iŸ © nKA - Ethiomedia

iŸ©
iŸ© nKA‹
Ç=v„ Seõ” ›[Ò
#iŸ ÅUu=e Ù`’ƒ c=J”' Ù`’ƒ ÅÓV ÅUui iŸ ’¬::$
"Politics is war without bloodshed, and war is politics with blood."
T* c? ~”Ó (Mao Tse-tung)
#‰Ã“ M°K%ÁM ›ÃÅK‹U' KSJ”U S†U ›ƒS˜U:: ’Ñ` Ó” ›”É k”
SM"D” K¬× M°K%ÁM MG<” wƒM“ =”Å kÅS<ƒ“ =”ÇG<•‡ M°K%ÁL•‹
K?L¬” ¯KU Leð^^' M¬Ò' M¬[`' MÚl”“ MS´w` wL wƒ’d' ÁKU
Q´x‹ ÅvDí@𓘠K=LDƒ' K=ÑLDƒ“ Ÿ‰Ã“ cò Q´w Ò` }vw[¬ K=ÑKw×Dƒ
ÃÑvM::$
"China is not a superpower, nor will she ever seek to be one. If one day China should
change her color and turn into a superpower, if she too should play the tyrant in the
world, and everywhere subject others to her bullying, aggression and exploitation, the
people of the world should identify her as social-imperialism, expose it, oppose it and
work together with the Chinese people to overthrow it.”
È”Ó ¸Á− ú”Ó (Deng Xiaoping)
#”ªÃõ“ ªeƒ“ ¾T>cÖ¬ G<K<U c¬ Ÿu`‚ =”ÅT>J” dÃJ”' T”U c¬
Ÿu`‚ K=J” =”ÅT>‹M w‰ ’¬::$
"The capitalist system does not guarantee that everybody will become rich, but it
guarantee that any body can become rich."
^¬M c?Me (Raul R. de Sales)
S”Å`Å`Á
ÃI ÙT` (article) u iŸ©
words) LÃ ¾T>Á}Ÿ<` ÙT`
iŸ© nKA‹(political
nKA‹
’¬:: ÙT` TKƒ S×Øõ ¨ÃU Ø“© êOõ =”ÅTKƒ c=J” nK< ¾}Ñ–
¬U ÙT` (SêNõ' ÅwÇu?' ¡w) ŸT>K¬ ¾Ó=´ nM ’¬::
ÙT`
ŸT>K¬ nM uS’dƒ ÅÓV ÙT[— (one who writes articles)' ÙT^© ¾T>K<ƒ”
nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U c=[v ÙS[' Ö<U`' ÙT]' Ö<S^ =ÁK c=H@É
¾=”ÓK=²— ›‰ Ó” ¾K¬U:: ÙS[ TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I ÙT` ›k“u[' ¾U`U`
êOõ ›¨× =”ÅTKƒ ’¬::
iŸ (politics) TKƒ þK+" TKƒ c=J” nK< ¾}Ñ–¬U ¨gŸ} (n¶'
’Ñ` ›u³' ›Ñ˜ ›×¬” }“Ñ[' kv¶[' ¨¹u[' ªg' KðKð) ŸT>K¬ ÁT[—
nM ’¬::
¾iŸ Ñ<Çà Ÿ}’d =Mõ ›=Lõ ›w“„‰‹” NÃT•‹””' vIL‹””“
s”s‹”” KTeŸu` ÅT†¬” uTõce“ ®Ø”†¬” uSŸeŸe ¾SÚ[h¬”
Seª°ƒ’ƒ =”ÇMŸðK< G<K<' ÁX ÓT~ "“~ ’¬“ ³_ uѳ ›Ñ^‹” ¬eØ
s”s†¬” ¾T>“Ñ\ Qí“„‰‹”” ¾T>Áª`Æ“ ›ÃkÖ< p׃ ¾T>kÖ< vÑ^©“
uv°Ç© ²?Ô‹ ¾T>}ÇÅ\ ƒUI`ƒ u?„‹ =”Çg” ŸðK<uƒ' MЉ†¬U
s”s†¬” vKS‰L†¬ ¾T>¢\“ ¾T>u¿ Ø_ TGÃU =”ßà‹“ “L©
›S”´^¨‹ (mental prostitutes) Ÿ’Ñc<uƒ cp×ß ²S” Là Å`c“M'
http://ethioforum.org/archives/3863#comments
Ó” U”U ›ÃÅKU' ¾Ñ>²? Ñ<Çà ’¬::
Ñ>²? ¾cÖ¬ pM ÅÓV É”ÒÃ
Ãcw^M' u}^¬ veðLÑ>¬ G<K<U ¯Ã’ƒ SÊh uS¨Ñ` =”¡ƒ¡„ ¨Ø„
É^g< =eŸ=Öó É[e::
K²=I ÙT` ŸT>ÁeðMÑ<ƒ nKA‹ ¬eØ ¾}¨c’<ƒ uT>kØK<ƒ ¡õKA‹
Là ¾}²[²\ c=J”' eK’²=I“ K?KA‹ ›ÁK? nKA‹ ›Sc^[ƒ ueóƒ KSSMŸƒ
¾T>ðMÓ ›”vu=” Ó” #cÑL©
cÑL© ›T[—
›T[—$(›TaU
$(›TaU—
›TaU—) uT>M `°e up`u< Ád}UŸ<ƒ”
SêNõ K=SKŸƒ ÓÉ ÃJ”uM::
¾#cÑL© ›T[—$ G<K}—
G<K}— c`cU (second edition) =”Å ›wN?` (God)
ðnÉ up`u< ƒV è×M:: ÃIU ÙT` u²=I ¾#cÑL©
cÑL© ›T[—
›T[—$ G<K}—
c`cU Là ŸT>Ñ–<ƒ ¡õKA‹ uT¬×׃ ¾}éð ÙT` ’¬::
ÃI” çNò
uëÇu? (email): mesfin.arega@gmail.com TÓ–ƒ ÉLM:: ëÇu? (email) TKƒ
›=T@ÃM TKƒ c=J” nK< ¾}Ñ–¬U ëûe (electric) =“ ÅwÇu? ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹
uT×S` ’¬:: Óc<U c=[v ëÅu (to email)' èÉw (emailed)' ëÇu=' èÅv
(emailing) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: ëûe (electric) ¾T>K¬ nM ¾}Ñ–¬ ÅÓV ÙUúe
(Sw^ƒ) ŸT>K¬ ¾¨L× nM ’¬::
MÖ<ö‹
›w³—¬” Ñ>²? nKA‹ ¾T>Sc[~ƒ òMÖ<õ (prefix) ¨ÃU/=“ %EMÖ<õ
(suffix) uSÖkU ’¬:: òMÖ<õ TKƒ ŸnM òƒÑ@ ¾T>KÖõ TKƒ c=J”'
%EMÖ<õ TKƒ ÅÓV ŸnM %EMÑ@ ¾T>KÖõ TKƒ ’¬::
u}Sddà G<’@ IƒÖ<õ (subscript) TKƒ ŸnM ¨ÃU ŸlØ` Ó`Ñ@
¾T>éõ TKƒ c=J”' L°MÖ<õ (superscript) TKƒ ÅÓV ŸnM ¨ÃU ŸlØ`
^eÑ@ ¾T>éõ TKƒ ’¬:: Iƒ (sub -) =“ L°M (super - ) ¾T>K<ƒ òMÖ<ö‹
¾}Ñ–<ƒ IÃ (¾‹) =“ L°Là (¾LÃ) ŸT>K<ƒ ¾Ó=´ nKA‹ ’¬::
òMÖ<õ' %EMÖ<õ' IƒÖ<õ =“ L°MÖ<ö‹” MÖ<õ ¾T>M ¾¨M eU
c؉†ªKG<:: MÖ<ö‹ uÉÒT> uT>Ÿ}K¬ c”Ö[» Là }²`´[ªM::
prefix
suffix
MÖ<ö‹
òMÖ<õ subscript
IƒÖ<õ
%EMÖ<õ superscript L°MÖ<õ
%EMÖ<õ #õ“$
›w³—¬” Ñ>²? ¾=”ÓK=²— nKA‹ ¾T>Sc[~ƒ unK< SÚ[h ism =“ ist
¾T>K<ƒ” %EMÖ<ö‹ uSÚS` ’¬:: =’@U LT[— õ•ƒ (S”ÑÉ) ŸT>K¬
