Equilibrio Sólido

!"#"$%&'"("$)*
!"#$%&'%()$*$+,-%.)/0120,-%
+#,'-"%*-+.*+&'"."/0"%*#%."-%1."&'"-%*
!
23* %/4+,%*
! "#$%&'())*+$!,-.!,*/0'/1/!,-!2/%-%!3/'/!($/!/.-/)*+$!4*$/'*/!%*13.-5!)#$!,/&#%!,-!./%!)('6/%!,-!
-$2'*/1*-$&#7!
!
53* !'6-)(+6,%*,+%0"$%!
! 8$/!/.-/)*+$!-%!-.!3'#,()&#!1-&9.*)#!:(-!'-%(.&/!,-!%#.*,*2*)/'!($/!,*%#.()*+$!.;:(*,/!,-!,#%!#!
19%!1-&/.-%5!#!-$!/.0<$!)/%#5!)#$!/.0<$!-.-1-$&#!$#!1-&9.*)#!)#1#!-.!)/'4#$#7!
! "(/$,#!./!/.-/)*+$!.;:(*,/!%-!-$2';/5!%-!6/$!%-3/'/$,#!)'*%&/.-%5!)(=/!$/&('/.->/!=!)#13#%*)*+$!
,/!.(0/'!/!.#%!)(/&'#!&*3#%!,-!/.-/)*#$-%!%*0(*-$&-%?!
! ! /@!A*3#!-(&B)&*)#!%-$)*..#7!
! ! 4@!A*3#!,*%#.()*+$!%+.*,/!%(4%&*&()*#$/.7!
! ! )@!A*3#!,*%#.()*+$!%+.*,/!)#$!)#13(-%&#!*$&-'%&*)*/.7!
! ! ,@!A*3#!)#13(-%&#!*$&-'1-&9.*)#7!
! C/!)#$%&'())*+$!3'9)&*)/!,-.!,*/0'/1/!,-!2/%-%5!-%!0-$-'/.1-$&-!..-6/,/!/!)/4#!3#'!-.!1B&#,#!,-.!
/$9.*%*%! &B'1*)#! (%/$,#5! 3/'/! ./! ,-&-'1*$/)*+$! ,-! &-13-'/&('/%5! ($/! &-'1#)(3./7! D%&-! 1B&#,#! %-!
2($,/1-$&/!-$!:(-!/.!/3/'-)-'!E#!,-%/3/'-)-'@!($/!2/%-5!-%&-!2-$+1-$#!6/!%*-13'-!/)#13/F/,#!3#'!
($!-2-)&#!)/.+'*)#7!
! D.! 3'*$)*3*#! 49%*)#! ,-! -%&-! 1B&#,#! =! ./! )#$%&'())*+$! ,-.! ,*/0'/1/! ,-! 2/%-%! 3#'! ./%! )('6/%! ,-!
-$2'*/1*-$&#5! %-! *.(%&'/$! -$! ./! 2*0('/! G7! D$! ./! 3/'&-! %(3-'*#'! ,-.! ,*/0'/1/5! -.! )#13#'&/1*-$&#! ,-.!
%*%&-1/!%-!'-0*%&'/!)(/$,#!./!&-13-'/&('/!%-!,-&-'1*$/!-$!3-';#,#%!,-!&*-13#7!
! H/'/!-.!)#13#$-$&-!I5!3#'!-J-13.#5!./!6-.#)*,/,!,-!-$2'*/1*-$&#!-%!'93*,/5!K/%&/!:(-!-.!3($&#!,-!
%#.*,*2*)/)*+$!%-!/.)/$>/7!L-!$#!-M*%&*'!($!%(4N-$2'*/1*-$&#5!./!&-13-'/&('/!3-'1/$-)-'9!)#$%&/$&-!
E)#1#!.#!*$,*)/!./!1-%-&/@5!K/%&/!:(-!&#,#!-.!.;:(*,#!%-!K/=/!%#.*,*2*)/,#5!)#1-$>/$,#!-$&#$)-%!./!
&-13-'/&('/!/!,-%)-$,-'!$(-6/1-$&-7!
! H/'/!($/!1->)./!,-!,#%!)#13#$-$&-%5!./!)('6/!,-!-$2'*/1*-$&#!-%!,-.!&*3#!3:'%7!D$!-.!3($&#!:5!%-!
