La Energía en sus claves

E OTRAS PUBLICACIONES La Energía en sus Claves. COLECCIÓN CONFERENCIAS Y SEMINARIOS Agua y Desarrollo Sostenible: Vida, medio ambiente y sociedad. Ciencia, Tecnología y Educación. COLECCIÓN ENSAYO Europa: ¿Comunidad de valores u ordenamiento jurídico? / El carácter relacional de los valores cívicos. Empresa y Sociedad Civil. COLECCIÓN CUADERNOS DEL FORO DE PENSAMIENTO ACTUAL 1 Principios Físicos del Desarrollo Energético Sostenible. 2 Principios del Desarrollo Económico Sostenible. l progresivo dominio de la Energía, como capacidad para producir un trabajo, ha ido cambiando drásticamente las condiciones de desarrollo de la Humanidad. Desde el dominio circunstancial del fuego, en épocas remotísimas, hasta nuestra civilización fuertemente dependiente de los usos energéticos, los seres humanos hemos encontrado en la Energía un aliado de extraordinario poder para lograr mayores cotas de bienestar y prosperidad. Esto es particularmente cierto desde la Revolución Industrial, que propició un progreso socioeconómico que ha cambiado radicalmente la vida de miles de millones de seres, aun cuando haya una amplia fracción de la Humanidad que no se ha beneficiado aún significativamente de estos avances. Éste, en si, constituye un reto de equidad al que sólo podremos responder positivamente con suficiente Energía. Patronato de la Fundación Iberdrola Presidente: D. IÑIGO DE ORIOL YBARRA Vicepresidente: D. JAVIER HERRERO SORRIQUETA Vocales: D. RICARDO ÁLVAREZ ISASI D. JOSÉ IGNACIO BERROETA ECHEVARRÍA D. JOSÉ ORBEGOZO ARROYO D. IGNACIO DE PINEDO CABEZUDO D. ANTONIO SÁEZ DE MIERA D. IGNACIO SÁNCHEZ GALÁN D. VICTOR URRUTIA VALLEJO Secretario: D. FEDERICO SAN SEBASTIÁN FLECHOSO La Energía es un concepto de múltiples dimensiones que abarca desde su neto significado físico hasta el sector económico que sustenta sus aplicaciones, pasando por una complejísima tecnología que hace posible su aprovechamiento. De ahí que sea un concepto de difícil comprensión, no bien conocido en general, a pesar de la importancia que la Energía tiene en nuestras vidas. Podríamos decir que la sociedad está en deuda con la Energía. De ahí nuestro interés en acercar la Energía a la sociedad. En este libro se pasan revista a la Energía y sus múltiples facetas, y se apuntan soluciones y alternativas a su futuro y al de las respuestas que tiene que aportar para el desarrollo de la Humanidad. 