Las analogías en la formulación de la teoría electromagnética de la luz de Maxwell Analogies in the Formulation of Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory of Light Vladimir Cachón Guillén En-claves del Pensamiento, vol. VII, núm. 14, julio-diciembre, 2013, pp. 11-33. Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México Distrito Federal, México En-claves del Pensamiento, ISSN (Versión impresa): 1870-879X dora.garcia@itesm.mx en-claves.ccm@servicios.itesm.mx Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México México LAS ANALOGÍAS EN LA FORMULACIÓN DE LA TEORÍA ELECTROMAGNÉTICA DE LA LUZ DE MAXWELL VLADIMIR CACHÓN GUILLÉN* Resumen E <=5"=7#6#.%"<5"45(=7#"5("0%<"3%<";71*57%<"#7=>4/0%<"35"?#*5<"@057A"B#CD500" <%675"0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"*#G(H=14#+"IJ/H"005KL"#"B#CD500"#"5<471617"<%675" 5<=5"=5*#!"M"4L*%"1(N/M57%("5("H0"0#<"4174/(<=#(41#<"=54(%0LG14#<"35"</"=15*­ ;%O"P!"<%675"=%3%!"I4L*%"0%G7L!"#";#7=17"350"5*;05%"35"#(#0%G>#<"*54Q(14#<!" 5(=5(357"0#"(#=/7#05F#"35"0%<"4#*;%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<"M"4%(45617"/(#"=5%7>#" /(1R4#3#"350"*#G(5=1<*%!"0#"5054=71413#3"M"0#"0/FO"S5"5C;0%7#"50";7%45<%"475#­ =1K%"35"B#CD500"M"<5"1(=5(=#"3571K#7"35"H0"#0G/(#<"4%(40/<1%(5<")=105<"<%675"0#" *#(57#"5("T/5"<5"U#45"415(41#+ Palabras claveV"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#!"4#*;%"5054=7%*#G(H=14%!"=505G7#E>#"</6*#71(#!" B#CD500!"WU%*;<%(!"X#7#3#M+ Abstract WU1<"#7=1405"E%4/<5<"%("=U5"=D%"R7<="?#*5<"@057A"B#CD500";#;57<"%("*#G(5=14" 01(5<"%E"E%745+"YU#="=%%A"B#CD500"=%"D71=5"#6%/="=U1<"1<</5!"#(3"U%D"313"=U5"=5­ 4U(%0%G14#0"4174/*<=#(45<"%E"U1<"=1*5"1(N/5(45"U1*O"Z(3!"%K57"#00!"U%D"313"U5" [" \%45(=5"350"]#6%7#=%71%"35"^<=/31%<"S%41#05<"35"0#"@15(41#!"\5;#7=#*5(=%"35"_1%0%G>#"^K%0/=1K#!" X#4/0=#3"35"@15(41#<!"`aZB!"BHC14%!"bK0#31*174GcM#U%%+4%*d+ ,, En-Claves14-book.indb 11 EN­CLAVES del pensamiento!"#$%"&''!"()*+",-!"./01%231415*675"89,:!";;+",,2::+ 04/11/13 14:54 ,8" &0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H( *#(#G5"=%"/(357<=#(3!"=U7%/GU"=U5"/<5"%E"*54U#(14#0"#(#0%G15<!"=U5"(#=/75"%E" 5054=7%*#G(5=14"R503<"#(3"*#(#G5"=%"6/103"#"/(1R53"=U5%7M"%E"*#G(5=1<*!"5054­ =7141=M"#(3"01GU=O"'="1<"5C;0%753"=U5"475#=1K5";7%45<<"%E"B#CD500f<"*1(3!"#(3"=U5(!" 1="1<"#==5*;=53"=%"1(E57"<%*5"/<5E/0"4%(40/<1%(<"#6%/="=U5"D#M"<415(45"1<"3%(5+ Key wordsV"]1(5<"%E"E%745!"5054=7%*#G(5=14"R503!"</6*#71(5"=505G7#;UM!"B#CD500!" WU%*;<%(!"X#7#3#M+ Contemplado desde muy lejos en la historia de la humanidad –digamos que desde diez mil años a partir de ahora– debe haber poca duda de que se !"#$%&'()(*+,-'+'.+/'!/"+0*$+$%1#%2!)3%4"+&'.+ siglo XIX es el descubrimiento realizado por Maxwell de las leyes de la electrodinámica. Richard Feynman1 Introducción I@L*%"<5"50#6%7#("0#<"G7#(35<"=5%7>#<"415(=>R4#<O"^0";7%605*#"U#"%4/;#3%"#" (/*57%<%<"R0L<%E%<"35"0#"415(41#"#0"*5(%<"35<35"Y1001#*"YU5DU500!8 a principios del siglo XIX+"\5<35"5(=%(45<!"