Reforma política en México: concreción de lo posible
Anuncio
Reforma política en México: concreción de lo posible Political Reform in Mexico: Realization of the Possible Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya En-claves del Pensamiento, vol. VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre, 2014, pp. 99-122.
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de
México Distrito Federal, México
En-claves del Pensamiento,
ISSN (Versión impresa): 1870-879X
dora.garcia@itesm.mx
en-claves.ccm@servicios.itesm.mx
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de
Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México
México
REFORMA POLÍTICA EN MÉXICO
Concreción de lo posible
MIGUEL ÁNGEL VALVERDE LOYA*
Resumen
!
"#$%&'(#&$)(*$(#+&#,(-.&)&$,/0#+&-(,*1)/,0#&$#234/,(5#&$#&"#6%&#$/$78$#
.0*)/+(#.("9)/,(#)/&$&#-0:(*90#&$#&"#;($7*&<(5#=0#'%&")(#*&0"#&"#*/&<7(#+&#
7(>/&*$(#+/'/+/+(#:#.0*1"/</<#"&7/<"0)/'05#.*(./(#+&"#*37/-&$#.*&</+&$,/0"?#@0#*&A(*B
-0#.("9)/,0#,($,*&)0+0#&$#07(<)(#+&#CDEC#A%&#&"#*&<%")0+(#+&#%$#/$)&$<(#.*(,&<(#
+&#+/<,%</F$#:#$&7(,/0,/F$5#6%&#>%<,0>0#&<)0>"&,&*#-&,0$/<-(<#6%&#A0'(*&,/&B
*0$#"0#,*&0,/F$#+&#-0:(*90<#"&7/<"0)/'0<#:#"0#,0.0,/+0+#&A&,)/'0#+&#7(>/&*$(#(#
7(>&*$0>/"/+0+?#!<)&#0*)9,%"(#0$0"/G0#"(<#)&-0<#6%&#<&#<(-&)/&*($#0#+&>0)&#:#&"#
,($)&4)(#&$#&"#6%&#<&#""&'F#0#,0>(5#0<9#,(-(#<%<#/-."/,0,/($&<5#,($#*&A&*&$,/0#
0#<%#<%<)&$)(#)&F*/,(?#H&#,($,"%:&#6%&#"0#-&$,/($0+0#*&A(*-0#.("9)/,0#,($)/&$&#
0'0$,&<#</7$/A/,0)/'(<5#:#<&#*&A"&4/($0#<(>*&#.(</>"&<#A%)%*0<#-(+/A/,0,/($&<?
!"#"$%"&'(#")*+'*37/-&$#.*&</+&$,/0"5#*&A(*-0#.("9)/,05#,($7*&<(5#-0:(*90<#"&B
7/<"0)/'0<5#7(>&*$0>/"/+0+?
Abstract
I=&#$&J#&$'/*($-&$)#(A#,(-.&)/)/'&#+&-(,*0,:#/$#2&4/,(5#J=&*&#$(#</$7"&#
!"#$%$&'#(!')%*(+',(%+-(.'/")$%*($0(1"02)-,,3(+',(.'4-('()-'#$%*(%+-()$,5("6('(4$B
7$4-4(2"7-)0.-0%('04("6(#-2$,#'%$7-(2)$4#"&53(!)-,-0%($0(!)-,$4-0%$'#()-2$.-,8(
K# L*(A&<(*#+&#"0#!<,%&"0#+&#M*0+%0+(<#&$#N+-/$/<)*0,/F$#L8>"/,0#:#L("9)/,0#L8>"/,05#!MNL5#
H&+&#;/%+0+#+&#234/,(5#I&,$("F7/,(#+&#2($)&**&:5#;0-.%<#;/%+0+#+&#234/,(5#-'0"'&*+O/)&<-?-4
99
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
100
Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya
!"#$%&'()(*+'$,#-&,.$+*"(#/#0$(1$23435)$6786$9+5$)"#$,#53')$&-$+1$(1)#15#$0(5:
*355(&1$+10$1#4&)(+)(&1$%,&*#55#5;$9"(*"$5&34")$)&$#5)+<'(5"$.#*"+1(5.5$(1$
-+/&3,$&-$)"#$*,#+)(&1$&-$'#4(5'+)(/#$.+=&,()(#5$+10$)"#$#--#*)(/#$*+%+*()>$&-$4&:
/#,1.#1);$&,$4&/#,1+1*#?$!"(5$+,)(*'#$+1+'>5#5$)"#$)&%(*5$53<=#*)$)&$0#<+)#$+10$
!"#$%&'!#(!$)'$*")%"$)!$!&&+$,-.%#/$.0$*#--$.0$!"#$)1,-)%.!)&'0/$*)!"$2#3#2#'%#$!&$
()5$)"#&,#)(*+'$53%%&,)?$@)$(5$*&1*'30#0$)"+)$)"#$+-&,#.#1)(&1#0$%&'()(*+'$,#-&,.$
*&1)+(15$5(41(-(*+1)$+0/+1*#5;$+10$()$,#-'#*)5$&1$%&55(<'#$-3)3,#$.&0(-(*+)(&15?
!"#$%&'()$%,#5(0#1)(+'$,#4(.#;$%&'()(*+'$,#-&,.;$*&14,#55;$'#4(5'+)(/#$.+=&,()(#5;$
4&/#,1+1*#?
Introducción
A'$,B4(.#1$%,#5(0#1*(+'$#5)+<'#*(0&$#1$CBD(*&$%&,$'+$E&15)()3*(F1$0#$8G8H$
"+<I+$-31*(&1+0&$5(1$0(-(*3')+0#5$03,+1)#$0B*+0+5;$0#<(0&$+$'+$*&1*#1),+*(F1$0#'$
%&0#,$#1$#'$)()3'+,$0#'$A=#*3)(/&$>$53$*&1),&'$0#'$,B4(.#1$0#$%+,)(0&5$+$),+/B5$
0#'$J+,)(0&$K#/&'3*(&1+,(&$@15)()3*(&1+'$LJK@M?$N+$*&15),3**(F1$0#$.+>&,I+5$'#:
4(5'+)(/+5$ 1&$ ,#%,#5#1)+<+$ 1(14O1$ %,&<'#.+;$ >$ '&5$ &),&5$ +*)&,#5$ %&'I)(*&5$ 5#$
#1*&1),+<+1$53<&,0(1+0&5$+$'+$+3)&,(0+0$%,#5(0#1*(+'?$P(1$#.<+,4&;$#'$13#/&$
*&1)#D)&$0#$*&.%#)#1*(+$0#.&*,Q)(*+$#1$#'$%+I5;$R3#$+'*+1SF$31$%31)&$0#*(5(/&$
#1$8GGH;$*3+10&$#'$JK@$%#,0(F$'+$.+>&,I+$+<5&'3)+$#1$'+$EQ.+,+$0#$T(%3)+0&5;$
*&1/(,)(F$#1$,#+'$#'$,(#54&$0#$4&<(#,1&$0(/(0(0&$>$%+,Q'(5(5$'#4(5'+)(/+;$%,&%(&$0#'$
,B4(.#1$%,#5(0#1*(+'?
A'$#5*#1+,(&$(10(*+<+$+"&,+$+$R3#$R3(#1$&<)3/(#,+$'+$%,#5(0#1*(+$0#$'+$K#%O:
<'(*+$L0#$*3+'R3(#,$%+,)(0&$%&'I)(*&M$1&$1#*#5+,(+.#1)#$)#10,I+$.+>&,I+$53-(*(#1)#$
#1$'+5$*Q.+,+5$'#4(5'+)(/+5;$%+,+$+%,&<+,$535$(1(*(+)(/+5?$A'$J&0#,$N#4(5'+)(/&;$
+"&,+$.Q5$%'3,+'$>$+5#,)(/&;$+53.(,I+$31$%+%#'$.3*"&$.Q5$+*)(/&$>$,#'#/+1)#$#1$
'+$/(0+$%&'I)(*+$1+*(&1+'?$P#$%#,-('+<+$0#50#$#1)&1*#5$'+$1#*#5(0+0$0#$''#/+,$+$
*+<&$,#-&,.+5;$R3#$%#,.()(#,+1$'+$*&15),3**(F1$0#$*&+'(*(&1#5$'#4(5'+)(/+5$U.I1(:
.+5$4+1+0&,+5V;$>$'+$+0&%*(F1$0#$&),&5$.#*+1(5.&5$%+,+$-+/&,#*#,$'+$*+%+*(0+0$
#-#*)(/+$0#$4&<(#,1&$&$4&<#,1+<('(0+0?8$A5)+5$,#-&,.+5$*&15)()3>#1$#=#,*(*(&5$
0#$ 0(5#W&$ (15)()3*(&1+';$ *&1$ *+.<(&5$ 0#$ '#4(5'+*(F1$ >$ 1&,.+5$ (15)()3*(&1+'#5$
#5%#*I-(*+5;$5#$%,#)#10#1$.&0(-(*+,$#'$-31*(&1+.(#1)&$0#'$,B4(.#1$%&'I)(*&?6
8$ X(&/+11($P+,)&,(;$*+&,-'%(.#.(-(,"/+(.'".0+&,-'%(;$2'(+1S+$Y1(/#,5()+,(+;$C+0,(0;$8GGH;$%%?$8ZG:
4567$ 8)#!#2$ 9&"-#'/$ :;".'<#0$ .'=$ ;"&)%#0$ )'$ >-#%!&2.-$ ?@0!#10A/$ #'$ B2#'=$ CD,".2!$ @$ E#2'.2=$
X,&-.+1$L#05?M;$12%%(-34.+3.56"7,%&+6.8#(,"/9.:((;"(.+3'.<6,"&3+,-="(/$F2.#<#2/$9G#H.$I&2+/$4JKLM
6$ 2,#10$N(=%"+,)$>$E+,'&5$[?$\+(5.+1$L#05?M;$:3(,-,;,-%3+6.>"(-43.-3.?"$.>"/%7&+7-"(;$\#5)/(#9$
F2#00/$E&G-=#2/$4JJN7$8&'.-=$O&2&*)!P/$:;&'0!)!G!)&'.-$8#0)<'Q$F2&,&0.-0$H#20G0$F2&%#00#0A/$#'$
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
Reforma política en México: concreción de lo posible
101
!"# $%&%'()*'# $'# +,,-.# '/# 0*'1%$'"2'# 3'/%0'# 45/$'*6"# $%7# 5# &7"7&'*# 8"5#
0*708'125#$'#*'97*(5#07/:2%&7;'/'&27*5/#05*5#(7$%9%&5*#/5#'12*8&28*5#%"12%28&%7"5/#
$'/#*<=%('"#07/:2%&7#'"#><?%&7.#@8'#%"&/8:5#/71#1%=8%'"2'1#'/'('"271A#1'=8"$5#
B8'/25#'"#/5#'/'&&%6"#0*'1%$'"&%5/.#*'/'&&%6"#/'=%1/52%B5#C#$'#0*'1%$'"2'1#(8"%&%;
05/'1.#*'$8&&%6"#$'#"D('*7#$'#%"2'=*5"2'1#$'/#47"=*'17.#&5"$%$528*51#%"$'0'";
$%'"2'1.#%"%&%52%B5#&%8$5$5"5.#*'9'*<"$8(.#*'$8&&%6"#$'/#8()*5/#05*5#'/#*'=%12*7#
$'#05*2%$71#07/:2%&71.#%"%&%52%B5#0*'9'*'"2'#$'/#0*'1%$'"2'.#7)1'*B5&%7"'1#5/#0*';
1808'127#07*#'/#!E'&82%B7#C#*'&7"$8&&%6"#0*'1808'125/FG#>8&H71#$'#'1271#&7(;
07"'"2'1#C5#H5):5"#1%$7#%"&/8%$71#'"#0*708'1251#0*'B%51#$'#B5*%71#5827*'1#C#
05*2%$71.#07*#/7#@8'#/5#507*25&%6"#&7"1%12%6#'"#/5#(5"'*5#$'#&7()%"5*/71.#05*5#
0*7&8*5*#97*25/'&'*#5/#I7$'*#!E'&82%B7#C#H5&'*#(J1#'9%&%'"2'#/5#/5)7*#/'=%1/52%B5F#
K*51#/51#*'97*(51#%"&7(0/'251#'"#/71#J()%271#9%1&5/#C#'"'*=<2%&7.#51:#&7(7#/71#
(5/71#*'18/25$71#05*5#'/#05*2%$7#$'#45/$'*6".#I5*2%$7#L&&%6"#M5&%7"5/#NILMO.#
'"#/51#'/'&&%7"'1#/'=%1/52%B51#%"2'*('$%51#$'#E8/%7#$'#+,,-.#'/#0*'1%$'"2'#27(6#
/5#%$'5#$'#/5#"'&'1%$5$#$'#0*%('*7#/7=*5*#8"#&5()%7#'"#'/#J()%27#07/:2%&7.#05*5#
/8'=7#0*7&8*5*#2*5"197*(5&%7"'1#$'#(5C7*#5/&5"&'#C#0*798"$%$5$#'"#72*71#1'&;
27*'1F#P8'=7#$'#8"#/5*=7#$')52'#C#0*7&'17#/'=%1/52%B7.#@8'#(7$%9%&6#1%="%9%&52%;
B5('"2'# /5# 0*708'125# %"%&%5/# $'/# 0*'1%$'"2'# 45/$'*6".# '"# 5=7127# $'# +,Q+# 1'#
0*7(8/=6#'/#$'&*'27#07*#'/#@8'#1'#*'97*(5*7"#C#5$%&%7"5*7"#$%B'*151#$%1071%&%7;
"'1#$'#/5#47"12%28&%6"#I7/:2%&5.#'"#(52'*%5#07/:2%&5F
!/#5*=8('"27#&'"2*5/#$'#'12'#5*2:&8/7#'1#@8'#05*5#/7=*5*#&7"&*'25*#8"5#*'97*;
(5#07/:2%&5.#1'#*'@8%'*'#'"&7"2*5*#&7%"&%$'"&%51#'"2*'#/71#5&27*'1#%"B7/8&*5$71.#
'"#$7"$'#1'#08'$5"#='"'*5*#%"&'"2%B71#C#5*(7"%R5*#/71#%"2'*'1'1#05*5#)81&5*#
&5()%71#&7"#B%5)%/%$5$.#@8'#08'$'"#1'*#=*5$85/'1#7#%"&*'('"25/'1F#P5#*'97*(5#
%"2'=*5/#7#'"#&7"E8"27#$'#27$7#'/#*<=%('"#07/:2%&7#08'$'#1'*#/7#$'1'5)/'.#1%"#
'()5*=7.#5"2'#/5#&5*'"&%5#$'#&7"$%&%7"'1#05*5#25/#25*'5.#1'#B5/7*5"#('$%$51#
05*&%5/'1#C#/71#5B5"&'1#*'10'&27#5#/5#1%285&%6"#@8'#0*'B5/'&'F#P5#*'97*(5#&7";
&*'25$5#'"#5=7127#$'#+,Q+#98'#*'18/25$7#$'#'12'#0*7&'17F
!/#7)E'2%B7#$'#'12'#2*5)5E7#'1#//'B5*#5#&5)7#0*%('*7#8"#*'&8'"27#$'/#$'15;
**7//7#$'#/51#"'=7&%5&%7"'1#'"2*'#/71#$%12%"271#5&27*'1#07/:2%&71.#C#0*7&8*5*#$%;
/8&%$5*# 181# (72%B5&%7"'1# C# &7(07*25(%'"27F# !"# 8"# 1'=8"$7# 505*25$7.# 1'#
5"5/%R5"#/71#$%12%"271#2'(51#@8'#1'#17('2%'*7"#5#$%1&81%6"#C#"'=7&%5&%6".#'/#
&7"2'?27#'"#@8'#1'#$%'*7"#C#181#%(0/%&5&%7"'1.#&7"#*'9'*'"&%5#5#18#1812'"27#
L"$*'S#T'C"7/$1.#!"#$%&'"()#')*&#$+,$-#.+'&/'0!"#$%&'(")*+,-'.+/0"1'-..!"#$%&'(!"23324
G# 4/58$%5#U8'**'*7.#VP5"R5#45/$'*6"#*'97*(5#07/:2%&5W.#'"#1#,+&./.#$%&%'()*'#QX.#><?%&7.#
+,,-F#P5#0*708'125#7*%=%"5/#$'/#!E'&82%B7#%"&/8:5#/5#95&8/25$#$'#%"%&%5&%6"#$'#/'C'1#05*5#/5#Y80*';
56"7&'/-"(-"89./+:+6"(-";6"<6:+=*"-*"6.9*/&."(-":&5>-/-*:+6"(-;"1&(-'"89(+:+6;4"?+*"-5@6'A&!"-;"
2'(5#@8'$6#98'*5#$'#/5#$%1&81%6"#2'(0*5"5('"2'.#5"2'#'/#*'&'/7#$'/#47"=*'17#$'#&7"1%$'*5*#727*;
=5*#95&8/25$'1#/'=%1/52%B51#5#'12'#07$'*F
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
102
Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya
!"#$%&'()!*+,%-.)&'+')"/"+".!')0*$*)&'+0$".1"$)0'2%&%'."2)3)*&&%'."2)1")/'2)
*&!'$"2)0'/4!%&'2)%.5'/6&$*1'27)8")&'.&/63")*)0*$!%$)1"/)"9*+".)"2!*)"90"$%".&%*()
:6")"/)+*$;".)0*$*)$"*/%<*$)+'1%=%&*&%'."2)*/)2%2!"+*)0$"2%1".&%*/)"9%2!"()0"$')
.')"2)+63)*+0/%'7)>/),*/*.&");"."$*/)"2):6")/*)$"='$+*)0'/4!%&*)0$'&6$#)3)/';$#)
='$!*/"&"$()*6.)&6*.1')1")+*."$*)/%+%!*1*()/*);',"$.*,%/%1*1)')&*0*&%1*1)"="&?
