JMD CS 5 1(41).indd

HUMANITARINIAI MOKSLAI
35,1&,3$/(6/$7,1,6026(1(/(63$f2/$&78$/
+pFWRU6iQFKH]0RXUL]5HJLQD%LNXOþLHQơ
âLDXOLǐXQLYHUVLWHWDV+XPDQLWDULQLVIDNXOWHWDV
,QWURGXFFLyQ
GHFRQWDFWROLQJളVWLFRGXUDQWHPXFKRWLHPSR8QUDVJR
TXHGLVWLQJXHORVODWLQLVPRVGHRWURVSUpVWDPRVHVTXHVX
IXHQWHGHSURFHGHQFLDHVODGHXQDQWHFHGHQWHOLQJূVWLFR
6HJ~Q SDODEUDV GHO SUHVWLJLRVR OLQJLVWD HVSDxRO
&DQR $JXLODU HQ VX REUD (O HVSDxRO D WUDYpV GH ORV
WLHPSRV HO FDVWHOODQR HV XQD GH ODV OHQJXDV URPiQLFDV
VXUJLGDVGHOODWളQ$OLQLFLRQRGHELyGHVHUPiVTXHXQD
GH ODV YDULDQWHV GLDOHFWDOHV TXH HVD OHQJXD LPSRUWDGD
DGTXLULy HQ FLHUWDV ]RQDV \ HQWUH FLHUWRV KDEODQWHV GH
OD 3HQളQVXOD ,EpULFD 0iV WDUGH OD OHQJXD FDVWHOODQD
VH GHVDUUROOy KDVWD OOHJDU D VHU XQD HQWLGDG OLQJളVWLFD
VX¿FLHQWHPHQWH GLIHUHQFLDGD FRQ VXV UDVJRV SURSLRV
&DQR$JXLODU5
8Q DVSHFWR GHO FDVWHOODQR DFWXDO HQ HO TXH VH
REVHUYDGLUHFWDPHQWHODLQÀXHQFLDODWLQDHVODSUHVHQFLD
GHWpUPLQRV\JLURVWRPDGRVHQSUpVWDPRGHOODWളQ8QRV
\ RWURV VRQ DJUXSDGRV EDMR GLIHUHQWHV GHQRPLQDFLRQHV
ODWLQLVPRV FXOWLVPRV VHPLFXOWLVPRV H[SUHVLRQHV
ODWLQDV ORFXFLRQHV ODWLQDV IUDVHV ODWLQDV PRGRV
DGYHUELDOHVHWF
&RQ HO REMHWLYR GH GDU XQD GH¿QLFLyQ FODUD GHO
WpUPLQR ODWLQLVPR HV QHFHVDULR FRPSDUDUOR FRQ RWUR
WpUPLQRHOFXOWLVPR(QODOLQJളVWLFDQRH[LVWHHQDEVROXWR
XQ FRQVHQVR VREUH OD VLJQL¿FDFLyQ GH DPERV WpUPLQRV
'HELGR D OD IDOWD GH FRQVHQVR HQWUH ORV OLQJLVWDV ORV
WpUPLQRVFXOWLVPR\ODWLQLVPRVHHPSOHDQIUHFXHQWHPHQWH
VLQ GLVWLQFLyQ 6LQ HPEDUJR DOJXQRV OLQJLVWDV FRPR
6iQFKH]0DUWളQH]\*DUFളD9DOOHRSWDQSRU
XQDFODUDGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHHOODWLQLVPR\HOFXOWLVPR
(Q SRFDV OളQHDV SRGHPRV FRQFOXLU TXH WRGDYളD
H[LVWHQPXFKDVLPSUHFLVLRQHVHQFXDQWRDODVLJQL¿FDFLyQ
GH ORV WpUPLQRV FXOWLVPR \ ODWLQLVPR 6LQ HPEDUJR
QRVRWURV FUHHPRV TXH OR PiV DSURSLDGR VHUളD FRQVLGHUDU
ORV FXOWLVPRV FRPR SUpVWDPRV GH XQD OHQJXD GH FXOWXUD
HQWHQGLHQGR TXH GHQWUR GH ORV FXOWLVPRV VH SXHGHQ
GLVWLQJXLUODWLQLVPRVKHOHQLVPRVKHEUDূVPRVHWFVHJ~Q
