Santo Tomás de Aquino y la vocación de la Universidad Católica

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NGEEKłP"OCIKUVTCN"FGN"GOOQ0"["TXOQ0"UT0"ECTFGPCN"
RCWN"RQWRCTF"
Rtgukfgpvg"fgn"Eqpuglq"Rqpvkhkekq"fg"nc"Ewnvwtc"
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Ucpvq"Vqoâu"fg"Cswkpq"{"nc"xqecekôp"fg"nc"Wpkxgtukfcf"
Ecvônkec"
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Wpkxgtukfcf"Ecvônkec"Ctigpvkpc"Ucpvc"Octîc"fg"nqu"Dwgpqu"Cktgu"
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DWGPQU"CKTGU."35"FG"LWPKQ"FG"4227"
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Ow{"swgtkfq"Ugòqt"Ct|qdkurq"{"Itcp"Ecpeknngt"fg"guvc"Wpkxgtukfcf"
Ugòqt"Tgevqt.""
Cwvqtkfcfgu."
Fkuvkpiwkfqu"Rtqhguqtgu."
Swgtkfqu"cnwopqu."
Cokiqu"{"cokicu"fg"nc"Rqpvkhkekc"Wpkxgtukfcf"Ecvônkec"Ctigpvkpc<"
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30" Vgpiq" gn" kpogpuq" rncegt" fg" eqorctvkt" eqp" wuvgfgu" guvg" gpewgpvtq" gp" nc"
Rqpvkhkekc" Wpkxgtukfcf" Ecvônkec" Ctigpvkpc" fg" Ucpvc" Octîc" fg" nqu" Dwgpqu"
Cktgu0" Gn" cpvkiwq" guvwfkcpvg." ecrgnnâp" {" tgevqt" wpkxgtukvctkq." xkgpg" jq{" c" guvc"
wpkxgtukfcf"rctc"tgpfkt"lwpvq"eqp"wuvgfgu"wp"jqogpclg"cn"rgpucokgpvq"fgn"Fqevqt"
Cpiênkeq0" Cswî" ug" tgurktc" gn" gurîtkvw" fgn" Cswkpcvg." itcekcu" c" nc" ncdqt" fg" Oqpu0"
Qevcxkq" Pkeqnâu" Fgtkuk." uw" rtkogt" tgevqt" {" cnoc" fg" guvc" Wpkxgtukfcf." c" swkgp"
eqpqeî" gp" nqu" gpewgpvtqu" kpvgtpcekqpcngu" fg" tgevqtgu" fg" nc" Hgfgtcekôp"
Kpvgtpcekqpcn"fg"Wpkxgtukfcfgu"Ecvônkecu0"
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Swkukgtc" tghngzkqpct" eqp" wuvgfgu." fg" nc" ocpq" fg" Ucpvq" Vqoâu" {" iwkcfqu"
rqt" uw" rgtgppg" ocikuvgtkq" cegtec" fgn" swgjcegt" wpkxgtukvctkq" {." rqt" gpfg." cegtec"
fg" nc" okukôp" fg" nc" wpkxgtukfcf" ecvônkec" gp" nqu" eqokgp|qu" fg" wp" pwgxq" okngpkq0"
Ucpvq"Vqoâu."ocguvtq"fg"ucdkfwtîc."pqu"jc"ngicfq"gn"ctvg"fg"jcegt"ncu"rtgiwpvcu"
rgtvkpgpvgu0" Jcdncpfq" fg" wpkxgtukfcf." nc" rtgiwpvc" pq" gu" eôoq" jc" fg" hwpekqpct"
oglqt"nc"Wpkxgtukfcf"Ecvônkec"Ctigpvkpc."ukpq"swê"jc"fg"ugt0"Gu"pgeguctkq"rctvkt"
fg" nc" rtgiwpvcu" gugpekcn." nc" rtgiwpvc" rqt" gn" vgnqu." gn" hkp" fg" nc" wpkxgtukfcf=" uônq"
wpc" xg|" tgurqpfkfc" guvc" rtgiwpvc" ugtâ" rqukdng" tguqnxgt" nqu" rtqdngocu" fgtkxcfqu"
fg" uw" hwpekqpcokgpvq0" Rgtoîvcpog." rwgu." cjqtc." ugpvcfq" eqoq" wuvgfgu" gp" nc"
guewgnc" fg" guvg" itcp" Ocguvtq." eqorctvkt" guvcu" tghngzkqpgu." swg" ngu" qhtg|eq" eqp"
vqfc" ugpeknng|" {" chgevq." fgufg" nc" cnvwtc" swg" qhtgegp" nqu" còqu" {" fgufg" gn"
rtkxkngikcfq"qdugtxcvqtkq"swg"tgrtgugpvc"gn"Eqpuglq"Rqpvkhkekq"fg"nc"Ewnvwtc0""
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40" Rwguvq" swg" vwxg" gn" jqpqt" fg" ugt" fwtcpvg" fkg|" còqu" tgevqt" fgn" Kpuvkvwvq"
Ecvônkeq" fg" Rctîu." jgtgfgtq" fg" nc" vtcfkekôp" fg" nc" Uqtdqpc" gp" nc" swg" gpugòô"
ucpvq"Vqoâu."swkukgtc"kpvtqfwekt"pwguvtc"eqpukfgtcekôp"cegtec"fg"nc"okukôp"fg"nc"
Wpkxgtukfcf" Ecvônkec" c" rctvkt" fgn" fkuewtuq" rtqpwpekcfq" cnnî" rqt" Lwcp" Rcdnq" KK" gn"
rtkogtq"fg"lwpkq"fg"3;:20"Eqoq"Tgevqt"fg"cswgnnc"Wpkxgtukfcf."og"eqttgurqpfkô"
gn" ukpiwnct" jqpqt" fg" ceqigt" c" Lwcp" Rcdnq" KK0" Pq" eqttîcp" vkgorqu" hâekngu" rctc" nc"
Wpkxgtukfcf" Ecvônkec." cequcfc" rqt" nc" kpfkhgtgpekc" fg" nqu" iqdkgtpqu" {" rqt" nc"
eqpvguvcekôp" kpvgtpc0" Owejqu" ecvônkequ" eqortqogvkfqu." cecuq" fg" dwgpc" hg." pq"
uônq" etkvkecdcp" cniwpqu" curgevqu" fg" ncu" wpkxgtukfcfgu" ecvônkecu." uw" gnkvkuoq" q" uw"