¾Ó=´ nM uS’dƒ õ“ (-ism) =“ 𓘠(-ist) ¾T>K<ƒ” %EMÖ<ö‹ (suffixes)
ðØ_KKG<:: Óc<U c=[v ð’}' õ”ƒ' ð“‹' õ’ =ÁK ÃH@ÇM::
ism
ist
istic
ize
%EMÖ<õ õ“
õ“
õ”ƒ
ized
ð“˜
ð“‹
izing
õ“©
ization õ’
ð’}
KUdK? ÁIM T`¡eõ“ (Marxism)' T`¡e𓘠(Marxist)' K?’>”õ“
(Leninism)' K?’>”𓘠(Lenninst) ÃJ“K<::
eK²=IU T`¡eó“-K?’>”õ“
(Marxism-Lennism) ÃJ“M TKƒ ’¬::
"Ñ^‹” eU TKƒU ŸÙu=Á (Ethiopia) uS’dƒ Ùu=Áõ“ (Ethiopianism)
=“ Ùu=Á𓘠(Ethiopianist) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: Ùu=Áõ“ TKƒ u 1870
¨‡ ¬eØ uÅu<w ›õ]n ¾}ËS[ ’é’ƒ”“ õƒQ” Á"}} NÃT•©
=”penc? ’¬::
”ªÃ (Ñ”²w' Ø]ƒ' p`e) ¾T>K¬ ¾Ó=´ nM capital ¾T>K¬”
¾=”ÓK=²— nM Ã}"M“M:: Óc<U c=[v ’¨¾ (capitalize)' ”¬Ã (capitalized)'
’ªÃ (capitalizer)' ”¨Á (capitalization) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: eK²=I ”ªÃõ“
(capitalism)' ”ªÃ𓘠(capitalist)' ”ªÃõ“© (capitalistic) ÃJ“K< TKƒ ’¬::
K²w}— (liberal) TKƒ ¾KcKc' S"ŸK— =”ÅTKƒ ’¬:: Óc<U c=[v
K²u' M´w' K³u=' M²v =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: =”Ç=G<U K²u} (liberalize)'M´wƒ
(liberalized)' K´v‹ (liberalizer)' M´u (liberalization) ÃJ“K<:: Ÿ²=IU
M´w’ƒ (liberality)' M²võ“ (liberalism)' M²v𓘠(liberalist) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹
=“Ñ—K”::
e`¯ƒ ¾T>K¬” nM KT`vƒ ÃS‹ ²”É ¨Å e`"ƒ (system)
kÃ_ªKG<:: Óc<U c=[v c[Ÿ} (systematize)' e`¡ƒ (systematized)' c`"‹
(systematizer)' e`Ÿ (systematization)' e`"© (systematic) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM::
KUdK? ÁIM e`"ƒ ƒ”}“ (system analysis) ÃJ“M::
Ñ”Ç (cð`) ŸT>K¬ ¾*aU— nM „”Ç (community) ¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—
K”:: eK²=IU „”Ç© (communal)' „”Çõ“ (communalism)' „”Çð“˜
(communalist) ÃJ“K< TKƒ ’¬:: KUdK? ÁIM „”Ç T°ŸM (community center)
ÃJ“M::
›=e (¾SËS`Á) ŸT>K¬ ¾¨L× úe (primitive) ¾T>K¬” nM
=“Ñ—K”:: eK²=IU úe „”Ç© e`"ƒ (primitive communial system) ÃJ“M::
#úe „”Ç© e`"ƒ$ TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I Ÿ²=I uòƒ #Ø”© ¾Ò`Äi e`¯ƒ$
=”K¬ ¾’u[¬ ’¬ TKƒ ’¬:: #úe „”Ç© e`"ƒ$ ¾T>K¬” vß\ ú„e
M”K¬ =”‹LK”::
¨M (¾Ò^) ŸT>K¬ ÁT[— nM ¨Mõ“ (communism)' ¨Mð“˜
(communist)' ¨Mõ“© (communistic) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: KUdK? ÁIM
¨M𓘠Mðó (communist manifesto)' ¨M𓘠É`ÏT (communist party)
ÃJ“K<::
Mðó TKƒ uÓ=´ T“†¬U ¯Ã’ƒ êOõ TKƒ ’¬ #Mðó
êÉp$ =”Ç=K< #¾êÉp êOõ$ KTKƒ c=ðMÑ<:: É`ÏT (party) ¾T>K¬ nM
¾}Ñ–¬ ÅÓV É`σ =“ TIu` ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ uT×S` ’¬::
Ñ<Mƒ (S_ƒ' `eƒ) ŸT>K¬ nM Ñ<Mƒõ“ (feudalism)' Ñ<Mƒð“˜
(feudalist)' Ñ<M}—' Ñ<M© (feudal)' Ñ<Mƒõ“© (feudalistic) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹
=“Ñ—K”::
#›ÅÑ$ ¾T>K¬” nM ukLK< KT`vƒ ÃS†” ²”É S’ÅÑ (develope)
w¾ªKG<::
Óc<U c=[v S’ÅÑ' U”ÉÓ (developed)' S”ÇÑ> (developing)'
U”ÅÒ (development)' U”ÅÒ© (developmental) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: eK²=IU U”ÉÓ
›Ña‹ (developed nations) TKƒ #ÁÅÑ< ›Ña‹$ TKƒ c=J”' S”ÇÑ> ›Ña‹
(developing nations) ÅÓV #uTÅÓ Là ÁK< ›Ña‹$ ÃJ“M TKƒ ’¬::
Åx (¾Iw[ƒ Y^) =“ cw (c¬) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ uT×S` Êxcw
(society) ¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”:: =”ÓÇ=I Åxcv©'Åxcw (social) c=J” Óc<U
c=[v Åucu (socialize)' Éwew (socialized)' Åwdu= (socializer)' Éwcv
(socialization) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM TKƒ ’¬::
u}ÚT]U Åxcwõ“ (socialism)'
Åxcw𓘠(socialist)' Åxcwõ“© (socialistic) ÃJ“K<::
KUdK? ÁIM
Åxcw(Åxcv©) Ø“ƒ (social study) ÃJ“M::
=”Ç=G<U Åxcw ¾T>K¬ nM (socio-, social) ¾T>K¬” ¾=”ÓK=²— òMÖ<õ
Ã}"M“M::
KUdK? ÁIM ÊxcwÆ—© U”ÅÒ (socioeconomic development)
ÃJ“M:: Æ— (econo- ) ¾T>K¬ òMÖ<õ ¾}Ñ–¬ ›Æ— (Nwƒ) ŸT>K¬ nM
’¬:: eK²=IU Æ— (economy)' Æ—© (economic) ÃJ“K<::