OD OHQJXD GH OD TXH SURFHGHQ ORV WpUPLQRV HQ FXHVWLyQ
&RPRHVWDREUDVHFHQWUDSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQHOFRQFHSWRGH
ODWLQLVPRVXSULPLUHPRVHOWpUPLQRFXOWLVPR\XWLOL]DUHPRV
FDVL~QLFDPHQWHHOWpUPLQRODWLQLVPRSDUDGHVLJQDUXQD
SDODEUDRXQDH[SUHVLyQODWLQDXWLOL]DGDHQFDVWHOODQR
$VളSXHVSRGHPRVD¿UPDUTXHHVWHHVHQJUDQSDUWH
HO REMHWLYR SULQFLSDO GHO DUWളFXOR HV GHFLU GLIHUHQFLDU
FODUDPHQWHORVFRQFHSWRVGHFXOWLVPR\ODWLQLVPR\DSRUWDU
DOOHFWRUXQDVHULHGHHVWRV~OWLPRVWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDVX
UHVSHFWLYRXVRIUHFXHQWHHQHOHVSDxRODFWXDO
$VXYH]HVELHQVDELGRTXHDORODUJRGHODKLVWRULD
GHODOHQJXDODWLQDKXERXQDYDULDQWHSRSXODU\XQDYDULDQWH
OLWHUDULD$PHGLGDTXHHOODWളQYXOJDUODYDULDQWHSRSXODU
IXH WUDQVIRUPiQGRVH VXUJLHURQ ODV OHQJXDV URPDQFHV
PLHQWUDV TXH HO ODWളQ OLWHUDULR SHUVLVWLy FRPR OHQJXD GH
FXOWXUD(VWDVLWXDFLyQUHVXOWDHQXQDLQÀXHQFLDFRQVWDQWH
\GHFRPSHQHWUDFLyQHQWUHHOODWളQ\HOFDVWHOODQR
/RV SUpVWDPRV GHO ODWളQ SUHVHQWHV HQ OD OHQJXD
FDVWHOODQDVRQXQDGHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHHVWDVLWXDFLyQ
/DLQWURGXFFLyQGHODWLQLVPRVHQHOFDVWHOODQR
(O OLQJLVWD /RYLQV GLVWLQJXH HQWUH IRUPDV
DXWyFWRQDV SUpVWDPRV DVLPLODGRV \ SUpVWDPRV QR
DVLPLODGRV SHUR DO PLVPR WLHPSR RSLQD TXH HVWDV WUHV
FDWHJRUളDVVHSXHGHQUHGXFLUDGRVGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWD
VLQFUyQLFR VH SXHGHQ FRQVLGHUDU ODV IRUPDV DXWyFWRQDV
\ ORV SUpVWDPRV DVLPLODGRV FRPR XQ FRQMXQWR /RV
SUpVWDPRVQRDVLPLODGRVVHUHFRQRFHQIiFLOPHQWHSXHVWR
TXH QR VH DGDSWDQ DO VLVWHPD FDVWHOODQR FRQWUDULDPHQWH
DO SULPHU JUXSR ODV IRUPDV DXWyFWRQDV \ ORV SUpVWDPRV
DVLPLODGRV /RV SUpVWDPRV DVLPLODGRV VH KDQ LQWHJUDGR
HQODOHQJXDFDVWHOODQDGHWDOPDQHUDTXHODJHQWH\DQRORV
UHFRQRFHFRPRSUpVWDPRVVLQRFRPRSDODEUDVDXWyFWRQDV
/RVKLVWRULDGRUHVHQFDPELRVളVRQFDSDFHVGHUHFRQRFHU
ORVSUpVWDPRVDVLPLODGRVHQHOFDVWHOODQRDFWXDO/RYLQV
UHSDUD HQ TXH ³6RPH IRUPV PD\ QR ORQJHU EH
UHFRJQL]DEOHDVERUURZLQJVEHFDXVHWKH\KDYHLQFRUSRUDWHG
