Didáctica de las Matemáticas

Anuncio
/! . (! 7( !"-67".7( 6
)78-1I5!1"/!8 (2/5(.5(
2!8-1I15. (2/!(! 7( =!(6 (3-(/5
7"5(I/6"0/>=35"/!(>+"!"-6.7".7( 6
2!(&1ICH
8561IZXY[LZXY\
YJ5&/(> (2/&"/"5-
.(-$- &./,
:
(,% )& . 3 - *$ &,
:
&-'&43*,& 4#$-%.%. -<CJ
=
. $-.%. -<K=
,.,
-(&715(
/,-(
Z@
/., %-.,
Y@=Z@
(%&+/- %*,.
67"--/1
+/ - .(-*,1 (-
(/5"48(6(71635":(16
-/$; ((.
/.(,
' 36 8-!:(!J!(&1U .386:(8J"6
-/$; ((.
(&-/$.(,
' 36 8-!:(!J!(&1U .386:(8J"6
,(-(, &1 .(
(%-,.
D
&.,(/ )&
56 8/ (/751!8 (2/ !" -16 35(/ (3(16 !" - 3"!&1&) 7(:G 6" '5 8/ 5"%-"<(2/ 615" -6
3157 (1/"6=-(.(7 (1/"6!"-1635(."5168715"648"6"1 8351/!"-!(! 7( "63" )%( !"
-67".7( 6J
( ' !(6 86(2/ 6" "67-" "5 6(&8("/!1 "- '(-1 !" -6 3157 (1/"6 3167"5(15"6G '67 --"&5 3-/7"5-/" "6(!!!"-"678!(1/162-1!"-6"736":1-87(:6!"-36( 1-1&)!"--8./!1
!"35(.5(G6(/17.($/!"-'(6715((/7"5/!"-67".7( 6(/:1-8 5!6"/"- 855( 8-8.
!""6"73"!8 7(:J
6 /" "6(!! !" 1/1 "5 - '(6715( 6" "<7"/!"5-/" "6(!!!" 1/1 "5-35- 8-785
"63" )%( - 48" 3"57"/"> "- -8./!1G !" - ./1 !" -6 .1!"5/6 (/:"67(& (1/"6 "/
7/17".7( 6J
"/751!"-35138"67!"8/ 855( 8-8."/ 8-785(>!15G6"15!5/-6!(! 7( 6!" !
-148"!"-16 1/7"/(!16G6!6"/"-35(/ (3(1!"5"%-"<(2/"(/:"67(& (2/"/- (2/G"/-6
."71!1-1&)6 7(:6G"/-"3(67".1-1&)=-36( 1-1&)&"/$7( 6G"/-1631678-!16
61 (13"!&2&( 16="-861!".7"5(-"6./(38-7(:16=6"/6(78 (1/"6!(! 7( 6
1/7"<78-(>!6"/"-"/715/1 8-785-!"--8./11-8./G35% (-(75-"6"-35"/!(>+"
.("/756-1 1/6758="/J
#. 1(-&,$-
161+"7(:163513(16!"-6(&/78561/I
•
!48(5(5 1.3"7"/ (6 .7".7( 6 6( 6 O/8.$5( 6G - 8-1G &"1.$75( 6G
5"35"6"/7 (1/"6 "63 (-"6G "67(. (2/ = ."!(!G 15&/(> (2/ " (/7"535"7 (2/ !" -
(/%15. (2/G"7 JP
•
1/1 "5"- 855) 8-1"6 1-5!"-6.7".7( 6
•
/-(>5G5>1/5= 1.8/( 535138"676.7".7( 6
•
-/7"5=5"61-:"5351-".6:(/ 8-!16 1/-:(! 17(!(/
•
-155 - 5"- (2/ "/75" .7".7( 6 = ("/ (6 1.1 8/1 !" -16 3(-5"6 !"-
3"/6.("/71 ("/7)%( 1
•
"6551--5=":-85 1/7"/(!16!"- 855) 8-1."!(/7"5" 85616!(! 7( 163513(!16