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I^p `rbpqflkbp jp òqf`^p) î jbklp bki^RkfkBrolmb^)pbobi^`flk^k`lk ilpqbj^p^j_fbkqîbp)bjfpflkbpî^^q* jpcbo^)v`ô^`qbopqf`^pabi^p`bkfw^p ab`lj_rpqfk+Bki^Ûdro^4pbjrbp* qo^rkbpnrbjâbi^dbkbo^`fkbi`qof* `^`lk`ô_kvpbe^`bobcbobk`f^^bp^p `rbpqflkbp+ ¢ Môq`ri^p+ Pb afpmlkb ab Ûiqolp bib`* qolbpqqf`lplabj^kd^pvpbmrbabk I^Bkbod^bkprp@i^sbp @^mqrilSFFÅG+>+BjfiflJbkkabw `lkpbdrfobjfpflkbpmloab_^glab0- jd,Kj0+ ¢ ëufalp ab ^wrcob+ Bp rk^ `rbpqfk òqf`^+@lkilp`ô_lkbpifjmflpabi jbo`âlfkqbok^`flkîpbqfbkbkbjf* pflkbpabiloabkab5--jd,Kj0)nrb pl_obm^p^ ilp sîlobp ab i^ Ûdro^ 2+ Bpqll_ifd^^nrbbkbicrqroli^j^* vlo^lqlqîfaâabi^p`bkqoîbpqo* jf`^p`rbkqbk`lkmi^kq^pabi^sâl ab d^pbp) `lk `ô_lk^qlp ab `î`fl) ufalp ab `î`fl) r lqolp molar`qlp _pf`lp+ >nrprodbrkmol_ibj^`lksboqfbkqb b`lkjf`^7 fkòbjbkql ab i^ fksbopfk bki^fkpqî^`fk)abiloabkab/--Brolp, hTabmlqbk`f^bi`qof`^)jprk^moaf* aâbobkafjfbkqlbkbodqf`lnrbpbbs^* i^bkqob.v/mrkqlppl_obbpb02^1-" `ljl sîlo ab obcbobk`f^+ I^ o^wk ab biilbpqof_^bki^rqfifw^`fkabs^mlobk ilpm^plpabbkcof^jfbkqlvmlpqboflo`^* ibkq^jfbkqlabilpd^pbp)vbi`lkprjlab pbosf`flp^rufifôbp)_lj_^pvsbkqfiâl* obp+>af`flkîjbkqbpbqfbkb)bkbimol`bpl jpbuqbkafal)`lkprjlab^dr^môî^* sâl)vkb`bpfaâabsboqfalabilalp+Ql* albiile^`bml`l^qo^`qfsî^îqbok^qfs^ ababpricro^`fkabilpd^pbp)vabebèl bprk^plir`fkkljrvbuqbkafa^+ ¢ëufalpabkfqodbkl+@ljlpbe^fk* af`âl ^kqboflojbkqb pr cloj^`fk abmbkab ab i^ qbjmbo^qro^8 bk i^p `îabo^p ab `ô_k mrisbofwâl nrb Bi@ô_k nrbj^k^kqo^`fq^pi^qbjmbo^qro^bp îq^)^p`ljlq^j_fkilbpbibu`bpl abôb)bpqle^`bnrbi^pbjfpflkbppb pfqbkbkqob.