(/*57%<%<"R0L<%E%<"5"U1<=%71#3%75<"35"0#"415(41#!"" 4%*%"g/U(!:"h%;;57-"%"]#A#=%<i"U#("#;%7=#3%" K#01%<#<"jM"#"K545<"4%(=7#­ 314=%71#<j"=5%7>#<";#7#"35<5(=7#$#7"0#"31(Q*14#"35"0#"1(K5<=1G#41L("415(=>R4#+ ^("5<=5"#7=>4/0%"jM"#"31E575(41#"35"0#<";57<%(#013#35<"41=#3#<j"(%"6/<4#*%<" U#00#7"/(#"75<;/5<=#"G5(57#0"#"5<=#";75G/(=#+"J/575*%<!"5("4#*61%!"5(4%(­ =7#7"/(#"75<;/5<=#"#"/("4#<%")(14%!";57%"T/5"=/K%"75;574/<1%(5<"G1G#(=5<4#<V" I4/Q0"E/5"0#"31(Q*14#"350"35<4/671*15(=%!";%7";#7=5"35"B#CD500!"35"0#"=5%7>#" 5054=7%*#G(H=14#"35"0#"0/FO"h#7#"500%!"(%<"5(E%4#75*%<"5("0%<"3%<";71*57%<" #7=>4/0%<"T/5"B#CD500"5<47161L"<%675"50"=5*#"35"0#<"líneas de fuerza —un con­ 45;=%"T/5"35<;/H<"3571K#7>#"5("50"35"campo"5054=7%*#G(H=14%j"M"T/5"10/<=7#(" , k+" X5M(*#(!" The Feynman Lectures on Physics!" K%0+" I." B#<<#4U/<5=<!"Z31<<%(2Y5<05M!" ,lm-!";+",,+ 8 " Y+"YU5D500!"History of the Inductive Sciences!",n:o!"35"0#"T/5"5C1<=5"/(#"53141L("E#4<1*10#7" ;/6014#3#";%7"@#*6713G5"`(1K57<1=M"h75<<!"89,9+ : " S%675"=%3%"5("50"M#"40Q<14%"W+"g/U(!"5)+'$3(-!3-()+&'+.)$+('4".-!%"#'$+!%'#362!)$7+BHC14%!" FCE!",lm8+ h%7"5.5*;0%!"g+"h%;;57!"8/'+5"1%!+"9+:!%'#3%2!+;%$!"4'(<+"a/5K#"P%7A!"p/=4U1(<%("q"@%+!",lil+ i " ^("*/4U#<"35"</<"%67#<!";57%"<%675"=%3%"5("'+"]#A#=%<!"=$!(%3"$+2."$>2!"$?+.)+0'3"&"."16)+ &'+."$+@("1()0)$+&'+%#4'$3%1)!%>#+!%'#362!)7+B#3713!"Z01#(F#!"8998+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 12 04/11/13 14:54 ]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" ,: 4L*%"0#<"4174/(<=#(41#<"#4#3H*14#<!";%0>=14#<"M"=54(%0LG14#<!"#<>"4%*%"0#"*/M" ;57<%(#0"E%7*#"T/5"4#3#"415(=>R4%"=15(5";#7#"4%(<=7/17"=5%7>#<!"<5"1*6714#("5(" una compleja trama en donde es difícil ponderar el peso que tiene cada uno 35"5<=%<"E#4=%75<+ ^<=5"4#<%!"=#*61H(!"(%<"<17K5";#7#"4/5<=1%(#7"/(%"35"0%<"*1=%<"T/5"<5"5*­ ;05#("4%("E754/5(41#"5("50"#*615(=5"#4#3H*14%V"50"35"T/5"0#"415(41#"#K#(F#" primero como ciencia pura!"*531#(=5"%6<57K#41%(5<"M"5C;571*5(=%<"T/5"4/0­ minan en teorías #6<=7#4=#<"j(%7*#0*5(=5"#;%M#3#<"5("E%7*/0#41%(5<"*#­ =5*Q=14#<j!"M"T/5"5<=#<"=5%7>#<!"4%("50"=15*;%!"3571K#("%"*#3/7#("5("ciencia aplicada M"5("(/5K#<"=54(%0%G>#<!"4%*%"<1"0#";#7=5"=5L714%2#6<=7#4=#"356157#" 17"<15*;75";71*57%"M!"35<;/H<!"</<"#;014#41%(5<"=54(%0LG14#<+"Z"4%(=1(/#41L(" K575*%<"T/5"0#"31(Q*14#"35"35<4/671*15(=%<"5<"*/4U%"*Q<"4%*;05.#"T/5"5<=%!" M"T/5"5<=#"<54/5(41#"135#0"(%"<5"#./<=#"#"0#"75#013#3"U1<=L714#!"#0"*5(%<"(%"5(" 50"4#<%"350"T/5"(%<"%4/;#75*%<+ Surge el interés de Maxwell por el electromagnetismo ^0"=7#6#.%"=5L714%2*#=5*Q=14%"35"?#*5<"@057A"B#CD500";57*1=1L"/(#"35"0#<"<>(­ =5<1<"*Q<"1*;%7=#(=5<"35"0#"E><14#+"Z(=5<"35"H0!"0#"5054=71413#3!"50"*#G(5=1<*%"M" 0#"L;=14#"<5"4%(<1357#6#("=75<"4#*;%<"35"5<=/31%"=%=#0*5(=5"31<=1(=%<"M"<5;#­ 7#3%<+"S1("5*6#7G%!"G7#41#<"#"</"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#!"U%M"<5"05<"4%(<1357#" 31E575(=5<"*#(1E5<=#41%(5<"35"/("*1<*%"E5(L*5(%+ h57%"I4L*%"<5"005GL"#"5<=%O"J/1FQ"0#";71*57#";75G/(=#"T/5"356#*%<";0#(­ =5#7(%<"5<"IT/H"U#4>#"B#CD500!"35"5(=7#3#!"