=351.1:"5-6 1.3"7"/ (6 155"631/!("/7"6"/-16=-6"678!(/7"6J
E
(%*.& -3,-/$.(-*,& 4#
JYM 3 (!! 35 1.35"/!"5 - 1.3-"+(!! !" -16 351 "616 "!8 7(:16 "/ &"/"5- = !" -16
351 "616!""/6"0/>L35"/!(>+""/357( 8-5J
J[M3 (!!35"67(.8-5=:-155"-"6%8"5>1=- 1/67/ ("/-16O-6P"678!(/7"6J
J^M 3 (!! 35 87(-(>5 1.1 '"55.("/76 !" 75+1 '(78-"6 -6 7" /1-1&)6 !" -
(/%15. (2/= 1.8/( (2/"/-6 7(:(!!"6!""/6"0/>=35"/!(>+"J
JJYJ!48(5(5 1.3"7"/ (6.7".7( 66( 6O/8.$5( 6G - 8-1G&"1.$75( 6G
5"35"6"/7 (1/"6"63 (-"6G"67(. (2/=."!(!G15&/(> (2/"(/7"535"7 (2/!"-(/%15. (2/G
"7 PJ
JJZJ1/1 "5"- 855) 8-1"6 1-5!".7".7( 6J
JJ[J/-(>5G5>1/5= 1.8/( 535138"676.7".7( 6J
JJ\J-/7"5=5"61-:"5351-".6:(/ 8-!16 1/-:(! 17(!(/J
JJ]J-155-5"- (2/"/75".7".7( 6= ("/ (6 1.18/1!"-163(-5"6!"-3"/6.("/71
("/7)%( 1J
JJ^J"6551--5=":-85 1/7"/(!16!"- 855) 8-1."!(/7"5" 85616!(! 7( 163513(!16=
351.1:"5-6 1.3"7"/ (6 155"631/!("/7"6"/-16"678!(/7"6J
-%(/-(>5"67".2!8-16""63"548""-"678!(/7"6" 3>!"I
JYJ"5 3>!"3-( 5-1635(/ (3(166( 16=-6-"="6%8/!."/7-"6!"-6.7".7( 6J
JZJ"6 5((5"- 855) 8-1"6 1-5!".7".7( 6"/-"73!""!8 (2/35(.5(=-6
3 (!!"6.7".7( 6!"-16"678!(/7"6!""67"73J
J[J-/7"5=5"61-:"5351-".6.7".7( 163-( !16-:(! 17(!(/J
J\J" 1/1 "5-6!(%( 8-7!"6!"35"/!(>+"48"6"35"6"/7/"/-"/6"0/>!"-6
7".7( 6"/-"73"!8 7(:!"^YZ016J
J]J"-" (1/5-165" 85616.63513(!1635683"55-6!(%( 8-7!"6!"35"/!(>+""/"-
.31!"-6.7".7( 6J
J^J-155-6316((-(!!"6!"-16!(67(/716.$71!16!"":-8 (2/3-( !16-5"!"
.7".7( 6J
J_J1/1 "5-6"6757"&(6!(! 7( 635"/6"05"<75"5 155" 7."/7"-(/%15. (2/!"
F
-16351-".6.7".7( 16J
J`J"6551--5 1/7"/(!16!"- 855) 8-1!"-6.7".7( 6."!(/7"5" 85616!(! 7( 16
3513(!16"/ 7(:(!!"6!"35"/!(>+" 1/ 5"76J
JaJ-155 5)7( ."/7"!(67(/716.7"5(-"6!(! 7( 1648"6"87(-(>/"/.7".7( 6G
":-8/!168!" 8 (2/-/(:"-"!8 7(:1!"35(.5(J
JYXJ-155"6757"&(635!"6551--5 1.3"7"/ (6.7".7( 66( 6!" - 8-1G
&"1."75)=5"35"6"/7 (1/"6"63 (-"6J
G
ZJ".5(1
(&.& (-
YJ5":"'(6715(!"-(! 7( !"-67".7( 6
YJYJ" 5-1=
YJZJ1/7"6615(
YJ[J(&"7
YJ\J8(&!.