+---v/+2--jd,Kj0ab d^pbp+Bki^p`îabo^paberii^pvifd* kfqlpi^pbjfpflkbpabKLupbpfq^k bkbibkqloklabilp3--jd,Kj0+ Bk i^p `îabo^p pb mrbabk ^mif`ô rk `lkgrkqlabjbafa^pmofjôf^pmôôb* ar`foi^cloj^`fkabufalpabkfqodb* kl+Bkmofjboirdôloabkôi^`lj_rp* qfk) `lk rk _rbk `lkqoli ab i^ jfpj^ nrbbsfqbmrkqlp`îfbkqbpbki^`îabo^) v nrb e^d^ nrb bi mol`bpl pb^ jrv el* jldkbl+I^rqfifw^`fkabnrbjâlobp ab _^gl KLu) nrb prjfkfpqo^k bi ^fob ab`lj_rpqfkab^`rboal^rkbpnrbj^ nrb bsfq^ îq^p qbjmbo^qro^p ab ii^j^) v j^kqfbkb ^qjpcbo^p ml`l lufa^kqbp+ Bpq^pjbafa^pmrbabk^vraô^`rjmifo `lkilpobnrfpfqlp^`loqlmi^wlbumobp^* alpbki^Ûdro^2+ Bipîql^mlpf`flkbpjpobpqof`qfs^ppb mrbab`rjmifo`lki^fkpqî^`fkabpfp* qbj^pabobar``fk`^qîqf`âbbplpuf* alp`lk^jlkf^`l+Pbafpmlkbrkob^`qlo obiibkl ab rk bkiâofiiâl `^qîfwâlo nrbc^slob`bbp^qo^kpcloj^`fknrjf* `^)^rk^qbjmbo^qroâb1--¹@+@ljl obpriqâl) ilp ufalp pb obar`bk ^ K/) v bi kfqodbkl abi KE0 q^j_fk m^p^ ^ K/) mlo lufa^`fk) l_qbkfkalpb q^j* _fk ^dr^+ I^ fkpqî^`fk bp slirjfkl* p^)obnrfbobrk^fksbopfkabiloabkab .--Brolp,hT)vabj^kaîîibdââb /22 Crka^`fkF_boaoli^ ilpd^pbp`lkrkîqldoâlabifjmfbw^ abmôq`ri^p+Bimol`bplpbe^buqbkafal ml`l^k+ ¢Jbqîbp+Ilpmol`bplpabi^sâlabd^* pbpfk`fabkbkiôbqbk`fkabjbq^* ibp) mbol `ljl pb ab`^ bk ^môqâl ^kqboflo bp rk qbj^ mbkafbkqb bk i^ rqfifw^`fkifjmfâb`ô_k+ ¢Jlkufalab`ô_lkl+Bprk^pmb`ql nrb mobl`rm^ ab cloj^ moldobpfs^) ^rknrbbkj^vlojbafa^bki^pfkpq^* i^`flkbpmoufj^pî^p^diljbo^`fl* kbp ro_^k^p) il `rî kl bp cob`rbkqb bkbi`^plabi^p`bkqoîbpab`ô_k+ ¢ @L/+ @ljl pb e^ fkaf`âl ^kqboflo* jbkqbbpi^do^k`rbpqfkbkbirplcr* qrolabi`ô_k+Bikfsbiabbjfpflkbp pbpfq^bkqob.+---v.+/--do@L/, hTe molar`fal) abmbkab abi obkaf* jfbkql ab i^ fkpqî^`fk) il `rî bk `fboq^jbafa^bpq`lkaf`flkâlmlo bi qfml ab `ô_k8 ilp ifdkfqlp a^k bjfpflkbppfqrâ^pbki^wlk^îqâb bpb o^kdl+ I^p jbglo^p ab bÛ`fbk`f^ bkbodqf`^bkilp`fìlpqojf`lpmrb* abk `lkpbdrfo obar``flkbp ab bjf* pfkjlaboâ^p+ ¢ @bkfw^p+ I^p bp`lof^p v `bkfw^p ab i^ `lj_rpqfk abi `ô_k ^ sb`bp bk* `rbkqo^k ^mif`^`fk bk i^ fkarpqof^ abi`bjbkqlvbielojfdk`ljlj^* qbof^p`lk`^m^`faâmrwlikf`^l`l* jl^dobdâlp+Bkilp`^plpbknrbkl bk`rbkqo^kbpq^^mif`^`fkbpmob`fpl abmlpfqôi^pbkrksboqbabolnrbmob* /23 `fpâbrk`fboql`lkqoli8i^mlqbk`fî ifufsf^`fkabjbqîbpvprm^plî^p ^dr^pabbp`loobkq^vcobqf`^pmrbab pborkmol_ibj^)obi^`flkâl`lki^p `ô^`qbopqf`^pabbp^p`bkfw^pvi^qf* mlildâbiqboobkl`fo`rka^kqb+Mrb* abpborkmol_ibj^bkrkefmlqqf`l obqlokl