=7#6#.#(3%"5("50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%" *15(=7#<"5<=/31#6#"E><14#"5("0#"`(1K57<13#3"35"@#*6713G5!"5("3%(35"(%"RG/7#6#" 5("0%<";0#(5<"35"5<=/31%O"^0";71*57"505*5(=%"35"0#"75<;/5<=#"5<"T/5!"5("5<5" *%*5(=%!"B14U#50"X#7#3#M"U#6>#"0%G7#3%!" 4%(" </<"1(K5<=1G#41%(5<!" <1=/#7" 0#" 5054=71413#3"4%*%"/(%"35"0%<";7%605*#<"45(=7#05<"35"0#"E><14#+"p#6>#"35*%<­ =7#3%"T/5"<5"=7#=#6#"35"/(#";7%;153#3"4#7#4=57><=14#"35"=%3%"=1;%"35"*#=571#!" M"T/5"5<=#6#">(=1*#*5(=5"750#41%(#3#"4%("50"4%*;%7=#*15(=%"E><14%"M"T/>*14%" 35"0%<"4/57;%<"*#=571#05<+m"a%"%6<=#(=5!"5<=5"(/5K%";7%605*#"#)("(%"U#6>#" ;57*5#3%"0%<";0#(5<"35"5<=/31%"35"0#<"/(1K57<13#35<"350";#><+"@%(=7#"0%"T/5" ;%37>#"47557<5!"50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"(%"57#"/("4#*;%"35"5<=/31%"=>;14%"5("0#<" ;71(41;#05<"/(1K57<13#35<!"4%*%"@#*6713G5!"5("0#"T/5"0#"4#7757#"35"X><14#"5("0%<" m " `(#"5C;%<141L("750#=1K#*5(=5"675K5!";57%"7#F%(#605*5(=5"4%*;05=#!"<%675"5<=5"=5*#"#;#7545" 5(V"X+"@Q(%K#<!"r?#*5<"@057A"B#CD500s!"5("Historia de la física+"B/741#!"`(1K57<13#3"35"B/741#!" 899i+"P";#7#"/(#"5C;%<141L("*Q<"#*;01#";/535"K57<5"Y+"_57A<%(!"Las teorías de los campos de fuerza desde Faraday hasta Einstein. B#3713!"Z01#(F#!",lni+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 13 04/11/13 14:54 ,-" &0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H( #$%<"41(4/5(=#<"350"<1G0%"XIX"<5"5(E%4#6#!"<%675"=%3%!"#0"5<=/31%"35"0#"*54Q(14#" 4505<=5!"0#"L;=14#"M"0#"U137%31(Q*14#+o"Z";5<#7"35"5<=%!"U#M"5K135(41#"35"T/5" *15(=7#<"B#CD500"5<=/31#6#"5("@#*6713G5"5<=#6#"#0"4%7715(=5"35"#0G/(%<"35"0%<" =7#6#.%<";1%(57%<"5("5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"75#01F#3%<";%7"X#7#3#M!";%7"/("0#3%!"M" 35"0%<"005K#3%<"#"4#6%";%7"Y1001#*"WU%*;<%(!"#"T/15("4%(%41L"5(",ni9"tM"T/5" */4U%"*Q<"=#735!"5(",nl8!"<57>#"(%*67#3%"6#7L("g50K1("35"]#G<"M"4%(%413%" 35<35"5(=%(45<"4%*%"0%73"g50K1(u+ W7#<"U#657"=57*1(#3%"</<"5<=/31%<"*#=5*Q=14%<"5("@#*6713G5!"#";71(41;1%<" 35" ,ni-!" 5" 1(N/13%" ;%7" 0%<" 5C;571*5(=%<" <%675" 4%7715(=5<" 50H4=714#<" M" 0>(5#<" *#G(H=14#<" 35" X#7#3#M!" B#CD500" 5(K1L" /(#" 4#7=#" #" WU%*;<%(" jT/5" U#6>#" 5<=#3%" =7#6#.#(3%" 5(" 5<=%<" =5*#<j" <%0141=Q(3%05" T/5" ;/3157#" G/1#705" 5(" 50" estudio de estos fenómenos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ambridge JournalO"S1"/<=53"=15(5"5("0#"4#65F#"#0G/(#" 75<;/5<=#"#"5<=#<"4/5<=1%(5<!"=75<"35"(%<%=7%<"5<=#7>#*%<"G/<=%<%<"35"7541617" ;%7"5<471=%"</<"4%(<5.%<+n P#"E/57#";%7"0#"75<;/5<=#"35"WU%*;<%("%";%7"1(141#=1K#";7%;1#!"B#CD500"4%­ *5(FL"</"1(K5<=1G#41%(5<"05M5(3%"0%<"Experimental Researches in Electricity!"35" X#7#3#M+"]%<"5C;571*5(=%<"35"X#7#3#M";0#(=5#6#("/(#"G7#("4#(=13#3"35";7%605­ *#<"#"75<%0K57!"