ZJ/6"0/>=35"/!(>+"!"-6.7".7( 6
ZJYJ"15)6!""/6"0/>!"-6.7".7( 6
ZJYJYJ1/ "3 (2/(!"-(67M3-72/( 1
ZJYJZJ1/ "3 (2/ 1/6758 7(:(67
ZJZJ"15)6!"35"/!(>+"!"-6.7".7( 6
ZJZJYJ"15)!"-615 (2/
ZJZJZJ"15) 1&/(7(:
ZJ[J(%( 8-7!"635-"/6"0/>M35"/!(>+"!"-6.7".7( 6
ZJ[JYJ(%( 8-7!"65"- (1/!6 1/-16 1/7"/(!16.7".7( 16
ZJ[JZJ(%( 8-7!"6 86!6315-6" 8"/ (!" 7(:(!!"635138"676
ZJ[J[J(%( 8-7!"648"6"15(&(//"/-15&/(> (2/!"- "/751
ZJ[J\J(%( 8-7!"65"- (1/!6 1/-.17(: (2/!"--8./!1
ZJ[J]J(%( 8-7!"65"- (1/!6 1/"-!"6551--136( 1-2&( 1!"-16-8./16
ZJ[J^J(%( 8-7!"65"- (1/!6 1/-%-7!"!1.(/(1!"-16 1/7"/(!16
/7"5(15"6
ZJ\J67/!5"635-"/6"0/>!"-6.7".7( 6
ZJ\JYJ838"6716!"-16"67/!5"6
ZJ\JZJ5"6
ZJ\J[J(6 8561
ZJ\J\J/715/1
ZJ\J]J/-(6(6
ZJ]J"71!1-1&)635-"/6"0/>M35"/!(>+"!"-6.7".7( 6
ZJ]JYJ5/6316( (2/!(! 7( ZJ]JZJ"71!1-1&)6
[J855) 8-1.7".7( 135-!8 (2/5(.5(
[JYJ(/"6=1+"7(:16!"-"!8 (2/.7".7( [JYJYJF1548$=3548$"/6"05.7".7( 6E
[JYJZJ+"7(:16&"/"5-"6!"-"!8 (2/.7".7( [JZJ1/7"/(!16.7".7( 16"/-!8 (2/5(.5(
[J[J5("/7 (1/"6615"-":-8 (2/
[J\J(6"01=&"67(2/!"8/(!!"6!(! 7( 6
[J\JYJ-"."/7167"/"5"/ 8"/7"/-3-/(%( (2/!"8/8/(!!!(! 7( [J\JZJ(6"01!"8/8/(!!!(! 7( [J\J[J":-8 (2/!"-8/(!!!(! 7( H
\J" 85616!(! 7( 1635"-"678!(1!"-67".7( 6
\JYJ" 85616!(! 7( 16
\JZJ1/6"+1635 5"58/5" 8561!(! 7( 1
\J[J-&8/635" 8 (1/"67"/"5"/ 8"/7
\J\J" 856167" /1-2&( 16
]J(! 7( !"-5(7.$7( I1/ "371!"/9."51=6(67".6!"/8."5 (2/
]JYJ1/7"/(!16.)/(.16!"-5(7.$7( "/5(.5(
]JZJ-/9."51/785-
]JZJYJF8$"6"-/9."51E
]JZJZJ-15(&"/!"-/9."51
]JZJ[J-35"/!(>+"!"-68 "6(2/!"3-56/8.$5( 6
]JZJ\J1/75
]JZJ]J-35"/!(>+"!"-15!"//8.$5( 1
]JZJ^J5!(/-"6
]J[J(67".6!"/8."5 (2/
]J[JYJ"6 5(3 (2/= 5 7"5)67( 6!"-166(67".6!"/8."5 (2/
]J[JZJ-35"/!(>+"!"-6(67"."6 5(71!"/8."5 (2/
]J\J-15316( (1/-!"-6 (%56
]J]J1.316( (2/=!"6 1.316( (2/!"/9."516
]J^J" 85616!(! 7( 1635"-35"/!(>+"!"- 1/ "371!"/9."51
]J^JYJ:-8 (2/=!(&/267( 1(/( (-
]J^JZJ!" "/=- "/7"/13"5715(
]J^J[J+".3-1!"6" 8"/ (!" 7(:(!!"635"-35"/!(>+"!"- 1/ "371!"