-13*->/!/!%-3/'/'!I5!=!-$!'5!/14#%!I!=!P5!)'*%&/.*>/$,#!)#1#!1->)./!-(&B)&*)/7!D$!:5!/.!/3/'-)-'!I!
#)/%*#$/! ($/! ,*%1*$()*+$! -$! ./! 6-.#)*,/,! ,-! -$2'*/1*-$&#5! :(-! %-! 1/$*2*-%&/! -$! ($! )/14*#! ,-!
3-$,*-$&-!,-!./!)('6/5!,-4*,#!/!:(-!./!%-3/'/)*+$!,-!I!6*-$-!/)#13/F/,/!,-!($/!-6#.()*+$!,-!)/.#'!
E3'*1-'/! ,*%)#$&*$(*,/,@7! D$! '! /3/'-)-! P! =! ./! &-13-'/&('/! 3-'1/$-)-! )#$%&/$&-! K/%&/! :(-! &#,#! -.!
.;:(*,#!%-!K/!%#.*,*2*)/,#!E%-0($,/!,*%)#$&*$(*,/,@7!
! D.!&'/$%3#'&-!,-!./!3'*1-'/!=!%-0($,/!,*%)#$&*$(*,/,-%5!/!($!,*/0'/1/!,-!&-13-'/&('/!-$!2($)*+$!
,-! ./! )#$)-$&'/)*+$5! 3-'1*&*'9! ,-&-'1*$/'! .#%! 3($&#%! ,-! ./! )('6/! ,-! -:(*.*4'*#! %+.*,#N.;:(*,#5!
*$,*)/,/!-$!./!3/'&-!*$2-'*#'!,-!./!2*0('/!G7!
!
*
!789:;*2*
!
O!
<3* +#&'+()*-+.*$"0$'",%*
*
=3* ,+$6"$)*%>+0),%0")!
! C#%! &(4#%! :(-! )#$&*-$-$! ./! 1(-%&'/! EI@! %-! )#.#)/$! ,-$&'#! ,-! ($! K#'$#! -.B)&'*)#! EP@5! )#$! ./!
&-'1#)(3./!,-$&'#!,-.!&(4#7!C/%!J($&/%!2';/%!E"@!%-!)#.#)/$!,-$&'#!,-!($!'-)*3*-$&-!)#$!K*-.#!=!/0(/7!
! C(-0#!%-!)/.*-$&/!-.!K#'$#!K/%&/!:(-!./!/.-/)*+$!#!-.!1-&/.!-%&B$!)#13.-&/1-$&-!2($,*,#%!E/!($/!
&-13-'/&('/!$#!1(=!3#'!-$)*1/!,-!./!,-.!1-&/.!,-!1/=#'!3($&#!,-!2(%*+$@7!
! R-!)#'&/!-.!)/.-$&/1*-$&#!=!)#$!($!1*.*6#.&;1-&'#!%-!&#1/$!.-)&('/%!,-!./!&-$%*+$!0-$-'/,/!3#'!./!
&-'1#)(3./!)/,/!GS!%-0($,#%5!K/%&/!:(-!./!1(-%&'/!-%&B!&#&/.1-$&-!%#.*,*2*)/,/7!D%&-!3'#)-,*1*-$&#!
%-!'-3*&-!)#$!./%!)*$)#!1(-%&'/%7!
!
!
?3*"6,+0>0+,)$"%6*-+*0+#'.,)-%#!
/@! R-!'-3'-%-$&/!0'92*)/1-$&-5!1*.*6#.&*#%!.-;,#%!-$!2($)*+$!,-.!&*-13#5!3/'/!)/,/!1(-%&'/7!
4@! D$!./!0'92*)/!/$&-'*#'1-$&-!)#$%&'(;,/!%-!,-&-'1*$/$5!3/'/!)/,/!1(-%&'/!.#%!1*.*6#.&*#%!/!.#%!
:(-!%-!3'#,()-!($/!,*%)#$&*$(*,/,!-$!./!6-.#)*,/,!,-!-$2'*/1*-$&#7!
)@! T-,*/$&-! -.! (%#! ,-! ./! &/4./! )#''-%3#$,*-$&-! /! ./! &-'1#)(3./! (%/,/5! )#$6-'&*'! .#%! 1*.*6#.&*#%!
