how to make bibliographical references in the central american

The Central American Journal of Geology, 46: 221-229, 2012
ISSN: 0256-7024
HOW TO MAKE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES IN
THE CENTRAL AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY
The Central American Journal of Geology
(CAJG) offers this compendium of rules in order
to give authors and editors a reference point so
that the articles in this Journal are standardized
and achieve a high academic level.
The following aspects must be considered
with respect to the information included in the
references:
1) Any reference in the text, tables and
figures must appear in the list of references.
2) Books and articles not cited in the text,
tables and figures must not be included in the list
of references.
3) All reports, maps and publications
included in the reference list should be available
to the public either in printed or in digital format
(compact disc, CD-ROM or on the Internet).
If not available, they should not be listed.
Internal papers of any institution that are not
available through its library or another source
are not valid, since the original source cannot
be consulted. They may be quoted as written
papers /communications within the text.
4) References “under publication” may
be cited as such within the text and on the list. A
manuscript “under publication” implies that it has
already been accepted, thus the volume where it is to
be printed must be included. If this information does
not exist, it should be cited only in the text as written
communications (not in the list of references). If it is
an on-line publication waiting to be printed, its DOI
(digital object identification) must be included.
5) Manuscripts that are being written or
that have been submitted to a journal and are being
considered for future publication must be cited as
written communications. This is due to the fact that
many articles remain in those stages because the article
was not financed, or it was rejected or the authors
were not willing to do the requested corrections or
simply because the publication was abandoned.
6) References that have not been
consulted must never be formally listed nor
should second hand citations, such as “Dengo,
1962: in Sprechmann, 1984.” Some possible
exceptions are extremely old manuscripts that are
very difficult to obtain, old manuscripts written
in dead languages or languages to which general
access is difficult.
CITATIONS IN THE TEXT
The citations in the text must include
only the surname of the author and the year of
the publication. This can be done in two ways,
222
The Central American Journal of Geology
for example: a) “Dengo introduces the term
Barra Honda Formation to refer to the limestone
that crops out of the hill with that name.” b)
“Dengo (1962) introduces the term Barra Honda
Formation to refer to the limestone that crops out
of the hill with that name.” b) “The Barra Honda
Formation (Dengo, 1962) includes the limestone
that crops out of the hill with that name.”
The author’s citation should be in lowercase letters, as in the example above.
Optionally, the page or the number of
a figure may be included to make it easier for
the reader to find the pertinent specific opinion
or information. For example, “The basalts
of the Nicoya Complex have already been
described (Dengo, 1962, p. 24)” or “In the
study of Dengo (1962, pp. 24-28) the basalts
of the Nicoya Complex are described. Figures
or tables, depending on how they were named
in the original document or its translation to
the language in which the text is being written,
should be cited as follows: “(Dengo, 1962, Fig.
1)” or “(Dengo, 1962, Table 2).”
If reference is made to different articles
published by the same author (or authors), the
years must be quoted in ascending chronological
order, for example “Dengo (1962, 1973, 1988),”
or “Madrigal et al. (1971, 1982, 1995).”
If the citation refers to different
publications by the same author in the same
year, ascending letters should be used to tell the
difference (a, b, c, etc.), following the order of
the citation in the text (the first will be “a” and so
on). For example, “Dengo (1962b).” These must
be also cited in the list of references so that it is
clear which reference is being mentioned.
When a quoted article has been written
by two authors, both must be cited joined by the
symbol “&,” for example “Dengo & Chaverri
(1951).”
If the reference includes three or more
authors in the text, only the first should be named
followed by “et al.,” for example, Dóndoli et
al., 1968)” or “Dóndoli et al. (1968) said...”
However, each author should be named in the
list of references, even if there are dozens.
The citation for multiple references
in the text is made in chronological ascending
order, separated by a semi-colon, for example,
“Sears, 1919; Olsson, 1942; Dengo & Chaverri,
1951; Dengo, 1962b; Dóndoli et al., 1968.”