Ñ@ TKƒ uÓ=´ UÉ`' ›Ñ` TKƒ ’¬' cLUÑ@ =”Ç=K< ¾cLU ›Ñ`
c=K<:: ›í@ (emperor) TKƒ ÅÓV ›G<”U uÓ=´ ¾S”Óeƒ =à— TKƒ ’¬'
›í@ T>’>K=¡ =”Ç=K<:: eK²=IU ›í@Ñ@ (empire) TKƒ ¾›í@ ›Ñ` TKƒ ÃJ“M::
Ÿ²=IU ›í@©' ›í@— (imperial)' ›í@õ“ (imperialism)' ›í@𓘠(imperialist)'
›í@õ“© (imperialistic) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: Åx =“ ›ç?õ“ ¾T>K<ƒ”
nKA‹ uT×S` ÅvDç?õ“ (social-imperialism)' ÅvDç?𓘠(social-imperialist)
¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”::
ÅvDç?𓘠TKƒ ueU Åxcw𓘠uÓw` Ó”
›ç?𓘠¾J’ =”ÅTKƒ c=J” ¾²Kó nM ’¬::
=”Ç=G<U Ñ@ (UÉ`) ŸT>K¬ nM ”Ñ<eÑ@ (kingdom) ¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—
K”:: KUdK? ÁIM ¾=”edƒ ”Ñ<eÑ@ (animal kingdom) ÃJ“M::
KTe¨e Ã[Ç ²”É u²=I ¡õM Là ¾}Ökc<ƒ ›wà nKA‹ uÉÒT>
uT>Ÿ}K¬ c”Ö[» LÃ }²`´[ªM::
English
capital
capitalism
capitalist
capitalize
communal
communalism
communalist
communism
communist
community
community center
develope
developed
developing
econo
economic
economy
emperor
empire
feudal
imperialist
›T[—
›T[—
”ªÃ
”ªÃõ“
”ªÃð“˜
’¨¾
„”Ç©
„”Çõ“
„”Çð“˜
¨Mõ“
¨Mð“˜
„”Ç
„”Ç T°ŸM
S’ÅÑ
U”ÉÓ
S”ÇÑ>
Æ—
Æ—©
Æ—
ݒ@
›í@Ñ@
Ñ<M}—
›í@ð“˜
English
imperialism
imperialist
kingdom
manifesto
Marxism
Marxist
party
primitive
social
social science
social study
socialism
socialist
socialize
socio
socioeconomic
system
system analysis
systematization
systematize
›T[—
›T[—
›í@õ“
›í@ð“˜
”Ñ<eÑ@
Mðó
T`¡eõ“
T`¡eð“˜
É`ÏT
úe
Åxcv©
Åxcw cÑM
Åxcw Ø“ƒ
Åxcwõ“
Åxcõð“˜
Åucu
Åxcw
ÅxcwÆ—
e`"ƒ
e`"ƒ ƒ”}“
e`Ÿ
c[Ÿ}
%EMÖ<õ #Ÿ=”$
õ}h =“ S<Ÿ^ ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ uT×S` õƒŸ^ (experiment)
¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”::
Óc<U c=[v ð}Ÿ[ (to experiment)' õƒ¡`
(experimented)' ðƒ"] (experimenter)' õƒŸ^ (experiment) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM::
õƒŸ^ TKƒ ›”É” ¡e}ƒ KTØ“ƒ J” wKA uØ”no ¾}’Åð É`Ñ>ƒ =”Å
TKƒ ’¬::
Ñ’Ñ’ (ð^' ²u' Ö[Ö) ŸT>K¬ ÁT[— nM Ӕѓ (theory) ¾T>K¬”
nM =“Ñ—K”::
Óc<U c=[v Ñ’Ñ’ (theorize)' Ó”Ó” (theorized)' єҘ
(theorist)' Ó”Ó’ƒ (theorization) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: Ӕѓ (theory) TKƒ ƒ¡¡K—’~
KÑ>²?¬U =”"D” u=J” uõƒŸ^ (experiment) ¾}ScŸ[Kƒ TKƒU ¾õƒŸ^”
ð}“ ÁKð SLUƒ (hypothesis) TKƒ ’¬::
%EMÖ<õ (suffix) #c=”$ cÑL© (scientific) ¾Ø“ƒ ²`ö‹” KSc¾U
=”ÅT>ÁÑKÓM Ÿ²=I uòƒ v¨×%E†¬ ÙTa‹ (articles) Là ›w^`‰KG<::
KUdK? ÁIM Ñ<c=” (physics)' Ñ<c=“© (physical)' Ñ<c=’— (physicst)' û"`c=”
(chemistry)' û"`c=“© (of chemistry)' û"`c=’— (chemist)' H>¨c=” (biology)'
H>¨c=“© (biological)' H>¨c=’— (biologist)' =”Ç=G<U N=dwc=” (mathematics)'
N=dwc=“© (mathematical)' N=dwc=’— (mathematician) ÃJ“K<::
û"` (chemi-, chemo-, chemical-) ¾T>K¬ òMÖ<õ (prefix) ¾}Ñ–¬ ®n`
(pSU' SÉN’>ƒ) ŸT>K¬ ¾Ó=´ nM ’¬:: Ÿ²=IU KUdK? ÁIM û"`¬Ñh
(chemotherapy)' û"`¬Ñh© (chemotherapic)' û"`¨Ñ@h (chemotherapist)
¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: ¨Ñ@h ¾T>K¬ nM U”Û *aU— c=J” NŸ=U
TKƒ ’¬::
u}Sddà G<’@ %EMÖ<õ (prefix) #Ÿ=”$ xcÑL© (non-scientific) TKƒU
cÑL© ÁMJ’< ¾Ø“ƒ ²`ö‹” KSc¾U ÁÑKÓK“M:: Ÿ²=IU #Ÿ=“©$ =“ #Ÿ=’—
$ ¾T>K<ƒ” }ÚT] %EMÖ<ö‹ =“Ñ—K”:: xcÑL© TKƒ cÑL© ²È (scientific
method) uSvM ¾T>¨k¬” ¾Ø“ƒ ›"H@É ¾TÃÖkU TKƒ ’¬:: ›=cÑL©
(unscientific) TKƒ Ó” ¾cÑL© }n^’> TKƒ ’¬:: KUdK? ÁIM ¾]¡ Ø“ƒ
xcÑL© ’¬' cÑL© ²È” u}KÃU ÅÓV ¾cÑL© ²È ›”Æ“ ›w¿ ¡õM
¾J’¬” õƒŸ^” (experiment) ›ÃÖkUU“:: Ø”qL =“ TE`ƒ ÅÓV ›=cÑL©
“†¬ TKƒ =”‹LK”:: cÑL© ²È #cÑL© ›T[—$ u}c–¬ SêNô ¬eØ
ueóƒ }w^`…M::
cÑL©' xcÑL©
scientific
non-scientific
unscientific
=“ ›=cÑL©
cÑL©
xcÑL©
›=cÑL©
]¡ (history) =“ ]"© (historical) ŸT>K<ƒ nKA‹ ]Ÿ=” (study of
history)' ]Ÿ=’— (historian)' ]Ÿ=“© (of the study of history) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹
=“Ñ—K”::