9."51
]J_J7"5(-"6
]J_JYJ-148"6.8-7(6( 16!"("/"6
]J_JZJ 1
]J_J[J"&-"768(6"/(5"
^J(! 7( !"-5(7.$7( I-&15(7.166( 16
^JYJ6"6!"-5"35"6"/7 (2/!(! 7( !"-613"5 (1/"6
^JZJ!( (2/!"/9."516/785-"6
^JZJYJ1/ "371635":(16
^JZJZJ/-(6(6!"-13"5 (2/
^JZJ[J-&15(7.16
^JZJ\J" 8"/ (!(! 7( ^JZJ]J5515"6 1.8/"6
^J[J8675 (2/!"/9."516/785-"6
^J[JYJ1/ "371635":(16
^J[JZJ/-(6(6!"-13"5 (2/
^J[J[J-&15(7.16
^J[J\J" 8"/ (!(! 7( ^J[J]J5515"6 1.8/"6
^J\J51!8 71!"/9."516/785-"6
^J\JYJ1/ "371635":(16
^J\JZJ/-(6(6!"-13"5 (2/
^J\J[J-&15(7.16
^J\J\J" 8"/ (!(! 7( ^J\J]J5515"6 1.8/"6
^J]J1 ("/7"!"/9."516/785-"6
^J]JYJ1/ "371635":(16
I
^J]JZJ/-(6(6!"-13"5 (2/
^J]J[J-&15(7.16
^J]J\J" 8"/ (!(! 7( ^J]J]J5515"6 1.8/"6
^J^J- 8-1."/7-
^J_J7"5(-"6=5" 856165"- (1/!16
_J(! 7( !"-5(7.$7( J9."516"/7"516G5 (1/-"6=!" (.-"6
_JYJ9."516"/7"516
_JZJ9."5165 (1/-"6I%5 (1/"6=/9."516!" (.-"6
_JZJYJ5 (1/"6I(/7"535"7 (2/="5515"6 1.8/"6
_JZJZJ9."516!" (.-"6I(/7"535"7 (2/="5515"6 1.8/"6J
`J(! 7( !"-"1."75)
`JYJ1/7"/(!16.)/(.16!"-"1."75)"/5(.5(
`JZJ"6551--1 1&/(7(:1=351&5"6(2/"/"-35"/!(>+"
`JZJYJ6(/:"67(& (1/"6!"(&"7615""-!"6551--1!" 1/ "3716
&"1.$75( 16
`JZJZJ-.1!"-1!"/
("-"
`J[J(%( 8-7!"6"/"-35"/!(>+"!"-&"1."75)
`J[JYJ+"716=%(&856&"1.$75( 6
`J[JZJ" 1."/! (1/"635-"/6"0/>M35"/!(>+"!"-161+"716=%(&856
&"1.$75( 6
`J[J[J"1."75)"63 (-
`J[J\J" 1."/! (1/"635-"/6"0/>M35"/!(>+"!"-&"1."75)
"63 (-
`J\J7"5(-"6
`J\JYJ"13-/1
`J\JZJ/&5.
`J\J[J" /161"17(56
`J\J\J-148"6-2&( 16
`J\J]J8"&16!"6(."75)6
`J\J^J1%7;5"!"&"1."75)!(/.( aJ(! 7( !"-&/(78!=-"!(!
aJYJ1/7"/(!16.)/(.16!"-"!(!=&/(78!"6"/5(.5(
aJZJ/6"0/>=35"/!(>+"!"-."!(!!".&/(78!"66"&9/(&"7
aJZJYJ 1/6"5: (2/!"-6."!(!6
aJZJZJ75/6(7(:(!!!"-6."!(!6
aJZJ[J736!"!"6551--1!"- 1/6"5: (2/=-75/6(7(:(!!
aJZJ\J6"6"/"-35"/!(>+"!"-."!(!J
aJ[J(78 (1/"6=5" 85616
aJ[JYJ 7(:(!!"6!"3"5 "3 (2/= 1.35 (2/
aJ[JZJ 7(:(!!"6!""67(. (2/
aJ[J[J 7(:(!!"6!"."!( (2/
aJ\J(%( 8-7!"6="5515"6"/-"/6"0/>="-35"/!(>+"!"-."!(!
aJ]J7"5(-"6
aJ]JYJ-/>
aJ]JZJ-."751
aJ]J[J16:616&5!8!16
J
YXJ(! 7( !"-67!)67( =-51(-(!!
YXJYJ1/7"/(!16.)/(.16!"-51(-(!!=-67!)67( "/5(.5(
YXJZJ"6551--1 1&/(7(:1=351&5"6(2/"/"-35"/!(>+"
YXJZJYJ67!)67( YXJZJZJ51(-(!!
YXJ[J(78 (1/"6=5" 85616
YXJ[JYJ>1/.("/71"67!)67( 1
YXJ[JZJ>1/.("/71351(-)67( 1
YXJ[J[J" 85616615"67!)67( I75+1 1/351=" 716
YXJ[J\J" 85616615"51(-(!!
YXJ\J(%( 8-7!"6="5515"6"/-"/6"0/>M35"/!(>+"!"-67!)67( =-
51(-(!!
YXJ\JYJ67!)67( YXJ\JZJ51(-(!!