!%5*)1");',%"$.'7)8")".&6".!$*)!*+,%-.):6")"/)+'+".!')".):6")2")0$"2".!*)
6.*) %.%&%*!%5*) @!"#"$%A) 1") $"='$+*) 0'/4!%&*) "2) 0*$!%&6/*$+".!") %+0'$!*.!"() *24)
&'+')6.*)0$'06"2!*)1")0*2'2);$*16*/"2)".)26)%+0/"+".!*&%#.()0*$*)/';$*$)26)
*&"0!*&%#.)3)*0$',*&%#.7
La propuesta del Ejecutivo y las propuestas partidistas
>/) 0$"2%1".!") B*/1"$#.) C%<') 0D,/%&*) 26) 0$'06"2!*() 2%.) /*,'$) 1") &*,%/1"')
0'/4!%&')0$"5%')&'.)/*2)&E+*$*2)/";%2/*!%5*2)')/'2)0*$!%1'2)0'/4!%&'2)1")'0'2%&%#.7)
>2!')2")%.!"$0$"!#)&'+')6.)"$$'$)"2!$*!-;%&'()0"$')!*+,%-.)&'+')6.)$"&6$2')
0*$*)='$<*$)3)*+0/%*$)"/)1",*!"()")%.&".!%5*$)*)1%5"$2'2)2"&!'$"2)1")/*)&%61*1*?
.4*)*)%.5'/6&$*$2"7)F*)$"206"2!*)=6")/*)='$+6/*&%#.)1")0$'06"2!*2)*/!"$.*2)0'$)
0*$!")1")/'2)2".*1'$"2)1"/)GHI()/*)1%$%;".&%*)1"/)G*$!%1')1")/*)H"5'/6&%#.)J"?
+'&$E!%&*)@GHJA)@K6.!')&'.)"/)G*$!%1')1"/)L$*,*K'()GL()3)B'.5"$;".&%*()1"206-2)
//*+*1')G*$!%1')M'5%+%".!')B%61*1*.'()GMBA()3)"/);$60')1")1%06!*1'2)="1"$*?
/"2)1"/)GHI)1"/)>2!*1')1")M-9%&'7)
F'2)1%06!*1'2)+"9%:6".2"2)*&!6*$'.)".)*0'3')*)/*)0'2%&%#.)1"/);',"$.*1'$)
>.$%:6")G"N*)O%"!'()0$"&*.1%1*!')1"/)GHI)*)/*)0$"2%1".&%*)1")/*)H"0D,/%&*()3)
:6%".)2")+*.%="2!#)".)6.)*$!4&6/')06,/%&*1')".)+*$<')1")PQRQ)".)6.)0"$%#1%&')
1")&%$&6/*&%#.).*&%'.*/)*)=*5'$)1")/*)"/%+%.*&%#.)*/)!'0")1")/*)2',$"$$"0$"2".?
!*&%#.)3)/*)$"%.2!*6$*&%#.)1")6.*)&/E626/*)1");',"$.*,%/%1*1()/*)&6*/)&'.2%2!")".)
'!'$;*$)/*)+*3'$4*)/";%2/*!%5*)".)/*)BE+*$*)1")J%06!*1'2)*):6%".)',!65%"$*)"/)
ST)0'$)&%".!')1")/'2)5'!'27U)F'2)2".*1'$"2)1"/) GHI()".&*,"<*1'2)0'$)M*./%')
U) >.$%:6") G"N*) O%"!'() VM*3'$4*2) ".) "/) B'.;$"2') 0*$*) 6.) >2!*1') "=%&*<W() ".) &'( )$"*+,-.'()
+*$<')RX()M-9%&'()PQRQ7)8',$")"/)!"+*)1")&/E626/*)1");',"$.*,%/%1*1)3)!'0"2)*)/*)$"0$"2".!*&%#.()
!"#$%&'#(()%*&+,-%./&+)0/#.(&1&2,)3&'4&5#.%16&/,+-"0+$!-(.$0(1--+#2"'"+-3(45$-!"!6!"5$.'(7+-"%$(
.$0(&'+8!5,.'(79$.#"8-((B*+,$%1;")Y.%5"$2%!3)G$"22()B*+,$%1;"()RZZP()007)RX[?PQT7)J")*&6"$1')
&'.)"2!'2)*6!'$"2()/*)&/E626/*)1");',"$.*,%/%1*1)'!'$;*)6.*)+*3'$4*)/";%2/*!%5*)*)6.)0*$!%1')&'.)"/)
+*3'$)0'$&".!*K")1")5'!'2)',!".%1'2()/')&6*/)=*5'$"&")*)/*);',"$.*,%/%1*1)0"$')2',$"1%+".2%'.*)
"/)0"2')$"/*!%5')1")/'2)0*$!%1'2);$*.1"2()1%2!'$2%'.*.1')26)$"0$"2".!*!%5%1*17)>/)!'0")*)/*)2',$"$$"?
0$"2".!*&%#.)"5%!*):6")/'2)0*$!%1'2)0'/4!%&'2)',!".;*.)+E2)"2&*N'2)1")/'2):6")/"2)&'$$"20'.1".)
".)$"/*&%#.)*)/'2)26=$*;%'2):6")$"&%,".()0*$*)+*.!"."$)/*)0$'0'$&%'.*/%1*1()&'.)/*)%+0/%&*&%#.)1")
:6")2%).%.;D.)0*$!%1')',!%".")6.*)+*3'$4*()"2!')2")5"*)$"=/"K*1')".)/*)&'+0'2%&%#.)1")/*2)*2*+,/"*2)
/";%2/*!%5*2()0'!".&%*/+".!")&'+0/%&*.1')/*);',"$.*,%/%1*17)\-*2")"$:,.;(07)RQ7
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
Reforma política en México: concreción de lo posible
103
!"#$%&'()*+%,(-.&/+(-$0(,*(&0()&1(,"0%&2&*"3#$4,&"-/$+",*(&/+(-$0(,5$").&6"7%!
"#$%#"&'(%'$&")&"*"(#+#,#'-&.()*"+*,#'-*"%&.(/$&,&(+*("*-%0%$*$%1'(2#(3*4%'#-#56(
7,4*.( )"&)8#.-*.( )"%%.-*.( .#( $&,)*3%'*"&'( 9( $&,)+#,#'-*"&'( 2#.)8:.6( ;+(
<=>(*)&91(#+(.#.3&()*"+*,#'-*"%&?(9(#@-#'2#"(+*(#+#$$%1'()&"("#)"#.#'-*$%1'(
)"&)&"$%&'*+()*"*(-&2&(#+(<&2#"(A#3%.+*-%B&6
A*.($"C-%$*.(*(+*()"&)8#.-*(2#+()"#.%2#'-#(D*+2#"1'()"&B%'%#"&'(-*'-&(2#(+C2#!
"#.()*"+*,#'-*"%&.(9()*"-%2%.-*.?($&,&(2#(*'*+%.-*.(9(*$*2:,%$&.6(E#(+#(*$8.1(2#(
F8#"#"(%'B*2%"(0*$8+-*2#.(9(.&,#-#"(*+(D&'3"#.&?(*.C($&,&(2#(48.$*"(0*B&"#$#"(
#+(4%)*"-%2%.,&6(A*()*"-#(2#(+*()"&)8#.-*(2#+(;G#$8-%B&()*"*()"&$8"*"(0&"-*+#$#"(
+*()*"-%$%)*$%1'($%82*2*'*(/%'%$%*-%B*($%82*2*'*?($*'2%2*-8"*($%82*2*'*?("#0#!
":'28,5(.#(%'-#")"#-1($&,&(8'(,#2%&()"&)%$%&()*"*(+*(%'-#"B#'$%1'(2#(+&.(H)&!
2#"#.( 0I$-%$&.J( #'( +*( B%2*( )&+C-%$*( %'.-%-8$%&'*+6( E#( $8#.-%&'1( #+( *8,#'-&( 2#+(
)&"$#'-*G#(,C'%,&(2#(+*(B&-*$%1'()*"*(+&3"*"(F8#(+&.()*"-%2&.()&+C-%$&.(,*'-8!
B%#"*'(.8("#3%.-"&?(*+(G8K3*"+&($&,&(8'(*-#'-*2&(#'($&'-"*(2#(+*("#)"#.#'-*-%B%2*2?(
9(+*($*'$#+*$%1'(2#+(.8"3%,%#'-&(2#()&.%4+#.('8#B*.(&)$%&'#.()&+C-%$&!)*"-%2%.-*.6L(
A*("#.)8#.-*(2#+(3&4%#"'&(0#2#"*+(*(+*.($"C-%$*.(08#(,I.(4%#'(-%4%*?($&'(8'*(
$*,)*M*(&"F8#.-*2*()&"(#+(.#$"#-*"%&(2#(N&4#"'*$%1'?(O#"'*'2&(N1,#K(P&'-?(
#'(+*($8*+(.#("#$&'&$%1(+*(%'-#'$%1'(2#(0*B&"#$#"(+*(3&4#"'*4%+%2*26(;+(<=Q(*$8!
.1(*+(3&4%#"'&(0#2#"*+(2#("&,)#"(*$8#"2&.?(*+(%3'&"*"(#+($&,)"&,%.&(R#$R&()&"(
#+(,%.,&(N1,#K(P&'-(2#('&()"&,&B#"(*+%*'K*.(#+#$-&"*+#.(#'-"#(#+(<7S(9(#+(
<=>()*"*(+&.($&,%$%&.(+&$*+#.(2#+(TUVU?(*($*,4%&(2#+(*)&9&()"%%.-*(*(+&.(*8!
,#'-&.(*+(QW7(9(&-"&.(%,)8#.-&.()*"*(#+(,%.,&(*M&6X(;.-&(%,)+%$1(8'*($&'0"&'!
-*$%1'(F8#(+%,%-1($&'.%2#"*4+#,#'-#(+*()&.%4%+%2*2(2#(8'(*$8#"2&(<7S!<=Q()*"*(
+*(*)"&4*$%1'(2#(+*("#0&",*()&+C-%$&!#+#$-&"*+6(E%'(#,4*"3&?(+*.('#3&$%*$%&'#.(
$&'-%'8*"&'?($&'("#)"&$R#.(#'-"#()*'%.-*.(9()"%%.-*.()&"(+*(0*+-*(2#(*B*'$#(#'(
+*.(,%.,*.6
;'('&B%#,4"#(2#(TUVU?(8'(3"8)&(2#(-"*4*G&()*"*(+*("#0&",*(2#+(;.-*2&(#'(
+*( DI,*"*( 2#( E#'*2&"#.?( F8#( R*4C*( 2*2&( .#38%,%#'-&( *+( -#,*?( 2#.#$R1( +*(
)&.%4%+%2*2( 2#( $*,4%&.?( *+( '&( +&3"*"( *$8#"2&.( #'( -&"'&( *( +*( .#38'2*( B8#+-*(
)"#.%2#'$%*+?(+*($+I8.8+*(2#(3&4#"'*4%+%2*2()*"*(3#'#"*"(,*9&"C*.(+#3%.+*-%B*.(
9(+*("#28$$%1'(2#+(-*,*M&(2#(+*.($I,*"*.(2#+(D&'3"#.&6(Y#,*.($&,&(+*("#+#$$%1'(
+#3%.+*-%B*(9(+*("*-%0%$*$%1'(2#+(3*4%'#-#()&"()*"-#(2#+(<&2#"(A#3%.+*-%B&(3#'#"*!
4*'(282*.(9("#.#"B*.6(;'(#+()"%,#"()#"%&2&(&"2%'*"%&(2#(.#.%&'#.(2#(TUVV(.#(
)"#-#'2%1("#*$-%B*"(+*.('#3&$%*$%&'#.?(9(48.$*"(8'(H)%.&(,C'%,&J(2#($&'.#'!
.&.6(E%'(#,4*"3&?(+*(%'.%.-#'$%*(2#(*+38'&.(.#'*2&"#.(#'(8'*("#0&",*(H%'-#3"*+J?(
,I.(F8#(,#2%2*.()*"$%*+#.?(#.-"#$R*4*(.%3'%0%$*-%B*,#'-#(#+(,*"3#'(2#(,*'%&!