cnglcokgpvq" fg" nc" tgcnkfcf." ukpq" swg" cniwpqu" nngicdcp" kpenwuq" c" pgict" uw" okuoc"
rqukdknkfcf" fg" gzkuvgpekc0" Nc" Kingukc." ug" fgeîc." fgdîc" tgpwpekct" c" uwu"
wpkxgtukfcfgu" {" eqngikqu" ecvônkequ" {" xkxkt" ugpeknncogpvg" gp" nc" ewnvwtc" fg" nqu"
jqodtgu"fg"uw"vkgorq."ukp"rtkxkngikqu"pk"ijgvvqu0"Gp"cswgnnc"gpetweklcfc."nc"xkukvc"
fgn"Rcrc"ukipkhkecdc"wp"gurcnfctc|q"c"nc"ceekôp"jwocpk|cfqtc"fg"nc"Kingukc"gp"gn"
ecorq" fg" nc" gpugòcp|c." gp" gn" swg" jcdîc" ukfq" rkqpgtc" fwtcpvg" ukinqu." {" gp"
rctvkewnct." wpc" crwguvc" rqt" nc" wpkxgtukfcf" ecvônkec0" Ncu" guenctgegfqtcu" rcncdtcu"
swg" rtqpwpekô" gpvqpegu." {" swg" swkuq" fgurwêu" tgeqigt" gp" nc" Eqpuvkvwekôp"
Crquvônkec" uqdtg" ncu" Wpkxgtukfcfgu" Ecvônkecu" Gz" Eqtfg" Geengukcg." nc" Ejctvc"
Ocipc"fg"ncu"Wpkxgtukfcfgu"Ecvônkecu."cûp"tguwgpcp"gp"ok"ogoqtkc<"
Rqt" uw" xqecekôp" nc" Wpkxgtukvcu" ocikuvtqtwo" gv" uejqnctkwo" ug" eqpucitc" c" nc"
kpxguvkicekôp."c"nc"gpugòcp|c"{"c"nc"hqtocekôp"fg"nqu"guvwfkcpvgu."nkdtgogpvg"
tgwpkfqu"eqp"uwu"ocguvtqu"cpkocfqu"vqfqu"rqt"gn"okuoq"coqt"fgn"ucdgt0"Gnnc"
eqorctvg" eqp" vqfcu" ncu" fgoâu" Wpkxgtukfcfgu" cswgn" icwfkwo"fg"xgtkvcvg."vcp"
ectq"c"Ucp"Ciwuvîp."guvq"gu."gn"iq|q"fg"dwuect"nc"xgtfcf."fg"fguewdtktnc"{"fg"
eqowpkectnc" gp" vqfqu" nqu" ecorqu" fgn" eqpqekokgpvq0" Uw" vctgc" rtkxkngikcfc"gu"
nc" fg" ›wpkhkect" gzkuvgpekcnogpvg" gp" gn" vtcdclq" kpvgngevwcn" fqu" ôtfgpgu" fg"
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tgcnkfcfgu"swg"ow{"c"ogpwfq"ug"vkgpfg"c"qrqpgt"eqoq"uk"hwgugp"cpvkvêvkecu<"
nc"dûuswgfc"fg"nc"xgtfcf"{"nc"egtvg|c"fg"eqpqegt"{c"nc"hwgpvg"fg"nc"xgtfcffi30"
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50" Nc" Wpkxgtukfcf" Ecvônkec" ⁄fgeîc" gn" Rcrc⁄" tgcnk|c" gp" uî" okuoc" nc" uîpvguku"
gpvtg" nc" hg" {" nc" tc|ôp" gp" hkfgnkfcf" c" uw" nc" fqdng" kfgpvkfcf<" wpkxgtukfcf" {"
ecvônkec0"Pq"ug"vtcvc"fg"fqu"eqpegrvqu"gzvtcòqu."pk"owejq"ogpqu"kpeqorcvkdngu."
eqoq" uk" uônq" hqt|cfcogpvg" rwfkgtcp" fctug" lwpvqu0" Dcuvc" oktct" c" nc" jkuvqtkc" rctc"
crgtekdktug" fg" swg" nc" Wpkxgtukfcf." vcn" {" eqoq" nc" eqpqegoqu" jq{." jc" pcekfq" gz"
eqtfg" Geengukcg." fgn" eqtc|ôp" fg" nc" Kingukc0" Gp" ghgevq." nc" gzkuvgpekc" fg" nc"
wpkxgtukfcf" ecvônkec" fgdg" uw" qtkigp" ûnvkoq" cn" glgtekekq" fgn" owpwu" fqegpfk." nc"
okukôp" fg" gpugòct" swg" nc" Kingukc" jc" tgekdkfq" fg" Etkuvq" okuoq<" xc{cp" {" jcicp"
fkueîrwnqu."gpugòcpfq"c"iwctfct"ewcpvq"{q"ngu"jg"ocpfcfq"*eht0"Ov"4:.3;/42+0"Nc"
Kingukc" jc" eqpegdkfq" ukgortg" guvc" okukôp" fgufg" nc" rgturgevkxc" kpvgitcn" fg" nc"
rgtuqpc0" Rqtswg" pq" ug" vtcvcdc" ûpkecogpvg" fg" vtcpuokvkt" kfgcu." ogtqu"
eqpqekokgpvqu"swg"swgfcp"hwgtc"fgn"jqodtg."ukpq"fg"hqtoct"nc"rgtuqpc"ugiûp"gn"
oqfgnq"fgn"jqodtg"pwgxq."swg"gu"Lguwetkuvq<"—rctc"nngict"cn"eqpqekokgpvq"rngpq"
fgn" Jklq" fg" Fkqu." cn" guvcfq" fg" jqodtg" rgthgevq." c" nc" ocfwtg|" fg" nc" rngpkvwf" fg"
Etkuvq“"*Gh"6.35+0""
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Rqt" gnnq" pq" hcnvctqp" fgufg" nqu" rtkogtqu" vkgorqu" fg" nc" gzrcpukôp" fgn"
etkuvkcpkuoq" fkxgtuqu" kpvgpvqu" fg" fct" xkfc" c" wpc" guewgnc" gp" nc" swg" gn" ucdgt"
jwocpq" {" nc" vtcpuokukôp" fgn" Gxcpignkq" hwgtcp" fg" nc" ocpq0" [" cwpswg" nc"
cegrvcekôp" fg" ncu" ekgpekcu" rtqhcpcu" pq" ukgortg" hwg" rceîhkec." ⁄{c" Vgtvwnkcpq" ug"
rtgiwpvcdc"swê"vgpîc"swg"xgt"Cvgpcu"eqp"Lgtwucnêp⁄"rtgxcngekô"ukgortg"gn"etkvgtkq"
kpvgitcfqt0"Cuî."Ucp"Lwuvkpq"cdtg"gp"Tqoc"nc"rtkogtc"guewgnc"hknquôhkec"etkuvkcpc."