=²=I Là ]Ÿ=” =“ ]¡” ¾T>K<ƒ nKA‹ =”ÇÃU~wI
ÁeðMÒM:: ]Ÿ=” TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I ¾]¡ Ø“ƒ TKƒ c=J”' ]Ÿ=’— TKƒ
ÅÓV ¾]¡ Ø“ƒ }S^T] TKƒ ’¬::
G<Kƒ }k“k˜ ]Ÿ=“© Ӕѓ¨‹ (competing historical theories) u=•\
¾ƒ—¬ ƒ¡¡M =”ÅJ’ uõƒŸ^ T[ÒÑØ ›”‹MU' ÁK𬔠²S” SMc”
TU׃ ›”‹MU“:: ÃIU TKƒ G<K~U Ӕѓ¨‹ ¾¾^d†¬ ÅÒò¨‹
Õb†ªM TKƒ ’¬:: =’²=IU ÅÒò¨‹ ¾’@ ’¬ ƒ¡¡M' ¾’@ ’¬ ƒ¡¡M
uSvvM ´”} ¯KU ÁKU”U =Mvƒ c=Ÿ^Ÿ\ K=•\ ËLK<' ¡`¡\ uõƒŸ^
ǘ’ƒ K=sß ›Ã‹MU“:: K²=I ’¬ =”ÓÇ=I ]Ÿ=” xcÑL© ¾Ø“ƒ ²`õ ’¬
¾T>vK¬::
KUdK? ÁIM w`H” ²Ùu=Á (¾Ùu=Á w`H”) ÃvK< ¾’u\ƒ u¬’ƒU
KÙu=Á w‰ dÃJ” KSL¬ Øl` Q´w Lp w`H” ¾’u\ƒ Ll ”Ñ<d‹”
ÇÓT© ›Ö? U’>M¡ ×MÁ”” ›Éª Là =”ÇiSÅSƃ =Ó` uÓ` }ŸƒK¬
ŸvQ`Ñ@ (Eritrea) uTv[` É^g<” ŸTØóƒ ÃMp KU” ŸS[w ¨”´
=”Å}SKc< KSÓKê ¾}k“u\ ¾}KÁ¿ Ӕѓ¨‹ ›K<:: ÓTj‡ Ӕѓ¨‹ ›í@
T>’>K=¡ ¾¨cƃ `UÍ }Ñu= ’¬ c=K<' ¾k\ƒ ÅÓV ┓E†ªM:: ’Ñ` Ó”
Ÿ’²=I Ӕѓ¨‹ ¬eØ ƒ¡¡K—¬ ÃH@ ’¬ wKA u`ÓÖ—’ƒ S“Ñ` ›Ã‰MU'
u²=Á” Ñ>²? ¾’u\ƒ” G<’@¨‹ =”ÅÑ“ uSÉÑU õƒŸ^ T"H@É ›Ã‰MU“::
K²=I ’¬ =”ÓÇ=I c¨‹ ]¡” =”ÇS‰†¬ =ÁuÍÌ SÖkT>Á ¾T>ÁÅ`Ñ<ƒ'
›w³—¬” Ñ>²? K=Ÿ<à }Óv`:: K²=IU ’¬ =”ÓÇ=I ¾²S“‹” ¾—¬ ¾Ùu=Á
vKeM×” ¨ÃU UG<` }w¾ Ñ<Ê‹ - ›ÓÉV ›ÅÓ ÒÖ¨Ù‹ - =“ SÅÈ
}ŸÄ‰†¬ ¾T>ðMÕ†¬” ’Øx‹ w‰ Ÿ²=IU Ÿ²=ÁU =¾KnkS< uSØke
Ÿõ}— Seª=ƒ’ƒ uS¡ðM ’钁‹”” ›eŸw[¬ ÁKñƒ” LLp ËÓ•‰‹””
›ó†¬ =”ÇS×L†¬ ¾T>²Mñƒ“ ¾T>²[ØÖ<ƒ::
iŸ© nKA‹
iŸ (politics) ŸT>K¬ nM uS’dƒ iŸ© (political)' iŸŸ=”
(political science)' iŸŸ=’— (political scientist) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”::
iŸŸ=” TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I ¾iŸ Ø“ƒ TKƒ c=J”' iŸŸ=’— TKƒ ÅÓV
iŸ” ¾T>ÁÖ“ TKƒ ’¬::
ÒÉÁ (`eƒ) ŸT>K¬ ¾¨L× nM ÏÒ (geo- ) ¾T>K¬” òMÖ<õ
(prefix) =“Ñ—K”:: ʼnóT@ (Öð) ŸT>K¬ ¾*aU— nM ÅÓV ɉõ (graph)
¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U c=[v ņð (to graph)' É‹õ (graphed)' ʼnò
(grapher)' Ɇó (graphing)' Ɇó© (graphical) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: =”Ç=G<U graphy
(ɉõ' Ɇó) ÃJ“M::
%EMÖ<õ ɉõ
ɉõ
-graph
ņð
-graph (to)
ʼnò
-grapher
Ɇó
-graphy
eK²=IU ÏÒɆó (geography)' ÏÒʼnò (geographer)' ÏÒɆó©
(geographical)' ÏÒc=” (geology)' ÏÒc=’— (geologist)' ÏÒc=“© (geological)'
ÏÒÑ<c=” (geophysics)' ÏÒÑ<c=’— (geophysicist)' ÏÒÑ<c=“© (geophysical)
ÃJ“K< TKƒ ’¬:: =”Ç=G<U #ÏÒ$ ¾T>K¬” òMÖ<õ M"ƒ (-meter) ŸT>K¬
%EMÖ<õ Ò` uT×S` ÏÒM"ƒ (geometry) ¾T>vK¬” ¾N=dwc=” ²`õ =“Ñ—
K”::
iŸ ¾T>K¬” nM“ ÏÒ (geo-) ¾T>K¬” òMÖ<õ uT×S` ÏÒiŸ
(geopolitics)' ÏÒg"‹ (geopolitician)' ÏÒiŸ© (geopolitical) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹
=“Ñ—K”::
›Æ— (Nwƒ) ŸT>K¬ nM Æ— (econo-) ¾T>K¬” òMÖ<õ (prefix) =“Ñ—
K”::
Ÿ²=IU òMÖ<õ uS’dƒ Æ—Ÿ=” (economics)' Æ—Ÿ=’— (economist)
¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: Æ—Ÿ=” =“ Æ—Ÿ=’— TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I - Ÿ²=I kÅU
u}”³³ G<’@ - #e’ U×’@ Nwƒ$ =“ #¾e’ U×’@ Nwƒ }S^T]$ =”L†¬
¾’u\ƒ “†¬ TKƒ ’¬:: KUdK? ÁIM ¾Øl`” Q´w peU KSeu` =“ƒ
›õ]n” #ÚKT¬ ›IÑ<`$ =ÁK vÑ–¬ ›Ò×T> G<K< ¾T>²M𬓠¾’à‹”
ÏÒiŸ© ØpU (geopolitical interest) KTeŸu` i”Ö<” уa uSqU S`²<”
T` =ÁKc ¾T>’³¬ "The Economist" ¾}c–¬ Sc] SçN?ƒ vT[— c=Ö^
#Æ—Ÿ=’—¬$ ÃJ“M::
Md” (s”s) ŸT>K¬ ¾Ó=´ nM uS’dƒ Md”Ÿ=” (linguistics)'
Md”Ÿ=“©' Md”Ÿ=’— (linguist) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: =”Ç=G<U êOõ
ŸT>K¬ nM èõŸ=” (literature)' èõŸ=“©' èõŸ=’— ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:
Åxcw (social) ŸT>K¬ nM uS’dƒ ÅxcwŸ=” (social science)' ÅxcwŸ=’—
(social scientist)' ÅxcwŸ=“© ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: ÅxcwŸ=” TKƒ
=”ÓÇ=I Ÿ²=I kÅU #¾Qw[}cw dÔe$ =”K¬ ¾’u[¬ ’¬ TKƒ ’¬::
KTe¨e Ã[Ç ²”É u²=I ¡õM Là ¾}Ökc<ƒ ›wà nKA‹ uÉÒT>
uT>Ÿ}K¬ c”Ö[» LÃ }²`´[ªM::
English
economics
economist
historian
history (study of)
linguist
linguistics
›T[—
›T[—
Æ—Ÿ=”
Æ—Ÿ=’—
]Ÿ=’—
]Ÿ=”
Md”Ÿ=’—
Md”Ÿ=”
English