L& 1%#+(&)%-&(6(5*%-&0()&83#+")&0(&7%*"5$9,.&74"-(&1"+*%+$:!"#$%"&'(6?())6(VLT!VLZ6
X( D+*82%*(E*+*K*"(9(7",*'2&(;.-"&)?(HD*'G#*'(%,)8#.-&.()&"(0"#'&(*(*+%*'K*.J?(#'()*+#,-.?(
0#4"#"&(VZ?(P:@%$&?(TUVU6
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
104
Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya
!"#$%#&%'()#&%*)+%&#,%-"+.+/,'0/+,%1+%2'/3)&#"%&#%#-"0!#3'4/%1+%"+50"6#,%-0&7.'308
+&+3.0"#&+,$%30/%"+50"6#,%+/%0."#,%9"+#,%3060%&#,%3)+,.'0/+,%5',3#&$%&#!0"#&%0%
1+%&0,%4"(#/0,%"+()&#10"+,:
;#%"+50"6#%30/.'/)4%#2#/<#/10%+/%+&%=+/#10$%>%30/%+&%'6-)&,0%1+%&0,%300"8
1'/#10"+,%-#"&#6+/.#"'0,%1+&%?@A%>%?BC!"#$%&"'$()*+,)"-$./0("1"-2(+3$"4253$"
6,+7.$(,%!"%,"2+82()9",(":,"25.3+":,";<==">("28>,.:$"?>,"3(8+>19"+2%"82(:3:28
.)"#,%'/1+-+/1'+/.+,$%&#%30/,)&.#%-0-)&#"$%D#,.#%10,%'/'3'#.'2#,%-"+5+"+/.+,%1+&%
-"+,'1+/.+%E*)+%1+!+/%,+"%1'3.#6'/#1#,%+/%)/%-&#<0$%#,7%3060%.+/+"%-"'0"'1#1%
+/%&#%1',3),'4/%>%20.#3'4/%-0"%+&%F0/("+,0G$%&#%"+&+33'4/%30/,+3).'2#%+/%10,%
03#,'0/+,%1+%1'-).#10,%5+1+"#&+,%#%-#".'"%1+%HIJK$%>%1+%,+/#10"+,%+/%)/#%03#8
,'4/%#%-#".'"%1+%HIJL:%=+%1+5'/'4%+&%-"03+1'6'+/.0%#%,+()'"%+/%3#,0%1+%#),+/3'#%
1+%1+5'/'.'2#%1+&%.'.)&#"%1+&%MN+3).'20$%>%,+%'/30"-0"#"0/%&#%"#.'5'3#3'4/%,+/#.0"'#&%1+%
&0,%4"(#/0,%"+()&#10"+,$%&#%"+30/1)33'4/%-"+,)-)+,.#&%>%+&%2+.0%-"+,'1+/3'#&%#&%
-"+,)-)+,.0%1+%+("+,0,%5+1+"#&:O
M/%)/#%/+(03'#3'4/%1+%P&.'6#%D0"#$%,+%#30"14%1+N#"%+/%6#/0,%1+%&#,%&+(',8
&#.)"#,%&03#&+,%&#%"+&+33'4/%1+%&0,%1'-).#10,%&03#&+,%>%1+%&0,%#&3#&1+,$%*)+%-08
1"7#/%1)"#"%+/%,)%+/3#"(0%D#,.#%/)+2+%#Q0,%30/,+3).'20,:%A0%,+%&0("4%&&+(#"%#%
)/%#3)+"10%+/%&0,%.+6#,%1+%"+1)33'4/%1+&%.#6#Q0%1+&%F0/("+,0$%)6!"#&%-#"#%
+&%"+(',."0%1+%/)+20,%-#".'10,%-0&7.'30,$%&#%,+()/1#%2)+&.#%+/%&#%+&+33'4/%-"+,'8
1+/3'#&$%&#%3"+#3'4/%1+%(0!'+"/0,%1+%30#&'3'4/%>%&#%"#.'5'3#3'4/%1+%(#!'/+.+%-0"%
-#".+%1+&%=+/#10$%.+6#,%*)+%5)+"0/%-)+,.0,%,0!"+%&#%6+,#%1+%/+(03'#3'0/+,:%
M&%1'3.#6+/%1+%&#%"+50"6#%+/%+&%=+/#10%,+%#-"0!4%+/%306','0/+,%>%+/%+&%-&+/0$%
+&%HO%1+%#!"'&%1+%HIJJ:%@%10,%17#,%1+%&#%.+"6'/#3'4/%1+&%-+"'010%0"1'/#"'0%1+%
,+,'0/+,$%,+%.)"/4%#%&#%F96#"#%1+%R'-).#10,$%30/%&#%+S-+3.#.'2#%1+%*)+%,+%#-"08
!#"#%#%&#%!"+2+1#1$%0%!'+/%,+%30/,'1+"#"#%+/%)/%-+"'010%+S."#0"1'/#"'0%1+%,+8
,'0/+,:% M&% ,'()'+/.+% -#,0% ,+"7#% &#% #-"0!#3'4/% +/% )/#% 6#>0"7#% ,'6-&+% 1+% &#,%
&+(',&#.)"#,%+,.#.#&+,:
M/%3)#/.0%,+%#-"0!4%&#%"+50"6#$%3'"3)&4%&#%2+",'4/%1+%*)+%+&%(0!+"/#10"%
?+Q#%A'+.0%D#!7#%'/,.")'10%#%)/%(")-0%1+%1'-).#10,%5+1+"#&+,%-"'',.#,%E-"02+8
/'+/.+,%1+&%M,.#10%1+%TUS'30%0%#5'/+,%#%,)%-"+3#/1'1#.)"#%-"+,'1+/3'#&G%#%*)+%
,+%0-),'+"#/%#%&#%6',6#$%#"()6+/.#/10%*)+%/0%,+%30/,'1+"#!#/%-"0-)+,.#,%
1+&%(0!+"/#10"%D+3D#,%+/%6#"<0%1+%HIJI%E3&9),)&#%1+%(0!+"/#!'&'1#1%0%+&'6'8
/#3'4/%1+&%.0-+%#%&#%,0!"+""+-"+,+/.#3'4/G:%=+%,+Q#&4%*)+%&#%#-"0!#3'4/%1+%&#%
.,/$.@2"%,"A$:.02"3(7,.A.,72."8$@$">(2"B387$.32"A$+07382"A2.2",+"%,(2:$."6,+7.$8
/+,%>%,),%3#-#3'1#1+,%/+(03'#10"#,$%&0%*)+%,)-)+,.#6+/.+%-01"7#%-0,'3'0/#"8
&0% 6+N0"% +/% &#% 30/.'+/1#% -0"% &#% -"+3#/1'1#.)"#% -"+,'1+/3'#&% -"'',.#% 5"+/.+% #&%
(0!+"/#10"%6+S'*)+/,+:
O% VF0/%3#6!'0,$%#-")+!#%+&%=+/#10%&#%"+50"6#%-0&7.'3#W$%+/%!"#$%"&'(")*"&$%#!"'&%HL$%TUS'30$%
HIJJ:
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
Reforma política en México: concreción de lo posible
105
!"#$%&'()$*#!+%"%*#,-')./0((1#2**3$%4)$*3#$0#")#5)42)$)#&3%%6()#$0"#!6()$*#
$0#789%2*1#&%$%:#$0(0403#")#$%62'6%:4#.#;*()2%:4#$0#")#30/*3+)1#)3<'+04()4$*#
='0#60#30='03>)#+).*3#(%0+&*#&)3)#")#30/"09%:4#.#)4?"%6%6#6*530#")#+%6+)1#.#='0#
&)6)3)#)#30;%6%:4#)#2*+%6%*406@#A04)$*306#$0"#BCD1#BEF#.#BEG#09-*3()3*4#)#"*6#
$%&'()$*6#)#2*4;*2)3#)#'4#&03%*$*#09(3)*3$%4)3%*#$0#606%*4061#&)3)#2*46%$03)3#
!"#$%&'#%"(#"%)*&%+#"$&(,-./#0"12#34&"(#"523-#"6.%)/-.7#"4)"(#"1&+.8.93"4)":23H
(*6#,*46(%('2%*4)"06#$0#")#,?+)3)#$0#G%&'()$*6#$02%$%:#)&")I)3#0"#$%2()+04#$0#
")#30/*3+)#&*">(%2)#)#/%4)"06#$0#J'4%*#$0#KLMM1#0/02(%;)+04(0#60#2)420":#")#&*6%H
5%"%$)$#$0#='0#"*6#2)+5%*6#)&"%2)3)4#04#")6#0"022%*406#$0#KLMK1#)4(0#0"#30='%H
6%(*#$0#='0#(*$)#+*$%/%2)2%:4#)#")#4*3+)(%;%$)$#(04$3>)#='0#06()3#)&3*5)$)#'4#
)N*#)4(06#$0#='0#60#""0;)3)#)#2)5*#")#J*34)$)#0"02(*3)"@
La aprobación del dictamen y la reforma
7%04(3)6#")#30/*3+)#&*">(%2)#60#042*4(3)5)#04#$%62'6%:4#04#")#,*+%6%:4#$0#
B'4(*6#,*46(%('2%*4)"06#$0#")#,?+)3)#$0#G%&'()$*61#"*6#2**3$%4)$*306#&)3")H
+04()3%*6#$0"# BEF1# BCD#.# BEG1#042)50I)$*6#&*3#0"#">$03#&3%%6()#7)4"%*#O)5%*#
;)(-%&3)8<"%)-&+#%&3")".3-%&42=)%&3"23#"$%&$2)8-#"$%)7.#"$#%#"(#"/%)#/.93"4)"
P<*5%034*6#$0#2*)"%2%:4Q1#='0#&03+%(%3>)#)"#&3:9%+*#(%('")3#$0"#!J02'(%;*#2*46(3'%3#
+).*3>)6#"0<%6")(%;)61#2*4#'4)#$'3)2%:4#$0#(306#)N*61#2*4#")#*5"%<)2%:4#$0#6*H
+0(03#)"#A04)$*#")#3)(%/%2)2%:4#$0#"*6#+%0+53*6#$0#6'#<)5%40(0@#!"#302-)I*#)#
)"<R4#4*+53)+%04(*#6*")+04(0#&*$3>)#$)360#04#$*6#*2)6%*4061#$06&'86#$0#"*#
2')"#0"#&306%$04(0#"*#&*$3>)#-)203#$0#+)403)#$%302()1#.#&*$3>)4#603#30+*;%$*6#
&*3#8"#04#2')"='%03#+*+04(*@#A0#06()5"02>)#='0#0"#06='0+)#60#)$*&()3>)#6*")H
+04(0#6%#0"#!J02'(%;*#"*#2*46%$03)3)#&03(%404(0@
S)#&3*&'06()#302%5%:#$'3)6#23>(%2)6#$0#"0<%6")$*306#.#$%3%<04(06#&3%%6()6#%$04H
(%/%2)$*6#2*4#0"#&302)4$%$)(*#&306%$042%)"#!43%='0#B0N)#D%0(*1#)"#&3*2'3)3#")#
230)2%:4#$0#+).*3>)6#P$0#&)&0"Q@T#A%4#0+5)3<*1#(';*#306*4)42%)#04(30#)4)"%6()6#
&*">(%2*6# .# '4# <3'&*# $0# $%&'()$*6# $0"# BCD1# BEG1# BEF1# B7,1# .# B)3(%$*# U03$0#
!2*"*<%6()#$0#789%2*1#BU!71#='%0406#)#6'#;0I#&30604()3*4#'4)#%4%2%)(%;)#='0#
%42"'>)#)$0+?6#")#230)2%:4#$0#")#/%<'3)#$0#J0/0#$0#<)5%40(01#.#09&">2%()+04(0#60#
"0#(*+:#2*+*#'4)#)"(034)(%;)#/304(0#)#")#2"?'6'")#$0#<*5034)5%"%$)$#%+&'"6)$)#
&*3#B0N)#D%0(*@V
G06&'86#$0#2*4;*2)3#.#""0;)3#)#2)5*#;)3%*6#/*3*6#$0#$%62'6%:41#='0#)53%03*4#
0"#$05)(0#)#06&02%)"%6()6#.#)#")#*&%4%:4#&R5"%2)1#")#,*+%6%:4#$0#B'4(*6#,*46(%H
T# W')$)"'&0#F3>I)31#P!4/304()#)#BEF#&")4#$0#7)4"%*Q1#04#!"#$%&'1#60&(%0+530#MX1#789%2*1#KLMM@#
V# ,")'$%)# A)")I)3# .# C3+)4$*# !6(3*&1# PA'+)# )&*.*6# &)3)# KLMK# <*5%034*# $0# 2*)"%2%:4Q1# 04#
!"#$%&'1#60&(%0+530#KY1#789%2*1#KLMM@
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
106
Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya
!"#$%&'()*+',-%./+)&+*),!$)0.-)+1)+2344+)(+1$#!'0)&+1)+('+5)6%-0'+7%(8!$#'9+
'"&:")+1);/+6")-'+)(+#%&!-%<)-!$1%+!)0'+1)+('+-)()##$/&+#%&*)#"!$<'+()=$*('!$<'+
>+1)+,)-0$!$-+'+(%*+#%&=-)*%*+(%#'()*+1)#$1$-+*%.-)+('+-)()##$/&+$&0)1$'!'+1)+
,-)*$1)&!)*+0"&$#$,'()*9+>+,'*/+'+('+?%0$*$/&+1)+@%.)-&'#$/&A+B&+('+0$*0'9+
)(+75C+#%&1$#$%&/+*"+',%>%+'+('+-)()##$/&+'+('+$&#("*$/&+1)+"&+'-!8#"(%+!-'&*$!%-$%+
:")+('+*%0)!$)-'+,-)<$'0)&!)+'+#%&*"(!'+,%,"('-A+B*!%+*$&+)0.'-=%+#%&!-'1)#8'+
'+('+-)6%-0'+0$*0'9+('+#"'(+)*!'.()#8'+:")+(%*+!)0'*+)()#!%-'()*+&%+,%1-8'&+
*%0)!)-*)+'+#%&*"(!'9+'1)0D*+1)+('+1$6$#"(!'1+)&+!%1%+#'*%+,'-'+*"+',-%.'#$/&9+
>'+:")+<'-$'*+)&#")*!'*+0%*!-'.'&+)(+-)#E'F%+1)+('+0'>%-8'+1)+('+,%.('#$/&+'+
('+-)()##$/&A43+B(+ 75G9+,%-+%!-%+('1%9+,-%,"*%+'#%0,'H'-+)(+!)0'+#%&+#%0,%I
&)&!)*+#%0%+('+-)<%#'#$/&+1)+0'&1'!%9+)(+'#%!'0$)&!%+1)(+6")-%+6)1)-'(+1)+(%*+
()=$*('1%-)*9+>+"&'+0'>%-+)6$#$)&#$'9+!-'&*,'-)&#$'+>+-)&1$#$/&+1)+#")&!'*+)&+)(+
?%&=-)*%A
J'*+#%0$*$%&)*+"&$1'*+1)+@%.)-&'#$/&+>+7"&!%*+?%&*!$!"#$%&'()*+'<'('-%&+
)&+=)&)-'(+)(+1$#!'0)&+1)+5)6%-0'+7%(8!$#'9+*$&+('+-)()##$/&9+,%-+('+6$-0)+%,%*$I
#$/&+1)+(%*+1$,"!'1%*+1)(+75C9+)&+'($'&F'+#%&+)(+7KBL9+>+)(+7'-!$1%+M")<'+N($'&I
F'+O7MNPA+Q)+-)#E'F'-%&+'1)0D*+('*+,-%,")*!'*+,'&$*!'*+1)+%!%-='-+6'#"(!'1)*+
'(+,-)*$1)&!)+,'-'+E'#)-+%.*)-<'#$%&)*+'(+7-)*",")*!%+1)+B=-)*%*9+>+('+-)#%&I
1"##$/&+,-)*",")*!'(A+Q)+',-%.'-%&+1$*,%*$#$%&)*+*%.-)+('+*"*!$!"#$/&+1)(+,-)I
*$1)&!)9+*"+,%*$.()+!%0'+1)+,-%!)*!'+'&!)+('+L)*'+G$-)#!$<'+1)+'0.'*+#D0'-'*+
!"#$%!&'$(&%)*)"!)+,"%$-".'")-")!&)/0+,"1&)2*,'")-")30%'$4$&5)6)!&),&'$7$4&4$8.)+*,)
,'-!)+1)(+Q)&'1%+1)+(%*+!$!"('-)*+1)+(%*+/-='&%*+-)="('!%-$%*A
R-'*+"&+$&!)&*%+1).'!)+)&+)(+,()&%9+)&+&%<$)0.-)+*)+)&<$/+1)+-)=-)*%+'(+
Q)&'1%9+:")+1)6)&1$/+*"+,%*$#$/&+>+('+1)<%(<$/+)(+0)*+*$="$)&!)A+N,-%.'1'+,%-+
(%*+1$,"!'1%*+)&+'.-$(+1)+23429+$&#(">/+!'0.$S&+('*+#'&1$1'!"-'*+$&1),)&1$)&!)*+
O'+,'-!$-+1)(+,-%#)*%+)()#!%-'(+1)+234TP9+('+$&$#$'!$<'+#$"1'1'&'+>+('+$&$#$'!$<'+
,-)6)-)&!)+,'-'+)(+,-)*$1)&!)9+'*8+#%0%+('+#%&*"(!'+,%,"('-A+Q)+E'.(/+1)+"&'+
0)-'+0$*#)(D&)'9+"&'+-)6%-0'+0"!$('1'9+1$*0$&"$1'+)+$&#%0,()!'9+*$+.$)&+E".%+
*)H'('0$)&!%*+1)+:")+#%&*!$!"8'+"&+'<'&#)+$0,%-!'&!)+>+:")+*)+#%&*)-<'.'+('+
)*)&#$'+1)+('+0$*0'9+1'-+0D*+,-)*)&#$'+'+('+#$"1'1'&8'A+B&+)(+Q)&'1%9+('+0$I
&"!'+1)+('+5)6%-0'+7%(8!$#'+6")+',-%.'1'+,%-+75C+>+)(+7NM9+#%&+('+%,%*$#$/&+1)(+
75GA+B&+('+?D0'-'+1)+G$,"!'1%*9+6")+',%>'1'+,%-+)(+75C9+,)-%+#")*!$%&'1'+,%-+
)(+7NM9+75G+>+7RA+B(+,-%>)#!%+1)+0%1$6$#'#$%&)*+#%&*!$!"#$%&'()*+*)+!"-&/+'+(%*+
#%&=-)*%*+(%#'()*+,'-'+*"+-'!$6$#'#$/&9+>+)&+;"($%+1)+2342+6")+'<'('1'+,%-+('+
0'>%-8'+1)+(%*+0$*0%*A+B&+'=%*!%+1)(+0$*0%+'H%9+)(+,-)*$1)&!)+U)($,)+?'(1)-/&+
,-%0"(=/+)(+1)#-)!%+1)+('+-)6%-0'+,%(8!$#'A
43+ 7'-'0)!-8'9+V?-)#)+',%>%+'+-)()##$/&9+,)-%+*$&+#%&<)&#)-W9+)&+!"#$"%&"#"'($#)*"9+6).-)-%9+
9:;$4*5)<=>=?@)2*.%0!'&)9$'*7%A65)BC""!"44$8.)-")-$+0'&-*%)1"-$-&)+*4*)&4"+'&-&D5)".)+,-.$/0%
!,012-$"%3)$,41569+%#!".-)+4X9+LSY$#%9+2344A
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
Reforma política en México: concreción de lo posible
107
Los temas relegados
!"#$%&'()#*+#"$#,)-+.'$-/"/*$*
!"#$%&'()*"#$+&$,-$+&."*(-*)-$/-0$1,-0%&-+"$&,$2-,-0*&$*,3#)*"$&0%(&$,"#$
1()0*)1)"#$+&$(&1(&#&0%-%)4)+-+$5$6"2&(0-2),)+-+7$&0%(&$80-$.-5"($1,8(-,)+-+$&0$
,"#$ '(6-0"#$ +&$ 6"2)&(0"$ 5$ 80-$ .-5"($ &9)*-*)-$ 682&(0-.&0%-,:$ !"#$ +"#$ #"0$
*".1"0&0%&#$).1"(%-0%&#$1-(-$*"0#%(8)($,-$,&6)%).)+-+$+&."*(3%)*-7$18&#$#)$
2)&0$,-$1,8(-,)+-+$1("1"(*)"0-$#8#%&0%"$;."(-,<7$80-$9-,%-$+&$(&#18&#%-$=&9&*%)4->$
-$,-#$0&*&#)+-+&#$5$1("2,&.-#$+&$,-$#"*)&+-+7$,,&4-$80$+&%&()"("$+&$+)*/-$,&6)?
