)4)(#2)<.!*#3#!+/!-'&!%+!2+/%#'!2&.!,-.(#'!/01-)%#'! 9/A/B:<=><?@-@! ! Z+/!+;#4+.!%+!/#!+2-#2)<.!GMHE!'+!4-+'(3#!1-+!')!;!'+!4#.()+.+!2&.'(#.(+!4)+.(3#'!'+!?#30#!C9!/#! +;(3#*&/#2)<.!#!C*→ →*N!%+G+30#!%#36! C − S ! /&FM ;4N ;→ R = − ! /&F P*' + S ! /&F γ R±OM 4N ;→R !!!*GOH! %#%&!1-+!5I*P*N>!$#!1-+!+/!5.)2&!+/+2(3&/)(&!*3+'+.(+!'+30#!+4%K@! ! Q&.!+/!:).!%+!*+34)()3!-.#!3+*3+'+.(#2)<.!F3B:)2#!4B'!2&4*#2(#!%+!/&'!3+'-/(#%&'!+;*+3)4+.(#/+'9! '+!#F3+F#!+/!(E34).&! S!L 4 !#!#4G&'!/#%&'!%+!/#!+2-#2)<.!GOH6* C − S ! /&FM ;4N + S ! L 4 ;→ R = """"""""""""""""""""""""""""" − ! /&F P*' + S ! /&F γ R±OM 4N + S ! L 4 * GQH* ;→ R %&.%+!)!+'!/#!?:>-A@>A/*./*R/ST/DUV?W/0!#!/#!(+4*+3#(-3#!%+!/#!+;*+3)+.2)#@! ! L/!(E34).&!%+!/#!)H1-)+3%#!%+!/#!+2-#2)<.!GQH!'+!/&!%+.&4).#3B! ϕ ;→R @! ! C;*+3)4+.(#/4+.(+! '+! /&! &G()+.+! 2#/2-/#.%&! *#3#! 2#%#! *-.(&! %+! -.#! +;*+3)+.2)#! #! ;* P* ?A/! +/! ?#/&3!%+!ϕ ϕ!2&33+'*&.%)+.(+9!F3#:)2B.%&/&!+.!:-.2)<.!%+!C!$!+;(3#*&/#.%&@! ! [)!*&'(+3)&34+.(+!'+!F3#:)2#.!/&'!?#/&3+'!&G(+.)%&'!%+! ϕ ;→R !*#3#!2#%#!;!$!'+!+;(3#*&/#!#!;*→ →* N9!/#!+2-#2)<.!GQH!1-+%#6! ! ϕ ";→R = − ! /&F P*' ! 4→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ϕ ;→R !#!;*P*;2@! _N! A&'!*#'&'!2!#!M!'+!3+*)(+.!*#3#!(3+'!2&.2+.(3#2)&.+'!4B'6!;J9!;K!$!;L9!&G(+.)%#'!*&3!%)/-2)&.+'! '-2+')?#'!%+!/#'!'&/-2)&.+'!&3)F).#/+'!M4T!`!R@R\9!4S!`!R@RS\9!4]!`!R@RTS\!$!4W!`!R@RR_S\N@!! aN!Q&.!/&'!2-#(3&!?#/&3+'!%+! ϕ ;→R !#!;*P*;29!;J9!;K!$*;L!'+!&G()+.+!/#!F3B:)2#!%+6! ϕ ";→R = − ! /&F P*' ! 4→ R * * * $'5#7"%4)8"%* T@! b^&3!1-E!'+!+/)4).#!+/!*&(+.2)#/!%+!2&.(#2(&!/01-)%&!2-#.%&!'+!D#2+!(+.%+3!C!#!?/B:c! S@! C/!2&+:)2)+.(+!%+!#2()?)%#%! γ ± 9!b+'!:-.2)<.!%+!Cc@!d-'():)1-+!/#!3+'*-+'(#@! RO ]@! Z+'23)G#!+/!*3).2)*)&!%+!:-.2)&.#4)+.(&!%+!-.!2)32-)(&!*&(+.2)&4E(3)2&@! * * * Y"YZ"%[8)!\)* =!"#3.+%!$!ef+.9!&%'(")'*+,-./"0'(1,+23*"45"6/(-234/*2,-"74/82,49+:@! =!g+.(&.!g3&&h'!ef+.9!;4839./"<1(3,-.9"0'(1,-./"74-@!ONE!SSSU!MTU]VN@* ! ! 3$)4,5%6776% ! ]!