Significado de las romerías populares y de las prácticas simbólicas

Significado de las romerías populares y de las
prácticas simbólicas en torno al proceso salud enfermedad en Elche: una aportación desde la
perspectiva fenomenológica
Mª Teresa Pinedo Velázquez
Tesis Doctoral
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PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO ENFERMERÍA Y
CULTURA DE LOS CUIDADOS
Autor: Mª Teresa Pinedo Velázquez
Director: José Siles González
Alicante, 2009
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Tesis presentada para aspirar al grado de Doctor
por la Licenciada
Mª Teresa Pinedo Velázquez
Director: José Siles González
Alicante, 2009
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CERTIFICA:
Que Dª Mª Teresa Pinedo Velázquez, Licenciada en Antropología Social
y Cultural, ha realizado bajo mi Dirección el trabajo titulado «Significado
de las romerías populares y de las prácticas simbólicas en torno al
proceso salud - enfermedad en Elche: una aportación desde la
perspectiva fenomenológica» y reúne, a mi criterio, las condiciones
necesarias para su presentación, lectura y defensa pública ante la
Comisión correspondiente para la obtención del Grado de Doctor por la
Universidad de Alicante.
Lo que firmo a 22 de mayo de 2009
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Agradecimientos
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Asimismo, no quisiera olvidarme de presentar mi respeto y mi más
sincero agradecimiento póstumo a Julián Fernández Parreño. Un fotógrafo que
desde los años cuarenta no sólo inmortalizó la ciudad de Elche con su trabajo,
sino que además “encerró detrás de cada una de sus fotografías una historia
que merecía conocerse y recordarse”, como por ejemplo la visita que la Dama
de Elche realizó a su tierra en 1965. Valgan estas líneas como pequeño y
breve homenaje, porque él se ha ido pero su obra perdura para todos nosotros,
y nos invita a revisar otro tiempo que está en el recuerdo de muchos ilicitanos.
Julián Fernández y esposa, ambos muy vinculados con la “Sociedad Venida de
la Virgen” de Elche, consiguieron dar luz a mi camino para la elaboración de
este trabajo. Gracias por vuestra paciencia y generosidad.
Particularmente gratos han sido los encuentros con mis compañeros del
Programa de Doctorado: a Fernando por apoyarme, confiar en mi y guiar mis
pasos. A Ricardo, por estar pendiente de mi y hacerme ver lo que yo, en
muchas ocasiones, me resistía “a querer ver”. A Dínora, por compartir conmigo
muchas de las dificultades de este largo camino de estudio.
Y por último, quisiera agradecer la colaboración en este trabajo de todas
aquellas personas que desinteresadamente contaron tanto de sí mismos y no
ocultaron ninguna de sus vivencias para lograr llegar a un agradecido final,
como son por ejemplo el equipo de profesionales de la policía local de Elche, y
muy especialmente a los agentes Pedro, Santos y José Antonio.
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1. INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………….. 23
1.1. Origen y justificación de la investigación ………………………….... 30
1.2. Hipótesis……………………………………………………………….. 32
1.3. Objetivos…………………………………………………............................ 34
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1. APROXIMACIÓN A LOS CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS DE LA
INVESTIGACIÓN………………………………………………………………………….37
1.1 La Espiritualidad y su relación con la humanización de la salud………....37
1.2 Los rituales como sistemas de comunicación…………………………………45
1.3 Los símbolos como instrumentos de significado…………………………....49
1.4 Los rituales festivos: buscando una significación………………………….52
1.5 Fiestas Populares y Romerías en Elche………………………………………. 57
a) La Romería de San Antón………………………………….59
b) La Romería del Rocío……………………………………... 62
c) La Romería de San Crispín…………………………………. 64
d) La Romería de Santa Ana……………………………….. 66
e) La Romería Venida de la Virgen………………………….. 67
1.6 La “mirada antropológica” en el proceso de cuidados…………………….. 68
1.7 El paciente y la comunicación no verbal…………………………………… 74
2. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA……………………………………………………. 78
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Instrumento Creador
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Subescala ¿Específica
Grado de
para
desarrollo
pacientes
psicométrico
de cáncer?