fqpfg"korctvg"c"swkgpgu"swkgtcp"cegtectug"nc"xgtfcfgtc"hknquqhîc."nc"swg"gn"Xgtdq"
xkpq" c" gpugòct" c" nqu" jqodtgu0" Còqu" fgurwêu." nc" Guewgnc" Ecvgswêvkec" fg"
Cnglcpftîc" ug" eqpxkgtvg" gp" tgcnkfcf" gp" wpc" xgtfcfgtc" Wpkxgtukfcf" Ecvônkec"cpvg"
nkvvgtco." fqpfg" gn" qdlgvkxq" pq" gtc" uônq" nc" kpkekcekôp" c" nqu" okuvgtkqu" fgn"
etkuvkcpkuoq." swg" gp" tgcnkfcf" vgpîc" nwict" gp" ncu" ecvgswguku" okuvciôikecu." ewcpvq"
wpc" rtgugpvcekôp" tc|qpcdng" fg" nc" hg." ecrc|" fg" tgurqpfgt" c" nqu" kpvgttqicpvgu" {"
fguchîqu" swg" nc" ewnvwtc" fgn" vkgorq" rncpvgcdc" c" nc" Kingukc0" Rquvgtkqtogpvg." gp" nc"
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3
"LWCP"RCDNQ"KK."Gz"Eqtfg"Geengukcg"*37/:/3;;2+"p030"
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5"
Gfcf" Ogfkc." ncu" guewgncu" oqpâuvkecu" {" ecvgftcngu" gxqnwekqpctqp" pcvwtcnogpvg"
jcekc"nc"eqphkiwtcekôp"fg"nc"Wpkxgtukfcf."gp"wpc"dûuswgfc"fg"oc{qt"cwvqpqoîc"{"
fg" nc" xkukôp" kpvgitcn"fgn"ucdgt"⁄wpkxgtukvcu"uvwfkqtwo⁄."gp"wpc"guvtgejc"tgncekôp"
jwocpc" gpvtg" cnwopqu" {" rtqhguqtgu"⁄wpkxgtukvcu" cnwopqtwo" gv" ocikuvtk⁄." pqvcu"
swg"fghkpgp"gugpekcnogpvg"nc"wpkxgtukfcf40"Fg"cjî"nc"jgtoquc"fghkpkekôp"eqp"swg"
nc" Ng{" fg" ncu" Rctvkfcu" fgn" tg{" ecuvgnncpq" Cnhqpuq" Z" gn" ucdkq" fghkpg" nc"
Wpkxgtukfcf<"—c{wpvcokgpvq"fg"rtqhguqtgu"{"guvwfkcpvgu"rqt"gn"ucdgt“0""
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60"
Guvc" dûuswgfc" fgn" ucdgt" ug" tgcnk|c" gp" nc" Wpkxgtukfcf" Ecvônkec." ugiûp"
ncu"rcncdtcu"fgn"Rcrc"cpvgu"ekvcfcu."gp"wpc"vgpukôp"ctoôpkec"gpvtg"fqu"rqnqu"
swg"rqftîcp"rctgegt"cpvkvêvkequ<"nc"dûuswgfc"fgn"ucdgt"⁄wpkxgtukfcf⁄"{"nc"egtvg|c"
fg"eqpqegt"{c"nc"hwgpvg"fg"nc"xgtfcf"⁄ecvônkec0"Eqoq"Wpkxgtukfcf"ug"xkpewnc"c"nc"
eqowpkfcf" kpvgtpcekqpcn" fgn" ucdgt." gn" itgokq" fg" jqodtgu" {" owlgtgu" fg" vqfq" gn"
owpfq" swg" jcp" jgejq" fgn" ucdgt"uw"rtqhgukôp"fg"xkfc"⁄pq"gp"xcpq"swkgp"gpugòc"
gp" nc" wpkxgtukfcf" tgekdg" gn" vîvwnq" fg" rtqhguqt." cswgn" swg" jc" jgejq" rtqhgukôp" fg"
cniq⁄0" Rqt" nc" ugiwpfc." gp" ecodkq." owguvtc" uw" gzrnîekvc" xkpewncekôp" c" nc" Kingukc."
nqecn" {" wpkxgtucn." ukp" cxgtiqp|ctug" fgn" Gxcpignkq" pk" tgpgict" cpvg" nc" eqowpkfcf"
wpkxgtukvctkc"fg"uw"rtqegfgpekc0""
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Guvcu" fqu" xqecekqpgu" rqftîcp" rctgegt" fkhîeknogpvg" eqpeknkcdngu0" ÀSwê"
ugpvkfq" vkgpg" kpxguvkict." uk" {c" ug" eqpqeg" nc" tgurwguvc" c" nq" swg" ug" kpxguvkicA" ["
uqdtg"vqfq."Àswê"nkdgtvcf"rwgfg"jcdgt"rctc"kpxguvkicekôp"uk"gp"fghkpkvkxc"jc{"gp"nc"
Kingukc" wpc" cwvqtkfcf" c" swkgp" eqttgurqpfg" gpugòct" nc" xgtfcfA" Guvg" vgoqt" fg"
owejqu" fg" pwguvtqu"eqpvgorqtâpgqu"rwgfg"pcegt"fg"wpc"kpcfgewcfc"rgtegrekôp"
fg"nc"cwvqpqoîc"fg"ncu"tgcnkfcfgu"vgttgpcu."swg"gn"Eqpeknkq"Xcvkecpq"KK"ucpekqpô"
gp"wpq"fg"nqu"oâu"dgnnqu"{"cwfcegu"rcuclgu"fg"nc"Eqpuvkvwekôp"Rcuvqtcn"Icwfkwo"
gv"Urgu0"Gp"ghgevq."ugiûp"gn"Eqpeknkq.""
