)XQGDFLyQ-DLPH*X]PiQ( 'LFWDPHQGHOD&RQWUDORUtD*HQHUDOGHOD5HS~EOLFD 4XyUXPFRQFHMRPXQLFLSDOYRWRGHODOFDOGHHPSDWH 'LYHUVDV PXQLFLSDOLGDGHV GHO SDtV FRQ PRWLYR GH ODV SULPHUDV HOHFFLRQHV VHSDUDGDVGHDOFDOGHV\FRQFHMDOHVOOHYDGDVDFDERHOGHRFWXEUHGHVHKDQ GLULJLGR D HVWD &RQWUDORUtD *HQHUDO FRQVXOWDQGR DFHUFD GH VL HO DOFDOGH DVt HOHJLGR GHEH VHU FRQVLGHUDGR HQ HO TXyUXP TXH HO DUWtFXOR GH /H\ 1 HVWDEOHFH SDUD TXH HO FRQFHMR SXHGD VHVLRQDU \ HQ HO TXyUXP TXH HO PLVPR SUHFHSWR H[LJH SDUDTXHHVHyUJDQRFROHJLDGRDGRSWHVXVDFXHUGRV 6REUH HOSDUWLFXODUVH GHEHGHVWDFDU HQSULPHUWpUPLQRTXH HO UHIHULGRDUWtFXOR HVWDEOHFH HQ VX LQFLVR SULPHUR TXH HO TXyUXP SDUD VHVLRQDU VHUi OD PD\RUtD GH ORV FRQFHMDOHV HQ HMHUFLFLR \ HQ VX LQFLVR VHJXQGR TXH VDOYR TXH OD OH\ H[LMD XQ TXyUXPGLVWLQWRORVDFXHUGRVGHOFRQFHMRVHDGRSWDUiQSRUODPD\RUtDDEVROXWDGH ORVFRQFHMDOHVDVLVWHQWHVDODVHVLyQUHVSHFWLYD $VLPLVPR HV QHFHVDULR SUHFLVDU TXH HIHFWLYDPHQWH ODV UHFLHQWHV HOHFFLRQHV PXQLFLSDOHVVH ULJLHURQSRU HOQXHYRVLVWHPDGHHOHFFLRQHVVHSDUDGDVGHDOFDOGHV\ FRQFHMDOHV HVWDEOHFLGR SRU /H\ 1 TXH PRGLILFy OD /H\ 2UJiQLFD &RQVWLWXFLRQDOGH0XQLFLSDOLGDGHV 'HEH UHFRUGDUVH TXH HO VLVWHPD HOHFFLRQDULR DQWHULRU VH FDUDFWHUL]DED HQ OR TXH LQWHUHVDSRUXQDHOHFFLyQVyORGHFRQFHMDOHVHQWUHORVFXDOHVSRUGLVSRVLFLyQOHJDO HUD HOHJLGR DOFDOGH HO FDQGLGDWR D FRQFHMDO TXH MXQWR D RWURV UHTXLVLWRV KXELHUD REWHQLGR OD SULPHUD PD\RUtD HQ OD FRPXQD GH PDQHUD TXH QR VH SODQWHDED HO SUREOHPDTXHDKRUDVHVXVFLWDSRUFXDQWRVH SURGXFtDXQDGXDOLGDGHQHOHMHUFLFLR GHOFDUJRGHFRQFHMDO\GHDOFDOGHSRUORTXHHVWH~OWLPRHQUD]yQGHVXFDOLGDGGH FRQFHMDO QR SRGtDVLQRVHU FRQVLGHUDGRDFRUGH FRQHOWHQRUOLWHUDO GHOPHQFLRQDGR DUWtFXOR WDQWR HQ HO TXyUXPSDUDVHVLRQDU FRPRHQ HOTXyUXPQHFHVDULRSDUD OD DGRSFLyQGHDFXHUGRV 3XHV ELHQ OD UHIHULGD /H\ 1 MXQWR FRQ HVWDEOHFHU XQ VLVWHPD GH HOHFFLRQHV VHSDUDGDV GH DOFDOGHV \ FRQFHMDOHV UHDOL]y XQD VHULH GH PRGLILFDFLRQHV D GLYHUVRV SUHFHSWRV GH /H\ 1 WHQGLHQWHV D FRUUHJLU DTXHOORV SUHFHSWRV TXH DOXGtDQ D OD FDOLGDG GH FRQFHMDO TXH WHQtD HO DOFDOGH SRU OR TXH DFRUGH FRQ OD QRUPDWLYD