LQWRWKHODQJXDJHVWUXFWXUHEXWQHYHUWKHOHVVDKLVWRULDQRI
WKHODQJXDJHZLOOUHFRJQL]HWKHPDVERUURZLQJVVLQFHWKH\
FRXOGQRWKDYHGHYHORSHGLQWKHRUGLQDU\FRXUVHRIQDWXUDO
FKDQJH´1DSXG&ODYHUളD1DGDO
3DWWHUVRQ \ 8UUXWLEpKHLW\ GLVWLQJXHQ WUHV
FODVHV GHQWUR GHO Op[LFR FDVWHOODQR SDODEUDV KHUHGDGDV
SUpVWDPRVGHRWUDVOHQJXDV\SDODEUDVFUHDGDVVLJXLHQGR
SURFHVRV IRUPDWLYRV GH OD SURSLD OHQJXD 'H ORV GDWRV
FXDQWLWDWLYRV GH HVWRV DXWRUHV VH GHVSUHQGH TXH ORV
SUpVWDPRV GH RWUDV OHQJXDV HTXLYDOHQ D XQ GHO
Op[LFR HVSDxRO \ TXH ORV ODWLQLVPRV FRQVWLWX\HQ XQ
GH HVWH /DV SDODEUDV KHUHGDGDV RFXSDQ
XQGHOOp[LFR
6LQ HPEDUJR HV LQVX¿FLHQWH PLUDU VRODPHQWH OD
FDQWLGDGGHORVODWLQLVPRVHQFDVWHOODQRSDUDXQDHYDOXDFLyQ
FRPSOHWDHVQHFHVDULRFRWHMDUODFRQODIUHFXHQFLDGHXVR
GHHVWRVODWLQLVPRV/DVFLIUDVREWHQLGDVSDUDFDGDFODVH
VRQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV ODV SDODEUDV KHUHGDGDV FRQVWLWX\HQ
OD PD\RU SDUWH PLHQWUDV TXH ORV SUpVWDPRV VyOR
UHSUHVHQWDQXQ\ORVGHULYDGRVXQ3RUORWDQWRHO
SUHGRPLQLRQXPpULFRGHORVODWLQLVPRVQRHVSURSRUFLRQDO
FRQVXIUHFXHQFLDGHXVR(OQ~PHURGHORVODWLQLVPRVHV
VXSHULRUDOGHODVSDODEUDVKHUHGDGDVSHURpVWDVVHXWLOL]DQ
PXFKR PiV IUHFXHQWHPHQWH TXH ORV ODWLQLVPRV (VWD DOWD
IUHFXHQFLD GH XVR GH ODV SDODEUDV KHUHGDGDV PXHVWUD VX
SRVLFLyQFHQWUDOHQHOOp[LFRHVSDxRO
1
Traducción del inglés: ¨ Algunas formas no deben ser
consideradas como préstamos porque se han incorporado a
la estructura de una lengua, pero, sin embargo, un historiador
lingüístico las reconocerá como tales por el mero hecho de que no
han sido desarrolladas en el curso ordinario de un cambio natural¨.
ISSN 1648-8776
-$81Ǐ-Ǐ02.6/,1,1.Ǐ'$5%$,15
7DEOD/DWLQLVPRVIUHFXHQWHV
(VSDxRO
DEDHWHUQR
DEDQWLTXR
DELQLWLR
DEtQWHJUR
DELQWHVWDWR
DELQWUD
ELV
ERQD¿GH
ERQDQXOOLXV
ERQRUXPSRVVHVVLR
FiODPRFXUUHQWH
FDUSHGLHP
FDVXVEHOOL
FDVVXVRPLVVXV
GHIDFWR
(QODWtQ
DEDHWHUQR
DEDQWLTXR
DELQLWLR
DEtQWHJUR
DELQWHVWDWR
DELQWUD
ELV
ERQD¿GH
ERQDQXOOLXV
ERQRUXPSRVVHVVLR
FDODPRFXUUHQWH
FDUSHGLHP
FDVXVEHOOL