nc"kpxguvkicekôp"ogvôfkec"gp"vqfqu"nqu"ecorqu"fgn"ucdgt."uk"guvâ"tgcnk|cfc"fg"
wpc"hqtoc"cwvêpvkecogpvg"ekgpvîhkec"{"eqphqtog"c"ncu"pqtocu"oqtcngu."pwpec"
ugtâ"gp"tgcnkfcf"eqpvtctkc"c"nc"hg."rqtswg"ncu"tgcnkfcfgu"rtqhcpcu"{"ncu"fg"nc"hg"
vkgpgp"uw"qtkigp"gp"wp"okuoq"Fkqu"*kdkf0+0"
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4
" Eht0" R0" RQWRCTF." Kingukc" {" ewnvwtcu0" Qtkgpvcekqpgu" rctc" wpc" rcuvqtcn" fg" nc" kpvgnkigpekc." Gfkegr."
Xcngpekc/Oêzkeq"3;;:0"Ecr0"KK<"—Nc"wpkxgtukfcf."nc"Kingukc"{"gn"Guvcfq“."rr0"57/630"
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Gu" rtgekucogpvg" gn" tgeqpqekokgpvq" fg" nc" dqpfcf" fgn" qtfgp" etgcfq" fg" ncu"
equcu" nq" swg" rgtokvg" c" nc" Kingukc" fghgpfgt" nc" gzkuvgpekc" fg" wpc" wpkxgtukfcf"
ecvônkec0" Gxqecpfq" nc" hkiwtc" fg" Ucpvq" Vqoâu." Ejguvgtvqp" fgeîc" swg" —pcfkg"
nqitctâ"gpvgpfgt"nc"hknquqhîc"vqokuvc."q"nc"ecvônkec."ukp"fctug"cpvgu"rngpc"ewgpvc"fg"
swg" uw" rctvg" hwpfcogpvcn" gu" gn" gnqikq" fg" nc" xkfc." gn" gnqikq" fgn" ugt." gn" gnqikq" fg"
Fkqu"eqoq"etgcfqt"fgn"owpfq“50""
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Fg" cjî" swg" ncu" pqvcu" fg" uw" fqdng" xqecekôp" ⁄wpkxgtukvctkc" {" ecvônkec⁄" pq"
rwgfcp"pwpec"qrqpgtug"eqoq"cpvkvêvkecu0"Fktgoqu"oâu"cûp<"uw"tgncekôp"pq"rwgfg"
ugt"gzvtîpugec."eqoq"uk"nc"hg"xkpkgtc"c"ugt"ukorngogpvg"wp"eqorngogpvq"swg"xkgpg"
c" còcfktug" fgufg" hwgtc" c" wpc" tgcnkfcf" swg" {c" guvâ" eqorngvc" gp" uî" okuoc." {" swg"
rqftîc" rgthgevcogpvg" rtguekpfkt" fg" nc" hg0" Pq<" uk" Lguwetkuvq" gu" nc" rngpkvwf" fg" nc"
tgxgncekôp." uk" gu" xgtfcf." eqoq" fkeg" fg" pwgxq" gn" Eqpeknkq." swg" —Etkuvq" pwguvtq"
Ugòqt." ocpkhkguvc" rngpcogpvg" gn" jqodtg" cn" rtqrkq" jqodtg" {" ng" fguewdtg" nc"
uwdnkokfcf"fg"uw"xqecekôp“"*Icwfkwo"gv"urgu."44+."gpvqpegu"gn"oqfgnq"cwvêpvkeq"
fg"nq"jwocpq."gp"vqfcu"uwu"fkogpukqpgu."ug"jcnnc"gp"nc"hg0"Nc"xkukôp"swg"qhtgeg"nc"
hg"ugtâ"ukgortg"nc"ewnokpcekôp"fgn"ucdgt."gn"eqpqekokgpvq"uwrgtkqt"swg"fgudqtfc."
ocu"pq"cpwnc."gn"eqpqekokgpvq"jwocpq0"
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70" Hkgn" c" guvc" xqecekôp" qtkikpctkc." nc" Wpkxgtukfcf" Ecvônkec" jc" fg" gxkvct" nc"
vgpvcekôp" fg" cfcrvctug" ugtxknogpvg" c" ncu" gzkigpekcu" fgn" ogtecfq" {"
vtcpuhqtoctug" ukorngogpvg" gp" wpc" guewgnc" rtqhgukqpcn" fg" cnvq" pkxgn0" Nc"
Wpkxgtukfcf" pq" rwgfg" tgfwektug" c" wpc" hâdtkec" fg" vkvwncfqu." pk"jc"fg"tgiktug"uônq"
rqt" etkvgtkqu" fg" ghkekgpekc" {" tgpfkokgpvq" geqpôokeq." rqt" ow{" pgeguctkqu" swg"
guvqu" ugcp0" Uwu" cnwopqu" pq" rwgfgp" ugt" ecnkhkecfqu" fg" —lôxgpgu" rtqhgukqpcngu“."
eqoq"rqorqucogpvg"rtqencoc"nc"rwdnkekfcf"fg"cniwpcu"wpkxgtukfcfgu."dwuecpfq"
cttcpect"enkgpvgu"c"nc"eqorgvgpekc0"Swkgpgu"gp"gnnc"gpugòcp"pq"uqp"hwpekqpctkqu."
ukpq" rtqhguqtgu." gu" fgekt." cswgnnqu" swg" jcp" jgejq" rtqhgukôp" fg" eqpucitctug" cn"
guvwfkq"fg"nc"xgtfcf0"Gn"qdlgvkxq"fg"nc"Wpkxgtukfcf"pq"gu"ûpkecogpvg"eqpugiwkt"nc"
kpugtekôp" gp" gn" ogtecfq" fg" vtcdclq." ukpq" cpvgu" {" uqdtg" vqfq." nc" dûuswgfc" fg" nc"
xgtfcf." gp" guc" tgncekôp" ûpkec" swg" ug" guvcdngeg" gpvtg" gn" ocguvtq" {" gn" cnwopq."