YXJ]J7"5(-"6
YXJ]JYJ51=" 7163567!)67( YXJ]JZJ8"&16=7-"516
YXJ]J[J1%7;5"356(.8- (1/"6351(-)67( 6
YXJ]J\J"1"5"/"-"678!(1!"-351(-(!!=-"67!)67( K
[J"71!1-1&)
C; (/%&.(%/$. % 3.2.(-
- 35(."5 !) !" - .7"5( 6" 351315 (1/5 -16 "678!(/7"6 8/ !1 8."/71 !(/.( 1 !" -
.7"5(48"(/7"&561/(!1G(.&"/=7"<71"6 5(71J67"!1 8."/7138"!"87(-(>56"6(/%5/+
'155( -1 -5&1 !" 71! - .7"5(J &8-."/7" "- -8./!1 7"/!5 "6(-" "- .7"5(-
7"25( 1"-15!1315"- 1/68-715!"-6(&/785"/%15.71J3!%J
D; $--.), -:
; (-$(&-/$.(,
-35(."5!)!"-.7"5(6"351315 (1/5-16"678!(/7"68/:)!"1(/751!8 715(1!"-
.7"5( "-15!1 315 "- 1/68-715G "/ "- 8- 6" ' " 5"%"5"/ ( - (/751!8 (2/G
."71!1-1&)G (-(1&5%) 5" 1."/!!G "7 J 85/7" "- 75/6 8561 !" - .7"5( "675/
!(631/(-"61756 -6"6&5!6(.357(!6315"- 1/68-7151- 1/68-715J1!16"6716
:)!"1631!5/:(6(1/56"6(/%5/+'155(-1-5&1!"71!-.7"5(J
b.
$--% -.,$-(&$(&-/$.(,
85/7""-75/6 8561!"-.7"5(G"- 1/68-7155"631/6-"!"-.(6.(.357(5 -6"6
.&(675-"6 315 :(!"1 1/%"5"/ (G !1/!" 6" 351%8/!(>5 "/ 7".6 5"- (1/!16 1/ -
.7"5(J676 -6"6!""5/6"&8(56""/"-'155(1"67-" (!1"/-3-/(%( (2/!" !
.7"5(G6(("/48"!5/&5!6358/316(-":(6(1/!13167"5(15J
c.
($*,(-(, &1 .(
.($/6"351315 (1/5/-16"678!(/7"6:)!"16"-15!16315-16."+15"6"<3"5716
(/7"5/ (1/-"6"/"-5"G!1/!"6"7575/7".6!" 78-(!!=L15"-":/ ( ("/7)%( H
"6716:)!"1631!5/:(6(1/56"6(/%5/+'155(!85/7""-75/6 8561!"-.7"5(J
E; . 1 -/ -
1/"-%(/!"351%8/!(>5=!"75757".65"- (1/!16 1/ !.7"5(6"5"-(>5/:5(6
7(:(!!"6&8(!6315357"!"-351%"615!1!"-/(:"56(!!75:$6!":(!"1 1/%"5"/ (J
676 -6"6!""5/6"&8(56""/"-'155(1"67-" (!1"/-3-/(%( (2/!" !.7"5(G6(("/
48"!5/&5!6358/316(-":(6(1/!13167"5(15J
F; (,((&.
'"55.("/7 !"- 151 1 "/7" 6"5 ".3-"! !" %15. 6)/ 51/ 35 7575 7".6 !"
!"7"3-/7"!16315"-351%"615!1!"-J1.16"(/!( "/"-6(&8("/7"357!1G"67
'"55.("/77.($/6"".3-"5355"61-:"5-6!8!6!"--8./!1"/"-'(-1!"/1.(/!1
8715)6J
CB
G; /.(,!-
; /.(,!-($. 1-
" (.357(5/ !" %15. 6)/ 51/ ."!(/7" :(!"1 1/%"5"/ (6 - (/( (1 = - %(/- !" -
.7"5(J / - 35(."5 6" 35"6"/75 - .7"5( O351%"615!1G 3-/(%( (2/ = .7"5(-
5" 1."/!!1P = - 6"&8/! "675 !"67(/! 5"61-:"5 -6 !8!6 3-/7"!6 315 "-
-8./!1G 68 :-15 (2/ 615" "- !"6551--1 !" - .7"5(G = - 35"35 (2/ !" -
":-8 (2/J676 -6"6!""5/6"&8(56""/"-'155(1"67-" (!1"/-3-/(%( (2/!"