When it is necessary to explain the
titles of books cited in the text, they should
be considered as a proper name and should be
placed in quotation marks; e.g., “Atlas geológico
de la Gran Área Metropolitana”. This does not
apply to the list of references.
Oral and written communications that
refer to information or opinions of third parties
(authorized to be used, but not published), written
correspondence, memoranda, field notes, articles
and maps being prepared, are cited only in the
text, never in the list of references. If necessary,
the authors are responsible for the accuracy of
such affirmations. It is thus best to avoid citing
oral communications unless magnetic or digital
recordings are kept. They are quoted in the text
as follows: “The San Miguel Formation is from
the Miocene age (T. Aguilar, wrtn. comm., 2000).
If the initial is common to several known authors
leading to confusion the first and last names should
be used. If it continues to be confusing, a middle
initial should be used: “The andesites are the
most abundant rocks in the area (Carlos Alvarado,
wrtn. comm., 2006),” “Dacites are scarce in this
area (Carlos G. Alvarado, wrtn. comm. 2005).”
Written or personal communications of the
authors themselves should not be cited, since it
is considered that their ideas are implied in the
article submitted.
When someone has written a specific
manuscript that appears in another author’s
publication, which frequently occurs with
chemical or petrographic analysis and
paleontologic dating, the person who contributed
the data and the bibliographical citation where
the information appears should be indicated;
e.g., “The dating of this unit was carried out by P.
Sprechmann (in: Soto, 1985),” to emphasize the
work of the intellectual author. It is recommended
to be even more specific and include the page or
table, as explained above.
The Central American Journal of Geology, 46: 221-229, 2012 / ISSN: 0256-7024
How to make bibliographical references in The Central American Journal of Geology
Citations from documents in a file should
be indicated in the text. A list of documentary or
hemerographic notes –in the case of journalistic
citations should be listed at the end of the list of
references, as shown in the following examples:
Arch. Nac. C. R., Álbum de Figueroa,
p. 143.
Arch. Nac. C. R., Álbum de Figueroa,
viaje # 37.
Arch. Nac. C. R., Cartago No. 554,
Folio 1.
Arch. Nac. C. R., Hacienda, No. 2717,
Folio 1, set. 1987.
Curia Metropolitana, Libro Cofradía
Nuestra Sra. de Ujarrás.
Diario de Costa Rica, 20 marzo 1930,
p. 20: Temblor en San José.
The Tico Times, 17 September 2003, p.
5: Earthquake shakes Costa Rica.
LIST OF REFERENCES
References must be listed in alphabetical
order by the author’s last name, then the year
of publication, the title of the publication and
the journal, volume, editorial or additional
information and the page numbers. Depending
on the type of work cited, other elements are
included as indicated in Table 1.
Name of the author
Last name followed by a comma and
the initial of the first name. In the case of
Latin American authors or others with two last
names, only the first is used, unless they are
separated by a hyphen, indicating the author’s
wish for both names to appear, even if the
223
author does not normally use them. The only
possible exception is when two authors’ first
and last names coincide in the same listing and
same year.
If there are several authors, each is
separated by commas but before the last one the
symbol “&” is used. All publications or papers
are cited in chronological ascending order.
The author is placed with other coauthors in
alphabetical order and as the number of authors
increases, i.e. first when there are two authors
in alphabetical order, then when there are three
in alphabetical order and so on. Each group
of identical authors is treated as a whole and
if they have numerous publications, these are
listed in chronological order. A comma follows
the name of the author followed by the year of
the publication of his/her work. After the date,
a colon is used followed by the title of the
publication, book, etc. as explained in Table 1.
Following are a few examples:
Alvarado, G.E., Denyer, P. &
Sinton,C.W., 1997: The 89 Ma
Tortugal komatiitic suite, Costa Rica:
Implications for a com¬mon geological
origin of the Caribbean and Eastern
Pacific region from a mantle plume.Geology, 25: 439-442.