YLJHQWHORVDFWXDOHVDOFDOGHVQRWLHQHQODFDOLGDGGHFRQFHMDO 3UHFLVDGR OR DQWHULRU FRUUHVSRQGH UHIHULUVH HQ SULPHU WpUPLQR D OD FRQVXOWD UHODWLYDDVL HO DOFDOGH GHEHVHU FRQVLGHUDGRHQ HO LQFLVR SULPHUR GHOFLWDGRDUWtFXOR TXH FRPR VH KD VHxDODGR HVWDEOHFH TXH HO TXyUXP SDUD VHVLRQDU VHUi OD PD\RUtDGHORVFRQFHMDOHVHQHMHUFLFLR (Q SULPHU WpUPLQR HV GHO FDVR SUHFLVDU TXH HO TXyUXP SDUD VHVLRQDU HQ OR TXH LQWHUHVD DO SUHVHQWH SURQXQFLDPLHQWR HV HO Q~PHUR GH SHUVRQDV QHFHVDULDV SDUD TXH XQ FXHUSR FROHJLDGR SXHGD IXQFLRQDU YiOLGDPHQWH DFRUGH FRQ HO RUGHQDPLHQWRTXHORULJH 6LHQGRDVt\WUDWiQGRVHGHXQ UHTXLVLWRTXHODOH\H[LJHSDUDTXH HOFRQFHMRSXHGD IXQFLRQDUFRPRWDOUHVXOWDIXQGDPHQWDOWHQHUSUHVHQWHORSUHYLVWRHQHODUWtFXOR GH /H\ 1 TXH HVWDEOHFH TXH ORV FRQFHMRV HVWDUiQ LQWHJUDGRV SRU FRQFHMDOHV HOHJLGRVSRUYRWDFLyQ GLUHFWD HQ FRQIRUPLGDGFRQ HVDOH\\ HQODFDQWLGDGTXH HVD PLVPDGLVSRVLFLyQVHxDODVHLVRFKRRGLH]GHSHQGLHQGRGHOQ~PHURGHHOHFWRUHV GHODUHVSHFWLYDFRPXQDRDJUXSDFLyQGHFRPXQDV 3RU FRQVLJXLHQWH WHQLHQGR HQ FRQVLGHUDFLyQ TXH FRPR VH KD H[SUHVDGR SUHFHGHQWHPHQWH GHVGH ODV PRGLILFDFLRQHV LQWURGXFLGDV SRU /H\ 1 HO DOFDOGH HV HOHJLGR GLUHFWDPHQWH HQ HVD FDOLGDG \ QR FRPR FRQFHMDO \ TXH HO WHQRU OLWHUDO GHO LQFLVR SULPHUR GHO DUWtFXOR VH UHILHUH H[SUHVDPHQWH D OD PD\RUtD GH ORV FRQFHMDOHV HQ HMHUFLFLR QR SXHGH VLQR FRQFOXLUVH TXH ORV DOFDOGHV QR GHEHQ VHU FRQVLGHUDGRV HQ HVH TXyUXP D ORV HIHFWRV GH GHILQLU OD YDOLGH] GH ODV VHVLRQHV GHO FRQFHMR (QRWURRUGHQ GHLGHDV SURFHGHDQDOL]DU HOVHJXQGRSUREOHPDTXH VH SODQWHD HVWR HV VL HO DOFDOGH GHEH VHU FRQVLGHUDGR HQ HO TXyUXP SDUD DGRSWDU DFXHUGRV TXH HO LQFLVR VHJXQGR GHO PHQFLRQDGR DUWtFXOR GH /H\ 1 HVWDEOHFH HQ ORV VLJXLHQWHV WpUPLQRV VDOYR TXH OD OH\ H[LMD XQ TXyUXP GLVWLQWR ORV DFXHUGRV GHO FRQFHMRVHDGRSWDUiQSRUODPD\RUtDDEVROXWDGHORVFRQFHMDOHVDVLVWHQWHVDODVHVLyQ UHVSHFWLYD 6REUH HO SDUWLFXODU VH GHEH GHVWDFDU TXH VL ELHQ HO UHIHULGR LQFLVR DO LJXDO FRPR HO SULPHUR\DH[DPLQDGRDOXGHDORVFRQFHMDOHVODVUHJODVGHKHUPHQpXWLFDEDVDGDV HQHOFRQWH[WRGHODOH\TXHVLUYHSDUDLOXVWUDUHOVHQWLGRGHFDGDXQDGHVXVSDUWHV HQ OD