!.7"5(G6(("/48"!5/&5!6358/316(-":(6(1/!13167"5(15J
; /.(,! & 1 /$
- -8./!1 !(631/!5 !"- 357!1 ! !"/751 !"- 151 1 "/7" !" ! .7"5(
353-/7"5686!8!6"/5"- (2/ 1/-.(6.J""67./"5G"-351%"615!1!"-
31!5 7"/!"5 71!16 -16 -8./16 = -8./6 -1 .6 351/71 316(-"G 35"35/!1
35":(."/7" "- .7"5(- 75+5 35 5"61-:"5 686 !8!6J - 351%"615!1 !" - 5"631/!"5-6!8!6"/8/(/7"5:-1!"!16175"6!)6J<(67(5G!".6G8/357!1
!"!( !1 35"&8/76 615" "- .7"5(- 7"25( 1G "/ "- 48" 6" 5" 1&"5/ -6 !8!6 35
48""- 1/68-715-65"68"-:!85/7"-66"6(1/"6!":(!"1 1/%"5"/ (J
: ! ! ! " O&(%,;*$$ (?%*/-1 /;-P &%#! !% !%! ! ! "!&
H; % &, (
1.1 1.3-"."/71 - .7"5( (.357(!G "/ ! 6(&/785 6" 5"-(>5/ 7(:(!!"6
357( (37(:6 615" 5":(6(2/ (-(1&5%( G 7".6 !" (/7"5$6 = 78-(!! 615" - .7"5(G
7".6 !" (/( ( (2/ - (/:"67(& (2/ 1 861 !" '"55.("/76 G 48" 6" (.357(5/ 315 "-
351%"615!1 !" - !" %15. 6)/ 51/ O1 6)/ 51/P ."!(/7" - '"55.("/7 !"
:(!"1 1/%"5"/ (J
I; ,#(/.)&(%(&,/*(
- -8./!1G -1 -5&1 !" ! 8/ !" -6 .7"5(6G 7"/!5 - 316((-(!! !" "67-" "5
!"7"6=38"676"/ 1.9/"/715/1-16.7"5(-"6!1 "/7"6J
J; ,#(/.)&(%($$/%&(
6 /" "65( 8/ (.3-( (2/ !"- -8./!1 48" (/ -8= - -" 785 5)7( !" - (-(1&5%)G "-
"678!(16(67".7( 1!"7".6G-5"%-"<(2/615"-16351-".63-/7"!16G-5"61-8 (2/!"-6
7(:(!!"63-/7"!6G-9648"!G/-(6(6="-15 (2/!"(/%15. (2/G"7 J-351%"615!1
3513(1 !" - /(:"56(!! 6"&8(5 7"/("/!1 8/ %8/ (2/ !" &8)G 3"51 6" "<(&(5 - "678!(/7"
48"13(/"G5"68"-:G 1/68-7"=31/&"/35 7( 71!148"--148"'35"/!(!1J
CC
\J:-8 (2/
-.%1$/ )&
-1!"-1!":-8 (2/!""678!(/7"6"/-6"6867"/7"/-1635(/ (3(16!"-63 (18513"1!"
!8 (2/ 83"5(15 OPG = "67 !37!1 - "6758 785 !" %15. (2/ :(578- 3513( !" "67
/(:"56(!!J " "67" .1!1G 6" !(5(&" - ":-8 (2/ !" 1.3"7"/ (6J " 8"5!1 1/ - !"6 5(3 (2/
48" 6" ! "/ - 8) 1 "/7" "/"5- !"- 7)78-1 35"6"/7.16 8/ 5"68."/ !" - !(675(8 (2/ !" -16
315 "/7+"6!"":-8 (2/J
1$/ )&
(&. &/>
1$/ )&
FBN
O.)/(.1]LYXP
1$/ )&
-/%. 1>
HBN
O.)/(.1]LYXP
1$/ )&(&. &/$-- &./,->>
O3157%1-(1P
2%& &$
58"68.7(:=%(/-7"25( 1M35 7( O35"&8/76("576G
35"&8/76!"358"1+"7(:G"<."/758/ !1G"7 JP
>-,+/ - .( & -*&-$*,-/*,,$- &./,*,(,*,.(;
>>/ )&3(,, )&$ &0!-. -(&-& $-&$-. 1 -*,. * )&9.,-$
*(,.($ (3*,/-1$/ )&;(&,+/ - .(- & -*&-$-*,-/*,,$- &./,;
CD
]J(-(1&5%)
868"-GJGYa_`J/!"%"/6"1%!:/ "15&/(>"56I5"3-=717'" 5(7( 6J":(";1%!8 7(1/-"6"5 'G\`G
Z]YMZ]_
7/"51GJGZXXYJ(! 7( !"-67!)67( G5831!"/:"67(& (2/"/!8 (2/67!)67( J5/!JI
`\M^aaM\Za]M^
7/"51GJ=)>GJGZXYYJ67!)67( 1/51=" 716G"357."/71!"(! 7( !"-67".7( 6J
/(:"56(!!!"5/!JIa_`M`\M^a\MaY]ZMZG!(631/(-""/
'773ILL;;;J8&5J"6LQ7/"51LL-(516L(51351=" 716J3!%
7/"51GJ=1!(/1GJJGZXX[J671 67( =68!(! 7( 35."67516J"357."/71!"(! 7( !"-6
7".7( 6J/(:"56(!!!"5/!JI`\Ma[Z]YXMXM[G!(631/(-""/
'773ILL;;;J8&5J"6LQ+&1!(/1L"!8.7M."67516L
511!=GJJGYa``J-3"/6.("/71.7".7( 1!"-16/(016J!5(!I(615L
18:("5GJ="15&"GJGYa`\G( (1/5(1!".7".7( 6G,-!(715"6
1="5JGYa^`J
(6715(!"-.7".7( J-(/>!(715(-G!5(!