#35*Q<"35"0%<"750#=1K%<"#"0#"750#41%(5<"5(=75"0#"5054=71413#3"M"0#" *#=571#+"Z;5(#<"/("#$%"35<;/H<!"5("%=7#"4#7=#"#"WU%*;<%("E54U#3#"5("e05(#17" 50",:"35"<5;=15*675"35",nii!"B#CD500"jT/5"#$%"M"*531%"#=7Q<";7Q4=14#*5(=5"(%" <#6>#"*#M%7"4%<#"35"0#"5054=71413#3"M"50"*#G(5=1<*%j"754%(%4>#"0%"<1G/15(=5V J/5713%"WU%*;<%("vwx"U5"%6=5(13%"*/4U%"35"=1"5("=5*#<"50H4=714%<!"31754=#­ *5(=5"#0"1G/#0"T/5"#"=7#KH<"35"0#"1*;75(=#"M"50"531=%7!"M"=#*61H("U5"/=101F#3%" o n S+"S4U#EE57!"rWU5"]#173"%E";UM<14<s!"5("Nature!"()*. -o,!"89,,!";;+"8nl28l,+ " k5;7%3/413#"5("X+"@Q(%K#<!"op. cit+! ;+",:+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 14 04/11/13 14:54 ]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" ,i %=7#<" #M/3#<!" M" 05>3%" 0%<" =75<" K%0)*5(5<" 35" 1(K5<=1G#41L(" 35" X#7#3#M+" B1" 1(=5(41L(" #0" U#457" 5<=%" 57#!" (#=/7#0*5(=5!" <#657" 0%" T/5" <5" U#" U54U%" 5(" 0#" 415(41#"50H4=714#!"*#=5*Q=14#"M"5C;571*5(=#0!"5"1(=5(=#7"4%*;75(357"5<=%"35" /(#"*#(57#"7#41%(#0!"#M/3Q(3%*5"35"4/#0T/157"(%41L("T/5";/315<5"#=%7(100#7" 5("*1"4#65F#+l Z"5<=%<";7%605*#<"=5L714%<";0#(=5#3%<" ;%7"0%<"5C;571*5(=%<"35"X#7#3#M!" Schaffer,9" #$#35" /(#" 4174/(<=#(41#" =54(%0LG14#" T/5" ;#7545" U#657" ./G#3%" /(" ;#;50"1*;%7=#(=5!"M"5<"T/5"./<=%"5("0%<"#$%<"5("T/5"B#CD500"<5"1(=575<#6#";%7" 0%<"5C;571*5(=%<"50H4=714%<"M"*#G(H=14%<"35"X#7#3#M!"0#"@%7%(#"671=Q(14#"5<=#6#" */M"1(=575<#3#!";%7"*%=1K%<";%0>=14%<!"5("0%G7#7"0#"/(1R4#41L("35"0#<"4%*/(14#­ 41%(5<"35"=%3%"</"'*;571%!";#7#"0%"4/#0"5<=#6#";0#(5#3%"50"=5(313%"35"4#605<" =505G7QR4%<"1(=57%45Q(14%<+"^<=5";7%M54=%"1*;014#6#"6/<4#7"*#(57#<"35"75<%0K57" (/5K%<";7%605*#<!"4%*%"0#";7%;#G#41L("35"0#<"<5$#05<"5054=7%*#G(H=14#<"#" =7#KH<"35"G7#(35<"31<=#(41#<!"0#"4%(R#61013#3"35"0%<"1(<=7/*5(=%<"35"*53141L(" M"50"#(Q01<1<"35"0#<"E/57F#<!"75<1<=5(41#<"M"4%7715(=5<"5("4#605<"=5(313%<"5("50" E%(3%"350"%4H#(%+ ^(",ni:!"X#7#3#M"U#6>#"<13%"=5<=1G%"35"0%<"4#=#<=7LR4%<";7%605*#<"4#/<#3%<" ;%7"50"75=7#<%"5("0#<"<5$#05<"5("0#<"0>(5#<"35"4#605"=5(313#<"5(=75"]%(375<"M" B#(4U5<=57";%7"/(#"4%*;#$>#"35"=50HG7#E%<+"^("/(#"4%(E575(41#"T/5"1*;#7=1L" /(%<"*5<5<"35<;/H<"5("0#"k%M#0"'(<=1=/=1%(!,, empleó su propia teoría de la 1(3/441L(" *#G(H=14#" ;#7#" *%<=7#7" 4L*%" 50" #G/#" <#0#3#" #4=/#7>#" 350" *1<*%" *%3%"T/5"0#"4/6157=#"5C=571%7"35"/("4%(35(<#3%7"<%675"0%<"4#605<"</6*#71(%<!" 1(475*5(=#(3%"</"4#;#41=#(41#!"31<*1(/M5(3%"0#"1(3/441L("M!";%7"4%(<1G/15(=5!" 75=7#<#(3%"0#<"<5$#05<"=%3#K>#"*Q<+ B#CD500"M"WU%*;<%(";75<=#7%("*/4U#"#=5(41L("#"5<=#"4%(E575(41#"35"X#­ 7#3#M"M"#"</<"1*;014#41%(5<";#7#"0#"=505G7#E>#"</6*#71(#+"Z;5(#<"/(%<"*5<5<" 35<;/H<!" 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En-Claves14-book.indb 15 04/11/13 14:54 ,m" &0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H( B15(=7#<"5<=%"%4/77>#!"5(",nim!";%4%"35<;/H<"35"0#"*/57=5"35"</";#375!" 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En-Claves14-book.indb 16 04/11/13 14:54 ]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" ,o 35"5<=%<"3%<"=7#6#.%<"B#CD500"5*;05#"50"r*H=%3%"35"#(#0%G>#<s!"1(<;17#3%"5(" ;#7=5";%7"0#"#(#0%G>#"T/5"WU%*;<%("U#6>#"5<=#605413%"5(=75"50"4#0%7"M"0#"5054­ =71413#3+,-"B#CD500"4%*;75(3>#"T/5"0#<"#(#0%G>#<"5(=75"E5(L*5(%<"05";57*1=>#(" /(#"G7#("N5C161013#3!"1(40/<%"<1";7%3/4>#("=5%7>#<";%4%"K57%<>*105<";57%"T/5"05" 671(3#6#("<1<=5*#<"*#=5*Q=14%<"*/M"40#71R4#3%75<"#0"#;014#70%<"#"0%<"E5(L*5(%<" T/5"=7#=#6#"35"5<=/31#7!"