literature
political
political science
political scientist
politician
politics
›T[—
›T[—
èõŸ=”
iŸ©
iŸŸ=”
iŸŸ=’—
g"‹
iŸ
^=à =“ QMU ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ uT×S` ^K=U (idea, ideo-) ¾T>K¬”
nM“ òMÖ<õ =“Ñ—K”::
Ÿ²=IU ^K=T© (ideal, idealistic)' ^K=Uõ“
(idealism)' ^K=S—' ^K=U𓘠(idealist)' ^K=U’ƒ(ideality)' ^K=Uc=”
(ideology)' ^K=Uc=“© (ideologic, ideological)' ^K=Uc=’— (ideologist, ideologue)
¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U c=[v [KS (idealize)' `MU (idealized)'
[LT> (idealizer)' `KT (idealization) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: ^K=U TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I Ÿ²=I
kÅU KT`vƒ uTÁS‹ G<’@ #`°Ä} ¯KU$ =”K¬ ¾’u[¬ ’¬ TKƒ ’¬::
"a^ (=pÉ) ŸT>K¬ ¾*aU— nM óa^ (agenda) ¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—
K”:: KUdK? ÁIM iŸ© óa^ (political agenda) ÃJ“M::
’Åk (Ñ’v) ¾T>K¬ ÁT[— nM construct ¾T>K¬” ¾=”ÓK=²— nM
Ã}"M“M::
Óc<U c=[v ’Åk (construct)' ”Ép (constructed)' ’Çm
(constructor)' ”Ån (construction) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: Q”é ¾T>K¬” nM building
KT>K¬ ¾=”ÓK=²— nM =”}¨ªK”:: Óc<U c=[v N’ç (build)' Q”ê (built)'
N“ç= (builder)' Q’é (building) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM::
KAK? (minister) =”Ç=G<U KAK?f” (ministry) ÃJ“K<:: =”ÓÇ=I KAK? TKƒ
T>’>e‚` TKƒ c=J”' KAK?f” TKƒ ÅÓV #¾T>’>e‚` SY`Á u?ƒ$ TKƒ
’¬:: KUdK? ÁIM #¬ß Ñ<Çà T>’>e‚`$ ¾U”K¬ #¬ß Ñ<Çà KAK?f”$
ÃJ“M:: KAK? TKƒ vT[— ³» ¨ÃU ›ÑMÒà TKƒ ’¬:: ¾T>’>e‚`U
e^ KjS¬ Q´w KAK? SJ”“ TÑMÑM ’¬' =”Ŭ ’Ñ\ vÑ^‹” ¾}ÑLu=Ùi
G<• ’¬ =”Ï::
=”ÓÇ=I ¾”Ån KAK? (construction minister)' ¾”Ån KAK?f” (construction
ministry) ÃJ“K< TKƒ ’¬:: u}ÚT]U kÇT> KAK? (prime minister) ¨ÃU
vß\ kKA (PM)' U¡ƒM kÇT> KAK? (vice prime minister) ¨ÃU UkKA (VPM)
ÃJ“K<:: #kÇT> KAK?$ TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I Ÿ²=I uòƒ #ÖpLà T>’>eƒ`$ =”K¬
¾’u[¬ ’¬ TKƒ ’¬::
^e =“ wN?` ¾T>Kƒ” nKA‹ uT×S` ^eu?` (head of state) ¾T>K¬”
nM =“Ñ—K”:: =”ÓÇ=I ^eu?` TKƒ Ÿ²=I uòƒ #`°c wN?`$ ¾U”K¬ ’¬
TKƒ ’¬::
òƒ =“ S”u` (¨”u`) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ vT×S` òUu` (president)'
òUu^© (presidential) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U c=[v ðSu[(preside)'
õUw` (presided)' ðUv] (presided)' õUu^ (presiding) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM::
=”ÓÇ=I òUu`‹“ (presidency) ÃJ“M:: ¾òUu` S•`Á ÅÓV òSu`Ÿ=
(presidency) ÃJ“M:: Ÿ= TKƒ u¨L× u?ƒ TKƒ ’¬::
V~T (›Ñ`“ Q´w) ŸT>K¬ ¾*aU— nM ~S— (statesman)' ~S˜ƒ
(stateswoman)' ~S—‹“' ~S—’ƒ (statesmanship) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”::
~S— =“ ›e}’@ (¯Ã’ƒ) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ uT×S` ÅÓV ~S—}’@
(statesmanlike) ¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”:: ~S— TKƒ ÁÑ` S] ¨ÃU ¾Q´w
g<U =”ÅTKƒ ’¬::
¨”u` ŸT>K¬ nM S’u[ (to chair) ¾T>K¬” Óe =“Ñ—K”:: S’u[
TKƒ #ewcv S^$ TKƒ c=J” Óc<U c=[v S’u[' U”w` (chaired)' S”v]
(chairman, chairperson)' U”u^ (chairing) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM::
eK²=IU S”v]’ƒ
(charimanship) ÃJ“M TKƒ ’¨:: =”ÓÇ=I S”v] TKƒ Ÿ²=I kÅU - KT`vƒ
uTÁS‹ G<’@ - #K=kS”u`$ =”K¬ ¾’u[¬ ’¬ TKƒ ’¬::
}’uK (KS’' }TKÅ) ŸT>K¬ ¾Ó=´ nM ’wK?¡ (ambassador)' ’wK?"©
(ambassadorial)' ’wK?¡’ƒ (ambassadorship) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U
c=[v ’uKŸ (become or act like ambassador)' ”wM¡' ’wLŸ=' ”wK" ÃH@ÇM::
’uKŸ TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I ’wK?¡ J’ TKƒ c=J” ¾=”ÓKK=— ›‰ Ó” ¾K¬U::
=”Ç=G<U ’wK?¡ =“ Ÿ?(u?ƒ) ¾T>K¬” ¾¨L× nM uT×S` ’wŸ=
(embassy) ¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”::
›e}ÇÅ[ ¾T>K¬” nM KT`vƒ ÃS‹ ²”É uSK¨Ø Ë[c[