Dóndoli, C., 1943: La región de El General,
condiciones geológicas y geoagronómicas de la zona.- Bol. Técnico, Depto.
Nacional de Agricultura, 44: 1-16.
DÓNDOLI, C., 1965: Nota geohidrológica sobre las áreas cantonales de Filadelfia,
Santa Cruz, Nicoya, Tilarán y Cañas de
la provincia de Guanacaste y Miramar
de la provincia de Puntarenas.- Informes
Técnicos y Notas Geológicas MEIC:117.
Dóndoli, C. & Chaves, R., 1968: Mapa
adjun¬to al estudio geológico del Valle
Central.- Scale 1: 150 000, IGN, San José.
The Central American Journal of Geology, 46: 221-229, 2012 / ISSN: 0256-7024
224
The Central American Journal of Geology
Table 1
Elements to be cited in a reference
Type of publication
Books
Periodical publications
(journals)
Maps
Theses and internal
papers
Congress, conferences
Electronic resources on
the Internet
Specific elements in the reference
Total pages
Publisher’s name
Place of publication (city and country or just the city if the country is
obvious, such as London or New York.
Name of journal
Volume
Issue No. and pagination of cited article
Scale
Publisher’s name
Place of publication
Total number of pages
Institution backing the work. Preferably writing the name in the same
language as the article and not in the original or a third language. E.g.
“Tokyo Daigaku” would change to “University of Tokyo” in English
or the “Universidad de Tokyo” in Spanish and “Universität Tübingen”
would change to “University of Tubingen.”
Place (city) of publication
Country (if not implicit in the institution or city)
Type of work (masters, doctorate, etc.)
Name of the activity
Place where it was held
Series or volume (if available)
Pagination of the cited article
Institution and name of journal
Web address of the site, listing location of the published article
DOI (digital object identification)
If there is no explicit publication date of the electronic journal, provide
the date of access
Dóndoli, C. & Torres, A., 1954: Estudio
geoagronómico de la región oriental de la
Meseta Central.- 180 pp. Min. Agricultura
e Ind. San José.
Dóndoli, C., Dengo, G. & Malavassi,
E., 1968: Mapa geológico de Costa
Rica.- Scale 1:700 000, DGMP-MEIC,
San José.
If there is more than one reference for
the same author (or authors with the same name)
published in the same year, they are placed in
alphabetical order as they were cited in the text,
as explained above, adding to the publication date
the lower case letters a, b, c, etc. accordingly.
DENGO,
G.,
1962a:
Tectonic-igneous
sequen¬ce in Costa Rica.- In: ENGEL,
The Central American Journal of Geology, 46: 221-229, 2012 / ISSN: 0256-7024
How to make bibliographical references in The Central American Journal of Geology
225
A.E.J., JAMES, H.J. & LEONARD,
B.F. (eds.): A volume to honor A.F.
Budington.- Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Vol.:
133-161.
in the text and in the reference list; e.g.: GalliOllivier, Schmidt-Effing. The same applies to
prefixes as part of a last name, like: De Boer,
Van der Bild or the prefixes La, Le, Mc.
DENGO, G., 1962b: Estudio geológico de la
región de Guanacaste, Costa Rica.- 112 pp.
IGN, San José.
DE BOER, J.Z., DRUMOND, M.S., BORDELON,
M.J., DEFANT, M.J., BELLON, H. &
MAURY, R.C., 1995: Cenozoic magma¬tic
phases of the Costa Rican island arc
(Cordillera de Talamanca).- Geol. Soc.
Amer. Spec. Paper 295: 35-55.
Even though “et al.” was used in the
text, all the authors must be listed in the reference list, no matter the number.
ALVARADO, G.E., KUSSMAUL, S., CHIESA,
S., GILLOT, P.-Y., APPEL, H., WÖRNER,
G. & RUNDLE, C., 1992: Resumen
cro¬noestratigráfico de las rocas ígneas de
Costa Rica, basado en dataciones radiométricas.- J. South Amer. Earth Sci. 6(3):
151-168.