#0"*1<*%"=15*;%"T/5"(%"0%"#=#6#("#"0#<"5C;014#41%(5<" 35"/(#"=5%7>#"M#"5C1<=5(=5+,i"h%7"0%"=#(=%!"(%"5<"T/5"B#CD500"r;5(<#7#s"T/5"50" 5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"E/57#"/("E5(L*5(%"*54Q(14%!"<1(%"T/5"al hacerlo parecer, mediante analogías, como un fenómeno mecánico";%3>#("35<4/6717<5";71(41;1%<" *#=5*Q=14%<"T/5";57*1=157#("4%*;75(3570%"*5.%7+ Sobre las líneas de fuerza de Faraday B#CD500"<5"U#6>#"4%(K5(413%"35"T/5"0#"(%41L("35"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"*#G(H=14#" 35"X#7#3#M,m"5C;014#6#"*5.%7"50"*#G(5=1<*%"T/5"0#"4%(45;41L("35"45(=7%<"35" E/57F#!" #/(T/5" 5(" 5<=#" ;75E575(41#" <L0%" 4%1(413>#(" X#7#3#M!" WU%*;<%(" M" H0" *1<*%+"]#"G7#("*#M%7>#"35"0%<"E><14%<"35"0#"H;%4#!"1(N/13%<";%7"0#"5(<5$#(F#" 35"0#"*54Q(14#"40Q<14#"5("0#<"/(1K57<13#35<"M!"4%(475=#*5(=5!";%7"50"*%3%" 5("T/5"a5D=%("U#6>#"#(#01F#3%"0#"G7#K53#3!";75E57>#";5(<#7"5("0#"#=7#441L(" *#G(H=14#" 4%*%" /(#" E/57F#" T/5" <5" 4%(45(=7#6#" 5(" /(" ;/(=%!" 5(" 50" 45(=7%" 350"*#=571#0"*#G(H=14%!"M"T/5"#4=/#6#"#"31<=#(41#"<%675"%=7%<"*#=571#05<+"h#7#" 5<=%<"E><14%<!";%7"=#(=%!"50"E5(L*5(%";71*#71%"#"5<=/31#7"57#"0#"(#=/7#05F#"35"5<=%<" 45(=7%<"35"E/57F#+"X#7#3#M!";%7"50"4%(=7#71%!";7%;%(>#"T/5"50"*#G(5=1<*%"#4=/#6#" *531#(=5"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"T/5"4/67>#("0#"31<=#(41#"5(=75"#*6%<"*#=571#05<!"M" T/5"0#"31<=716/41L("35"5<=#<"E/57F#<"5("50"5<;#41%"57#"50"E5(L*5(%";71*#71%!"M" (%"0#"(#=/7#05F#"35"0%<"45(=7%<"#075353%7"35"0%<"4/#05<"5<=#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#" <5"#G7/;#6#(+,o , S5G)("#3*1=5"H0"*1<*%!"KH#<5"?+"@+"B#CD500!"ry("X#7#3#Mf<"]1(5<"%E"X%745s!"5("Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society!"()*+",9!",nim!";+",io+ ,i " &H#<5"0#"5C;014#41L("T/5"U#45"35"</"*H=%3%"50";7%;1%"B#CD500"tibid+!";;+",ii2,imu+ ,m El concepto de líneas de fuerza magnética!"%"<1*;05*5(=5"líneas de fuerza!"E/5";7%;/5<=%";%7" X#7#3#M"5(",n:lV"rh%7"4/7K#<"*#G(H=14#<"T/157%"35417"0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"*#G(H=14#"T/5!"#/(T/5" 5<=H("*%31R4#3#<";%7"0#"M/C=#;%<141L("35";%0%<!"<5"*#(1R5<=#("*531#(=5"01*#3/7#<"35"U1577%|"%" #T/500#<"4%("0#<"T/5"/(#"#G/.#"*#G(H=14#!"*/M";5T/5$#!"E%7*#7>#"/(#"=#(G5(=5s"+ ,o " &H#<5"50"rk5</*5(s"U54U%";%7"50";7%;1%"B#CD500"<%675"</"ry("X#7#3#Mf<"]1(5<"%E"X%745s!" M"T/5!"#/(T/5"(%"005GL"#";/6014#7<5!"#;#7545"75;7%3/413%"5("p#7*#(!"op. cit.!";+":i:"M"5("?+"B+" SQ(4U5F"k%(!"rB#CD500!"</"K13#"M"</"%67#s!"5("?