Duración/Otras
características/
Comentarios
Inventario de
Creencias (SBI15R) Holland et Dos factores:
al.
creencias/
experiencia;
apoyo social
religioso
Sí
Alto
Cuatro
elementos
presumen fe en
Dios
IRD/DUREL
Sherman
et al.
Participación
religiosa
Sí
Moderado
FACIT-Sp
Brady et
al.;
Peterman
Dos factores:
significado y
paz , fe Sí
Alto. Datos
Parte de la serie
limitados para sobre calidad de
la validación vida FACT-G cruzada.
R-COPE Breve [
Pargament Dos factores:
et al. adaptación
positiva;
adaptación
negativa o
sufrimiento
No
Muy alto
No
Alto. En
desarrollo.
Escala
Fetzer
Multidimensional
de Fetzer
Subescalas
múltiples FICA: Enfoque
espiritual Puchalski
et al. Historia
No
espiritual breve Bajo
Evaluación de la
entrevista por
MD
SPIRIT
Maugans
Entrevista en
No
profundidad con
preguntas
guiadas
Bajo
Evaluación de la
entrevista por
MD Detección y evaluación de inquietudes espirituales. Instituto Nacional del Cáncer.
(http:// cáncer.gov)
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INSTRUMENTOS
OBJETIVOS
JUSTIFICACION
OBSERVACIÓN
PARTICIPANTE
Ser participe del proceso de
construcción, descubriendo
el sentido, la dinámica y los
procesos de los
acontecimientos que viven
los protagonistas en el
medio (el museo) mientras
realizan la visita cultural al
busto de la “Dama de
Elche” .
Aprehender desde un enfoque
investigativo aspectos de la cultura
de todos aquellos que acuden a las
instalaciones del museo: en su
proceso de significación, teniendo en
cuenta situaciones particulares, con
una aproximación lo más completa
posible a la realidad, y permitiendo la
descripción de la cultura desde el
punto de vista de los protagonistas.
Realizar una lectura de la
cotidianidad de los
protagonistas, en un
contexto histórico dado: su
vida en la ciudad desde el
año del hallazgo del busto
de la Dama (4/8/1897)
hasta nuestros días.
Accediendo a los
significados individuales y
colectivos de los
protagonistas, con el fin de
extraer de ellos una
significación vivencial.
Recoger gran cantidad de
información acerca de la singularidad
de los Protagonistas que nos permita
conocer su vivencia social e
interacción construida a lo largo de
su vida en la ciudad de Elche. La
vivencia y construcción de las
significaciones que son particulares y
especificas, induce a la necesidad de
conocer estas construcciones. RELATO DE VIDA
Lograr una aproximación a
ENTREVISTA
SEMIESTRUCTURADA las construcciones de
Recoger información aproximándose
a significados más profundos de los
significación de los
protagonistas, logrando un contacto
individuos, identificando la
más directo entre el investigador y
evolución y desarrollo de los las personas que participan. significados, los problemas
que se van presentando,
comportamientos y estados
emocionales que inciden en
las significaciones de tipo
personal.
DIARIO DE CAMPO
Llevar un control de registro
de actividades diarias que
permitan evidenciar las
vivencias de las personas
que acuden a mirar a la
escultura.
Lograr un registro de actividades que
permitan al investigador la
recolección de datos en momentos
específicos alrededor del busto de la
Dama de Elche. DOCUMENTOS DEL
ARCHIVO HISTÓRICO
DE ELCHE:
fotografías, cartas y
libros.
Para la recolección de los
datos cualitativos primarios
se hizo una recolección de
materiales preexistentes:
periódicos, publicaciones,
estadísticas locales y
documentos del archivo
histórico.
Aportar valiosos datos: para los
ilicitanos la experiencia del regreso
de la Dama es una forma de
identificación con el territorio en cual
viven, donde se reproducen prácticas
colectivas particulares relacionadas
con el busto.
231
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PLANTA PRIMERA DEL PALACIO DE ALTAMIRA
Patio de Armas y Torre donde se alojó el busto de la Dama de Elche.
El busto de la Dama se alojó en
la Torre del Homenaje, a la que
se accedía a través del Patio de
Armas del Palacio de Altamira,
y a través del Museo (MAHE).