,-&-'1*$/,#%!-$!4@!/!U"7!
,@! H/'/!#4&-$-'!-.!,*/0'/1/!,-!2/%-%5!%-!'-3'-%-$&/$!-%&/%!&-13-'/&('/%!-$!2($)*+$!,-!./%!2'/))*#$-%!
/&+1*)/%7!
!
!
Q!
$'+#,"%6)0"%!
G7! L-,()*'!./!-)(/)*+$!:(-!3-'1*&/!)/.)(./'!./!&-13-'/&('/!,-!%#.*,*2*)/)*+$!,-!($/!/.-/)*+$!4*$/'*/!
E.;:(*,#%!&#&/.1-$&-!1*%)*4.-%5!%+.*,#%!*$1*%)*4.-%@!:(-!%-!)#13#'&/!-$!2#'1/!3-'2-)&/5!/!3'-%*+$!
)#$%&/$&-7!
O7! W"+1#!%-!3#,';/!,-&-'1*$/'!/$/.;&*)/1-$&-!./!)#13#%*)*+$!=!&-13-'/&('/!,-!2(%*+$!,-.!-(&B)&*)#!
:(-!2#'1/$!,#%!1-&/.-%!I!=!P!&#&/.1-$&-!1*%)*4.-%!/.!-%&/,#!.;:(*,#!-!*$1*%)*4.-%!.#%!%+.*,#%!
3('#%!:(-!%-!%-3/'/$X7!
Q7! W"+1#!3'#)-,-';/!-M3-'*1-$&/.1-$&-!=!)+1#!*$&-'3'-&/';/!.#%!,/&#%!#4&-$*,#%!3/'/!)#$%&'(*'!($!
,*/0'/1/!,-!2/%-%!ANMX7!
V7! "+1#!,-&-'1*$/';/!-M3-'*1-$&/.1-$&-!-.!,*/0'/1/!,-!2/%-%!,-!($/!1->)./!4*$/'*/!,#$,-!%-!%/4-!
:(-?! /@! .#%! %+.*,#%! %#$! 3/')*/.1-$&-! 1*%)*4.-%7! 4@! .#%! %+.*,#%! =! .;:(*,#%! %#$! 3/')*/.1-$&-!
1*%)*4.-%7!
S7! "#$%&'(=/!($!,*/0'/1/!,-!2/%-%!-$!-.!)(/.!.#%!.;:(*,#%!%-/$!3/')*/.-1$&-!1*%)*4.-%!=!-.!%+.*,#!I!
%-/!3/')*/.1-$&-!1*%)*4.-!)#$!-.!%+.*,#!P!3/'/!/.&/%!)#$)-$&'/)*#$-%!,-!B%&-7!
Y7! I$/.*>/'!:(B!#)(''-!)#$!./!)#13#%*)*+$!,-.!-(&B)&*)#!)(/$,#!1-&/.-%!,-.!1*%1#!0'(3#!2#'1/$!
($/!/.-/)*+$!&#&/.1-$&-!1*%)*4.-!/.!-%&/,#!.;:(*,#5!%-3/'9$,#%-!/.!%#.*,*2*)/'%-!.#%!)#13(-%&#%!
3('#%!%*?!
! ! /@!./!&-13-'/&('/!,-!2(%*+$!,-.!%+.*,#!I!=!P!%#$!*0(/.-%7!!
! ! 4@!./!&-13-'/&('/!,-!2(%*+$!,-.!%+.*,#!3('#!I!-%!1/=#'!:(-!./!,-.!%+.*,#!3('#!P7!
6%,)@!I$/.*>/'!%*!./!2'/))*+$!1#./'!,-.!-(&B)&*)#!-%!*0(/.5!1/=#'!#!1-$#'!,-!Z5S7!
!
!
!
!
/"/."%A0)!")@!
N!LI[\R]^!_![I^!`C]]RADa5!!"#$%"&$%'()"*+",($-(./'012",(3/4510&%'7!
N!b\^LCI_5!I75!.%62&12"0(74(81012$9+:512"7!
N!cCIRRA]^D5!R75!;%"&"7$(74(81012$9+:512"7!
N!T]DCCDa5!A75!<+:512"(=*$%>6*12"7!
!
!
!
3$)4,5%6776%
!
V!