FDVXVRPLVVXV
GHIDFWR
7UDGXFFLyQ
'HVGHODHWHUQLGDG
'HVGHPX\DQWLJXR
'HVGHHOSULQFLSLR
3RUHQWHUR
6LQWHVWDPHQWRRVLQWHVWDU
'HVGHGHQWUR
'RVYHFHV
'HEXHQDIH
%LHQHVGHQDGLH
3RVHVLyQGHORVELHQHV
6LQUHÀH[LyQ
$SURYHFKHHOGtDGHKR\
&DVRGHJXHUUD
&DVRRPLVR
'HKHFKR
Gp¿FLW
GH¿FLW
)DOWDRHVFDVH]GHDOJRTXHVHMX]JDQHFHVDULR
GHLJUDWLD
GHLXUH
H[SURIHVR
JUDWLVSUR'HR
JURVVRPRGR
GHLJUDWLD
GHLXUH
H[SURIHVVR
JUDWLVSUR'HR
JURVVRPRGR
3RUODJUDFLDGH'LRV
3RUYLUWXGRSRUPLQLVWHULRGHODOH\RGHOGHUHFKR
'HSURSyVLWRFRQLQWHQFLyQ
*UDWXLWDPHQWHSRU'LRV
$SUR[LPDGDPHQWH
tGHP
LGHP
(OPLVPR
LQDOELV
LQH[WUHPLV
PRWXSURSULR
PXWDWLVPXWDQGLV
SHFFDWDPLQXWD
TXRYDGLV"
UDUDDYLVLQWHUULV
VWDWXTXR
YHQLYLGLYLFL
YRODYpUXQW
LQDOELV
LQH[WUHPLV
PRWXSURSULR
PXWDWLVPXWDQGLV
SHFFDWDPLQXWD
TXRYDGLV"
UDUDDYLVLQWHUULV
VWDWXTXR
YHQLYLGLYLFL
YRODYHUXQW
(QEODQFR
(QORV~OWLPRVPRPHQWRV
9ROXQWDULDPHQWH
&DPELDQGRORTXHVHGHEDFDPELDU
3HFDGRVSHTXHxRV
¢$GyQGHYDV"
([WUDQMHURHQQXHVWUDWLHUUD
(VWDGRGHFRVDVHQXQGHWHUPLQDGRPRPHQWR
/OHJXpYL\YHQFt
9RODURQ
KRQRULVFDXVD
KRQRULVFDXVD
3RUUD]yQRSRUFDXVDGHKRQRU
KiELWDW
KDELWDW
KRPRVDSLHQV
KRPRVDSLHQV
/XJDUGHFRQGLFLRQHVDSURSLDGDVSDUDTXH
YLYDXQRUJDQLVPRHVSHFLHRFRPXQLGDG
DQLPDORYHJHWDO
(OKRPEUHTXHHPSLH]DDSHQVDU
LEtGHP
LELGHP
'HDOOtPLVPRGHOPLVPROXJDU
LQYLWUR
LQYLWUR
(QHOYLGULR
LSVRIDFWR
ODSVXV
ODWRVHQVX
LSVRIDFWR
ODSVXV
ODWRVHQVX
(QHODFWRLQPHGLDWDPHQWH
(UURURHTXLYRFDFLyQ
(QVHQWLGRDPSOLR
PRGXVRSHUDQGL
PRGXVRSHUDQGL
0RGRGHKDFHUXQDFRVDIRUPDGHDFWXDU
LQVLWX
tQWHUQRV
Pi[LPH
LQVLWX
LQWHUQRV
PD[LPH
(QHOVLWLR
(QWUHQRVRWURV
3ULQFLSDOPHQWH
PHDFXOSD
PHDFXOSD
3RUPLFXOSD
PHPRUiQGXP
PHPRUDQGXP
QRQSOXVXOWUD
5,3
QRQSOXVXOWUD
5,35HTXLHVFDW
LQSDFH
,QIRUPHHQTXHVHH[SRQHDOJRTXHGHEH
WHQHUVHHQFXHQWDSDUDXQDDFFLyQ
([FHOHQWH1RKD\PiVDOOi(O¿QDO
UpTXLHP
UHTXLHP
HVWULFWXVHQVX
HVWULFWXVHQVX
VLQHTXDQRQ
VLQHTXDQRQ
XOWLPiWXP
XOWLPDWXP
vale
YLFHYHUVD
YR[SySXOL
vale
YLFHYHUVD
YR[SRSXOL
1RWDV
0X\IUHFXHQWHHQOHQJXDMHMXUtGLFR
(O'5$(UHJLVWUDELHQHVQXOOtXV
(QHVSDxROVHDFHQW~D
6HRSRQHDGHLXUH