(administer, administrate) ¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U c=[v Ë[c[' Ï`e`
(administered, administrated)' Ë`d] (administrator)' Ï`c^ (adminstrating,
administration)' Ï`c^© (administrative) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM::
=”Ç=G<U Ë`c`
(adminstration) ÃJ“M:: KUdK? ÁIM c“Ã Ë`c` (good adminstration) ÃJ“M::
u<M‰ (›e}ÇÇ]) ŸT>K¬ ¾*aU— nM xM‰T> (manager) ¾T>K¬” nM
=“Ñ—K”::
Óc<U c=[v xK†S (manage)' u<M‹U (managed)' xM‰T>'
u<M†T (management) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM::
eK²=IU }xM‰T> (manageable)'
}xM‰T>’ƒ (manageability)' u<M‰T© (managerial) ÃJ“K< TKƒ ’¬::
u<M†T ŸT>K¬ nM uS’dƒ ÅÓV u<M†Tc=” (management study) =“
u<M†Tc=’— ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: u<M†Tc=” TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I ¾u<M†T
Ø“ƒ TKƒ ’¬::
¢’’ (ð[Å' Ç–) ŸT>K¬ ¾Ó=´ nM ¢’S (govern) ¾T>K¬” Óe =“Ñ—
K”:: Óc<U c=[v ¢’S' Ÿ<”U (governed)' ¢“T> (governer)' Ÿ<’T (governing,
governance) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: =”Ç=G<U ¢’U (government)' ¢’T© (governmental)
ÃJ“K<:: KUdK? ÁIM c“Ã Ÿ<’T (good governance) ÃJ“M:: #c“Ã Ÿ<’T$
TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I #SM"U ›e}ÇÅ`$ ¾U”K¬ ’¬ TKƒ ’¬::
S”Óeƒ (state) ÃJ“M:: =”Ç=G<U wN?` (nation, nationality) ÃJ“M::
Ÿ²=IU wN?^© (national)' wN?`õ“ (nationalism)' wN?`𓘠(nationalist)
¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”::
=”Ç=G<U #wN?^© ›Å[Ñ$ ¾T>K¬” N[Ó
uTdÖ` u[Ñ (nationalize)' w`Ó (nationalized)' u^Ñ> (nationalizer)' w[Ò
(nationalization) =ÁK ¾T>H@Ŭ” Óe =“Ñ—K”::
›wN (jS' eM×” cÖ) ŸT>K¬ ¾Ó=´ nM ›uN (authorize) ¾T>K¬”
Óe =“Ñ—K”::
Óc<U c=[v ›uN' =wQ (authorized)' ›vN= (authorizing,
authority)' =uN (authorizing, authorization) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM::
Ÿ²=IU ›uN©
(authoritative)'
›vN=’ƒ
(authority)'
›vN=(authoritarian)'
›vN=õ“
(authoritarianism) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”::
KUdK? ÁIM ›vN= ¨Ÿ=M
(authorizing agency)' =wQ H>¨É‰õ (authorized biography) ÃJ“K<::
Úq’ =“ ›e}ÇÅ[ ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ uT×S` Ú”Å` (regime)
¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U c=[v Ú’Å[' ß”É`' Ú”Ç]' ß”Å^ =ÁK
ÃH@ÇM::
KUdK? ÁIM ›vN= Ú”Å` (authoritarian regime) ÃJ“M:: #›vN=
Ú”Å`$ TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I #ðLß q^ß S”Óeƒ$ TKƒ ’¬::
ŸwN?` Á’c u<É” ’<ewN?` ¨ÃU vß\ ’<eu?` ÃvLM::
=”ÓÇ=I
’<eu?` ¾U”K¬ Ÿ²=I kÅU wN?[cw =”K¬ ¾’u[¬” ’¬ TKƒ ’¬:: ›wÃ
=“ ”®<e ŸT>K<ƒ nKA‹ ›wÄ” (majority) =“ ”®<e„” (minority) ¾T>Kƒ”
nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”::
›Ñ` ŸT>K¬ nM uS’dƒ ›Ñ`ðõ“ (patriotism)' ›Ñ`𓘠(patriot)'
›Ñ`õ“© (patriotic) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: =”ÓÇ=I ›Ñ`𓘠TKƒ Ÿ²=I
uòƒ #›Ñ` ¨ÇÉ$ =”K¬ ¾’u[¬ ’¬ TKƒ ’¬:: ›Ñ`õ“ uSÖ’<U u=J”
}SeÒ˜ vI] c=J” wN?`õ“ Ó” "KT¨p' ŸÅ"T’ƒ ¨ÃU Ÿ´p}˜’ƒ
eT@ƒ ¾T>S’ß ÔÖ˜’ƒ - S¨ÑÉ ÁKuƒ }M"h vI] - ’¬:: Ç”›?M õ]É
(Dan Fried) =”ÇK¬ #wN?`õ“ ›e¡a uTd¨` ¾T>ÑM ›”u<L ’¬$ (Nationalism
is like cheap alcohol. First it makes you drunk, then it makes you blind, then it kills you.).
¤`u`ƒ «Me (Herbert G. Wells) =”ÇK¬ ÅÓV #Ll ›Ñ`õ“ UÉ`õ“ ’¬$
(Our true nationality is mankind).
g”Ô (parliament)' g”Ô— (parliamentarian) “†¬:: ¾g”Ô SkSÝ ÅÓV
g”ÔŸ= (parliament) ÃvLM:: Ÿ= TKƒ u¨L× u?ƒ TKƒ ’¬::
g<U =“ u<É” ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA uT×S` gu<É (committee) ¾T>K¬” nM
=“Ñ—K”::
Óc<U c=[v gxÅ (form committee)' iu<É' gvDÏ' ixÇ =ÁK
ÃH@ÇM::
gxÅ TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I gu<É ›ssS TKƒ ’¬:: Ÿ²=IU gu<f”
(commission) =“ gu<d˜ (commissioner) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”::
KUdK?