When a report does not have a personal
author, you may provide a corporative author
or its acronym, which would be the institution
sponsoring the work, when it appears explicitly;
e.g.: RECOPE, SENARA, etc. When there
is only one sponsor (mostly international,
such as UNESCO, UN, OAS) and not the
corporative author, it is also possible to use
the term ANONYMOUS instead of the author
and should be cited in the text as “Anonymous,
1976.” Illustrative examples:
BGS & SENARA, 1985: Mapa hidrogeológico
del Valle Central de Costa Rica.- Scale
1:50 000, E.S.R. Limited, England.
OAS, 1978: Diagnóstico del sector minero.- 91
pp. OAS, San José.
or
In the case of edited works or
compilations, place after the name(s) of the
author(s) the abbreviation in parenthesis “(ed.,
eds. or comp.)”; An example:
SPRECHMANN, P. (ed.), 1984: Manual de
Geología de Costa Rica.- 320 pp. Ed. UCR,
San José.
Publication date
The publication date appears on the first
page of a book or journal, even if a final note indicates
that the final printing of the work was done one or
more years later. In cases where the difference is too
great, a date may be placed in brackets. This occurs
when works are published many years after the
death of an author or when they have been translated
to another language; e.g.: “OERSTED, A.S., 1863
[reproduction published in 1940]” or “ROBERTS,
O.W., 1827 [facsimile published in 1965].”
If there is doubt on the date, place it
in brackets with a question mark “[1944?],”
indicating that the person who made the reference
considers that it was around that year, but is not
entirely sure. If you have no idea of the publication
date, the term “without date” is used “ [s.d.]”.
ANONYMOUS, 1978: Diagnóstico del sector
minero.- 91 pp. OAS, San José.
ZÚÑIGA, M., [1910?]: Reproducción artística del
mapa de José Ma. Figueroa & Oreamuno
de 1883.- Approximate scale 1:200 000
[hanging in the IGN].
Compounded last names separated by a
hyphen must be respected and cited as such both
ZÚÑIGA, M., [s.d.]: Reproducción artística del
mapa de José Ma. Figueroa & Oreamuno
The Central American Journal of Geology, 46: 221-229, 2012 / ISSN: 0256-7024
226
The Central American Journal of Geology
de 1883.- Approximate scale 1:200 000
[hanging in the IGN].
Edition
If there is more than one edition of the
same book, this should be indicated in brackets,
after the title:
ALVARADO, G., 2000: Los volcanes de Costa
Rica: geología, historia y riqueza natural [2a
ed.].- 269 págs. Editorial EUNED, Sam José.
Title
The title should be cited as it appears in
the publication even if it has spelling errors, and
the term “[sic]” should be placed to indicate that
the original is being respected in spite of the error.
Capital letters should be used in the
title only for proper names, e.g.: “Industrial
Exploitation of the San Miguel Formation in the
Patarrá Area,” should be changed to “Industrial
exploitation of the San Miguel Formation in the
Patarrá area.”
Punctuation is not included in many titles,
but it should be added when making the list of
references. Thus, “Geological investigation of the
Barranca alluvial valley Province of Puntarenas
Costa Rica” should appear as “Geological
investigation of the Barranca alluvial valley,
province of Puntarenas, Costa Rica.”
If the citation refers to an abstract, this
should be indicated in brackets after the title:
“[abstract].”
MESCHEDE, M., 1997: The abandoned spreading system of the Cocos and Malpelo
ridges in eastern Pacific.- [abstract] GSA
Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City, A-245.
Before continuing with the other parts
of the reference, a period at the end and a
hyphen is used “.-”. These differ depending
on whether they are books, journals, maps,
compiled works or electronic resources, as
indicated in Table 1 and as detailed in the
following paragraphs.
Information after the hyphen when citing
books
When citing a book, the hyphen should
be followed by the total number of pages, the
publishing house and city where it was published,
in that order, e.g.:
ALVARADO, G., 1994: Historia natural antigua:
Los intercambios biológicos interamericanos.- 232 pp. Ed. Tecnológica de Costa
Rica, Cartago.