(QHVSDxROVHDFHQW~DPX\XWLOL]DGRHQ
HOOHQJXDMHHFRQyPLFR
(O'5$(UHJLVWUDODJUDFLDGH'LRV
6HRSRQHDGHIDFWR
(O'5$(VyORUHJLVWUDH[SURIHVR
(OHVSDxROGHEHDFHQWXDUVH6HHPSOHD
HQELEOLRJUDItDVSDUDUHSHWLUODDXWRUtDGH
XQDUHIHUHQFLDDQWHULRU
(QODGLSORPDFLD
7tWXORTXHVXHOHQFRQFHGHUODV
XQLYHUVLGDGHVDXQDSHUVRQDHPLQHQWH
(QHVSDxROOOHYDWLOGHKiELWDW
(QHVSDxROOOHYDWLOGHLEíGHPVHHPSOHD
HQFLWDVtQGLFHVHWF
6HGLFHGHWRGDUHDFFLyQ¿VLROyJLFDTXH
VHKDFHIXHUDGHORUJDQLVPR
6HXWLOL]DSDUDUHIHULUVHDODIRUPDGH
DFWXDUGHXQFULPLQDO
(QHVSDxROOOHYDWLOGH
(QHVSDxROOOHYDWLOGH
6HXVDFRQHOVHQWLGRUHÀH[LRQDUVREUHODV
DFFLRQHVSURSLDV
&RPXQLFDFLyQGLSORPiWLFD
6HHVFULEHFRQWLOGH
1RUPDOPHQWHVHHVFULEHODIRUPD
DEUHYLDGD
'HVFDQVHHQSD]
&RPSRVLFLyQPXVLFDOTXHVHFDQWDFRQHOWH[WR (QHVSDxROOOHYDWLOGH
OLW~UJLFRGHODPLVDGHGLIXQWRV
(OVHQWLGRHVWULFWR
(O'5$(UHJLVWUDVHQVXVWULFWR
$TXHOODVLQODFXDOQRVHKDUiDOJRRVHWHQGUi
SRUQRKHFKR
5HVROXFLyQGH¿QLWLYDFRPXQLFDGDSRUHVFULWR 6HDFHQW~D6HXWLOL]DHQHOOHQJXDMH
GLSORPiWLFR
&RQVpUYDWHELHQIyUPXODGHGHVSHGLGD
$OUHYpVLQYLUWLHQGRORVWpUPLQRV
/DYR]GHOSXHEORUXPRUSRSXODU
6HDFHQW~DYR[SóSXOL
'LFFLRQDULRGHOD5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxROD
HUMANITARINIAI MOKSLAI
5HVXOWDGRV\GLVFXVLRQHVGHOSUHVHQWHDUWളFXOR
KRUDGHXVDUORFXFLRQHVODWLQDVHQODOHQJXDHVSDxRODQR
VRORGHQWURGHXQFDPSRHVSHFള¿FRVLQRSRUVXXWLOL]DFLyQ
FRPR H[SUHVLRQHV GH XVR FRP~Q \ GLDULR 3RU OR WDQWR
TXHGDSDWHQWHHOOHJDGR\ODKHUHQFLDODWLQDTXHSUHVHQWD
HOHVSDxRODFWXDO
3RU RWUR ODGR KHPRV GH D¿UPDU OD HYLGHQWH
FRQWURYHUVLDTXHH[LVWHHQWUHORVGLIHUHQWHVOLQJLVWDVDOD
KRUDGHGH¿QLU\GLIHUHQFLDUXQFXOWLVPRGHXQODWLQLVPR
SRU OR TXH KH TXHULGR FHQWUDUPH EiVLFDPHQWH HQ HVWRV
~OWLPRV HQWHQGLHQGR FRPR WDOHV ORV TXH SUHVHQWR HQ OD
DQWHULRUWDEOD
(OODWളQOHQJXDFXOWDXVDGDSRUORVPiVLOXVWUHV
ILOyVRIRV FLHQWളILFRV KLVWRULDGRUHV HVFULWRUHV \
XQ VLQIളQ GH SHUVRQDOLGDGHV WUDVFHQGHQWHV SDUD OD
FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO GHYHQLU GH OD KLVWRULD KD PDUFDGR
PDUFD \ PDUFDUi OD HGXFDFLyQ FXOWXUD \ JUDGR GH