%).)+-+:$@0$+&%&(.)0-+"$*"0%&A%"$5$.".&0%"$&#%&$2-,-0*&$18&+&$5$+&2&$)0*,)?
0-(#&$1-(-$-,6B0$,-+"7$&0$(-C'0$+&$,-$1&(.-0&0*)-$5$980*)"0-,)+-+$+&,$#)#%&.-$
1",D%)*":EE$F(-#$80-$&A1-0#)'0$+&,$1,8(-,)#."$1",D%)*"$&0$GHA)*"$&0$-I"#$(&*)&0?
%&#7$ ,-$ 0&*&#)+-+$ +&$ *"0*(&%-($ (&9"(.-#$ 1-(-$ ).18,#-($ &,$ +&#-((",,"$ +&,$ 1-D#$
1-(&*&$#86&()($,-$).1"(%-0*)-$+&$9"(%-,&*&($,-$6"2&(0-2),)+-+:$
@0$80$(H6).&0$1(&#)+&0*)-,$&#&0*)-,.&0%&$%()1-(%)+)#%-$=JKL?JMN?JMO>7$&#$
+)9D*),$P8&$-,6B0$1-(%)+"$"2%&06-$.-5"(D-$-2#",8%-$&0$&,$Q"06(&#"7$5$#&$18&+&$
*".1,)*-($,-$*"0#%(8**)'0$+&$.-5"(D-#$P8&$-1"5&0$-,$%)%8,-($+&,$@R&*8%)4"7$,"$P8&$
+)9)*8,%-$,-$6"2&(0-2),)+-+7$"$80-$.-5"($&9)*-*)-$+&$6"2)&(0":$!-$#&680+-$48&,?
%-$1(&#)+&0*)-,$=1("18&#%-$1"($&,$1(&#)+&0%&$Q-,+&('0>7$P8&$&#%-2,&*&(D-$&,$(&?
P8)#)%"$+&$.-5"(D-$-2#",8%-$=SET$+&$,"#$4"%"#>$1-(-$(&#8,%-($&,&*%"7$).1,)*-(D-$
P8&$,"#$+"#$*-0+)+-%"#$*"0$&,$.-5"($0B.&("$+&$4"%"#$#&$&09(&0%-(D-0$&0$80-$
&,&**)'0$1"#%&()"(:$@#%-$#&680+-$R"(0-+-$ &,&*%"(-,$&#%-(D-$&.1-%-+-$*"0$,-#$
&,&**)"0&#$,&6)#,-%)4-#7$,"$*8-,$)0*&0%)4-(D-$&,$4"%"$-$9-4"($+&$,"#$1-(%)+"#$+&$,"#$
*-0+)+-%"#$1(&#)+&0*)-,&#$(&#%-0%&#$=5$-$,"#$"%("#$1-(%)+"#$-$*"0*(&%-($-,)-0C-#>7$
.&R"(-0+"$,-#$1"#)2),)+-+&#$+&$P8&$80"$+&$&,,"#$"2%&06-$.-5"(D-:EU
@,$.&*-0)#."$+&$,-$#&680+-$48&,%-$1(&#)+&0*)-,7$80-$#&680+-$&,&**)'0$P8&$
#&$,,&4-$-$*-2"$*"0$,"#$+"#$*-0+)+-%"#$P8&$(&*)2)&("0$.3#$4"%"#7$%)&0&$,-$4&0?
%-R-$+&$P8&$1&(.)%&$,"6(-($80-$.-5"(D-$-,$*-0+)+-%"$%()809-+"(7$9-4"(&*)&0+"$#8$
,&6)%).)+-+:$K,$&.1-%-($&#%-$#&680+-$48&,%-$*"0$,-$&,&**)'0$,&6)#,-%)4-7$#&$9-4"?
(&*&$P8&$&,$4"%"$1(&#)+&0*)-,$).18,#&$&,$+&$,"#$+"#$1-(%)+"#$+&$,"#$*-0+)+-%"#$
9)0-,)#%-#7$,"$P8&$.&R"(-$%-.2)H0$,-#$1("2-2),)+-+&#$+&$P8&$80"$+&$&,,"#$,"6(&$
80-$.-5"(D-$&0$&,$Q"06(&#":$@0$80$(H6).&0$%()1-(%)+)#%-$*"."$&,$.&A)*-0"7$&#%"$
18&+&$#)60)9)*-($,-$+&#4&0%-R-$+&$(&,&6-($-,$%&(*&("$5$9".&0%-($&,$2)1-(%)+)#.":$
K#D7$,-$(&#)#%&0*)-$1("4)0"$#"2(&$%"+"$+&,$JMO7$P8&$+8(-0%&$&,$UVEV$5$-$1()0*)1)"#$
EE$ W)"4-00)$X-(%"()0#12&3#+%#"$#*+4)5.$5/$60$L8&4-$N.-6&07$GHA)*"7$EYYZ7$*-1:$E[$O)&%&($
!"#$%&'()*#+&,%-(+&.(*#"/0%-(/&(1$%02"3+$(45-2%6-7'(%&(83%&.(9/:;#+32(5(<%3&+3.(=3">6+&'(78))9
%/',#$'#!"+5().$"#:;%(+4<#=%%&+%#$'*#>"(+.'$(/?+%'(?3+%,%3'(!@%A+(B"3C'(DEFG
EU$ J)11-$L"(()#7$;Q/""#)06$@,&*%"(-,$X5#%&.#\$J("1"(%)"0-,7$G-R"()%-()-0$-0+$G)A&+$X5#%&.#<7$
&0$='(+.'$(/)'$"#@)"/(/5$"#:5/+'5+#A+?/+B7$4",:$E]7$0B.:$^7$!"0+(&#7$EYYZ7$11:$UYY?^VU:
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
108
Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya
!"#$%&''$("$")*+),-./.$")$,"-*"-$#01.-$!"$#.$2),")*23)$!"$4+,+$5.-.$#.$"#"**23)$
5-"(2!")*2.#6$7+-$+,-+$#.!+8$("$4"9.$*+:+$0).$5+(2/#"$:+,24.*23)$5.-.$;0"$"#$
7<=$>$"#$ 7?@$.-:.-.)$0).$.#2.)A.$*+)$*.)!2!.,+$*+:B)$.$#.$5-"(2!")*2.8$,+C
:.)!+$*+:+$-"D"-"),"$"E5"-2")*2.($5-"42.($")$"#"**2+)"($#+*.#"(6$F2)$":/.-1+8$
#.$)"1+*2.*23)$!"$*.)!2!.,0-.($5.-.$"#$G+)1-"(+$("-9.$:H($*+:5#2*.!.8$>$0).$
.#2.)A.$#"12(#.,24.$(+(,")2/#"$5.-.$1+/"-).-$:0*I+$:H($")!"/#"6$7+-$(050"(,+$
;0"$"#$.*0"-!+$5.-.$#.$"#"**23)$!"$5-"(2!"),"$("$5+!-9.$I.*"-$*+)$+$(2)$"(,.$
!"#$%#"&"'()*$+,%*-.*/"#/.*#+,0",1.*$.,.*.--.(.,*+-*&./"(%2*34,.#*!+#0+(4.5.#*
!"$#.$("10)!.$40"#,.$5-"(2!")*2.#$("J.#.)$"#$*+(,+$!"$0).$!+/#"$K+-).!.$"#"*C
,+-.#8$>$"#$5+(2/#"$!"*#24"$!"$#.$5.-,2*25.*23)$!"$#+($4+,.),"($L;0"$5+!-9.$!2(:2C
)02-$#.$#"12,2:2!.!$!"#$"K"-*2*2+M6$N.$5+,")*2.#$.:").A.$!"$"E*#0(23)8$.(9$*+:+$
"#$D.*,+-$!"$2)!0*2-$*+.#2*2+)"(8$!2D2*0#,.-+)$#.$.*"5,.*23)$!"$"(,.$:"!2!.8$#.$*0.#$
)+$("$2)*#0>3$")$#.$5-+50"(,.$!"#$F").!+$!"$./-2#$!"$%&''8$)2$")$#.$-"D+-:.$
.5-+/.!.$")$.1+(,+$!"$%&'%6
N.$.!+5*23)$!"$0).$O*#H0(0#.$!"$1+/"-)./2#2!.!P8$;0"$D0"$(01"-2!.$*+:+$
+5*23)$5+-$!250,.!+($5-22(,.(8$5+!-9.$!.-$0).$:.>+-9.$(2:5#"$")$#.$GH:.-.$!"$
@250,.!+($.#$5.-,2!+$;0"$+/,")1.$5+-$#+$:")+($"#$QRS$!"$#.$4+,.*23)6$N.$"#2:2C
).*23)$ !"#$ ,+5"$ .$ #.$ (+/-"--"5-"("),.*23)$ L.*,0.#:"),"$ "(,./#"*2!+$ ")$ TSM8$
2)*#02!.$")$#.$5-+50"(,.$!"$#+($!250,.!+($5-22(,.(8$5"-:2,2-9.$+,+-1.-$:H($"(*.C
J+($5#0-2)+:2).#"($")$-.A3)$!"$#.$4+,.*23)$,+,.#$+/,")2!.8$#+$;0"$5+!-9.$D.*2#2,.-$
.#$5.-,2!+$*+)$:H($4+,+($#+1-.-$#.$:.>+-9.6'Q$<:/.($.#,"-).,24.($I.)$(2!+$*-2,2C
*.!.($5+-$*-".-$0).$:.>+-9.$O.-,2D2*2.#P8$;0"$5+!-9.$!2(,+-(2+).-$*+)(2!"-./#"C
:"),"$#.$4+#0),.!$!"$#+($"#"*,+-"(8$#2:2,.)!+$"#$5#0-.#2(:+$;0"$5"-:2,"$"#$*.0*"$
5.*9D2*+$!"$#.($!2D"-")*2.($>$#+($!2D"-")!+($5+#9,2*+(6$7+-$+,-+$#.!+8$("$I.$("J.C
#.!+$;0"$(2$/2")$0).$:.>+-9.$5-+/./#":"),"$2)*-":"),.-9.$#.$"D2*2")*2.$#"12(C
#.,24.$>$10/"-).:"),.#8$.0)$("$-";0"-2-9.$!"$#.$)"1+*2.*23)$"),-"$5.-,2!+($5.-.$
#+1-.-$#.$:.>+-9.$*.#2D2*.!.$;0"$5"-:2,"$-"D+-:.($*+)(,2,0*2+).#"(6
<0);0"$#+($5.-,2!+($5+#9,2*+($*+:5",2-9.)$")$210.#!.!$!"$*+)!2*2+)"($5.-.$
1.).-$"(,.$:.>+-9.8$("$D.4+-"*"$.#$;0"$,2")"$:.>+-$)B:"-+$!"$("102!+-"(8$+$
;0"$")$!","-:2).!+$:+:"),+$*0"),.$*+)$:.>+-$2),")*23)$!"#$4+,+6$U)$%&'&$>$
#.$5-2:"-.$:2,.!$!"$%&''8$#.$5+,")*2.#$4"),.K.$"-.$5.-.$"#$7?V$>$(0$*.)!2!.,+$
50),"-+$5.-.$#.$"#"**23)$5-"(2!")*2.#$!"$%&'%6$<#$,-.,.-("$!"$"#"**2+)"($*+)*0C
--"),"(8$#.$5-"(2!")*2.#$,")!-9.$0)$"D"*,+$!"$O.--.(,-"P$(+/-"$#.$#"12(#.,24.8$.*-"C
*"),.)!+$#.($5+(2/2#2!.!"($!"$;0"$("$5-"("),"$0).$:.>+-9.6$7+-$+,-+$#.!+8$)+$
("$*+),":5#./.$.#$F").!+8$")$!+)!"$,.:5+*+$("$I.$!.!+$:.>+-9.$./(+#0,.$")$
#.($!+($:H($-"*2"),"($#"12(#.,0-.(6$U(,+$5-+4+*3$#.$-"(2(,")*2.$!"$#+($!":H($
5.-,2!+(8$>$"#$!"(2),"-W($!"$+,-+($5+,")*2.#"($5-"*.)!2!.,+($5-22(,.(6$X.:5+*+$
D0"$*+)(2!"-.!.$")$#.$5-+50"(,.$!"#$F").!+8$)2$")$#.$-"D+-:.$.5-+/.!.6
'Q$ YW.("$)+,.$Z6
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
Reforma política en México: concreción de lo posible
109
!"#$%&'%($)%*'&+&$)%,-'%)'%.($/"'$#0/%1-'%($%#$"+1+2$2+3/%&'(%4$5+/'"'%.#'!
"#$%&'#()*+,-*+(-.%*$%)*/%&($,0*.(&.,*+,-*"%&($,-%"*+-##".("*',1,*+%--%$#".("*
2(3&43%*5".,"*6).#1,"*.(17#5&*#&')38%-,&*(*)(*9:1(-(*$%*;#+3.($,"<=*/%*(->3!
1%&.?*)(*&%'%"#$($*$%*3&*>,7#%-&,*',&*+-,@%"#,&()#"1,*8*%A+%-#%&'#(=*/%*.-(.(*
3&(*')(-(*1%$#$(*$%*.#&.%*+(-)(1%&.(-#,0*43%*+,$-B(*(7-#-*%)*'(1#&,*(*)(*',&@#!