Some larger publishers are located in two
or more cities and this is shown on the cover. In
these cases only the first city is cited. If the city is
not well known where the article will be read, the
name of the country may be indicated in parenthesis.
Information after the hyphen when listing
internal reports and theses
First indicate the total number of pages,
the institution responsible, and after a comma,
the city where the work was published. If the
city is not well known and the country is not
mentioned in the information provided, the name
of the country may be added. The type of work
is indicated in brackets: Thesis for M.A., M.Sc.,
Ph.D, Field Camp Rep. or Inter. Report.
AGUILAR, T., 1997: Parches arrecifales de Jesús
María (Oligoceno-Mioceno Inferior):
una de las primeras comunidades del actual Caribe de Costa Rica.- 61 pp. Univ. de
Costa Rica, San José [Tesis M.Sc.].
ALÁN, M. A., 1983: Geología y estudio de lateritas en el extremo noroeste del valle de
El General, Costa Rica.- 123 pp. Univ. de
Costa Rica, San José [Tesis Lic.].
ALVARADO, G.E., 1993: Volcanology and
petrology of Irazú volcano, Costa
Rica.- 261 pp. Univ. of Kiel, Germany
[Thesis Ph.D].
The Central American Journal of Geology, 46: 221-229, 2012 / ISSN: 0256-7024
How to make bibliographical references in The Central American Journal of Geology
DENGO, G., 1953: A preliminary survey of geology of Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica.22 pp. Min. Agr. e Ind. San José [Int. report].
MORA, S., 1978: Estudio geológico de los cerros Barra Honda y alrededores, cantón de
Nicoya, provincia de Guanacaste, Costa
Rica.- 173 pp. Univ. de Costa Rica, San
José [Field Camp Rep.].
Information after the hyphen when citing
journals
After the hyphen, the name of the journal
is indicated with the conventional international
abbreviations. When the name of the journal
does not end with a period, a comma is placed to
separate the title of the journal and the volume.
The number of the journal may be indicated
in parenthesis followed by the page numbers.
Examples:
227
Information after the hyphen when citing
congresses and the like
In these cases, indicate the title of the
congress (which generally contains its number),
the city and the date it was held (if different from
the year of publication), the volume number if it
exists followed by a colon and lastly the page or
pages of the cited work; e.g.:
Information after the hyphen when using
chapters of edited books or compilations
After the hyphen, place “In:” followed by
the editors or compilers (as previously indicated),
a colon, the title of the book, space, period,
hyphen, the publisher, comma and the pagination
of the cited chapter, e.g.:
ROBERTS, R.J., 1944: Manganese deposits in
Costa Rica.- U.S. Geol. Surv. 935(1-4):
387-414.
DI MARCO, G., BAUMGARTNER, P.O. &
CHANNEL, J.E.T., 1995: Late Cretaceousearly Tertiary paleomagnetic data and a revised tectonostratigraphy of Costa Rica and
Panama.- In: Mann, P. (ed.): Geologic and
Tectonic development of the Caribbean plate
boundary in southern Central America.Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper, 295: 1-27.
ROMANES, J., 1912: Geology of a part of Costa
Rica.- Quarterly J. Geol. Soc. London, 68:
103-139.
Information after the hyphen when using maps
SAPPER, K., 1937: Mittelamerika.- Handbuch
der Regionalen Geologie, 8(4): 1-160.
For journals that do not use a volume
number and where the numbers are not
consecutive, the year may be used as the volume
and in the case of several publications per year,
the corresponding semester should be indicated.
For example, for the journal “Informe semestral”
of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional:
KUIJPERS, E., 1979: La geología del complejo
ofiolítico de Nicoya.- Weekly Report IGN,
1979(2): 15-75.
Specify the scale, followed by a comma,
the publisher and lastly the city of publication.
When the title does not explicitly mention the
use of a map, this may be specified: “Map scale
1:3000000, IGN, San José.”