+"@+"B#CD500!"Materia y movimiento+"_#7450%(#!" @7>=14#!"899m!";+"-i+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 17 04/11/13 14:54 ,n" &0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H( h#7#" 5<=/31#7" 35" *#(57#" =5L714#" 5<=5" E5(L*5(%!" B#CD500" 5<47161L" ry(" X#7#3#M}<"]1(5<"%E"X%745s!"T/5"<5";/6014L"5(",nim,n en los Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society+"^0"%6.5=1K%"35"B#CD500"5("5<=5"#7=>4/0%"57#" 35<#77%00#7"0#<"135#<"35"X#7#3#M"35(=7%"35"/(#"=5%7>#"*#=5*Q=14#"350"5054=7%­ *#G(5=1<*%+"h#7#"500%!"5*;05L"/("5(E%T/5"4%*;05=#*5(=5"31<=1(=%"#"0%<"T/5" <5"4%(%4>#("5("</"H;%4#+"`=101FL"j4%*%"U#4>#"WU%*;<%(j"/(#"1(=57;75=#41L(" 35"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<"5("E/(41L("35"0#"5C1<=5(41#"35"/("*531%" 4%*%"50"H=57!"0%"4/#0"05";57*1=>#"/=101F#7"*%350%<"*#=5*Q=14%<"5("0%<"T/5";%3>#" #;014#7"0#<"05M5<"35"a5D=%(+"^("5<=5"#<;54=%!"</"1(=57;75=#41L("57#"31<=1(=#"#"0#" 35"X#7#3#M"jT/5"(%"#;50#6#"#0"H=57j!";57%";5(<#6#"T/5"57#";75E571605+ h#7#"#(#01F#7"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<!"B#CD500"5*;05L"/(#"<5715" 35"#(#0%G>#<"10/<=7#=1K#<+"^<"35417!"5<=#60541L";#75413%<"M"=7#6#.L"<%675"500%<" ;#7#"K1</#01F#7"35"*5.%7"*#(57#"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"T/5"35<4716>#!"#/(T/5"(%";75­ =5(3>#"3571K#7"/(#"=5%7>#"(/5K#"#";#7=17"35"5<=#<"#(#0%G>#<!"M#"T/5"=#*;%4%" ;75=5(3>#"T/5"H<=#<"E/57#("E><14#*5(=5"K573#357#<+"@%(475=#*5(=5!"#0"5*;05#7" 0#"#(#0%G>#"T/5"M#"U#6>#"U54U%"WU%*;<%("5(=75"5054=71413#3"M"N/.%"4#0%7>R4%!" B#CD500"5<=#6#"4%(<415(=5"35"T/5"r(%"3565*%<"4%(40/17"35"0#"<1*101=/3";#741#0" 35"#0G/(#<"35"0#<"750#41%(5<"35"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"350"4#0%7"M"0#"5054=71413#3"T/5" 5C1<=5"/(#"<1*101=/3"75#0"5(=75"0#<"4#/<#<"35"#*6%<"E5(L*5(%<+"]#"<1*101=/3"5<" 5(=75"750#41%(5<!"(%"5(=75"0#<"4%<#<"750#41%(#3#<s+,l h57%!"#/(T/5"0#<"#(#0%G>#<"57#("<L0%"10/<=7#=1K#<!"./G#7%("/(";#;50"E/(3#­ *5(=#0"5("5<=5"#7=>4/0%+"h#7#"4%*;75(357"0#"U5/7><=14#"350"*H=%3%"#(#0LG14%" 35"B#CD500"75K1<5*%<"#0G/(#<"35"0#<";71(41;#05<+ &5#*%<!"5(";71*57"0/G#7!"</"#(#0%G>#"*54Q(14#";#7#"0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#+" B#CD500"(%<"5C;014#"T/5!"<1"005(#*%<"35"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"50"5<;#41%"T/5"7%35#" /("1*Q(!"4%*%"U1F%"X#7#3#M!"r%6=5(37>#*%<"/("*%350%"G5%*H=714%"35"0%<"E5(L­ *5(%<"E><14%<"T/5"(%<"1(314#7>#("0#"3175441L("35"0#"E/57F#!";57%"(%"</"1(=5(<13#3" 5("4/#0T/157";/(=%!";#7#"0%"4/#0"(545<1=#7>#*%<"35"%=7%"*H=%3%s+"]#"<%0/41L("T/5" <5"05"%4/771L"#"B#CD500"E/5"r4%(<1357#7"5<=#<"4/7K#<"(%"4%*%"<1*;05<"0>(5#<!"<1(%" 4%*%"R(%<"=/6%<"35"<5441L("K#71#605"T/5"=7#(<;%7=#("/("N/13%"1(4%*;75<1605s+" ^("4/#0T/157";/(=%"350"4#*;%"*#G(H=14%!"0#"*#G(1=/3"M"0#"3175441L("35"0#"E/57F#" 5<=#7>#"5(=%(45<"75;75<5(=#3#";%7"0#"3175441L("M"*#G(1=/3"350"N/13%"1*#G1(#71%!" 4%(=5(13%"35(=7%"35"=/6%<"35"31<=1(=%"31Q*5=7%+ ,n " ]#" ;71*57#" ;#7=5" 35" 5<=5" #7=>4/0%" E/5" 05>3#" ;%7" B#CD500" #(=5" 0#" S%4153#3" X10%<LR4#" 35" @#*6713G5"50",9"35"31415*675"35",nii!"M"0#"<5G/(3#"50",,"35"E56757%"35",nim+ ,l " ^<=5" 4%*5(=#71%" 0%" U1F%" */4U%" 35<;/H<!" 5(" ?+" @+" B#CD500!" A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism+"]%(375<!"@0#75(3%("h75<<!",no:!";57%"75R71H(3%<5"#"0#"*1<*#"#(#0%G>#"35"WU%*;<%(" T/5!"5("5E54=%!"