>3-('#?&*$%*>,7#%-&,"*$%*',()#'#?&0*',&*)(*("#>&('#?&*$%*()>3&("*+,"#'#,&%"*$%*
>(7#&%.%*(*+(-.#$,"*$%*,+,"#'#?&=*C".(*+(-%'B(*3&(*().%-&(.#D(*+-,1%.%$,-(*%&*
)("*+):.#'("*+-%D#("*(*)(*+-%"%&.('#?&*$%*)("*+-,+3%".("*@,-1()%"0*',1,*3&(*
1(&%-(*$%*),>-(-*1(8,-B("*%".(7)%"=EF*C)*("31#-*+,"#'#,&%"*",7-%*)(*-%@,-1(*8*
)("*%".-(.%>#("*%)%'.,-()%"*+(-(*),"*',1#'#,"*),'()%"*$%)*GHEH*243%*#1+)#'(-,&*%)*
-,1+#1#%&.,*$%*('3%-$,"*8*)(*',&".-3''#?&*$%*()#(&I("*JKL!JM;<*1#&(-,&*)("*
+,"#7#)#$($%"*$%*('3%-$,*%&*%)*.%1(=*/#&*%17(->,0*@3%*-%.,1($,*$%"+35"*',&*
#&"#".%&'#(*+,-*+(-.%*$%)*+-%"#$%&.%*$%)*/%&($,0EN*8*"%*#&')38?*%&*)(*+-,+3%".(*
"%&(.,-#()*$%*(7-#)*$%*GHEE=
J,".%-#,-1%&.%*%)*1#"1,*)B$%-*"%&(.,-#()0*',&*%)*(+,8,*$%*),"*',,-$#&($,-%"*
+(-)(1%&.(-#,"*%&*%)*/%&($,*$%)*JKL*8*%)* JM;0*+-,+3",*3&(*-%@,-1(*',&".#.3!
'#,&()*+(-(*+%-1#.#-*)(*@,-1('#?&*$%*O>,7#%-&,"*$%*',()#'#?&P*$%"$%*%)*9,&>-%",=*
/%*%".(7)%'B(*43%*"#*3&*>,7#%-&,*&,*),>-(7(*)(*1(8,-B(*)%>#")(.#D(0*.%&$-B(*)(*
,+'#?&*$%*+-,'3-(-*3&*('3%-$,0*',&*"3".%&.,*Q3-B$#',0*',&*,.-,*3*,.-,"*+(-.#$,"*
+,)B.#',"=*R(*',()#'#?&*.%&$-B(*3&(*$3-('#?&*$%*.-%"*(S,"0*$%"+35"*$%)*'3()*"%-B(*
-%D#"($,=*R(*(>%&$(*)%>#")(.#D(*"%-B(*$%*',16&*('3%-$,0*8*%)*9,&>-%",*.%&$-B(*%)*
+,$%-*$%*-(.#@#'(-*(*),"*#&.%>-(&.%"*$%)*>(7#&%.%=*/%*(->31%&.?*43%*%".,*$(-B(*
3&(*1(8,-B(*%".(7)%*+(-(*(+,8(-*()*+-%"#$%&.%0*),*43%*@(D,-%'%-B(*(*)(*>,7%-!
&(7#)#$($=ET*R(*+-,+3%".(*@3%*'-#.#'($(*+,-*$#+3.($,"*8*$#-#>%&.%"*+-##".("0*+-%!
"31#7)%1%&.%*(@#&%"*(*)(*+-%'(&$#$(.3-(*+-%"#$%&'#()*$%*C&-#43%*J%S(0*',1,*
'(-%&.%*$%*"3".%&.,*8*)%>#.#1#$($*%)%'.,-()=*U&(*#&#'#(.#D(*"#1#)(-0*43%*(>-%>(7(*
)(*@#>3-(*$%*Q%@%*$%*>(7#&%.%0*',&*@('3).($%"*+-,+#("*8*$%)%>($("*+,-*%)*+-%"#!
$%&.%*8*"3Q%.,*(*1,'#?&*$%*'%&"3-(*+(-)(1%&.(-#(0*@3%*+-,+3%".(*+,-*$#+3.($,"*
@%$%-()%"*$%)* JKL0* JM;*8* JV90*8*()>3&,"*$%)* JMW*8* JXCV*#$%&.#@#'($,"*',&*%)*
4#-.0%.0(6"+20%&'(%)'/$&0#%7'("#0/')8
EF* 9)(3$#(*Y3%--%-,*8*V(8,),*R?+%I0*OJ('.(&*-%)(&I(-*-%@,-1(*+,)B.#'(P0*%&*!"#$%&'0*,'.37-%*
EZ0*V5A#',0*GHEH=
EN% 9$/(+0%:$5+0%7'("#0/');%<=>%2-$/&0%4$/'%'(%?@A%($%.#')+&'/2+$B;%'/%!"#$%&'0*1(-I,*F0*
V5A#',0*GHEE[*$%)*1#"1,*(3.,-0*OM%@,-1(*+,)B.#'(\*D,)D(1,"*(*),*7:"#',P0*%&*()#$*+"0*"3+)%1%&.,*
$%)*+%-#?$#',*!"#$%&'0*&61=*]]E0*1(-I,*E^0*V5A#',0*GHEE=
ET* 9)(3$#(*Y3%--%-,0*OW1+3)"(&*%&*/%&($,*1(8,-B(*',1+(-.#$(P0*%&*!"#$%&'0*"%+.#%17-%*EN0*
9CD+20;%EFGG8%9$""H'I%J05'#4%JH-4$#"%K%L0H/%98%M$#'K;%'/%,%"-./")0-1')/12--"&34."-0*$5617.0=0*
"%S()(&*(*)(*-(.#@#'('#?&*$%)*>(7#&%.%*$%)*CQ%'3.#D,*+,-*+(-.%*$%)*J,$%-*R%>#")(.#D,*2$%*()*1%&,"*3&(*
)("*':1(-("0*"#*%"*7#'(1%-()<0*',1,*3&*%@%'.#D,*',1+,&%&.%*+(-)(1%&.(-#,*+(-(*1%Q,-(-*)(*>,7%-!
&(7#)#$($0*()*+%-1#.#-*)(*+(-.#'#+('#?&*$%*(17,"*+,$%-%"*%&*)(*',&@,-1('#?&*$%)*>,7#%-&,=
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
110
Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya
!"#$%&'($"#$)*'%"+#"#),'",#-%.-/),'",#),#0/)#+"#)1(,')*$("#2)#/*#3"4(*)')#
5$.6-/),'.7#8-%.4"4+)#%),/+'"2.#2)#+"#*)3.$("$(9*#)*'%)#3.4()%*.#:#2(,'(*'.,#
-"%'(2.,#-.+&'($.,;#-.2%&"#2(<($/+'"%#+"#/*(2"2#2)#6"*2.#:#+"#$..%2(*"$(9*#2)#+",#
-.+&'($",#-=4+($",>?@#A+#,)%#%"'(<($"2.,#-.%#,)-"%"2.B#)+#*.64%"6()*'.#2)#/*#,)C
$%)'"%(.#-.2%&"#,)%#)+#%),/+'"2.#2)#+"#*)3.$("$(9*#$.*#2)')%6(*"2.,#-"%'(2.,B#
.'%.# *.64%"6()*'.# 2)# /*"# *)3.$("$(9*# 2(<)%)*')># D,'.# -%.4"4+)6)*')# E"%&"#
$.6-+($"2.#:#'"%2"2.#)+#-%.$),.>#F(#4()*#)*#D,'"2.,#G*(2.,B#)+#-"%H6)'%.#.%(C
3(*"+#2)+#%I3(6)*#-%),(2)*$("+B#+"#JH6"%"#2)#F)*"2.%),B#%"'(<($"#+.,#*.64%"C
6()*'.,# -%),(2)*$("+),B# -.2%&"# "%3/6)*'"%,)# 0/)# 2)4)%&"# ++)K"%+.# "# $"4.# +"#
JH6"%"#2)#L(-/'"2.,B#$.6.#)*#+.,#,(,')6",#-"%+"6)*'"%(.,B#-/),#%)-%),)*'"#
"#+"#-.4+"$(9*#:#-.,))#+",#<"$/+'"2),#2)#"-%.4"%#+"#+):#2)#(*3%),.,#:#)+#-%),/C
-/),'.#2)#)3%),.,B#"2)6H,#2)#,)%#%)*.K"2"#$"2"#'%),#"M.,B#)+#-+"N.#0/)#,)#
-%.-.*)#-"%"#+"#%)K(,(9*#2)+#$.*K)*(.#2)#$."+($(9*>#F(*#)64"%3.B#)+#)0/(+(4%(.#
)*'%)#+",#2.,#$H6"%",#),#-%)$(,"6)*')#)+#%"N.*"6()*'.#0/)#,)#),3%(6)#)*#)+#
,(,')6"#-%),(2)*$("+>?O
P.%#.'%.#+"2.B#)+#$.*K)*(.#2)#$."+($(9*#-.2%&"#,)%#"4"*2.*"2.#)*#$/"+0/()%#
6.6)*'.#-.%#$/"+0/()%"#2)#+",#-"%'),B#,(*#0/)#)++.#-/)2"#(6-+($"%#+"#$"&2"#2)+#
3.4()%*.#:#+"#$.*K.$"'.%("#"#)+)$$(.*),#8$.6.#,/$)2)%&"#)*#/*#,(,')6"#-"%+"C
6)*'"%(.;B#,.+"6)*')#,/#%)$.6-.,($(9*>#F(#4()*#E"4%&"#/*#$.,'.#-.+&'($.B#),#2(C
<&$(+# -%)K)%# +"# ),'"4(+(2"2# 2)# ),'",# $."+($(.*),# 5<.%6"+),7># Q"64(I*# ),# -.$.#
-%.4"4+)#0/)#/*#'('/+"%#2)+#DR)$/'(K.#"$)-')#+"#*.$(9*#2)#%)6.$(9*#2)#3"4(*)')B#
/*#$.%.+"%(.#"#),')#),0/)6"B#-/),#,)#"')*'"%&"#$.*'%"#+"#),)*$("#6(,6"#2)+#
%I3(6)*#-%),(2)*$("+>?S
!",#-%.-/),'",#2)#3.4()%*.#2)#$."+($(9*#*.#-%.,-)%"%.*#)*#4/)*"#6)2(2"#
2)4(2.#"#0/)#,)#(2)*'(<($"%.*#$.*#,/#-%(*$(-"+#(6-/+,.%#)*#)+#F)*"2.B#:"#0/)#+.,#
2(-/'"2.,#-%((,'",#2)+#3%/-.#2)+#3.4)%*"2.%#P)M"#T()'.#*.#),'"4"*#2(,-/),'.,#
"#.'.%3"%+)#/*#+.3%.#-.+&'($.#(6-.%'"*')B#0/)#"4.*"%"#"#,/#-.,($(9*#$.6.#-%)C
$"*2(2"'.#2)#,/#-"%'(2.#-"%"#+",#)+)$$(.*),#-%),(2)*$("+),#2)#UV?U>
!.,#'%),#6)$"*(,6.,#-%.-/),'.,#-"%"#<"K.%)$)%#+"#$%)"$(9*#2)#6":.%&",#
+)3(,+"'(K",#)#(*$%)6)*'"%#+"#3.4)%*"4(+(2"2B#+"#,)3/*2"#K/)+'"#-%),(2)*$("+#8(*C
$+/(2"#-.%#)+#-%),(2)*')#J"+2)%9*;B#+"#$+H/,/+"#2)#3.4)%*"4(+(2"2#.#+"#)+(6(*"$(9*#
2)+#'.-)#"#+"#,.4%)#%)-%),)*'"$(9*#8,/3)%(2"#-.%#)+#3.4)%*"2.%#P)M"#T()'.;B#:#
?@# D,'"#$%&'($"#"#+.,#53"4(*)'),#$.6-/),'.,7#),#,)M"+"2"#-.%#W("*<%"*$.#P",0/(*.B#"/*0/)#
),-)$&<($"6)*')#4"R.#)+#),0/)6"#2)#%I3(6)*#,)6(-%),(2)*$("+>#XI",)#W("*<%"*$.#P",0/(*.B#5QE)#
A2K"*'"3),#"*2#L(,"2K"*'"3),#.<#F)6(-%),(2)*'("+(,6Y#"#Z),'#D/%.-)"*#P)%,-)$'(K)7B#)*#[.4)%'#
D+3()#:#F.-E("#\.),'%/-B#!"#$%&'"($)"*+$,-$(#./0+($)".10'23"4.5.62#3,',+$7".!+0)8B#[./'+)23)B#
!"#$%&'()*+&,--./
?O# W).%3)#Z>#J"%):B#9*.:";"*(".2;.+<".62*(+$+0+$2*+&0%1#2&34$#)&5)#22+&6"17#)8%9:+&;4)<494%+&
?SOSB#-->#]?C@^>
?S& =%>>#?&@(7#)<&@A"<%)>&B&0(A9&=/&6%)#BC+&23=.>$+>B#-->#?^OC?_@>
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
Reforma política en México: concreción de lo posible
111
!"#$%"&'()*"#$+($,"-!','.*$/'012!#-+-$1")$(!$#(*-+")$3(!4)"*(#5$62()"*$,2(#4'"!
"#$%&'$(&$(')#&'$*&+*"+#&',%&*-*%"(&',%).+*-#&/'0'"*"12"%')%134'()'#,%0%'"(-(!
&#3*%5'6)'+(7#'82($4'92(3#'$(')#'3(9%37#',%).+*-#'#,3%:#$#5';%3'%+3%')#$%/')#'
3(9%37#'&.'7%$*9*-4')#'-%"9*123#-*4"'$(')#'<&#7:)(#'=(1*&)#+*>#'$()'?*&+3*+%'@(!
$(3#)/'-%"')#'()*7*"#-*4"'$('2"#'-)A2&2)#'$('1%:(3"#:*)*$#$'82('%+%31#:#'2"#'
7#0%3.#'#:&%)2+#'$('(&-#B%&'#)',#3+*$%'82('%:+(".#'2"#'7#0%3.#'3()#+*>#'$('CD'
,%3'-*("+%'$(')%&'>%+%&5'E('*12#)4'#')#')(1*&)#-*4"'82('#,)*-#'#)'F%"13(&%'9($(!
3#)/'82('(&+#:)(-('82('"%',2($('G#:(3'7A&'$('H',%3'-*("+%'$('$*9(3("-*#'("+3('
>%+%&'%:+("*$%&'0'$*,2+#$%&'#&*1"#$%&5
!"#$%&%''()*#'+*,%'-.(/"
=#'3()(--*4"'-%"&(-2+*>#'$(')(1*&)#$%3(&'92('*"*-*#)7("+(',3%,2(&+#'+#"+%'
,%3'()'6I(-2+*>%'-%7%',%3'()';JK/'#2"82('"%',%3'()';J?5'6)'6I(-2+*>%',3%,2&%'
2"').7*+('$('G#&+#'LM'#B%&',#3#'#7:#&'-A7#3#&/'0')%&',3**&+#&'N'#B%&',#3#'$*!
,2+#$%&'0'LM',#3#'&("#$%3(&5'=%&'#3127("+%&'#'9#>%3'&%"'&2'2+*)*$#$'-%7%'
7(-#"*&7%'$('3("$*-*4"'$('-2("+#&/'("'$%"$('()'()(-+%3'+*("(')#',%&*:*)*$#$'$('
,3(7*#3'%'-#&+*1#3'#)')(1*&)#$%3'-%"'&2'>%+%/')#',3%9(&*%"#)*O#-*4"'$(')%&')(1*&)#!
$%3(&/'82*("(&'-%"'()'+*(7,%',2($("'#$82*3*3'7#0%3'(P,(3*("-*#'0'-%"%-*7*("!
+%'("'A3(#&'(&,(-.9*-#&'$(',%).+*-#',Q:)*-#/'0'#7,)*#3'()'G%3*O%"+(',#3#'#:%"#3'
2"#'3()#-*4"'$('-%"9*#"O#/'82(',(37*+#'-($(3'#G%3#/'#'-#7:*%'$('#,%0%'("'()'
92+23%5MR'6"'2"'&*&+(7#',3(&*$("-*#)':*,#3+*$*&+#'&*"',#3+*$%&',%).+*-%&'-%"'13#"!
$(&'$*9(3("-*#&'*$(%)41*-#&'S("'+T37*"%&'-%7,#3#+*>%&U'-%7%'6&+#$%&'V"*$%&/'
()'>."-2)%'$*3(-+%'-%"'()'()(-+%3#$%'#'+3#>T&'$(')#'3()(--*4"'3()#I#')#'$*&-*,)*"#'
$(',#3+*$%/'0'$#'7#31("'#)'6I(-2+*>%',#3#'"(1%-*#3'$*3(-+#7("+('-%"')%&'-%"!