5(/!GJ='":-("5GJJGYaa]J"6"/+"8<!(! 7(48"6!/6-R"/6(&/"."/7!"6.7'$.7(48"6J5(6I
7("5
51866"8GJGYa``J7(-(!!"(/7"5$6!"-!(! 7( 358/351%"615J8.G\I]MYZ=8.]I]MYZO6"&8/!
357"J
5(GJGYaa\J(-161%)!"-"67!)67( G"5:( (1!"8-( (1/"6!"-/(:"56(!!!"-"/ (
6 --/GJJGYaa`J/( ( (2/-.7".7( J7"5(-"6=5" 85616!(! 7( 16G8-J/7(--/JI
`\MZa\M^^[\M_
6751GJGZXXYJ(! 7( !"-7".7( "/-!8 (2/5(.5(J!5(!I)/7"6(6
"/7"/1GJGYa``J9."516!" (.-"6JF1548$EF548$EJ!5(!I)/7"6(6
'.1551GJ="-.1/7"GJJGYa``J-351-".!"-."!(!J(! 7( !"-6.&/(78!"6-(/"-"6O/9.JY_PJ
!5(!I!(715(-)/7"6(6JJ
'":--5!GJGYa`]J75/6316(7(1/!(! 7(48"J5"/1-"I"/6$"8:&"
(!GJGZXXZJ16.1!"-16 1/ 5"716"/-"/6"0/>!"-16/9."516/"&7(:16J 76!"-615/!635"-
35"/!(>+"=/6"0/>!"-67".7( 6OPG!"-/(:"56(!!!"5&1>J.($/38"!"
"/ 1/7556""//7"5/"7I'773ILL;;;J8/(>5J"6L&-!"/1L35"35(/76L35"XYJ'7.-
(!GJG1!(/1GJJG=7/"51GJGZXX[J(67".6/8.$5( 16=68!(! 7( 35."67516G"357."/71!"
(! 7( !"-67".7( 6J/(:"56(!!!"5/!JI`\Ma[Z]YXM\M^G!(631/(-""/
'773ILL;;;J8&5J"6LQ+&1!(/1L"!8.7M."67516L
1-" 7(:1"5(2!( 85GYa`ZJ(! 7( !"-16/9."516"/7"516J!5(!I8"6758-785-
/7>(&GJGYa_YJ-/9."51-"/&8+"!"- ("/ (J!J
168!."5( /G8"/16(5"6
CE
("/"6GJJG1-!(/&GJJGYa^^J<3-15 (2/!"-"63 (1=35 7( !"-."!(!J"(!"
( ,61/GJG51;/GJ=(61/GJGYaaYJ-35"/!(>+"!"-6.7".7( 6J!5(!I=!J15
1/-!61/GJGYa_`J'(-!5"/K6(/!6J1/!1/I1/7/L511.
"-.GXM`]^^\M_]aM\
"5//!">GJG-13(6GJJ=-1GJGYa`]J(016 1/!(%( 8-7!"635-6.7".7( 6J!5(!I
(6 '"(/GJGYaa[J'"7'"15=1%%(&85- 1/ "376J!8 7(1/-78!("6(/7'".7( 6GZ\IY[aMY^Z
-15"6GJGZXXYJ35"/!(>+"=":-8 (2/J/J6751O!JPG(! 7( !"-.7".7( "/-!8 (2/5(.5(
O33J\YM]aPJ!5(!I)/7"6(6
1/7GJGYaa\J17(: (2/=!(%( 8-7!"6!"35"/!(>+""/.7".7( 6J8.GY_IYXMY^
18>GJGZXX\J1!"-1!"/
("-"35-!(! 7( !"-"1."75)G/36"1315-&"1."75)G( -1!"