xgtfcfgtc" eqowpkôp" fg" xkfc." —c{wpvcokgpvq“." gp" ncu" rcncdtcu" fgn" tg{" ucdkq0"
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5
"I0"M0"EJGUVGTVQP."Ucpvq"Vqoâu"fg"Cswkpq."Gurcuc/Ecnrg."Ocftkf"3;6:."r0";60"
"
7"
Fgekt" Wpkxgtukfcf" gu" fgekt" wpkxgtucnkfcf" gp" gn" ucdgt." nc" rcukôp" rqt" gn"
eqpqekokgpvq"gp"vqfc"uw"gzvgpukôp."fg"nc"swg"rctvkekrcp"vqfcu"ncu"hcewnvcfgu."rctc"
uwrgtct"nc"htciogpvcekôp"fg"ucdgtgu"gp"swg"vkgpfg"c"gpegttctug"gn"eqpqekokgpvq0""
"
80" Cuî" rwgu." nc" okukôp" rtqrkc" fg" nc" wpkxgtukfcf." {" rtkpekrcnogpvg" fg" nc"
Wpkxgtukfcf"ecvônkec."gu"nc"—fkcmqpîc"fg"nc"xgtfcf“."gn"ugtxkekq"crcukqpcfq"c"nc"
xgtfcf60" Rctc" nc" Wpkxgtukfcf" Ecvônkec." êuvc" gu" uw" ocpgtc" fg" ugtxkt." cn" okuoq"
vkgorq."c"nc"fkipkfcf"fgn"jqodtg"{"c"nc"ecwuc"fg"nc"Kingukc."swg"vkgpg"—nc"îpvkoc"
eqpxkeekôp" fg" swg" nc" xgtfcf" gu" uw" xgtfcfgtc" cnkcfc" 000" {" swg"gn"ucdgt"{"nc"tc|ôp"
uqp"hkgngu"ugtxkfqtgu"fg"nc"hg“70"
"
Eqnqect" gp" gn" rtkogt" rwguvq" gn" ugtxkekq" c" nc" xgtfcf" pq" gu" wpc" ukorng"
ewguvkôp" ogvqfqnôikec=" gu" wpc" qrekôp" itâxkfc" fg" eqpugewgpekcu0" Ukipkhkec"
eqnqect" gp" gn" egpvtq" fg" nc" eqowpkfcf" wpkxgtukvctkc" c" nc" rgtuqpc" jwocpc." fqvcfc"
fg"ecrcekfcf"tcekqpcn"{"fg"xqnwpvcf"nkdtg."swg"gu"swkgp"gzrgtkogpvc"gn"iq|q"rqt"
nc"xgtfcf."{"gn"kpciqvcdng"fgugq"jwocpq"fg"gpeqpvtct"gn"gurngpfqt"fg"nc"dgnng|c."
nc" rgthgeekôp" {" inqtkc" fg" nc" qdtc" {" fg" uw"ctvîhkeg0"Guvc"xkukôp"eqpnngxc"cn"okuoq"
vkgorq" gn" jqttqt" c" nc" ogpvktc" {" c" nc" korquvwtc." gn" xkxq" fgugq" fg" gxkvct" vqfq"
uqhkuoc" {" fg" crtkukqpct" nc" xgtfcf" gp" nc" kplwuvkekc." eqoq" rtgxkgpg" Ucp" Rcdnq0"
Rtghgtkt" nc" xgtfcf" c" nc" ogpvktc" pq" gu" uqncogpvg" wp" cevq" rtqrkq" fg" nc" ecrcekfcf"
eqipquekvkxc"fgn"kpvgngevq"jwocpq."ukpq"vcodkêp"wp"cevq"rtqrkq"fg"nc"nkdgtvcf"swg"
dwuec"gn"dkgp."{"eqp"gnnq."nc"tgcnk|cekôp"rngpc"fgn"ugpvkfq"fg"nc"gzkuvgpekc0"
"
Jcdnct"fg"xgtfcf"gp"nc"ewnvwtc"eqpvgorqtâpgc"eqpuvkvw{g"wpc"rtqxqecekôp"
{" wp" fguchîq0" Nqu" jqodtgu" fg" pwguvtq" vkgorq" fgueqphîcp" fg" swkgpgu" rctgegp"
ugpvktug" ow{" ugiwtqu" fg" nc" xgtfcf." ugewguvtcfc" c" ogpwfq" rqt" nqu" rqnîvkequ" rctc"
uwu" kpvgtgugu0" Nc" rtgiwpvc" fg" Rkncvqu" ⁄Àswê" gu" nc" xgtfcfA⁄" rctgeg" jcdgtug"
eqpxgtvkfq"gp"gn"fkuvkpvkxq"fg"pwguvtq"vkgorq0"Pq"ucdgoqu."ug"pqu"fkeg."uk"gzkuvg"
wpc"xgtfcf."pk"vcorqeq"uk"gu"rqukdng"eqpqegtnc0"["ug"pqu"kpxkvc"c"fgueqphkct"fg"nc"
rgtuqpcu"swg"ug"ukgpvgp"ow{"ugiwtcu"fg"nc"xgtfcf."swg"gu"wpc"rcncdtc"fgocukcfq"
hwgtvg"rctc"pwguvtqu"qîfqu"gfwecfqu"gp"gn"rgpucokgpvq"fêdkn0"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
6
7
"Eht0"R0"RQWRCTF."Dwuect"nc"xgtfcf"gp"nc"ewnvwtc"eqpvgorqtâpgc."Ekwfcf"Pwgxc."Ucpvkciq"3;;70"
"LWCP"RCDNQ"KK."Eqpuvkvwekôp"Crquvônkec"›Gz"Eqtfg"Geengukcgfi."60"
"
8"
"
Rqt"gn"eqpvtctkq."nc"—fkcmqpîc"fg"nc"xgtfcf“"ukipkhkec"gn"eqortqokuq"fg"pq"
eqpvgpvctug" eqp" xgtfcfgu" rctekcngu." htciogpvctkcu" {" fkurgtucu." guvcdngegt"
rgtocpgpvgogpvg" gn" rcuq" fgn" hgpôogpq" cn" hwpfcogpvq" *Hkfgu" gv" Tcvkq." :5+." fg"
ncu"equcu"c"ncu"ecwucu."ukp"fctug"vtgiwc"gp"guvc"dûuswgfc"fg"nc"xgtfcf0"Pkgv|uejg"
fghkpîc" gn" pkjknkuoq" eqoq" nc"hcnvc"fg"nc"hkpcnkfcf."fg"nc"rtgiwpvc"rqt"gn"rqt"swê0"
Fgdgoqu" tgeqpqegt" swg" xkxkoqu" gp" wp" codkgpvg" kpvgngevwcn" gptctgekfq" rqt" gn"
pkjknkuoq" swg" jc" tgpwpekcfq" cn" iq|q" rqt" nc" xgtfcf." {" rqt" gnnq." gzrwguvq" c" nc"