=/K%"5("*5(=5"#0"5<471617"ry("X#7#3#Mf<"]1(5<"%E"X%745s+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 18 04/11/13 14:54 ]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" ,l k5K1<5*%<"#U%7#"</"#(#0%G>#"*54Q(14#"35"0#"5054=71413#3+"]#"4#7G#";%<1=1K#" <5"4%(<1357#"4%*%"/(#"E/5(=5"35"N/13%!"4/M#"4#(=13#3"35;5(35"35"</"1(=5(­ <13#3+"]#"4#7G#"(5G#=1K#"<57>#"/("sumidero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r</45315(3%"*54Q(14#*5(=5s"5("</"</;/5<=%!"<1("1*;%7=#7"5("5<=5"*%*5(=%"<1" 5<#<";7%;153#35<"57#("/("=#(=%"5C=7#$#<+ ^("/(#"=57457#"#(#0%G>#!"B#CD500"#(#01FL"0#"#441L("35"0%<"3150H4=714%<89 supo­ (15(3%"T/5"50"N/13%"tT/5"(%";%<55"1(5741#u"N/>#"#"=7#KH<"35"/("*531%"75<1<=5(=5" T/5"5.574>#"<%675"H<=5"/(#"E/57F#";7%;%741%(#0"#"</"K50%413#3+"\5"5<=5"*%3%!" 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En-Claves14-book.indb 19 04/11/13 14:54 89" &0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H( M" 5*;05#(3%" /(#" *54Q(14#" (5D=%(1#(#" ;#7#" 75;75<5(=#7" 0%" T/5" %4/77>#" t<1(" importar si físicamente sucedía realmente"35"5<5"*%3%u!";/3%"(%"<L0%"3571K#7" (/5K%<"#<;54=%<"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%!"<1(%"=7#<0#3#7"*Q<"#350#(=5"</"4%*­ ;%7=#*15(=%" #" /(" 05(G/#.5" *#=5*Q=14%+" ^<=%" )0=1*%" 0%" 75#01FL" 5(" 0#" <5G/(3#" ;#7=5"350"#7=>4/0%!"5("0#"<5441L("=1=/0#3#"ry("X#7#3#Mf<"5054=7%=%(14"<=#=5s+"^(" 5<=#"<5441L("B#CD500"35<#77%00L"0#";71*57#"K57<1L("350"<1<=5*#"35"54/#41%(5<" T/5"35<47165("0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"50H4=714#<"M"*#G(H=14#<"M"T/5!"#$%<"35<;/H<" M"4%("*/4U#<"=7#(<E%7*#41%(5<!"3571K#7>#"5("</<"E#*%<#<"54/#41%(5<"<%675" 50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%+"^("5<=#"K57<1L(!"<1("5*6#7G%!"B#CD500"=%3#K>#"(%"U#6>#" 35<#77%00#3%" 50" 4%(45;=%" 35" r35<;0#F#*15(=%" 50H4=714%s!" 4/M#" 3571K#3#" 4%(" 75<;54=%"#0"=15*;%"4%(<=1=/M5"0#"r4%7715(=5"35"35<;0#F#*15(=%s!"/("4%(45;=%"#0" T/5"005G#7>#"5("0%<"<1G/15(=5<"#$%<+ Sobre las líneas físicas de fuerza B#CD500"=5(>#"<L0%"8l"#$%<"4/#(3%"#;#7541L";/6014#3#"0#";71*57#";#7=5"35"On Physical Lines of Force!"5("*#7F%"35",nm,!";%7"The London, Edinburgh and ;-H.%#+A/%."$"@/%!).+E)1)I%#'+)#&+B"-(#).+"9+:!%'#!'788 Este artículo represen­ =L!"4%("=%3#";7%6#61013#3!"50";#<%"*Q<"1*;%7=#(=5"5("0#"/(1R4#41L("=5L714#"T/5" 0%G7#7>#"3/7#(=5"0%<"<1G/15(=5<"#$%<+"S1("5*6#7G%!"5("H0"(%"#;#7545"=%3#K>#"</" 4%(45;=%"35"%(3#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#!"<1(%"T/5"j4%*%";%35*%<"%6<57K#7"5(" 0#"RG/7#",j"B#CD500"<1G/5";5(<#(3%"5("0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"35"X#7#3#M"*Q<" 615("5("E/(41L("35"/(#"<5715"35"5(G7#(#.5<"T/5"G17#6#("M"35"7/53#<"M"5<E57#<" T/5"=7#(<*1=>#("0#"#441L("35"0#"E/57F#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#+ 88 " ]#";71*57#";#7=5"<5";/6014L"5("50"()*57%"35"*#7F%"35",nm,!"0#"<5G/(3#"5("50"35"#6710"350" *1<*%"#$%!"0#"=57457#"U#<=#"5(57%"35",nm8!"M"/(#"4/#7=#"M")0=1*#";#7=5"#0"*5<"<1G/15(=5+"]#"31E575(41#" 5("=15*;%<"5(=75"0#";71*57#"M"0#"=57457#";#7=5<"75</0=#7Q"7505K#(=5"5("</"4%(=5(13%"M"5("5<=#"U1<=%71#!" 