Dóndoli, C., Dengo, G. & Malavassi,
E., 1968: Mapa geológico de Costa Rica.Scale 1: 700 000, IGN, San José.
Information after the hyphen when using
electronic resources
When consulting an E-journal, first
cite the name of the journal, followed by a
The Central American Journal of Geology, 46: 221-229, 2012 / ISSN: 0256-7024
228
The Central American Journal of Geology
period, the volume and number, if it has one,
comma followed by the DOI (digital object
identification); e.g.:
HAUFF, F., HOERNLE, K., BOOGARD V.D.,
P., ALVARADO, G.E., & GARBESCHÖNBERG, D., 2000: Age and geochemistry of basaltic complexes in western Costa Rica: Contributions to the geoectonic evolution of Central America.Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 1(5), DOI:
10.1029/1999GC000020.
When consulting only electronic
sources relating to relevant information in
cyber sites that do not correspond to periodical
publications, indicate the name of the document
or information, followed by a period, hyphen and
the corresponding cyber site. An example:
STUIVER, M. & REIMER, P., 20006: CALIB
5.1.Obeta.- http://calib.qub.ac.uk/calib/.
[Consulta: 25 de diciembre del 2009].
If there is no explicit publication date on
the electronic document consulted on the Internet,
indicate “s.d.” in the space that corresponds to
the date (as indicated above) and at the end, in
brackets, the date of consultation. E.g.:
ESCALANTE, G, s.d.: El banquete del Irazú.http://www.geologos.or.cr/historia.htm
[Consulted: December 26, 2006].
Any additional information to give a
specific characteristic to the cited work should be
placed in brackets.
GABB, W.M., 1874: On the geology of the
Republic of Costa Rica.- 47 pp. [unpublished article in the library of the U.S.
Geological Survey].
When using recorded material such as
compact discs, the name of the institution that
made the CD should be indicated, followed
by the type of the digital material consulted
in brackets: [CD-ROM], [DVD] or any other
recording format; e.g.:
USGS, 1997: This is the USGS.- USGS [CD-ROM].
CONVENTIONAL ABBREVIATIONS
IN THE COSTA RICAN
GEOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bold letters indicate the abbreviation
or acronym. The hyphen at the end indicates
the root. An abbreviation is not used for
journals whose title is only one word (e.g.,
Geology).
Abstract
Academ-
America
Anal-
Archivo
Asociación
BiologBoletín
Bulletin
Bureau
Ciencia-
Científica
Compilado-
Congres-
ContributC.R. Costa Rica
Depto Departamento
DGMP Dirección General de Geología, Minas y
Petróleo
The Central American Journal of Geology, 46: 221-229, 2012 / ISSN: 0256-7024
How to make bibliographical references in The Central American Journal of Geology
DGMP Dirección de Geología, Minas y Petróleo
Dirección
Editor, Edición, Editorial
EngineerEUNED Editorial Universidad Nacional a Distancia
Geochem-
Geograf-
Geolog-
GeophysHistorHidrologHydrologICE Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad
IGN Instituto Geográfico Nacional
Industr-
Informe
InstitucInternacional
InvestigaJournal
Library
Licenciatura
Magazin
MEIC Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Comercio
Memorand- MemoirMineralogMinisterMuseo
Nacional
National
Observatorio
OEA Organización de Estados Americanos
OrganizacOSIVAM
Observatorio
Sismológico
Vulcanológico del Arenal y Miravalles
229
y
PaleontologPhysicProceeding
ProfessionPublisher
RECOPE Refinería Costarricense de Petróleo
Research
Review Revista
Scien-
SeismologSemestral
SENARA Servicio Nacional de Aguas, Riego y
Avenamiento
SENAS Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas
SerieSimposio
Sociedad
Special
Survey
SymposTechnologUniversidad
UCR Universidad de Costa Rica
Volume
The Central American Journal of Geology, 46: 221-229, 2012 / ISSN: 0256-7024