KLVWRULD ILGHGLJQD GH VX HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR \ HQ HO SULQFLSLR VHJ~Q HO FXDO KD GH SUHIHULUVHDTXHOODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQHQTXHODVQRUPDVMXUtGLFDVSXHGDQVXUWLUHIHFWRV REOLJDQD HQWHQGHU TXH HODOFDOGHGHEH VHUFRQVLGHUDGR HQ HOTXyUXPSDUD DGRSWDU DFXHUGRV (QHIHFWRUHVXOWD~WLOUHFRUGDUHQSULPHUWpUPLQRTXHODOHWUDPGHODUWtFXORGH /H\ 1 DQWHV GH TXH IXHUD UHHPSOD]DGD SRU OD FLWDGD /H\ 1 VHxDODED HQWUH ODV DWULEXFLRQHV GHO DOFDOGH \ HQ OR TXH LQWHUHVD OD GH FRQYRFDU \ SUHVLGLUHOFRQFHMR (O DUWtFXOR ~QLFR Q~PHUR GH OD UHIHULGD /H\ 1 PRGLILFy HVH OLWHUDO H[SUHVDQGR HQ OR SHUWLQHQWH TXH DO DOFDOGH FRUUHVSRQGH FRQYRFDU \ SUHVLGLU FRQ GHUHFKRDYRWRHOFRQFHMR &RPR SXHGH DSUHFLDUVH GH OD DOXGLGD PRGLILFDFLyQ HV GDEOH FROHJLU TXH HO OHJLVODGRU SUHYLy TXH HO DOFDOGH DO SHUGHU VX FDOLGDG GH FRQFHMDO GH DFXHUGR DO QXHYR SURFHVR HOHFFLRQDULR QR WHQGUtD GHUHFKR D YRWDU HQ HO FRQFHMR VL QR VH OH DVLJQDEDH[SUHVDPHQWHHVDSRWHVWDG $Vt OR FRQILUPD OD KLVWRULD ILGHGLJQD GHO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH OD UHIHULGD /H\ 1 SRUFXDQWRGHORH[SUHVDGRWDQWRHQHO0HQVDMH3UHVLGHQFLDOGHOSUR\HFWRGH OH\ SHUWLQHQWH FRPR HQ ODV GLVFXVLRQHV VRVWHQLGDV HQ FDGD XQD GH ODV &iPDUDV OHJLVODWLYDV VH SXHGH DSUHFLDU TXH OD ILQDOLGDG SHUVHJXLGD QR HV OD GH GHELOLWDU OD ILJXUD GH OD DXWRULGDG HGLOLFLD VLQR OD GH GDU XQD PD\RU FODULGDG DO HOHFWRUDGR DFHUFDGHODVDXWRULGDGHVTXHHOLJHDOVXIUDJDU $O UHVSHFWR GHEH FLWDUVH OD VHVLyQ 1 GH OD &iPDUD GH 'LSXWDGRV GH GH PDU]R GH HQ TXH VH PDQLIHVWy TXH QR WLHQH VHQWLGR UHVWDUOH FLHUWD DXWRULGDG DTXLHQWLHQHODLQLFLDWLYDODSURJUDPDFLyQDTXLHQOOHYDHOULWPRGHORTXHVHKDFH \ QR VH KDFH HQ OD FRPXQD UHILULpQGRVH DO DOFDOGH +HPRV FRQFRUGDGR FRQ HO 6XEVHFUHWDULRGH'HVDUUROORPDQWHQHUHOGHUHFKRDYRWRGHODOFDOGH (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD OD FLUFXQVWDQFLD GH TXH OD PLVPD OH\ TXH HVWDEOHFLy HO QXHYR SURFHVR HOHFFLRQDULR SULYDQGR DO DOFDOGH GH VX FDOLGDG GH FRQFHMDO KD\D PRGLILFDGR OD OHWUD P GHO UHIHULGR DUWtFXOR HQWUHJiQGROH