vgpvcekôp"fg"wp"wuq"kpuvtwogpvcn"{"rtcioâvkeq"fg"nc"xgtfcf0"Pq"jc{"oc{qt"hqtoc"
fg" eqttwrekôp" swg" nc" kpvgngevwcn." swg" eqpukuvg" gp" crtkukqpct" nc" xgtfcf" gp" nc"
kplwuvkekc"{"nncoct"ocn"cn"dkgp0"
"
90" Pcvwtcnogpvg." gn" ugtxkekq" c" nc" xgtfcf" pq" gzenw{g." ukpq" swg" hqogpvc" nc"
vctgc" fg" guvwfkct" nqu" itcxgu" rtqdngocu" eqpvgorqtâpgqu" {" fg" gncdqtct"
rtq{gevqu" fg" uqnwekôp" swg" eqpetgvkegp" nqu" xcnqtgu" tgnkikququ" {"êvkequ"rtqrkqu"fg"
wpc" xkukôp" etkuvkcpc" fgn" jqodtg80" Fkejq" fg" qvtq" oqfq." nc" fkcmqpîc" fg" nc" xgtfcf"
gzkig" swg" nc" Wpkxgtukfcf" Ecvônkec" ugc" rkqpgtc" gp" nc" kpxguvkicekôp" gp" vqfcu" ncu"
fkuekrnkpcu" swg" ug" korctvgp" gp" gnnc0" Ugokpctkqu." ncdqtcvqtkqu." rwdnkecekqpgu." gn"
hqogpvq"fg"nc"etgcvkxkfcf"{"gn"gurîtkvw"etîvkeq."gn"fgugq"fg"oglqtct."fgdgp"hqtoct"
rctvg" fgn" cegtxq" fg" xcnqtgu" rtqrkqu" fg" wpc" wpkxgtukfcf" ecvônkec." swg" pq" rwgfg"
nkokvctug"c"xkxkt"fg"nq"swg"ug"kpxguvkic"gp"qvtcu"rctvgu0"Guvâ"nncocfc"c"qhtgegt"wpc"
eqpvtkdwekôp"qtkikpcn"c"nc"nw|"fg"uw"xkukôp"fgn"jqodtg0"["uk"gu"ekgtvq"swg"pq"jc{"
wpc"ocvgoâvkec"etkuvkcpc"pk"wpc"hîukec"etkuvkcpc."pq"nq"gu"ogpqu"swg"gp"vqfqu"nqu"
ecorqu." nc" hg" jc" ukfq" wp" rqfgtquq" kpegpvkxq" rctc" nc" kpxguvkicekôp0"["ewcpfq"ug"
vtcvc" fg" nc" crnkecekôp" fg" nc" ekgpekc" ogfkcpvg" nc" vêepkec" c" nc" tgcnkfcf." nc" xkukôp"
etkuvkcpc"fgn"jqodtg"pq"rwgfg"fglct"fg"kphnwkt"gp"nc"dûuswgfc"fg"uqnwekqpgu"swg"
vgpicp" gp" ewgpvc" gn" jqodtg" kpvgitcn" q." ugiûp" nc" gzrtgukôp" fg" Rcdnq" XK" gp"
Rqrwnqtwo"Rtqiguukq<"vqfq"gn"jqodtg"{"vqfqu"nqu"jqodtgu90""
"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
8
" Eht0" EQPITGICEKłP" RCTC" NC" GFWECEKłP" ECVłNKEC⁄EQPUGLQ" RQPVKHKEKQ" RCTC" NQU" NCKEQU⁄
EQPUGLQ" RQPVKHKEKQ" FG" NC" EWNVWTC." Rtgugpekc" fg" nc" Kingukc" gp" nc" Wpkxgtukfcf" {" gp" nc" Ewnvwtc"
Wpkxgtukvctkc."Ekwfcf"fgn"Xcvkecpq"3;;6."370"
9
"—Rctc"ugt"cwvêpvkeq."gn"fgucttqnnq"jc"fg"ugt"kpvgitcn."gu"fgekt."fgdg"rtqoqxgt"c"vqfqu"nqu"jqodtgu"{"c"
vqfq"gn"jqodtg“"RCDNQ"XK."Rqrwnqtwo"Rtqitguukq."p0360""
"
9"
:0" Eqpugewgpvgogpvg." nc" wpkxgtukfcf" ecvônkec"vkgpg"uw"pqvc"ectcevgtîuvkec"gp"
nc" rtkoceîc" fg" nc" hqtocekôp" kpvgitcn" fg" nc" rgtuqpc" uqdtg" nc" ecrcekvcekôp"
ncdqtcn0" Guvc" hqtocekôp"kpvgitcn"tgekdîc."gp"vkgorqu"fg"ucpvq"Vqoâu."gn"pqodtg"
fg" ucrkgpvkc." gu" fgekt." cswgnnc" hqtoc" uwrgtkqt" fg" eqpqekokgpvq" gp" nc" swg" ug"
kpvgitcp" nqu" fkuvkpvqu" ucdgtgu0" Guvc" ucrkgpvkc" kpfkec." cpvg" vqfq." wpc" oc{qt"
kpvgtfkuekrnkpctkgfcf0" Eqp" htgewgpekc." vgpgoqu" swg" eqpuvcvct" wp" ncogpvcdng"
cnglcokgpvq"gpvtg"hcewnvcfgu"fg"wpc"okuoc"wpkxgtukfcf."swg"c"ogpwfq"kipqtcp"nq"
swg" jcegp" nqu" fgrctvcogpvqu" xgekpqu0" Ewcpfq" gtc" tgevqt" uqnîc" fgekt" dtqogcpfq"
swg" rctgeîc" eqoq" uk" gn" tgevqt" hwgtc" gn" ûpkeq" swg" ucdîc" swg" gp" gn" Kpuvkvwv"
Ecvjqnkswg"jcdîc"wpc"hcewnvcf"fg"kpigpkgtîc"lwpvq"c"nc"fg"vgqnqiîc"q"hknquqhîc0""
"
Nc" Wpkxgtukfcf" gu" wp" nwict" rtkxkngikcfq" rctc" cornkct" nqu" jqtk|qpvgu"
cdtkêpfqug" c" nc" vqvcnkfcf" fgn" ucdgt" jwocpq0" Cecuq" pq" guvwxkgtc" vcp" gswkxqecfc"
cswgnnc" wpkxgtukfcf" kpinguc" swg" gzkiîc" c" uwu" cnwopqu" qdvgpgt" wp" fkrnqoc" gp"
jwocpkfcfgu" cpvgu" fg" eqogp|ct" nqu" guvwfkqu" fg" Ogfkekpc0" Gn" guvwfkq" fg" ncu"
jwocpkfcfgu" pq" rqftâ" ugt" pwpec" wp" guvqtdq." rqtswg" gp" fghkpkvkxc" pq" gu" ukpq" gn"
guvwfkq"fgn"jqodtg."vcn"{"eqoq"nq"jc"fguetkvq"nc"nkvgtcvwtc."nq"jc"tghnglcfq"gn"ctvg."