î `ô_k bk ilp m^pbp jp abpôoliiâlpv`lkîqâbkpfaâab ml_i^`fk)^rknrbbprkqbj^înrb bp mob`fpl mobpqô ^qbk`fk bk `rî* nrfbo`fo`rkpq^k`f^virdô+ I^pfkpqî^`flkbpbufpqbkqbpqfbkbkrk mboflal ab â^mq^`fk ^ i^p krbs^p ob* dri^`flkbp) î nrb pb e^`b mlpqboflo ob* cbobk`f^î^kîfwôbicrqrolabi`ô_k bk Bpm^^+ I^p krbs^p `bkqoîbp ab_fb* o^k `lkpfaboô qlalp bpqlp ^pmb`qlp pb^ `rîpb^prbjmi^w^jfbkql+ 3+Qb`klild^pabRplIfjmfl+ Dbkbo^`fkabBib`qof`faâ Il bumrbpql bk bi ^môqâl ^kqboflo iibsbkiâ`ââbilplèbkq^îi^k* w^jfbkqlabmoldo^j^pababpôoliilab krbs^pqb`klild^pabrplifjmflabi`ô* _k)q^kqlbkRP>)`ljlbkG^mkvbk i^ Rkfk Brolmb^8 pb _rp`^_^ bifjfkô bjfpflkbp `fa^p v pf bo^ mlpf_ib fkòb* jbkqôi^bÛ`fbk`f^bkbodqf`^bki^db* kbo^`fkabbib`qof`faâ+Bp^p^`qfsfa^* abpe^kaâlirdô^plir`flkbpqla^s^ kl`ljmibq^jbkqbjâro^p+ Rk^îqbok^qfs^âf`flkîbkbpqîkb^ I^Bkbod^bkprp@i^sbp @^mqrilSFFÅG+>+BjfiflJbkkabw &IGURA%SQUEMADECOMBUSTIØNENCALDERASDELECHOmUIDO bpiâbilp`fìlpprmboòqf`lp%`lkmob* pflkbpbki^`îabo^mlobk`fjâbi^ò* qf`^)//JM^)vmlobkabîq^qbjmbo^qr* o^)jrvprmbofloî^òqf`^)041¹@&nrb qo^q^ ab `lkpbdrfo rk^ bibsâ^ bÛ`fbk* `f^bkbodqf`^)nrb`ljmbkpbi^pmoaf* a^p abofsâ^p ab i^ ^mif`^`fk ab pfpqb* j^p ab i^sâl ^ ilp d^pbp+ Bi obql m^p^ mloafpmlkboabj^qbofîbp)^`bolpîb^* alp)nrbmrba^kqo^_^gô^bibsâ^pqbj* mbo^qro^pvmobpflkbp)q^kqlmôî^p`î* abo^pvqr_bo^pabs^mlo)`ljlmôî^p qro_fk^p+Bpqlbk`ôb`bi^fksbopfkbki^ fkpqî^`fkv`ljmif`^bij^kqbkfjfbk* ql) mbol `lk `ô_lkbp ab _rbk^ `îfaâ pbmrbabiibdôôbkafjfbkqlpkbqlpmlo bk`fjâbi1/"obcbofalpîM@Fabi`ô* _k+ Bp rk^ lm`fk nrb pb `lkqbjmi^ Bi@ô_k mô^ bi rpl crqrol ab ilp `ô_lkbp abi jbo`âlfkqbok^`flkî)vv^pbe^mol_^* al p^qfpc^`qlof^jbkqb bk `bkqoîbp klo* qb^jbof`^k^pîbj^k^pva^kbp^p+ ^&@lj_rpqfkbkibèlÜrfal Bprk`lkgrkqlablm`flkbpabafpbl ab `îabo^p nrb pb bpnrbj^qfw^k bk i^ Ûdro^ 5+ Pb _^p^ bk bi ebèl ab nrb bp mlpf_ib obîfwô i^ `lj_rpqfk abi `ô* _kbkrk^j^p^nrbpbbk`rbkqob^rk^ qbjmbo^qroâbrklp52-¹@8bpqlc^slob* `balp^pmb`qlp7 ¢ Cfg^`fk abi ^wrcob abi `ô_k bk i^p `bkfw^p)îob^``flkôbiPL/clojâl bki^`lj_rpqfk`lkbiL@^mol`b* /24 Crka^`fkF_boaoli^ &IGURA'ASIlCACIØNINTEGRADACONCICLOCOMBINADO 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