13(&*&+#&/'0',(37*+*3',%$(3')%13#3'7#0%3.#&')(1*&)#+*>#&':*,#3+*$*&+#&5ML
6"'WTP*-%')#'3()(--*4"',%$3.#'$*&7*"2*3')#'$*&-*,)*"#'$(',#3+*$%'0'#27("+#3'
)#'3(&,2(&+#'#)'()(-+%3/'&*"'(7:#31%/'(&+%'$(,("$(3.#'$()'-%"+3%)'82('(I(3O#"'
)%&',#3+*$%&'&%:3(')%&'3(-23&%&',#3#')#&'-#7,#B#&/'0'$('82('&('7%$*9*82(')#'
(&+32-+23#'$(',%$(3'-("+3#)*O#$#'82('%,(3#'("'()'F%"13(&%'7(P*-#"%/'("'$%"$('
!"#$ ,"")+'*-+")(#$ +($ !-#$ &-*,-+-#$ 7$ #2$ -)(*-$ +($ *(%",'-,'.*8$ !-$ 92*4-$ +($
F%%3$*"#-*4"';%).+*-#/'-%"-("+3#')#&'$(-*&*%"(&5MM';%3'%+3%')#$%/'2"'(&-("#3*%'
$('$(&-("+3#)*O#-*4"/'("'$%"$('(P*&+#"'*"-("+*>%&',#3#'#-+2#3'$('7#"(3#'*"$(!
,("$*("+(/' ,%$3.#' $*9*-2)+#3' )#' -%"&+32--*4"' $(' 7#0%3.#&/' -%"' 2"#' 720' $*9.-*)'
MR$ :-)7$;<$9-,"&#"*8$01%#2+&(.(',#+3#4+*5$%,,(+*"&#6&%'.(+*,8$=-)1()$;"!!'*#8$>2(?-$@")A8$
LNNM/'-#,5'D5
ML' X*%>#""*'E#3+%3*/'4+78"$".(/%#4+*,.(.-.(+*"&#6*5(*%%$(*5/'W#-W*))#"';3(&&/'=%"$%"/'LNNY/'
,,5'HZ!NL5
MM' W#23*-*%'J%&&())/'4+*5$%,+#9#5+:%$*":(&(;";#%*#<=>('+/'6$*+%3*#)';%33Q#/'WTP*-%/'MRRR/'
-#,5'D5
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
112
Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya
!"#$%&'%&(!)"!*+")'%*$+",)%$!)-!').&,/"+,&(!)/$01*&%$2&."$0(#&%')34,)'3/0&'5)
67&,*")"0)'+#-3"!*$).")8-")0')3'9$+1').")0$,)%$!#+",&,*',)"!)/$,&%&$!",)%0':")
9')*+'"!)"7/"+&"!%&')9);$+3'%&(!<)9'),"')/$+)='>"+),&.$)0"#&,0'.$+",)/+":&'3"!2
*") ?"!) $*+') %43'+'<) ') !&:"0) 0$%'0<) "!) 0"#&,0'*-+',) '!*"+&$+",@<) $) ='>"+) *"!&.$)
+",/$!,'>&0&.'.",)"!)0')A.3&!&,*+'%&(!)BC>0&%'5)6!)0$,)&!,*&*-*$,).")",*-.&$)/'+')
"0)'/$9$)')0')0'>$+)0"#&,0'*&:'<)',1)%$3$)"!)0$,)%-"+/$,).")',",$+",<)/'+"%")9')
='>"+)-!)%$!,&."+'>0")#+'.$).")%$!*&!-&.'.)9)/+"/'+'%&(!<)"0)/-!*$)/$.+1'),"+)
8-"),&)>&"!),-D"*$,)')0')'-*$+&.'.).")0$,)0"#&,0'.$+",<),");$+*'0"%&"+'),-)/+$;"2
,&$!'0&E'%&(!)9)$>D"*&:&.'.5
F')+"0"%%&(!)%$!,"%-*&:')&!*+$.-%")$*+',).$,)/+"$%-/'%&$!",5)G!')",)8-")
0')/"+3'!"!%&')&!%+"3"!*")"0)&!%"!*&:$)/'+')0');$+3'%&(!).")!"7$,)34,);-"+*",)
%$!)#+-/$,).")&!*"+H,)9);-!%&$!'+&$,)/C>0&%$,<)%+"'!.$)I*+&4!#-0$,).")=&"++$J)8-")
,$3"*'!)')0$,)0"#&,0'.$+",)')/+",&$!",)9)0$,)='#'!)>0'!%$).")&!*"!*$,)."),$2
>$+!$5KL) 6,*$) +";$+E'+1') 0') &."') .") 0') !"%",&.'.) .") 0"#&,0'%&(!) 8-") +"#-0") "0)
%'>&0."$)"!)"0)M$!#+",$5)B$+)$*+$)0'.$<)/-"."!)00"#'+)')/+","!*'+,")*',',).")
+"0"%%&(!)."3',&'.$)'0*',5)F'):"!*'D')."0)I!"#$%&'"())$)I*&*-0'+J<)8-&"!)$%-/')"0)
',&"!*$)0"#&,0'*&:$)9)#$E').")+"%-+,$,)9):&,&>&0&.'.)8-")&!=&>"!)')0$,)/$*"!%&'0",)
%$3/"*&.$+",5KN) 6,*$) ."/"!."+4) "!) >-"!') 3".&.') ."0) %$!*+$0) 8-") "D"+E') "0)
/'+*&.$<)8-")/$.+1'<)/$+)"D"3/0$<)+"*&+'+0"),-)+",/'0.$)9)!$3>+'+)')$*+$)%'!.&2
.'*$<)"0)%-'0)%$!*'+1')%$!)0$,)+"%-+,$,)9)",*+-%*-+')/'+')"!;+"!*'+0$5)
)F',)"!%-",*',),"O'0'!)+"*&%"!%&')/$+)/'+*").")0')%&-.'.'!1')')'/$9'+)",*')
3".&.'<)'-!8-"),&!)-!')>-"!')%$3/+"!,&(!)."),-,)/$,&>0",)";"%*$,)/$,&*&:$,<)
9) ,$>+") *$.$) "!) %-'!*$) '0) 6D"%-*&:$5KP) 67&,*"!) >-"!',) +'E$!",) .") 3"3$+&')
=&,*(+&%')/'+')"00$<)',1)%$3$).").",%$!;&'!E')'!*")0')3'0')&3'#"!)."0)M$!#+",$5KQ)
R&)-!$).")0$,)$>D"*&:$,)."%0'+'.$,)."0)&!*"!*$)+";$+3&,*')",).&,3&!-&+)"0)I.",2
%+H.&*$J).")0')%0',")/$01*&%'<)"0)*"3').">"),"+)3'!"D'.$)/+-."!*"3"!*"5)A3/0&'+)
0$,)/0'E$,)"!)"0)M$!#+",$)"!):"E).")0')+"0"%%&(!)!-0&;&%')"0)&!%"!*&:$).")/+$%-2
+'+)"0):1!%-0$)%$!)"0)"0"%*$+'.$)9)0')/$,&>0")+"/+",'0&')/$+)0');'0*').")'%-"+.$,5
6!)0')/+$/-",*').")'>+&0).")KSTT)."0)R"!'.$<),")%$!*"3/0'>')-!')+"0"%2
%&(!)%$!,"%-*&:')/'+')0$,),"!'.$+",)?TK)'O$,)"!)*$*'0@)9).$,)/'+')0$,).&/-*'.$,)
?U) 'O$,)"!)*$*'0@5)6,*$,)/0'E$,)/'+"%"!),-;&%&"!*",)/'+')+";0"D'+)"7/"+&"!%&'<)
",*'!.$),-D"*$,)')0')+"!.&%&(!).")%-"!*',).")0$,)"0"%*$+",<),&!)"7%",&:').&,/'2
KL! "#$%!"&'()*!+,--#&!.&/0)12-!345!/%&!67&'#/89&!6-/3:(8-%;&4/<*!&4!=4/%)4>!?84$!@&5AB*!*+',
-'.,/%'0!#1",234!(!#14,567('%<)A3"+&%'!)6!*"+/+&,")V!,*&*-*"<)TUWX5
KN! C31>!D3'):-)4E*!389,#!(5<)%'/5)L5
KP) YH',")!$*')TT5
KQ) Z$9)M'3/-,)9)A!')['+1')\"+!4!."E<)I[H7&%$])%$!;&'!E')"!)&!,*&*-%&$!",J<)"!):3"7$4(1,
;!(3<7=6<)'#$,*$<)[H7&%$<)KSTT5)F')&!;$+3'%&(!)"!)",*')"!%-",*')3-",*+')8-")0$,),"!'.$+",)9)0$,)
.&/-*'.$,),$!).")0',)&!,*&*-%&$!",)8-")#"!"+'!)3"!$+)%$!;&'!E')"!*+")0')%&-.'.'!1'<)%$!)%'0&;&%'%&(!)
/+$3".&$).")P5U)0$,)/+&3"+$,)9)P5Q)0$,),"#-!.$,)?"!)",%'0')T)')TS@5
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
Reforma política en México: concreción de lo posible
113
!"#$#% &'% ($% )*+&',"$(% )&!-$'&',"$% #&% (&."/($#*!&/% #&% $-0$/% ,1-$!$/2% 3"'%
&-0$!.*4%'*%/&%&/+$0(&,5$%,6-*%/&%((&7$!5$%$%,$0*%($%!&(&,,"6'%&'+!&%(*/%(&."/8
($#*!&/%&(&,+*/%0$9*%&(%)!"',")"*%#&%!&)!&/&'+$,"6'%)!*)*!,"*'$(4%:$%;<&%&(%.!$'%
+$-$=*%#&%($/%,"!,<'/,!"),"*'&/%)(<!"'*-"'$(&/%#">",<(+$%&(%75',<(*%,*'%&(%&(&,8
+*!$#*4%:%&(%)$)&(%#&%(*/%)$!+"#*/%)*(5+",*/%,*'+"'<$!5$%/"&'#*%#&+&!-"'$'+&2%?/%
#">5,"(%/</+&'+$!%($%"-)*)<($!%!&(&,,"6'%#&(%)!&/"#&'+&%#&%($%@&)A0(",$4%)*!%(*%;<&%
'"'.A'%)$!+"#*%)*(5+",*%($%/<."!"62%B*!%*+!*%($#*4%&(%$!.<-&'+*%#&%($%,*'+"'<"#$#%
#&%($/%)*(5+",$/%)A0(",$/%(*,$(&/%&/%#&%)&/*%,*'/"#&!$0(&%&'%(*/%C:<'+$-"&'+*/4%
&',$0&D$#*/%)*!%&(%)!&/"#&'+&%-<'",")$(4%,<:$%!&(&,,"6'%><&%/<.&!"#$%)*!%&(%BCE4%
:%($%)!*)<&/+$%#&%(*/%/&'$#*!&/%&'%$0!"(%#&%FGHH%,*'+&-)($0$%;<&%($/%(&."/($8
+<!$/%&/+$+$(&/%#&,"#"!5$'%/*0!&%($%!&(&,,"6'%,*'/&,<+"7$%#&%#")<+$#*/%(*,$(&/%:%
(*/%$:<'+$-"&'+*/2%3"'%&-0$!.*4%,*-*%/&%I$%/&=$($#*%J7K$/&%!"#$%&'))2%L8MN4%
(&."/($#*!&/% #&(% B@O% #&% $-0$/% ,1-$!$/% /&% -$'">&/+$!*'% &'% ,*'+!$% #&% &/+$/%
-&#"#$/4%)*!%(*%;<&%'*%/&%"',*!)*!$!*'%$%($%!&>*!-$%)*(5+",$%$)!*0$#$2
()'*%+%,-'./)'0-"1$/2P*/%$!.<-&'+*/%)$!$%($%!&#<,,"6'%#&(%'A-&!*%#&%"'+&.!$'+&/%#&(%Q*'.!&/*%
/*'%(*.!$!%-$:*!%&>","&',"$%&'%/<%><',"*'$-"&'+*%:%!&#<,"!%.$/+*/2%?'%&(%,$/*%
#&%RKS",*4%/"'%&-0$!.*4%/&%I$%/&=$($#*%;<&%&(%'A-&!*%#&%(&."/($#*!&/%&'%!&8
($,"6'%$%($%,$'+"#$#%#&%,"<#$#$'*/%!&)!&/&'+$#*/%&/%&(%$#&,<$#*4%&'%+K!-"'*/%
,*-)$!$+"7*/%,*'%*+!*/%)$5/&/4FL%:%;<&%&(%$I*!!*%.&'&!$#*%/&!5$%!&($+"7$-&'+&%
-*#&/+*4%$<';<&%)!*0$0(&-&'+&%#",I$%-&#"#$%/&!5$%0"&'%!&,"0"#$%)$!$%!&/$!,"!%
($%"-$.&'%:%!&)<+$,"6'%#&%($%"'/+"+<,"6'%&'%&(%)$5/2%P$%!&#<,,"6'%#&%(*/%6!.$'*/%
(&."/($+"7*/%><&%)$!+&%#&%($/%)!*)<&/+$/%#&(%?9&,<+"7*%:%#&(%B@O4%$<';<&%,*'%#"8
>&!&'#*/%&'%,<$'+*%$%/<%-$.'"+<#%:%($%,*-)*/","6'%#&%($/%,1-$!$/2%?(%?9&,<8
+"7*%I$0($0$%#&%<'$%!&#<,,"6'%#&%TGG%#")<+$#*/%$,+<$(&/%$%UGG4%,*'%FUG%#&%
-$:*!5$%!&($+"7$%J)!*0$0(&-&'+&%,*'%0$/&%&'%<'%,1(,<(*%#&%+$-$=*%#&%#"/+!"+*/%
;<&%I$!5$'%,*-)&+"+"7*%$(%BCE%&'%.!$'%)$!+&%#&%&((*/N4%:%HVG%#&%!&)!&/&'+$,"6'%
)!*)*!,"*'$(2%?(%B@O4%A'",*%)$!+"#*%,*'%,*0&!+<!$%&'%+*#*/%(*/%#"/+!"+*/%&(&,+*!$8
(&/%&S"/+&'+&/4%)!*)</*%;<&%)&!-$'&,"&!$'%(*/%WGG%#"/+!"+*/%#&%-$:*!5$%!&($+"7$%
$,+<$(&/4%:%/&%!&#<9&!$%$%HGG%(*/%#&%!&)!&/&'+$,"6'%)!*)*!,"*'$(2FM%?(%B@X4%,*'%
/<%"-)*!+$'+&%)&!*%,*',&'+!$#$%0$/&%&(&,+*!$(%&'%&(%,&'+!*%:%/<!%#&(%)$5/4%:%&'%
$)&.*%$%($%#&>&'/$%#&(%)!"',")"*%#&%!&)!&/&'+$+"7"#$#4%/<."!"6%<'%/"/+&-$%,*-8
FL! "#$%&!'()!*+,'*-(-*#.&)!/&'!0(+(1#!/&'!2#/&%!3&4*)'(0*5#6!57()&!"0&5&.!89!:%(+)!;!2&0&%!