FRQRFLPLHQWRV HGXFDWLYRV \ FXOWXUDOHV HQ HO KDEOD \
ORFXDFLGDGGHXQDSHUVRQD
$Vള SXHV HO ODWളQ \ VX XVR DFWXDO FRQ HVWD VHULH GH
H[SUHVLRQHVODWLQDVHQULTXHFHHPEHOOHFH\GHFRUDHOXVR
GHOHVSDxROWDQWRDQLYHORUDOFRPRHVFULWR
3RU OR WDQWR QR GXGHPRV QL XQ iSLFH GH XVDU
FRUUHFWDPHQWH HO ODWളQ SDUD GDU XQ PD\RU JUDGR GH
HQULTXHFLPLHQWRFXOWXUDODQXHVWUDOHQJXDFDGDYH]TXHQRV
TXHUDPRVFRPXQLFDUWUDVPLWLUXQPHQVDMHRVLPSOHPHQWH
FKDUODUFRQQXHVWURVDPLJRVRIDPLOLD
6HJ~Q 3DWWHUVRQ \ 8UUXWLEpKHLW\ XQD FDXVD
SRVLEOH GHO XVR ളQ¿PR GH ORV ODWLQLVPRV HV TXH VyOR
SXHGHQ VHU VXVWDQWLYRV YHUERV R
DGMHWLYRV PLHQWUDV TXH ODV SDODEUDV KHUHGDGDV
LQFOX\HQ D WRGDV ODV FDWHJRUളDV JUDPDWLFDOHV HV GHFLU
QRPEUHVYHUERVDGMHWLYRV
DGYHUELRV SURQRPEUHV SUHSRVLFLRQHV
DUWളFXORV FRQMXQFLRQHV \
QXPHUDOHV(QWRQFHVODVSDODEUDVKHUHGDGDVVRQ
PiVIUHFXHQWHVGDGRTXHODVSUHSRVLFLRQHVORVDUWളFXORV
ODV FRQMXQFLRQHV \ ORV SURQRPEUHV FRQVWLWX\HQ XQD
LUUHPHGLDEOHQHFHVLGDGGHQWURGHFXDOTXLHUWH[WR
(VWH HVWXGLR WHQളD HQWRQFHV FRPR FRPHWLGR GDU XQD
GH¿QLFLyQFODUDGHOFRQFHSWRODWLQLVPR\FRQHVWHREMHWLYR
KHPRVSRGLGRFRPSUREDUTXHWRGDODLQIRUPDFLyQDUULEDGDGD
SXHGHUHGXFLUVHDORVLJXLHQWHHOODWLQLVPRHVXQDSDODEUDR
H[SUHVLyQODWLQDXWLOL]DGDHQRWURLGLRPD0HMRUGLFKRORV
ODWLQLVPRV VRQ SDODEUDV TXH VH KDQ WRPDGR SUHVWDGDV GHO
ODWളQDRWUDVOHQJXDVODOHQJXDFDVWHOODQDHQQXHVWURFDVR
RELHQGLUHFWDPHQWHODWLQLVPRVLQPHGLDWRVRELHQDWUDYpV
GH XQD OHQJXD LQWHUPHGLDULD ODWLQLVPRV LQGLUHFWRV TXH
SXHGHVHUHOLWDOLDQRHOIUDQFpVHOLQJOpVHWF'HWRGRHVWR
VH GHGXFH TXH HV LPSRVLEOH WHQHU ODWLQLVPRV HQ OD OHQJXD
ODWLQD$QWH HVWH KHFKR OD OLQJLVWD 6iQFKH] 0DUWളQH] HQ
VXREUD$SUR[LPDFLyQDORVODWLQLVPRVOp[LFRVORFXFLRQHV
\IUDVHVKHFKDVODWLQDVFRQFOX\yTXHODOHQJXD
ODWLQD QR SXHGH WRPDU SUHVWDGDV GH Vള PLVPD VXV SURSLDV
SDODEUDVQLSXHGHUHSURGXFLUVXVSURSLDVHVWUXFWXUDV
%LEOLRJUDIളD
3DWWHUVRQ:8UULWLEHKHLW\+7KHOH[LFDOVWUXFWXUHRI
6SDQLFK3DUളV0RXWRQ3XEOLVKHUV
$OYDU (]TXHUUD 0 /D IRUPDFLyQ GH SDODEUDV HQ
HVSDxRO0DGULG$UFR/LEURV
&DQR$JXLODU5(OHVSDxRODWUDYpVGHORVWLHPSRV