ug" jc" rgpucfq" c" uî" okuoq" gp" nc" tghngzkôp" hknquôhkec" {" ug"eqpqeg"gp"uw"cpfcfwtc"
jkuvôtkec0"Vcn"gtc"nc"kfgc"fgn"Ectfgpcn"Pgyocp0"Rctc"ên."nc"wpkxgtukfcf."cpvgu"swg"
gpugòct" ctvgu" nkdgtcngu." ⁄eqoq" ug" fgpqokpcdcp" ncu" gurgekcnkfcfgu" gp" nc"
cpvki°gfcf⁄." jcdîc" fg" ugt" wp" Uvwfkwo" Igpgtcng0" Ukp" guvc" kpvgtfkuekrnkpctkgfcf"
eqttgoqu"gn"tkguiq"fg"swg"ncu"cnkeqtvcu"{"okqrgu"xkukqpgu"fg"nc"wvknkfcf"kpogfkcvc"
qewrgp"gn"egpvtq"fg"nc"xgtfcf0"
"
Rgtq" hqtocekôp" kpvgitcn." q" ugc." ucrkgpvkc." ukipkhkec" uqdtg" vqfq" gn"
etgekokgpvq" eqoq" rgtuqpc" gp" vqfqu" nqu" ôtfgpgu0" Nqu" cpvkiwqu" ug" xgtîcp"
uqtrtgpfkfqu"cn"eqortqdct"swg"nc"wpkxgtukfcf"pq"ukgortg"jceg"oglqtgu"c"swkgpgu"
gpugòcp"q"swkgpgu"crtgpfgp0"["pq"ngu"hcnvctîc"tc|ôp0"ÀFg"swê"pqu"ugtxktîc"hqtoct"
gzegngpvgu" vêepkequ." oêfkequ." cdqicfqu." gortguctkqu." uk" ectgegp" fg" wpc" xkukôp"
ctoôpkec" fgn" ucdgt" {" fgn" owpfq." uk" pq" guvâp" rtgrctcfqu" rctc" jcegt" htgpvg" c" nqu"
rtqdngocu" êvkequ" {" oqtcngu" swg" gn" glgtekekq" fg" uw" rtqhgukôp" ngu" xc" c" rncpvgct"
kpgzqtcdngogpvgA" Rgtuqpcnogpvg" ngu" eqphguctê" ok" vgoqt" c" xkxkt" gp" wp" owpfq"
fqokpcfq" rqt" gzrgtvqu" ukp" cnoc." c" ogtegf" fg" gurgekcnkuvcu" swg" ucdgp" ecuk" vqfq"
"
:"
cegtec" fg" ow{" rqeq" {" ecuk" pcfc" cegtec" fg" vqfq" nq" fgoâu." fg" ncu" equcu" swg"
xgtfcfgtcogpvg"korqtvcp0""
"
Fg"pq"ugt"cuî."Àswê"encug"fg"Wpkxgtukfcf"ugtîc"cswgnnc"swg"rqt"cwogpvct"uw"
tgpfkokgpvq" eqp" xkuvcu" c" ucvkuhcegt" nc" fgocpfc" fg" rwguvqu" fg" vtcdclq" gp" gn"
ogtecfq." gnkokpc" eqoq" uwrgthnwcu" ncu" itcpfgu" ewguvkqpgu" fg" nc" gzkuvgpekc"
jwocpc." Fkqu." gn" ugpvkfq" fg" nc" xkfc." nc" owgtvg." nc" lwuvkekc." nc" rc|" vcn" {" eqoq" ug"
pqu" rtgugpvcp" gp" nc" nkvgtcvwtc." nc" jkuvqtkc." nc" tghngzkôp" êvkec" {" nc" dûuswgfc" fgn"
hwpfcogpvq" fg" ncu" equcuA" ÀSwê" oêfkequ." kphqtoâvkequ." hkukqvgtcrgwvcu."