Q2% Y"/I0<!'4% ZC% E*+&% *'% [$!"$0(&83"D&% P&."/($+<!&/% +*% C,I"&7&% B!*)*!+"*'$(% @&)!&/&'+$+"*'\4% &'%
<%&./!3*=,>(%0!;!:&%.(%/!?%#@+(.!A&/)9BC6!-34'5!*2
FM% 3*0!&%($/%,$!$,+&!5/+",$/%:%&>&,+*/%#&%!&.5-&'&/%&(&,+*!$(&/%-"S+*/4%7K$/&%R$++I&]%3*0&!.%
3I<.$!+%:%R$!+"'%B2%^$++&'0&!.%J&#/2N4%6!7/.86/+9/$'()/5*-$%)':;2*/+2<'=>/'?/2*'-#'?-*>'@-$).2A4%
DE@#%/!F.*5&%)*0;!2%&))6!DE@#%/6!GHHI9
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
114
Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya
!"#$%&'#&(#!(#)#*$+,-.*&!(%!%(,-%*+"/&,%*&011&#"#,$%)&#*&23&,-(,4*),(-!,-%*#)&
#)$+$+"#)/&511&#*&4*+&,-(,4*),(-!,-.*&*+,-%*+"637
8*&,4+*$%&+&"+&9:;+(+&'#&<#*+'%(#)/&$+*$%&#"&!(#)-'#*$#&9+"'#(.*&,%;%&
#"&=>?&!(%!4)-#(%*&"+&(#'4,,-.*&'#&53@&+&7A/&#"&!(-;#(%&#*&23&,-(,4*),(-!,-%*#)&
#)$+$+"#)&,%*&"-)$+)&+B-#($+)&CD4#&'+(E+*&+"&#"#,$%(&"+&!%)-B-"-'+'&'#&'#,-'-(&"%)&
,+*'-'+$%)&D4#&(#,-B#*&#"&F%$%/&+&'-G#(#*,-+&'#"&G%(;+$%&+,$4+"&'#&HG.(;4"+)I&!+(J
$-'-)$+)K/&L&#"&)#M4*'%&"+&#"-;-*+,-.*&'#&"%)&23&'#&(#!(#)#*$+,-.*&!(%!%(,-%*+"&
CD4#&)#&#"-M#*&#*&4*+&)%"+&,-(,4*),(-!,-.*&*+,-%*+"K6&8"&=>N/&'#&*4#F%&B4),.&
#"&G%($+"#,-;-#*$%&'#&"+&(#!(#)#*$+,-.*&!(%!%(,-%*+"/&L&G+F%(#,E+&$#*#(&+&7A&#"#,J
$%)&#*&23&,-(,4*),(-!,-%*#)&#)$+$+"#)/&L&23&#*&4*+&*+,-%*+"6&
O+*$%&#"&8P#,4$-F%&,%;%&"%)&'-!4$+'%)&!(--)$+)&(#,4((-#(%*&+"&+(M4;#*$%&'#&
D4#&"%)&)#*+'%(#)&'#&(#!(#)#*$+,-.*&!(%!%(,-%*+"&'#)F-($Q+*&#"&%(-M#*&'#"&<#J
*+'%&,%;%&M+(+*$#&'#"&!+,$%&G#'#(+"/&+4*D4#&)#&'-%&4*&'#)+,4#('%&#*&$%(*%&+&
#)$#&!4*$%&,%*&"+&'-(-M#*,-+&'#"&=>?/&!(#)4;-B"#;#*$#&!%(&"+&(#'4,,-.*&'#&!4#)J
$%)&'-)!%*-B"#)&!+(+&'-)$(-B4-(&#*$(#&"%)&,4+'(%)&!+($-'-)$+)6&R+&#"#,,-.*&;#'-+*J
$#&G.(;4"+/&!%(&%$(%&"+'%/&G+F%(#,#&+&"+)&G4#($#)&#)$(4,$4(+)&#)$+$+"#)&'#"&=>?/&
!%(&"%&D4#&#(+&'#&#)!#(+(&G4#($#&%!%)-,-.*&+&)4&;%'-G-,+,-.*6
S-*+";#*$#/&#"&$#;+&'#&"+&'-);-*4,-.*&'#"&*Q;#(%&'#&-*$#M(+*$#)&'#"&9%*J
M(#)%& *%& )#& -*,"4L.& #*& "+& !(%!4#)$+& '#"& <#*+'%& '#& +B(-"& '#& 3155/& L& D4#'.&
G4#(+&'#&"+&(#G%(;+&!%"E$-,+&+!(%B+'+&#*&+M%)$%&'#&31536&8"&$#;+/&)-*&#;B+(M%/&
$-#*#&L+&+"MQ*&$-#;!%&#*&#"&+;B-#*$#&!%"E$-,%/&T+&)-'%&!"+*$#+'%&!%(&F+(-+)&-*-J
,-+$-F+)/&L&T+&,%*$-*4+'%&#*&'-),4)-%*#)&!%)$#(-%(#)6&R+)&(#'4,,-%*#)&;:)&F-+J
B"#)& L& ;#*,-%*+'+)& !+(#,#*& )#(& "+)& D4#& (#"+$-F+;#*$#& $(+)$%,+*& ;#*%)& "+&
,%;!%)-,-.*&+,$4+"U&"+&#"-;-*+,-.*&'#&511&'-!4$+'%)&'#&(#!(#)#*$+,-.*&!(%!%(J
,-%*+"/&L&'#&"%)&23&)#*+'%(#)&#"#,$%)&'#&"+&;-);+&;+*#(+6
!"#$%&'("#%)*+%,#-('(#",.#-('/+0,.#-,")/+1,.
R+&-;!%($+*,-+&'#&"%)&!+($-'%)&!%"E$-,%)&$-#*#&D4#&F#(&,%*&"+&,+*$-'+'&'#&
F%$%)&D4#&(#,-B#*&C)4&(#!(#)#*$+$-F-'+'K&L&)4&G4#(V+&%&'#B-"-'+'&#*&#"&#)D4#;+&
'#"&(WM-;#*&'#&!+($-'%)6&R%&D4#&,%;Q*;#*$#&)#&T+,#&#)&#)$+B"#,#(&4*&;E*-;%&
%&$%&'("/&!%(&'#B+P%&'#"&,4+"&)#&,%*)-'#(+&D4#&*%&'#B#*&$%;+()#&#*&,4#*$+6&
X*&4;B(+"&'#;+)-+'%&#"#F+'%&!4#'#&""#F+(&+&%;-)-%*#)&)-M*-G-,+$-F+)&#&-*T-B-(&
"+&M#*#(+,-.*&'#&*4#F+)&%!,-%*#)&!%"E$-,+)/&;-#*$(+)&4*&4;B(+"&'#;+)-+'%&B+P%&
!4#'#&-;!"-,+(&-*,"4-(&!+($-'%)&-((#"#F+*$#)621
Y)E/&+'#;:)&'#"&+!%L%&#"#,$%(+"/&"+&-;!%($+*,-+&'#!#*'#&'#&"+&!%)-,-.*&#*&
"+&'-;#*)-.*&-'#%".M-,+&-VD4-#('+J,#*$(%J'#(#,T+/&!%(&"%&D4#&4*&!+($-'%&,%*&
37& ZW+)#&S#('-*+*'&Y6&[#(;#*)/&H>#!(#)#*$+$-%*&+*'&=(%!%($-%*+"&>#!(#)#*$+$-%*I/&#*&Y(#*'&
!"#$%&'()*)+,'-&'.)/'012&-)3,.45678),-2#1+/6
21& \-%F+**-&<+($%(-/&3('/+0,.#4#.+./5%(.#05#-('/+0,.78),-2#1+/6/&!!6&5]3J5]^6
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
Reforma política en México: concreción de lo posible
115
!"#$%&#'(#)*#+,-*./0"#1,'23*#4(2#5(",4#2()(+*"-(#6!(#!",#.,"#()#7&#'(#)*#
5/45*8#4/#94-(#:)-/5,#,.!1*#!"#)!;*2#(4-2*-9;/.,#("#'/.<*#'/5("4/0"#1*2*#*1,2=
-*2#),4#(4.*>,4#4!?/./("-(4#1*2*#?,25*2#!"*#.,*)/./0"#6!(#),;2(#5*@,23*A#B/;!/("=
',#(4-*#)0;/.*8#()#.2/-(2/,#'(#/51,2-*"./*#(4#()#":5(2,#'(#(4.*>,4#6!(#),;2*#
,C-("(2#!"#1*2-/',8#@#)*#1,4/C/)/'*'#'(#6!(#94-,4#?,25("#1*2-(#'(#.,*)/./,"(4#
)(;/4)*-/+*4#.,"#1,4/C/)/'*'(4#'(#,C-("(2#5*@,23*A#DE/4-(#-*5C/9"#)*#1(2.(1./0"#
'(#6!(#*#5*@,2#":5(2,#'(#1*2-/',48#5*@,2#'/?/.!)-*'#1*2*#)*#"(;,./*./0"#@#()#
),;2,#'(#*.!(2',4A
D"#F9E/.,#4(#<*#*2;!5("-*',#6!(#),4#1*2-/',4#1,)3-/.,4#1(6!(>,4#",#-/("("#
4!?/./("-(#2(12(4("-*-/+/'*'#2(*)8#6!(#/51)/.*"#!"#.,"4/'(2*C)(#;*4-,#1*2*#()#
(2*2/,#G-,',4#),4#1*2-/',4#.,"#2(;/4-2,#2(./C("#2(.!24,4#1:C)/.,4H8#@#4,"#5*"(=
I*',4#.,5,#"(;,./,#1*2-/.!)*2#1,2#*);!",4#)3'(2(48#,#4,"#4,)*5("-(#(4.*1*2*-(4#
1*2*#),4#/"-(2(4(4#'(#;2!1,4#,#/"'/+/'!,4#(41(.3?/.,4A#J*#12,1!(4-*#'()#-/-!)*2#'(#
DI(.!-/+,#.,"-(51)*C*#*!5("-*2#()#!5C2*)#'(#1,2.("-*I(#53"/5,#1*2*#()#2(;/4=
-2,#.,"'/./,"*',#'(#),4#1*2-/',4#1,)3-/.,48#'(#K&#*#L&#'(#)*#+,-*./0"#"*./,"*)A
J*#5('/'*#",#?!(#C/("#2(./C/'*#1,2#),4#1*2-/',4#1,)3-/.,4#'(#,1,4/./0"A#J,4#
1*2-/',4#1(6!(>,4#)*#2(.<*M*2,"#1,2#)*#*5("*M*#6!(#4/;"/?/.*C*#1*2*#4!#(E/4=
-("./*8#@#),4#-2(4#1*2-/',4#;2*"'(4#1,2#)*#*?2("-*#6!(#1,'23*#2(12(4("-*2#1*2*#
!"#$%&'()*+,-".&'(.*/*(0+(+,10%(10("23$"0%1&(451%6'(7&5$0+(89)02(:;%&1*%(<(+&(
'/2/;("-(#5*;/4-(2/*)#D)C*#D4-<(2#N,2'/)),8#*5C*4#)/;*'*4#*#1*2-/',4#5/",2/-*2/,4A#
J,4#1*2-/',4#5*@,2/-*2/,4#2(*)/M*C*"#@*#.O).!),4#(4-2*-9;/.,4#1*2*#()#(4-*C)(./=
5/("-,#'(#*)/*"M*4#("#),4#.,5/./,4#?('(2*)(4#'(#K%$KA#P!"#.!*"',#("#)(;/4)*=
-!2*4# 12(+/*4# 4,)*5("-(# ()# QRDF# <*C3*# -("/',# ),4# (4.*>,4# 4!?/./("-(4# 1*2*#
'(?/"/2#5*@,23*4#G("#!"*#1,4/./0"#'(#.("-2,='(2(.<*8#.,"#1,4/C)(4#*)/*"M*4#.,"#
()# QST#,#()# QPUH8#"/";!"*#'(#)*4#,-2*4#12,1!(4-*4#1*2-/'/4-*48#"/#)*#'()#B("*',#
'(#*C2/)#'(#K%$$8#.,"4/'(2*C*#!"#*!5("-,#'()#!5C2*)8#1,2#),#6!(#?!(#'(4(.<*'*A
!"#$%&'()*+$#,-$.,/%$#)-$+0$,'.,1%$#212$#0*,3,%$(*+-2(()4+,1%$#212$#0'.
J*#12,1!(4-*#'()#Q2(4/'("-(#V*)'(20"#@#)*#4("*-,2/*)#'(#*C2/)#'(#K%$$#/".)!3*"#
)*#?*.!)-*'#(E1)3./-*#*)#DI(.!-/+,#'(#+(-,#4,C2(#()#Q2(4!1!(4-,#'(#D;2(4,4#'(#)*#
W('(2*./0"8#()#.!*)#4(23*#'(+!()-,#*#)*#VO5*2*#'(#X/1!-*',4#1*2*#4!#'/4.!4/0"A#
B/#(2*#.,"?/25*',#1,2#',4#-(2.(2*4#1*2-(4#'(#)*#.O5*2*8#2(;2(4*23*#*)#DI(.!-/+,#
1*2*#4!#1!C)/.*./0"A#D4-*#.*1*./'*'#12(4/'("./*)#",#(4-O#.)*2*#("#)*#V,"4-/-!=
."95=('"(;"05(+&(>$)%0/&(?*%-0(10(@$'-"."&(10(+&(A&."95(+0(!&B*%0."9('*;%0(+&(
5/45*#<*.(#1,.,4#*>,4A#B/"#(5C*2;,8#)*#5('/'*#4(#/"-(212(-0#1,2#*);!",4#
)(;/4)*',2(4#("#)*#VO5*2*#'(#X/1!-*',4#G(".*2;*'*#'(#)*#*12,C*./0"#'()#12(=
4!1!(4-,H#.,5,#()#,-,2;*5/("-,#'(#!"#(E.(4,#'(#1,'(2#1*2*#()#12(4/'("-(AY$
Y$# B,C2(# )*4# ?*.!)-*'(4# 12(4/'("./*)(4# ("# ;("(2*)8# @# ()# +(-,# ("# 1*2-/.!)*28# +9*4(# F*--<(Z#
>*;0%#(>C$#&%-(<(>.*--(7&"5D&%"5#=(EF%0'"105-"&+"'/(&51(G0/*.%&.<("5(8&-"5(4/0%".&H(I0-C"5J"5#(
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
116
Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya
!"#$%&$'()*"#$%()+,(-.+"#/#0"#,(0#1(-",&#.&-*(-2"-#")+3+)3&#(0#3(."-+)4
3&#,(#%(.&-,'..+5-#$%()'$'()*"06#7'(#.'8%2"#(0#$&*(-.+"0#%+()9&#,(#+-9&8(%-"4
8+0+,",# "-*(# 0"# :"0*"# ,(# %(.'%)&)# $"%"# (0# :'-.+&-"3+(-*&# ,(0# ;)*",&# $&%# 0"#
+3$&)+8+0+,",#,(#0&9%"%#'-#".'(%,&#,(#+-9%()&)#&#$%()'$'()*"0#(-*%(#0&)#$&,(%()#
;<(.'*+=&#/#!(9+)0"*+=&>#1+#0"#-(9&.+".+5-#-&#00(9"8"#"#8'(-#*?%3+-&6#.&-*+-'"%2"-#
=+9(-*()# 0")# ,+)$&)+.+&-()# ,(0# "@&# "-*(%+&%6# /# )50&# $&,%A-# %("0+B"%)(# 9")*&)#
&80+9"*&%+&)#$&%#0(/6#.&3&#)'(0,&)#/#)"0"%+&)6#$"9&#,(#,(',"#$C80+."6#&#$"9&#,(#
.'&*")#,(#)(9'%+,",#)&.+"0>#;)*&#(-#$%+-.+$+&#$&,%2"#$(%3+*+%#3A)#*+(3$&#$"%"#
0"#-(9&.+".+5-#/#:"=&%(.(%#0"#.&-=(%9(-.+"#(-*%(#0&)#$&,(%()>#D"-*&#=(*&#$%()+4
,(-.+"0#"0#$%()'$'()*&#.&3&#0"#%(.&-,'..+5-#$%()'$'()*"0#)(#$0"-*("%&-#.&3&#
3(,+,")#$"%"#$%&$&%.+&-"%#.(%*(B"#/#()*"8+0+,",#"0#.'%)&#,(#0"#)&.+(,",#/#0"#
(.&-&32"6#$(%&#-+-9'-"#,(#0")#,&)#0&9%5#"$&/&#)':+.+(-*(>#E38")#:'(%&-#(F.0'+4
,")#,(#0"#%(:&%3"#$&02*+."#"$%&8",">
Los temas incluidos