H[SUHVDPHQWH OD SRWHVWDG GH YRWDU HQ HO FRQFHMR SHUPLWH VRVWHQHU TXH OD OH\ QR KD LQQRYDGR HQ FXDQWR D TXH HO DOFDOGH DO LJXDO TXH HQ VX DQWHULRU FDOLGDG GH FRQFHMDO GHEH VHU FRQVLGHUDGR HQ HO TXyUXP GHO LQFLVR VHJXQGR GHO DUWtFXOR GH /H\ 1 \D TXH HVH TXyUXP GLFH GLUHFWD UHODFLyQ FRQ ORV YRWRV TXH SXHGHQ YiOLGDPHQWH HPLWLUVHHQODVVHVLRQHV (Q HVH RUGHQ GH LGHDV QR SURFHGH VRVWHQHU TXH HO GHUHFKR D YRWR TXH HO PHQFLRQDGR DUWtFXOR OHWUD P FRQILHUH DO DOFDOGH VH HQFXHQWUD OLPLWDGR D OD IDFXOWDG TXH HO LQFLVR WHUFHUR GHO UHIHULGR DUWtFXOR GH /H\ 1 OH RWRUJD D HVD DXWRULGDG HGLOLFLD SDUD GLULPLU ORV HPSDWHV FRPR VH H[SUHVD HQ DOJXQDV SUHVHQWDFLRQHV SRU FXDQWR HVWD IDFXOWDG GLULPHQWH FRQVWLWX\H XQD DWULEXFLyQ GLVWLQWD TXH QR VH FRPSUHQGH HQ HO GHUHFKR D YRWR SRU FXDQWR SDUD VHU WLWXODU GH HOOD HV QHFHVDULR TXH XQD QRUPD OHJDO H[SUHVD OD FRQILHUD FRPR RFXUUH HQ OD VLWXDFLyQTXHVHDQDOL]D (V GHFLU OD DWULEXFLyQ H[SUHVD GH GLULPLU HPSDWHV QR UHTXLHUH GH QLQJ~Q RWUR SUHFHSWR SDUD VHU HMHUFLGD GH PDQHUD TXH GDU D OD PRGLILFDFLyQ GH OD OHWUD P GHO FLWDGR DUWtFXOR HVH OLPLWDGR DOFDQFH LPSOLFD HQ UHDOLGDG QHJDUOH HIHFWRV MXUtGLFRV OR TXH QR DUPRQL]D FRQ HO SULQFLSLR GH KHUPHQpXWLFD HVSHFLDOPHQWH YiOLGR HQ PDWHULD DGPLQLVWUDWLYD TXH REOLJDD SUHIHULU DTXHOOD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH OD OH\ FRQIRUPH D OD FXDO pVWD SXHGD VXUWLU HIHFWRV \ D GHVHFKDU FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH DTXpOOD TXH FRQGX]FD D OD LQHILFDFLD GH OD QRUPD HQ HVWH FDVR GH OD PRGLILFDFLyQ PHQFLRQDGD (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD FDEH FRQFOXLU SRU XQD SDUWH TXH HO FRQFHMR UHTXLHUH SDUD VHVLRQDUYiOLGDPHQWHODPD\RUtDGHORVFRQFHMDOHVHQHMHUFLFLRSRUORTXHHODOFDOGH TXH DFWXDOPHQWH QR WLHQH OD FDOLGDG GH FRQFHMDO QR GHEH VHU FRQVLGHUDGR HQ HVH TXyUXP \ SRU OD RWUD TXH HVD DXWRULGDG HGLOLFLD WLHQH GHUHFKR D YRWR HQ ODV UHIHULGDVVHVLRQHVGH HVHyUJDQR FROHJLDGRSRUOR TXHGHEHLQFOXLUVH HQ HOTXyUXP TXH HO LQFLVR VHJXQGR GHO DUWtFXOR GH /H\ 1 HVWDEOHFH SDUD DGRSWDU DFXHUGRV 'LFWDPHQ1)HFKD