ÁIM ¾cÑM gu<f” (science commission) ÃJ“M::
¨MSŸ? (›×S[) ŸT>K¬ ¾*aU— nM ¨MS¡ (corporation)' ¨MS"©
(corporate, corporative)' ¨MSŸ— (corporate) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U
c=[v ¨KSŸ (incorporate)' ¬MU¡ (incorporated)' ¨MTŸ= (incorporator)'
¬MS" (incorporation) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: KUdK? ÁIM ¨MS"© Ÿ}T (corporate
town) ÃJ“M::
v”Ç=^ uÖLƒ ¨[^ Ñ>²? Ÿ×MÁ”— ¾}¨[c v=É nM ’¬:: Ÿ²=Á uòƒ
›w“„‰‹” ¾T>ÖkS<ƒ #®LT c”Åp$ ¾T>K¬” eU ’u`'
=”ÇLT c”Åp ¾¨×‹ u×Dƒ
SÚ’p u³w˜ k” Ÿô‚ d׃'
=”ÇK Ll ŸÁ’> (artist)
) "d }cT::
U”U =”"D” ƒ¡¡K—¬ ›vvM #®LT
(
}cT
c”Åp$ TKƒU ¾c”Åp (¾SsT>Á) ®LT u=J”U'
ucò¬ ¾}KSŬ Ó”
#c”Åp ®LT$ ¾T>K¬” eU ’¬:: ÁU J’ ÃI ÃI” eU uTkLÖõ Q´v‹”
#v”Ç=^$ ¾T>K¬” ¾ÖLƒ nM =”Ç=Ö¾õ KTÉ[Ó Ã[Ç” ²”É ¯LT =“
c”Åp ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ uT×S` ®MTp (flag) ¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”::
®LT c”Åp ¨ÃU vß\ ®MTp ¾T>K¬” nM ØKA v”Ç=^ ¾T>K¬”
nM SÖkU' K?L¬ =”"D” u=k` K®MTk†¬ ¡w` c=K< uËÓ”’ƒ }c¬}¬
ÁKñƒ” =Mõ ›=Lõ cT°ƒ =”ÅS²Kõ ÃqÖ^M::
¾®MTp ’Ñ` Ÿ}’d ¾Mu S<K<’ƒ' ¾Åó`’ƒ' ¾ËÓ”’ƒ' Á`u˜’ƒ“
Ág“ò’ƒ' vÖnLÃU ¾ÉM ›É^Ñ>’ƒ UdK? ¾J’¬” wN?^© ®`T‹””
(national emblem) ›”ud” "MTn‹ ›”e}¬ uß[ƒ SeSa‹ ¾}Ÿ<ƒ Ñ<Ê‹
U¡’>Á†¬ - K²=Á¬U U¡’>Áƒ "L†¬ - }^' ƒ`Ÿ=U`Ÿ=“ }M"h "MJ’
ue}k` K?L U”U K=J” ›Ã‹MU::
=`ÓØ ’¬ U”U =”"D” ›Ñ^‹”
#¾ÅkN?` Åc?ƒ$ (christian island) wƒvMU =¬’¬ Ó” Ÿ²=Á õèU ¾^k
’¬“ ›”ud¬ uÁ²¬ SsT>Á Ýõ Là ÁK¬” SekM uÙ` S}"ƒ }Ñu=
’¬::
u^c< Là ¾Åó¬U ²¬É Ñ>²?¬ ÁKðuƒ ÁÑ^‹”” ’v^© G<’@
¾TÃÑMê UM¡ƒ ’¬“ S’dƒ =”ÇKuƒ ›ÖÁÁm ›ÃÅKU:: ›”ud¬ Ÿ*Ç
Y` u=qU ÅÓV ¬w ŸSJ’<U uLà ¾Ll” ¾*aV” Q´w eT@ƒ
Á”çv`nM:: Ÿ²=Á u}[ð Ó” Ó`T VÑc< ¨Å` ¾K?K¬' u=Á¿ƒ ¾TÃÖÑu¬
¾›^©ƒ ”Ñ<e ›”ud ®`T‹” uSJ’< =ÏÓ u×U M”¢^ ›w“„‰‹”U ÃI”
®`T Ÿ¯KU Q´w G<K< ›ekÉS¬ eKÁ²<M” =ÏÓ u×U M“ScÓ“†¬
ÃÑvM:: ÁMÅK<ƒ Êa“ }Ÿ<L” wN?^© ®`T†¬ ›É`Ѭ Mv†¬ c=¨Mp'
¾— ›”ud” S“p ŸÉ”l`“ ue}k` K?L ƒ`Ñ<U K=cÖ¬ ›Ã‹MU::
uSc[~ ®MTp ŸÚ`p =”ÅT>W^ ¾TÁp ÁK ÃSeM ›”Ç”É Ñ<Ê‹
vM}Ñ^ ›”Åu†¬ #Ú`p ’¬$ u=K<U' S¾ƒ ÁKuƒ Ú`l dÃJ”
ŸÚ`l ue}Ë`v ÁK¬ M¿“ Ÿõ}— ƒ`Ñ<U ’¬:: xƒ Ÿ”Úƒ u=c^U
#=”Úƒ ’¬$ ›ÃvMU:: K?L¬ =”"D” u=k` ÃI” TKƒ uß^i ›ÃÑvU::
ƒMp ’¬`' ¾’¬` ’¬` ’¬' wMÓ“ ’¬' eÉ’ƒ ’¬' Òبؒƒ ’¬::
K²=IU ’¬ ›w“„‰‹” #Ÿc¬ S`Ù Kg<Sƒ' Ÿ”Úƒ S`Ù Kxƒ$ ÁK<ƒ::
Ÿ’c< Ò` =”ÅSö"Ÿ` "M}qÖ[w˜ ÅÓV =’@U SÅȬ Seõ” ›[Ò #ŸqÇ
S`Ù KTp' ŸÚ`p S`Ù LMTp$ MM =¨ÇKG<:: Tp TKƒ KÑ@Ø ¨ÃU
KN²” ¾T>Kue u`•e (u}KÃU ŸuÓ qÇ ¾}W^) TKƒ ’¬' #Tp Kuc'
®SÉ ’c’c$ (ðêV ®²’) =”Ç=K<::
u}ÚT]U #V› ›”ud ²=U’ÑÅ ÃG<Ç$ (ÉM ›É^Ñ>¬ ¾ÃG<Ç ›”ud)
¾T>K¬” Sc[}u=e“ ›dó] Ÿ<Ud (motto) K¨Ø uTÉ[Ó ÅÓV #V›
V› ›”ud
²Ùu=Á$
²Ùu=Á (ÉM ›É^Ñ>¬ ¾Ùu=Á ›”ud) ¾T>K¬” ˬÑ` (statement) - TKƒU
®[õ} ’Ñ` - wN?^© Ÿ<Ud‹” (national motto) uTÉ[Ó uw^‹” LÃ Séõ
=”‹LK”::
Ÿ<Ud TKƒ Sð¡` =”ÅTKƒ c=J” nK< ¾}Ñ–¬U "›<Ud
(¾T>Á’dd ’Ñ`) ŸT>K¬ ¾*aU— nM ’¬::
É`σ =“ TIu` ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ uT×S` É`ÏT (party) ¾T>K¬
nM =“Ñ—K”::
›<S (Q´w) ŸT>K¬ ¾*aU— nM ›<U‚" (republic) ¾T>K¬” nM
=“Ñ—K”::
eK²=IU ›<U‚"©' ›<U‚Ÿ— (republican) ÃJ“M:: =”Ç=G<U
›<U‚¡õ“ (republicanism)' ›<U‚¡ð“˜ (republicanist) ÃJ“K<:: u}ÚT]U
›<U‚"© É`ÏT (republican party) ÃJ“M::
Å`Á (¾I´w ›Ñ`) ŸT>K¬ ¾¨L× nM ‰^ (demo- ) ¾T>K¬”
òMÖ<õ =“Ñ—K”::
eK²=IU ‰^eõ“ (democracy)' ‰^cð” (democrat)'
‰^cð“© (democratic) ÃJ“K< TKƒ ’¬::
‰^eõ“ TKƒ =”ÓÇ=I
#Ç=V¡^c=$ TKƒ ’¬::
Óc<U c=[v ‰^cð’} (democratize)' ‰^eõ”ƒ
(democratized)' ‰^cõ“‹ (democratizer)' ‰^eõ’ (democratization) =ÁK
ÃH@ÇM::
=”ÓÇ=I Ethiopian Democratic Party ¾T>K¬ eU vT[— c=}[ÔU #¾Ùu=Á
‰^eõ“© É`ÏT (Ù‰É)$ ÃJ“M TKƒ ’¬:: ¾²=I” É`ÏT eU ¾ÖkeŸƒ
KUdK? ÁIM w¾ =”Ï ¾É`ÏT¬ ›vM ¨ÃU ÅÒò eKJ”Ÿ< ›ÃÅKU:: g"‹
(politician) ›ÃÅKG<U - S†U ›MJ”U - KiŸ (politics) õLÔ~U ‹KA¬U
¾K˜U“::
#ŸòM K<¯L© Ñ<ɘƒ$ ŸT>K¬ N[Ó ŸK<Ó (federation) ¾T>K¬” nM