1/%"5"/ (6J(631/(-""/
'773ILL!(:8-&.7ZJ"'8J"6L!(:8-&.7Y]L(/!"<J3'3E137(1/b 1.N 1/7"/7T(!bYX``\T!(5" 715=b^_T6'1;--bY
!/"5GJGYa`\J- 5/:-.7".7( 1J-(/>!(715(-G!5(!O\J"!JP
1!(/1GJJG7/"51GJ=1GJGZXX[J"!(!=68!(! 7( 35."67516J"357."/71!"(! 7( !"
-67".7( 6J/(:"56(!!!"5/!JI`\Ma[Z]YXMZMG!(631/(-""/
'773ILL;;;J8&5J"6LQ+&1!(/1L"!8.7M."67516L
1!(/1GJJ=8(>GJGZXX[J"1."75)=68!(! 7( 35."67516J"357."/71!"(! 7( !"-6
7".7( 6J/(:"56(!!!"5/!JI`\Ma[Z]YXMYMYG!(631/(-""/
'773ILL;;;J8&5J"6LQ+&1!(/1L"!8.7M."67516L
1!(/1GJO(5" 715PGZXX\J"357."/71!"(! 7( !"-67".7( 6J/(:"56(!!!"5/!JI`\M
a[[]Y_MYM_J67"-(51 1/7("/"-1/1&5%)S8/!."/716!"-"/6"0/>="-35"/!(>+"!"-6
.7".7( 6S=-6357"6G1/1 (.("/716!(! 7( 16G!"-65"67/7"6.1/1&5%)638-( !6315"-351=" 71
!8.7M."67516G!(631/(-""/'773ILL;;;J8&5J"6LQ+&1!(/1L"!8.7M."67516L
2.">GJGYa``J8."5 (2/=- 8-1G1-" (2/I7".7( 68-785=35"/!(>+"J!J)/7"6(6JI`\M
__[`MXY\M_G!(631/(-""/'773ILL;;;J8:J"6L&1.">L(638-( (1/"6!"!1.(/(138-( 1J'7.-
87($55">GJGZXXaJ38/7"6!"7".7( 6=68(! 7( J/(:"56(77!"-#/ (G!(631/(-""/
;;;J8:J"6L&87("55"L5 '(:16YL.&(67"5(1L"!(!NJ3!%
1:"--GJGYa__J"6551--1!"-16 1/ "37166( 16.7".7( 16= ("/7)%( 16"/-16/(016J157G!5(!
5)/GJ=83(0">GJJGZXX]J16/8":165(/ (3(16=67/!5"6!"-"/ 67"--/1G\`G33JYX]M
YYZ
15"/1GJGYa`[J3"!&1&)13"5715(G(J5 "-1/
115"GJJGYaaYJ" '(/&77(67( 665"63" 7-"68+" 7G/J15!1/=J15!1/O"!6JPG77(67( 6%157'"
;"/7=M(567"/785=GO33JY\MZ]PJ7'".7( -661 (7(1/1%."5( GYaaYJ51%"66(1/-7/!5!6%15" '(/&7'".7( 6J"671/GI
1.!"!"8GJGZXYZJ(! 7( !"-67".7( 6G/(:"56(77/7"5/ (1/--"/ (/LO"/35"/6P
157"6'" GJGYaa[J7".7( 6=68!(! 7( J".M
CF
(&"7GJG"/'"-!"5GJGYa]YJ&"/$6"!"-R(!$"!"'65! '">-R"/%/7J5(6I5"66"6/(:"56(7(5"6!"5/ "
866"--GJGYa^aJ"%(/( (2/!"/9."51J(&.J-.8/!1!"-6.7".7( 6J1-J\G!J";./GJG5(+-1G
$<( 1
("&"-GJJH5(/"5!GJJGYa`[I-7"5/7(:6(&"7J(5.(!"I!5(!
,".3GJGYa`XJ6( 1-1&)!"-35"/!(>+"!"-6.7".7( 6J157G!5(!
/!"--"GJJGZXXYJ-"."/75=/!.(!!-"6 '11-.7'".7( 6J" '(/&
!":"-13."/7--=O\?"!JPJ";15,I1/&./
'(-'"-.(GJJGZXX\J1.(/715(=51(-(!!G"357."/71!"(! 7( !"-67".7( 6J
/(:"56(!!!"5/!JI`\Ma[[]Y_MXMaG!(631/(-""/
'773ILL;;;J8&5J"6LQ7/"51LL-(516L-(51;'(-'"-.(J3!%
CG
Descargar