427
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(O0XVHRVHFRPXQLFDFRQHO3DWLRGH$UPDVGHO3DODFLRGH$OWDPLUD
428
Estudio de los efectos de la estancia de la Dama de Elche en el Museo Arqueológico
ilicitano 2006-2007. Refleja la afluencia de público al MAHE durante el año 2006.
429
SIMBOLOGÍA
Cartel publicitario “Fuegos Artificiales Peiró” colgado en la fachada del Palacio de
Altamira de Elche en 2006.
EL HECHO DE QUE LA IMAGEN DE LA DAMA SE EQUIPARE A UN
“SANTO LOCAL”, DEMUESTRA EL VALOR QUE TIENE COMO SÍMBOLO
DE IDENTIDAD DE UN PUEBLO.
LA DAMA FOMENTA UNOS VALORES EMOTIVOS, UNOS VALORES DE
CULTURA, DE FIESTA POPULAR, DE MAGIA, DE SENTIDO DE
PROTECCIÓN Y DE HECHIZO.
430
"Estampilla recogida en la procesión de las aleluyas de la Semana Santa 2009 de Elche (Alicante)"
431
ANEXO Nº 2
3/$12'(/081,&,3,2'((/&+(&21/$/2&$/,=$&,•1'(/$6
520(5$62%-(72'((678',2
PORTADA DEL PLANO DEL MUNICIPIO
ILICITANO Y SUS
PEDANÍAS
433
CALENDARIO DE ROMERÍAS
FECHAS de OBSERVACIÓN
San Antón o “Sant Antoni”
17 de Enero de 2007 y 2008
La Romería del Rocío
23 de Mayo de 2007 y 2008
La Romería de Santa Ana
26 de Julio 2008
La Romería de San Crispín
24 de Octubre de 2007 y 2008
La Romería de la “Venida” de la
28 de Diciembre de 2006 y 2008
Virgen de la Asunción ( es bianual)
434
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS PARTICIPANTES ENTREVISTADOS
En relación con los aspectos éticos y el cuidado de la confidencialidad de la
identidad de los participantes: se les informa a todos del uso del contenido de
la entrevista, únicamente para la investigación, y se les asegura no
proporcionar ningún dato nominal.
Participante
Edad Estudios
(años)
Alfa
50
ninguno
Beta
43
primarios
Gamma
46
superiores
Delta
62
ninguno
Épsilon
75
ninguno
Dseta
37
primarios
Eta
17
BAT
Zeta
25
secundarios
iota
47
primarios
Situación
de Salud
que relata
Problema
oncológico
Ningún
Problema
Problema
depresión
Problema
oncológico
Problema
Ansiedad
Soledad
Problema
estrés
laboral
Problema
estrés
Exámenes
Problema
corazón
Problema
ansiedad
435
Romería
Santa Ana 2008
Asistencia a
servicios
religiosos
sí
La Venida 2006
no
La Venida 2008
si
San Antón 2007
no
San Antón 2008
no
El Rocío 2007
sí
El Rocío 2008
no
San Crispín 2007
no
San Crispín 2008
sí
ROMERÍA DEL
ROCÍO
Camino del
Pantano
ERMITA SAN CRISPÍN
En el barrio de Carrús.
436
Camino
Viejo de
Elche a
Santa
Pola.
Romería
de la
“Venida
de la
Virgen”.
SAFARI
Zona
descanso
durante
la
romería
ERMITA VIEJA Y
CAMINO
BALSARES
NÚCLEO URBANO
VALVERDE
ERMITA DE SANTA
ANA.
437
ERMITA DE SAN ANTÓN
Camino Viejo de Elche
438
RUTA O
VEREDA
439
440
441
442
443
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Reunido el Tribunal que suscribe en el día de la fecha acordó otorgar,
por…………………………a la Tesis Doctoral de Doña Mª Teresa Pinedo
Velázquez la calificación de………………………….
Alicante
de
El Secretario
de 2009
El Presidente
UNIVERSIDADDEALICANTE
ComisióndeDoctorado
La presente Tesis de Dª Mª Teresa Pinedo Velázquez ha sido registrada con el
nº…..........................del registro de entrada correspondiente.
Alicante
de
El Encargado del Registro
de 2009