!"#$%"&'('")*+"#$(&',-,&'(,&),#
!")#."-,+,"*'%")#+-,($(-,+(-*()#&#.+',","-")#*+(-(-#0"#=(-*"<"#,(#$(%3+*+%#
'-"#%($%()(-*".+5-#,+%(.*"6#)+-#0"#+-*(%3(,+".+5-#,(#0&)#$"%*+,&)#$&02*+.&)6#.&-4
=+%*+?-,&)(#(-#'-"#"0*(%-"*+="#$"%"#7'+(-()#-&#()*?-#)"*+):(.G&)#.&-#0")#&$.+&-()#
$%()(-*",")#$&%#0&)#$"%*+,&)>#1+-#(38"%9&6#$%()(-*"-#,()=(-*"<")#.&3&#0")#
,+:+.'0*",()#$"%"#)'$(%=+)"%6#:+)."0+B"%#/#-&%3"%#(0#:+-"-.+"3+(-*&#,(#)')#."34
$"@")6#"..()&#"#0&)#3(,+&)#,(#.&3'-+.".+5-6#(0#%+()9&#,(#0"#H$(%)&-"0+B".+5-I#
,(#0"#$&02*+."#(-#,(*%+3(-*&#,(#0")#+-)*+*'.+&-()#J$"%*+,&)#$&02*+.&)K#/#,(#7'(#)("-#
'*+0+B",&)#$&%#$"%*(#,(#0&)#H$&,(%()#:A.*+.&)I#&#+-.0')&#(0#.%+3(-#&%9"-+B",&>
L&%#&*%&#0",&6#'-#*+*'0"%#,(#'-#L&,(%#;<(.'*+=&#(0(.*&#,(#()*"#3"-(%"#*(-,%2"#
7'(#*%"8"<"%#3'.G&#3A)#,'%&#$"%"#0&9%"%#(0#"$&/&#0(9+)0"*+=&6#"0#-&#.&-*"%#.&-#
)&$&%*(#$"%*+,+)*">#;-#(0#M&-9%()&6#0&)#0(9+)0",&%()#.+',","-&)#$&,%2"-#()*"%#
"+)0",&)6#.&-#()."B"#&$&%*'-+,",#,(#+3$".*&#(:(.*+=&6#)+#-&#)(#+-.&%$&%"-#"#
"09'-"# ,(# 0")# 8"-.",")# (-# 0")# -(9&.+".+&-()# /# =&*".+&-()># M&3&# /"# )(# G"#
3(-.+&-",&6#0"#.(-*%"0+B","#()*%'.*'%"#,(#$&,(%#".*'"0#(-#"38&)#.'(%$&)#0(4
9+)0"*+=&)#&8)*".'0+B"%2"#7'(#&8*'=+(%"-#$&)+.+&-()#,(#%(0(="-.+"#(-#)')#.&3+4
)+&-()#'#5%9"-&)#,+%(.*+=&)>#D"38+?-#()#,+:2.+0#$(-)"%#7'(#)(#$&,%2"-#.&-)*+*'+%#
(-#'-#80&7'(6#$&%#)'#$%&8"80(#-C3(%&#0+3+*",&#/#,+:(%(-.+")#(-*%(#)2>#N(#G(.G&6#
()*(#*+$&#,(#."-,+,"*'%")#$"%(.(#+%#(-#.&-*%"#,(0#&8<(*+=&#,(#:"=&%(.(%#0"#.&-)4
*%'..+5-#,(#3"/&%2")#0(9+)0"*+=")6#/#.&-#(00&#0"#9&8(%-"8+0+,",>#
*G(#D(%3)#&:#*G(#N(8"*(I6#(-#1.&**#O"+-P"%+-9#/#O"**G(P#1&8(%9#1G'9"%*#J(,)>K6#.+,#(',&)("/(#0$
"&'$1,02%+"%3$(&$!")(&$40,+(%"6#M"38%+,9(#Q-+=(%)+*/#L%())6#M"38%+,9(6#RSST>
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
Reforma política en México: concreción de lo posible
117
!"#$%&'()&*+&#,-")&%.*#$%/$0'/#(*(1(-"2&*+&#"-#$/'(3("()-)#)&#1-*)()-+0%-'#
(*)&$&*)(&*+&'#/#1(0)-)-*-'#$-%-#+/)/'#"/'#1-%4/'#)&#&"&11(.*#$/$0"-%#51/*#
-6-"#)&#78#)&"#$-)%.*#)&#"-#)&2-%1-1(.*#1/%%&'$/*)(&*+&9:#!"#;<=#+-23(>*#"-'#
(*1"0?.@#$&%/#'/"-2&*+&#$-%-#$%&'()&*+&#)&#"-#<&$A3"(1-#?#)($0+-)/'#?#'&*-)/B
%&'#C&)&%-"&'@#1/*#78#)&#"-#"('+-#*/2(*-"#)&#&"&1+/%&':#,/2/#-"+&%*-+(6-#-#&'+-'#
1-*)()-+0%-'@#)0%-*+&#"-#)('10'(.*#'&#D-3".#)&#30'1-%#"-#E1(0)-)-*(F-1(.*G#)&#
"/'#$-%+()/'#$/"H+(1/'@#&'+-3"&1(&*)/#*/%2-+(6()-)#I0&#"/'#/3"(40&#-#$%/1&'/'#
)&# '&"&11(.*# )&# 1-*)()-+/'# 2J'# -3(&%+/'@# +%-*'$-%&*+&'# ?# )&'1&*+%-"(F-)/':#
!'+&# $/)%H-# '&%# 0*/# )&# "/'# -'$&1+/'# I0&# 1/*+&2$"-%H-# 0*-# K&?# )&# ;-%+()/'#
;/"H+(1/'@#I0&#%&40"&#'0#C0*1(/*-2(&*+/#(*+&%*/#?#-$&4/#-#$%(*1($(/'#)&2/1%J+(B
1/':#!"#+&2-#D-#'()/#$%/$0&'+/#$/%#)('+(*+/'#-1+/%&'#$/"H+(1/'#&*#)('+(*+-'#/1-B
'(/*&'@#$&%/#D-#&*C%&*+-)/#0*-#)0%-#%&'('+&*1(-#$/%#$-%+&#)&#"-'#&'+%01+0%-'#
!"#$%&%'$"'()*#+",%-".%/,0').%1%20')./3/)2")4'"3520")6".%/,"2)7%8&"&",")9)02)
,/"&1+(6/#L<&C/%2-;/"H+(1-BMN#-$-%&1(&%/*#?#%&-"(F-%/*#-1+(6('2/#$/"H+(1/@#$-%-#
(2$0"'-%#"-'#1-*)()-+0%-'#(*)&$&*)(&*+&'#?#/+%-'#2&)()-'#$-%-#C-6/%&1&%#?#C/%B
+-"&1&%#"-#$-%+(1($-1(.*#1(0)-)-*-:OP
Q%-'#(*+&*'-'#*&4/1(-1(/*&'@#"-'#1-*)()-+0%-'#(*)&$&*)(&*+&'#'&#$0)(&%/*#
(*1"0(%#&*#"-#$%/$0&'+-#)&#-3%("#)&#PR77#)&"#S&*-)/@#$-%-#+/)/'#"/'#1-%4/'#)&#
&"&11(.*#$/$0"-%@#$&%/#-#$-%+(%#)&#"-'#&"&11(/*&'#C&)&%-"&'#)&#PR7T#?#*/#)&#PR7P@#
1/2/#C0&#$"-*+&-)/#(*(1(-"2&*+&:#!*+%&#)(6&%'/'#'&1+/%&'#)&"#;<U@#'&#$&%1(3H-#"-#
2&)()-#1/2/#0*#(*+&*+/#)&#C-6/%&1&%#0*-#1-*)()-+0%-#$%&'()&*1(-"#(*)&$&*)(&*B
+&#&*#&"#PR7P#I0&#1-$(+-"(F-%-#&"#)&'1/*+&*+/#1/*#"/'#$-%+()/'#$/"H+(1/'@#?#$0)(&B
%-#&*C%&*+-%'&#1/*#1/*'()&%-3"&#C0&%F-#-"#1-*)()-+/#$%(('+-:#V(&23%/'#)&"#;<U#
+-23(>*#'&#D-*#2-*(C&'+-)/#$/%#"-#1%&-1(.*#)&#1-*)-)/'#$-%-#"/'#1-*)()-+/'#
E+%J*'C04-'G@#I0&#-"#*/#'&%#'&"&11(/*-)/'#$/%#'0'#$-%+()/'@#30'I0&*#$/'+0"-%'&#
1/2/#(*)&$&*)(&*+&':#!*#"-#%&C/%2-#$/"H+(1-#C(*-"2&*+&#-$%/3-)-@#I0&).#-#1-%B
4/#)&"#,/*4%&'/#C&)&%-"#?#"/'#1/*4%&'/'#&'+-+-"&'#5$-%-#1-%4/'#"/1-"&'9#"-#"&B
4('"-1(.*#'&10*)-%(-#$-%-#'0'#%&I0('(+/'@#1/*)(1(/*&'#?#+>%2(*/':#!"#1/*+&*()/#
)&#&'+-#"&4('"-1(.*#'&%J#)&#'02-#(2$/%+-*1(-#$-%-#)&C(*(%#"-'#$/'(3("()-)&'#%&-B
"&'#)&#I0&#'&#1/*1%&+&*#"-'#1-*)()-+0%-'#1(0)-)-*-':
!"#$%$&$"'$("#&$)*"*"%"
K-#(*(1(-+(6-#1(0)-)-*-#$"-*+&-#"-#$/'(3("()-)#)&#I0&#'&-*#(*+%/)01()-'#&*#
"-#-4&*)-#"&4('"-+(6-#$%&/10$-1(/*&'#)&#"-#1(0)-)-*H-#I0&#*/#&'+J*#1/*+&2$"-B
)-'#$/%#"/'#"&4('"-)/%&'@#"/'#1/*4%&'/'#&'+-+-"&'#/#&"#$%&'()&*+&:#N0*I0&#(2$"(B
1-# )(C(10"+-)&'# 1/2/# "-# 1-$-1()-)# $-%-# '0# &"-3/%-1(.*# ?# $%/2/1(.*@# ?# '0#
(*1"0'(.*#&*#"-#-4&*)-#*/#4-%-*+(F-#'0#-$%/3-1(.*@#1/*'+(+0?&#0*#(2$/%+-*+&#
OP# N"3&%+/#S&%)J*#</'-"&'@#EW*#$(&#&*#"-#$0&%+-#)&"#$/)&%G@#&*#+%,-.)/@#'0$"&2&*+/#)&"#$&B
%(.)(1/#0/,-12"@#*A2:#XOY@#-3%("#PX@#V>Z(1/@#PR7P:
EN-CLAVES DEL PENSAMIENTO, año VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre 2014, pp. 99-122.
118
Miguel Ángel Valverde Loya
!"#$%&'()*+,+)'+)(,-+./0+1/2.)3!)"!1#(,!")3!)'+)"(1/!3+34)1(.)'+)*("/5/'/3+3)3!)
6&!)"!)!"1&17!)8)+#/!.3+)"&)9(0:
;+)%!3/3+)!"#+5+)1(."/3!,+3+)!.)'+")*,(*&!"#+")/./1/+'!")3!)<+'3!,2.)8)
3!')=>?4)8)1(.#2)1(.)"&@/1/!.#!)+*(8()!.)'+").!-(1/+1/(.!")!.)!')A!.+3(4)*+,+)
@(,%+,)*+,#!)3!)'+)*,(*&!"#+)3!)+5,/')3!)BCDD4)6&!)1(.#!%*'+5+)6&!)&.)-,&*()
3!) 1/&3+3+.(") *&3/!,+) *,!"!.#+,) &.+) /./1/+#/9+) 3!) '!84) "/) "!) 1(.#+5+) 1(.) !')
+*(8()3!')C:BEF)3!)'+)'/"#+).(%/.+')3!)!'!1#(,!"4)+*,(G/%+3+%!.#!)BCC)CCC)
!'!1#(,!":)H.)'+")3/"1&"/(.!")*("#!,/(,!")"!),!3&I()!"#!)*(,1!.#+I!4)8)!.)'+),!J
@(,%+)+*,(5+3+)!.)+-("#()3!)BCDB)6&!32)!.):CDKF)3!)'+)'/"#+).(%/.+'4)+',!3!J
3(,)3!)DCL)CCC)!'!1#(,!":)H")*,(5+5'!)6&!)+&.)"/).()"!)'(-,+)!"#!),!6&/"/#()*!,()
!G/"#!)1(."/3!,+5'!)+*(8(4)!"#()1(."#/#&8+)&.)/.1!.#/9()*+,+)6&!)'!-/"'+3(,!")()
-,&*(")3!)'!-/"'+3(,!")'+")+3(*#!.)8)*,(%&!9+.:)
!"#$%&'()*"#+%+()",
M!1+./"%(")3!)3!%(1,+1/+)3/,!1#+)1(%()!'),!@!,N.3&%)8)!')*'!5/"1/#(4)"(.)
&#/'/0+3(")!.)'+")3!%(1,+1/+")%(3!,.+")O-!.!,+'%!.#!)1(.),!'+#/9+)*(1+)@,!J
1&!.1/+P)*+,+)"&"#!.#+,)'+)'!-/#/%/3+3)3!)3!1/"/(.!")3!)-,+.),!'!9+.1/+)!)/%J
*+1#(:) <(.''!9+.) &.) *(#!.1/+') ,/!"-() 3!) +5&"(4) *&!") *&!3!.) 1(.9!,#/,"!) !.)
/."#,&%!.#()3!)%+./*&'+1/2.)8)1(.@,(.#+1/2.4)*!,()*&!3!.)1(."#/#&/,)#+%5/N.)
&.+)"+'/3+)"+#/"@+1#(,/+)+.#!)3/'!%+")()!"#+.1+%/!.#(")*('$#/1(":KK
H'),!@!,N.3&%)8)!')*'!5/"1/#()@(,%+,(.)*+,#!)3!)'+")*,(*&!"#+")3!),!@(,%+)
3!')HI!1&#/9(4)!')=>?)8)!')=>Q:);+)3!)+5,/')3!)BCDD)3!')A!.+3()/.1(,*(,2)'+)@/-&J
,+)3!)1(."&'#+)*(*&'+,4)6&!)*!,%/#$+)"(%!#!,)+)'+)1(."/3!,+1/2.)3/,!1#+)3!)'(")
!'!1#(,!")+"&.#(")3!),!'!9+.1/+).+1/(.+'4)*,(%(9/3(")*(,)&.)-,&*()3!)1/&3+3+J
.(")OB)*(,)1/!.#()3!)'+)'/"#+).(%/.+')3!)'!1#(,!"4)+*,(G/%+3+%!.#!)D)RCC)CCC))
!'!1#(,!"P4)!')#/#&'+,)3!')HI!1&#/9(4)()+'-&.+)3!)'+")3(")<S%+,+")3!')<(.-,!"(:)
;+)*,!-&.#+)3!)1(."&'#+)3!5$+)"!,)"(%!#/3+)+)T9!,/@/1+1/2.)1(."#/#&1/(.+'U)+.#!)
!"#$%&'()"#*+',(#-(#.%/,010"#-(#!"#2"10345#6#!%(7+#8+,"-"#(4#")9"/#*:)"'"/;#
A&) ,!"&'#+3() "('+%!.#!) "!,$+) 9/.1&'+#(,/() "/) '+) 9(#+1/2.) #(#+') 1(,,!"*(.3!) +')
)(4+/#"#!"#)0,"-#):/#%4+#-(!#!0/,"-+#4+)04"!#-(#(!(1,+'(/;#<%(-"':#=%('"#-(#
'+)*("/5/'/3+3)3!)!"#!)!I!,1/1/()'(")#!%+"),!'+1/(.+3(")1(.)'(")3!,!17(")7&%+J
.("4) %+#!,/+) !'!1#(,+'4) /.-,!"(") 8) !-,!"(") 3!') H"#+3(4) "!-&,/3+3) .+1/(.+'4) 8)
(,-+./0+1/2.) 8) @&.1/(.+%/!.#() 3!) '+") @&!,0+") +,%+3+":) A!) !G1'&8!) #+%5/N.)
,!+'/0+,)1(."&'#+")*(*&'+,!")"(5,!)'(")@&.3+%!.#(")3!)'+)>!*V5'/1+)O,!*,!"!.J
#+#/9+4)3!%(1,S#/1+4)@!3!,+'P:)
W(3(")!"#(")!'!%!.#(")@&!,(.)/.1'&/3(")!.)'+)9!,"/2.)@/.+')3!),!@(,%+)+*,(J
5+3+:);+)1(."&'#+)*(*&'+,)!")1(.9(1+3+)*(,)!')<(.-,!"()+)*!#/1/2.)3!')*,!"/J
KK# >;#?047@")#A+B(!!5#.';5#-).$*/%&'#"'#0&'*,(1.&*'#%2#3.1%$,"$44)X+'!)Y./9!,"/#8)=,!""4)Z