0DGULG$UFR/LEURV
&ODYHUളD1DGDO*(OODWLQLVPRHQHVSDxRO%HOODWHUUD
8QLYHUVLWDW$XWzQRPDGH%DUFHORQD
(O SULPHU SRUWDO GHO PXQGR JUHFRODWLQR HQ HVSDxRO
$VRFLDFLyQ FXOWXUDO &8/785$&/$6,&$&20 <ZZZ
FXOWXUDFODVLFDFRPOLQJXDODWLQDSGI!>@
*DUFളD 9DOOH $ 2WUD YH] VREUH ORV FRQFHSWRV GH
³ODWLQLVPR´ ³FXOWLVPR´ \ ³VHPLFXOWLVPR´ D OD OX] GH ORV
QXHYRVGDWRV$QXDULRGHHVWXGLRV¿OROyJLFRV9RO3
±
5HDO$FDGHPLD(VSDxRODZZZUDHHV!>@
6DQFKH]0DUWLQH]&$SUR[LPDFLyQDORVODWLQLVPRV
Op[LFRVORFXFLRQHV\IUDVHVKHFKDVODWLQDV0\UWLD5HYLVWD
GH¿ORORJളDFOiVLFD9RO3±
/LVWDGHODWLQLVPRVIUHFXHQWHV
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH LQFOX\H XQD OLVWD FRQ ODWLQLVPRV
TXHDFWXDOPHQWHVHHPSOHDQHQHVSDxRODFODUDFLRQHVVREUH
VXHVFULWXUDDFHQWXDFLyQ\VXWUDGXFFLyQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
1R VH WUDWD GH XQD PHUD WDEOD UHIHUHQFLDO VREUH HO ODWളQ
SRUORTXHQRVLHPSUHVHWUDWDGHGHFLUORTXHXQURPDQR
KXELHUD GLFKR VLQR FyPR VH KDQ LQFRUSRUDGR DO HVSDxRO
HVWDVORFXFLRQHV0XFKDVGHHOODVVHHPSOHDQVRORHQHO
OHQJXDMHMXUളGLFRWDEOD
&RQFOXVLyQ
8QDYH]OHളGRGHWHQLGDPHQWHHODUWളFXORSHUFLELPRV
FODUDPHQWHODVLPLOLWXG\FRUUHVSRQGHQFLDTXHH[LVWHDOD
35,1&,3$/(6/$7,1,6026(1(/(63$f2/$&78$/
+pFWRU6iQFKH]0RXUL]5HJLQD%LNXOþLHQơ
6XPPDU\
7KLVDUWLFOHDWWHPSWVWRSURYLGHDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHFXUUHQWXVHVRIVRPHH[SUHVVLRQVDQGIRUPVGHULYHGGLUHFWO\IURP
/DWLQLQFXUUHQW6SDQLVKLQWZRDVSHFWVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQRUDODQGZULWWHQ(YHU\RQHNQRZVWKDW6SDQLVKLVDODQJXDJHGHULYHG
GLUHFWO\IURP/DWLQVRLW¶VQRVXUSULVHWKDWSHUVLVWHQWIRUPVIXOORIWKDWODQJXDJHDUHLQHYHU\GD\XVHDQGGDLO\OLIHRIWKH6SDQLVK
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHDUWLFOH¶VSXUSRVHLVWRUDLVHWKHDZDUHQHVVRIWKHUHDGHUWRWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIKDYLQJWKHFRUUHFWXVDJHRIWKHVH
H[SUHVVLRQVWRHQULFKDFXOWXUDOIRUPRIRXUODQJXDJHVRPHWKLQJZKLFKLVXQIRUWXQDWHO\ORVWLQDFRQVLVWHQWPDQQHUIRUYDULRXV
UHDVRQVRIVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOFKDUDFWHU
ISSN 1648-8776
-$81Ǐ-Ǐ02.6/,1,1.Ǐ'$5%$,15
/DWLQ KDV DOZD\V EHHQ WKH ODQJXDJH RI NLQJV HPSHURUV QREOHV DQG WKH KLJKHVW FLUFOHV RI VRFLHW\ RYHU WKH FRXUVH RI
:HVWHUQKLVWRU\VRWKHUHLVQRGRXEWWKDWLWVXVHSURYLGHVDKLJKHUGHJUHHRIFXOWXUHDQGHGXFDWLRQLQWKHVSHDNHURUZULWHU7KH
OLVWSUHVHQWHGUHIHUVWRWKHPRVWFRPPRQ/DWLQSKUDVHVLQFXUUHQW6SDQLVKDVLWUHÀHFWVWKHWLWOHRIWKLVDUWLFOHEXWDWWKHVDPH
WLPHDOVRSUHVHQWVDGLUHFWFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQ/DWLQDQG6SDQLVKDVZHOODVWKHPXWHQHVVRIWKRVHWHUPVLQHYHU\GD\VSHHFK
$OVRWKHDUWLFOHLVHQULFKHGZLWKRSLQLRQVVXJJHVWLRQVDQGFRPPHQWVRIYDULRXVOLQJXLVWVRISUHVWLJHDWWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHYHO
ZKLFKJLYHVDQHPSLULFDODQGVFLHQWL¿FYDOXHVRWKHUHDGHUFDQFKHFNGDWDLQWKHELEOLRJUDSKLFUHIHUHQFHZRUNV
$.78$/,$86,,63$1Ǐ.$/%26/27<1,=0$,
+pFWRU6iQFKH]0RXUL]5HJLQD%LNXOþLHQơ
6DQWUDXND
6WUDLSVQ\MH PơJLQDPD DSåYHOJWL NDL NXULǐ SRVDNLǐ LU IRUPǐ NLOXVLǐ WLHVLRJLDL Lã ORW\Qǐ NDOERV YDUWRMLPą GDEDUWLQơMH
LVSDQǐNDOERMHGYLHPNRPXQLNDFLMRVDVSHNWDLVåRGåLXLUUDãWXäLQRPDNDGLVSDQǐDUED.DVWLOLMRVNDOEDNLOGLQDPDWLHVLRJLDL
LãORW\QǐNDOERV,ãWLVRVWRVNDOERVIRUPRVWHEHYDUWRMDPRVNDVGLHQơMHLUEXLWLQơMHLVSDQǐNDOERMH6WUDLSVQLXQRULPDSDURG\WL
NRNLąVYDUEąWXULWDLV\NOLQJDVãLǐSRVDNLǐYDUWRMLPDVVLHNLDQWSUDWXUWLQWLNDOEąNXOWnjULãNDLNRGHMDYLVODELDXQHWHQNDPDGơO
ƳYDLULǐVRFLDOLQLǐLUNXOWnjULQLǐSULHåDVþLǐ
/RW\QǐNDOEDYLVDLVLVWRULMRVODLNRWDUSLDLVEXYRNDUDOLǐLPSHUDWRULǐGLGLNǐDXNãþLDXVLǐYLVXRPHQơVYHLNơMǐNDOEDWRGơO
QHDEHMRMDPDNDGMąYDUWRMDQWåRGåLXLUUDãWXƳQHãDPDVGLGHOLVLQGơOLVƳNXOWnjUąLUãYLHWLPą
3DWHLNWX VąUDãX VXSDåLQGLQDPD VX GDåQLDXVLDLV ORW\QLãNDLV SRVDNLDLV GDEDUWLQơMH LVSDQǐ NDOERMH Ną DWVSLQGL LU ãLR
VWUDLSVQLRSDYDGLQLPDVEHWRVWUDLSVQ\MHSDWHLNLDPDVWLHVLRJLQLVORW\QǐLULVSDQǐNDOEǐSDO\JLQLPDVDSWDULDPDVãLǐWHUPLQǐ
LVSDQLãNǐMǐYDULDQWǐYDUWRMLPDVEXLWLQơMHNDOERMH6WUDLSVQ\MHWDLSSDWSULVWDWRPRVOLQJYLVWǐQXRPRQơVSDVLnjO\PDLLUNRPHQWDUDL
VXWHLNLDQW\VHPSLULQĊLUPRNVOLQĊUHLNãPĊ
ƲWHLNWD