rgtkqfkuvcu." kpigpkgtqu."rwdnkekuvcu"ugtâp"cswgnnqu"swg"ucdgp"eôoq"hwpekqpcp"ncu"
equcu." rgtq" pq" rctc" swêA" ÀFg" swê" uktxg" eqpuvtwkt" rwgpvgu." rtq{gevct" eqornglqu"
kpfwuvtkcngu." fkugòct" uqhkuvkecfqu" rtqitcocu" kphqtoâvkequ" q" eqpqegt" ncu" oâu"
cxcp|cfcu"vêepkecu"fg"ewnvkxq"egnwnct."uk"pq"ucdgoqu"rctc"swê"nqu"swgtgoquA"Nc"
uqekgfcf"fg"nc"jkrgtvtqhkc"fg"nqu"ogfkqu"{"fg"nc"cvtqhkc"fg"nqu"hkpgu."⁄gp"gzrtgukôp"
fg" ok" cfoktcfq" Rcwn" Tkeqgwt⁄" eqttg" gn" tkguiq" fg" eqpxgtvktug" gp" cniwpc" fg" ncu"
rgqtgu"rgucfknncu"fkugòcfcu"rqt"ncu"pqxgncu"fg"ekgpekc"hkeekôp<"gn"owpfq"uqogvkfq"
c" nc" tcekqpcnkfcf" vêepkec" kpuvtwogpvcn." gp" nc" swg" gn" jqodtg" gu" eqpukfgtcfq"
ûpkecogpvg" wp" gpitcpclg" cpôpkoq" fgn" eqornglq" ogecpkuoq" uqekcn." eqpukfgtcfq"
gp"hwpekôp"fg"etkvgtkqu"fg"ghkekgpekc"{"tgpvcdknkfcf0"Wp"owpfq"fqpfg"pq"jc{"ukvkq"
rctc"cswgnnq"swg"pq"ugc"ûvkn0"
"
"
;0" Ewcpvq" jgoqu" fkejq" cegtec" fg" nc" okukôp" fg" nc" Wpkxgtukfcf" Ecvônkec."
rwgfg" tguwoktug" gp" gn" kfgcn" swg" nqu" cpvkiwqu" itkgiqu" fgpqokpcdcp" rckfgkc."
wp" kfgcn" fg" hqtocekôp" {" fg" etgekokgpvq" fg" nc" rgtuqpc:0" Guvc" rckfgkc" etkuvkcpc"
fgxkgpg" gn" rtkpekrkq" kpurktcfqt" fg" vqfc" nc" xkfc" wpkxgtukvctkc0" Pq" ug" vtcvc"
ukorngogpvg"fg"cniwpcu"qtkgpvcekqpgu"rgfciôikecu"eqpetgvcu."pk"fg"wp"eôfkiq"fg"
eqorqtvcokgpvq"wpkxgtukvctkq0"Nq"okuoq"swg"gn"cflgvkxq"ecvônkeq"crnkecfq"c"wpc"
wpkxgtukfcf" pq" rwgfg" nkokvctug" c" wp" còcfkfq" swg" fgukipc" nc" vkvwnctkfcf" fg" nc"
rtqrkgfcf"fg"nc"Wpkxgtukfcf."swg"rgtocpgegtîc"uwuvcpekcnogpvg"kfêpvkec"uk"hwgug"
guvcvcn"q"rtkxcfc0"Ugt"ecvônkec"pq"rwgfg"nkokvctug"ukorngogpvg"cn"jgejq"fg"swg"gp"
gn"ewttkewnwo"ug"kpenw{cp"cniwpqu"ewtuqu"fg"vgqnqiîc"q"c"nc"qhgtvc"fg"cevkxkfcfgu"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
:
"Jg"fgucttqnncfq"guvg"vgoc"oâu"cornkcogpvg"gp"ok"nkdtq"R0"RQWRCTF."Ng"ejtkuvkcpkuog"ä"n‚cwdg"fw"
KKKg" oknnêpcktg." Rnqp/Ocog." Rctku" 3;;;0" Eht0" vcodkêp" Kpvgnkigpekc" {" chgevq0" Pqvcu" rctc" wpc" rckfgkc"
etkuvkcpc."WECO."Owtekc"42230"
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;"
fg" xqnwpvctkcfq" uqekcn" gzvtcewttkewnctgu0" Pk" ukswkgtc" nc" rtgugpekc" fg" wpc"
ecrgnncpîc" gp" nc" wpkxgtukfcf." eqp" nc" egngdtcekôp" kpuvkvwekqpcn" fg" cniwpqu" cevqu"
tgnkikququ." dcuvc"rctc"jcegt"swg"wpc"wpkxgtukfcf"ecvônkec"nq"ugc"xgtfcfgtcogpvg0"
Guvc" rckfgkc" etkuvkcpc." swg" eqpuvkvw{g" nc" fkogpukôp" ecvônkec" fg" nc" wpkxgtukfcf."
fgdg" rgtogct" uwu" hkdtcu" îpvkocu." ncu" tgncekqpgu" gpvtg" nqu" okgodtqu" fg" nc"
eqowpkfcf"cecfêokec."nc"eqphkiwtcekôp"fg"nqu"rncpgu"fg"guvwfkq."ncu"cevkxkfcfgu"
fg" nc" Wpkxgtukfcf0" Fg" qvtq" oqfq." guvctîcoqu" pgicpfq" nc" ecrcekfcf" swg"vkgpg"gn"
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còcfktug" cn" hkpcn" uqdtg" wp" rtq{gevq" fg" jqodtg" {c" eqorngvq." eqoq" wp" ukorng"
cfqtpq0""
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lqxgp" guvwfkcpvg." cniwpqu" eqpuglqu" rctc"oglqtct"gn"guvwfkq0"Gpvtg"guvqu"eqpuglqu"
ug"gpewgpvtcp."eqoq"pq"rqfîc"ugt"ogpqu."cniwpqu"tghgtkfqu"cn"oêvqfq"fg"guvwfkq."
eqp"cniwpcu"uwigtgpekcu"kpvgtgucpvgu<"Gn"wpq."—rtqegfgt"fg"nq"oâu"hâekn"c"nq"oâu"
fkhîekn“." gu" gn" vîrkeq" rtqeguq" fg" cpânkuku0" Gn" vtgeg." —cvgpfgt" c" nq" swg" ug" ngg" {"
guewejc“."eqpukuvg"gp"egpvtct"vqfc"nc"cvgpekôp"gp"ncu"ngevwtcu"q"gp"ncu"encugu0"Fg"
cswî"nc"tgeqogpfcekôp"fqeg<"—tgvgpgt"gp"nc"ogoqtkc"ewcpvq"fg"dwgpq"ug"guewejg."
ukp"korqtvct"swkêp"nq"jc{c"fkejq“."rwgu"gu"cn"swg"jc"guewejcfq"c"swkgp"ng"ugtxktâ0"
Gn"eqpuglq"ecvqteg"pq"rtgugpvc"oc{qt"fkhkewnvcf."{c"swg"ug"vtcvc."ukorngogpvg."fg"
cenctct."gp"nq"rqukdng."ncu"fwfcu0"Gn"swkpeg"gu"ogoqtk|ct."c"nc"xg|"swg"gpvgpfgt."
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