=“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U c=[v ŸKÑ (federate, federalize)' ¡K<Ó (federated, federalized)'
ŸLÑ> (federalizer)' ¡KÒ (fedralization) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: =”Ç=G<U ŸK<Ò© (federal,
federative)' ŸK<Óõ“ (federalism)' ŸK<Ó𓘠(federalist) ÃJ“K<::
=”ÓÇ=I
ÁÑ^‹” ¾²S’< eU #¾Ùu=Á ŸK<Ò© ‰^eõ“© ›<U‚"$ (Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia) ¨ÃU vß\ #ÙŸ‰›<$ (FDRE) ’¬ TKƒ ’¬::
¨M =“ ŸK<Ó ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ uT×S` ÅÓV ¨MŸK<Ó (confederation,
confederacy) ¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”::
Óc<U c=[v ¨MŸKÑ (confederate)'
¬M¡MÓ (confederated)' ¨MŸLÑ> (confederator)' ¨M¡KÒ (confederating,
confederation)' ¨MŸK<Ò© (confederational) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM::
=ӂ=G<U
¨MŸK<Óõ“ (confederationalism)' ¨MŸK<Ó𓘠(confederationalist) ÃJ“K<::
ewcv (meeting)' Ñ<v›? (conference) “†¬:: u\Ud (ƒUI`ƒ) ŸT>K¬
¾*aU— nM u?\Ud (seminar) ¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”::
Ÿ²=IU u?\Uc—
(seminarian)' u?\UdŸ= (seminary) ¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”::
=”ÓÇ=I
u?\Uc— TKƒ #¾u?\Ud }"óÃ$ TKƒ c=J” u?\UdŸ= TKƒ ÅÓV u?\Ud
¾T>cØuƒ x TKƒ ’¬::
uSÚ[hU #Ø“ƒ ›¬É$ ¾T>K¬” N[Ó uTdÖ` Ø“¬É (workshop)
¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U c=[v Ö’¨Å' Ø”¬É' Ö”ªÏ' Ø”¨Ç =ÁK
ÃH@ÇM:: u²=I ¡õM Là ¾}Ökc<ƒ ›wà nKA‹ uÉÒT> uT>Ÿ}K¬ c”Ö[»
LÃ }²`´[ªM::
English
ambassador
embassy
administration
administrator
authority
authority
chairman
commission
commissioner
committee
confederation
conference
corporate
corporation
federal
federalism
federation
governance
governer
government
head of state
ideaologist
ideology
incorporate
›T[—
›T[—
’wK?¡
’wŸ=
Ë`c`
Ë`d]
›vN=
›vN=’ƒ
S”v]
gu<f”
gu<d˜
gu<É
¨MŸK<Ó
Ñ<v›?
¨MS"©
¨MS¡
ŸK<Ò©
ŸK<Óõ“
¡K<Ó
Ÿ<’T
¢“T>
¢’U
^eu?`
^K=Uc=’—
^K=Uc=”
¨KSŸ
iŸ© nKA‹
English
manager
management
meeting
minister
ministry
parliament
parliamentarian
party
political science
political scientist
politician
politics
president
prime minister
regime
seminar
seminarian
seminary
statesman
statemanlike
statesmanship
stateswoman
vice prime minister
workshop
›T[—
›T[—
xM‰T>
u<M†T
ewcv
KAK?
KAK?f”
g”Ô
g”Ô—
É`ÏT
iŸŸ=”
iŸŸ=’—
g"‹
iŸ
òUu`
kÇT> KAK? (kKA)
Ú”Å`
u?\Ud
u?\Uc—
u?\UdŸ=
~S—
~S—}’@
~S—’ƒ
~S—
U¡ƒM kÇT> KAK?
Ø“¬É
eL’uu<˜ ›¢‚ (thanks):: uK?L ÙT` (article) =eŸU”Ñ—˜ É[e ÅI“
Ãc”w~' ›wN?` (God) - ¾Ùu=Á ›UL¡ - ÃÖwp¨:: ›¢} TKƒ uÓ=´
›ScÑ’' Ÿõ Ÿõ ›Å[Ñ TKƒ ’¬' #’œŸ<}Ÿ
’œŸ<}Ÿ =Ó²=*$
=Ó²=* (›u?~ =“ScÓ”HK”)
=”Ç=M #çKAƒ
çKAƒ ²²¨ƒ`$
²²¨ƒ` (¾²¨ƒ` çKAƒ):: Óc<U c[v ›¢} (to thank)' =Ÿ<ƒ
(thanked) ' ›"D‹ (one who thanks)' =¢ (thanking) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM:: =”ÓÇ=I
›¢‚ ¾T>K¬ nM - ›ScÓ“KG< ŸT>K¬ ¾}”³³ nM ÃMp pMwß ÁK eKJ’
- =¢ =”Ç=KUÉw” - K}Å[ÑM” ’Ñ` G<K< =”É“Ÿ<ƒ - ¾^c<” =ѳ ÁÅ`ÒM
TKƒ ’¬:: uK?L ›vvM ¡© (formal)1 ¬Çc?” KSÓKê #›ScÓ“KG<$” '
¨ƒ^© (informal) ¬Çc?” KSÓKê ÅÓV =Ø`' UØ” ÁK¬” #›¢‚
›¢‚$”
›¢‚
SÖkU =”‹LK” TKƒ ’¬::
Seõ” ›[Ò ²wN?[ Ÿ<i
¾ƒw~ kw` Åc? - dLÃi::
mesfin.arega@gmail.com
1
¡}—' ¡© (formal, formalistic) TKƒ e’e`¯©' Å”w” ¾Öuk =”ÅTKƒ c=J” nK< ¾}Ñ–
¬U ¾¡ƒ (}Ÿ„ ¾T>kSØ' uv°M w‰ ¾T>Kue) ŸT>K¬ ÁT[— nM ’¬:: Ÿ²=IU ¡}—’ƒ'
¡ƒõ“ (formalism)' ¡}—' ¡ƒð“˜ (formalist)' ¡ƒ’ƒ (formality)' ¡}— c=”c=” (formal logic)
¾T>K<ƒ” nKA‹ =“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U c=[v Ÿ}’ (formalize)' ¡ƒ” (formalized)' Ÿ˜ (formalizer)'
¡}“ (formalization) =ÁK ÃH@ÇM::
u}Sddà G<’@ ¨ƒ[—' ¨ƒ^© (informal) TKƒ Å”w” ÁM}Ÿ}K TKƒ c=J” nK<
¾}Ñ–¬U ¨ƒa (²¨ƒ`' u¾Ñ>²?¬) ŸT>K¬ ÁT[— nM ’¬:: Ÿ²=IU ¬ƒ[ƒ (informality)
¾T>K¬” nM =“Ñ—K”:: Óc<U c=[v ¨}[Ñ (make informal)' ¬ƒ`Ó' ¨ƒ^Ñ>' ¬ƒ[Ò =ÁK
c=H@É ¾=”ÓK=²— ›‰ Ó” ¾K¬U::