4%*%"5C;014#75*%<"*Q<"#350#(=5"5("50"=5C=%+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 20 04/11/13 14:54 ]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" 8, X1G/7#",+"'0/<=7#41L("%71G1(#0"35"B#CD500"5("On Physical Lines of Force!";#7=5"II+ `(#"35" 0#<" ;71(41;#05<" 01*1=#41%(5<" T/5" U#6>#(" #E54=#3%" #" ry(" X#7#3#Mf<" ]1(5<"%E"X%745s"57#"</"1(4#;#413#3"35"=7#=#7"0#<"4%(5C1%(5<"5(=75"0%<"4#*;%<" 50H4=714%<!"4#*;%<"*#G(H=14%<"M"4%7715(=5<"50H4=714#<+"h#7#"</;57#7"5<=5";7%­ 605*#!"5("5<=#"%4#<1L("B#CD500"354131L"35.#7"35"0#3%"0#<"#(#0%G>#<"10/<=7#=1K#<!" M"35<#77%00#7"/("*%350%"*54Q(14%"35"5<=%<"E5(L*5(%<"T/5"E/57#"=5L714#*5(=5" K1#605"M"T/5"05";57*1=157#"5<=#605457"0#<"4%(5C1%(5<";5(315(=5<+"^("5<=5"<5(=13%!" U#M"/(#"31E575(41#"E/(3#*5(=#0"5(=75"0#<"#(#0%G>#<"5*;05#3#<"5("ry("X#7#3#Mf<" ]1(5<"%E"X%745s"M"0#<"(/5K#<"#(#0%G>#<"*54Q(14#<"T/5"B#CD500"K#"#"/=101F#7"5(" On Physical Lines of Force+"^("50";71*57"4#<%!"<5"U#6>#"=7#=#3%")(14#*5(=5"35" #(#0%G>#<"10/<=7#=1K#<+"ZU%7#!"4%("</<"1(475>605<"*%350%<"*54Q(14%<!"B#CD500" U#"3541313%"4%(<=7/17!"*531#(=5"#(#0%G>#<!"*%350%<"T/5"356>#("4%(<1357#7<5" 4%*%"4#(313#=%<"#"/(#"r=5%7>#"K573#357#s+"P"5<=#6#"4%(<415(=5"35"T/5"=#*61H(" ;%3>#("75</0=#7"E#0<%<w";57%"U#6>#("<13%"31<5$#3%<";#7#"T/5"=/K157#("0#";%<1­ 61013#3"35"75</0=#7"K573#357%<!"#0"*5(%<"5("50"<5(=13%"35"35<471617"0#"#/=H(=14#" 75#013#3"E><14#+"h%7"4%(<1G/15(=5!"M"4%*%"U#"<5$#0#3%"#354/#3#*5(=5"SQ(4U5F" k%(!8:"50"5<=#=/<"%(=%0LG14%"35"#*6%<"#7=>4/0%<"5<"*/M"31E575(=5+ B#CD500"5C;014#"</"%6.5=1K%"M"0#"7#FL("350"5*;05%"35"</"*H=%3%"#(#0LG14%" del modo siguiente: 8: " ?+"B+"SQ(4U5F"k%(!"rB#CD500!"</"K13#""</"%67#s!"5("op. cit.!";+"-l+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 21 04/11/13 14:54 88" &0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H( B1"%6.5=1K%"5("5<=5"#7=>4/0%"5<"40#71R4#7"50"4#*1(%"vwx"1(K5<=1G#(3%"0%<"75</0­ =#3%<"*54Q(14%<"35"4157=%<"5<=#3%<"35"=5(<1L("M"*%K1*15(=%"5("/("*531%!"M" 4%*;#7Q(3%0%<"4%("0%<"E5(L*5(%<"%6<57K#3%<"350"*#G(5=1<*%"M"0#"5054=7141­ 3#3+"Z0"<5$#0#7"0#<"4%(<54/5(41#<"*54Q(14#<"35"5<=#<"U1;L=5<1<!"5<;57%"<57" 35"#0G/(#"/=1013#3"#"#T/500%<"T/5"4%(<1357#("5<=%<"E5(L*5(%<"4%*%"35613%<" #"0#"#441L("35"/("*531%!";57%"T/5"3/3#("35"0#"750#41L("35"5<=#"U1;L=5<1<"4%(" 0#<"05M5<"5C;571*5(=#05<"M#"5<=#605413#<!"0#<"4/#05<"U#("<13%"G5(57#0*5(=5" 5C;75<#3#<"5*;05#(3%"%=7%"=1;%"35"U1;L=5<1<+8- Z0"1G/#0"T/5"WU%*;<%(!"B#CD500"475>#"T/5"50"4#*;%"5054=7%*#G(H=14%"5<­ =#6#"realmente"4%(<=1=/13%";%7"/("H=57"</6%731(#3%"#"0#<"05M5<"35"0#"*54Q(14#" (5D=%(1#(#+8i"h%7"0%"=#(=%!"356>#"=5(57"/("*54#(1<*%"M"H<=5"57#"</<45;=1605" 35"<57"35<4/6157=%+"h#7#"50"*%*5(=%"35"0#";/6014#41L("35"5<=5"(/5K%"#7=>4/0%!" 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(1"<1"<57>#"4#;#F"35"35<#77%00#7"/(#"=5%7>#"/(1R4#3%7#+"h57%"5<=#6#"4%*;05=#­ *5(=5"<5G/7%!"#0"*5(%<!"35"3%<"4%<#<V"35"0#<"=75<"05M5<"35"0#"*54Q(14#"35" a5D=%("M"35"T/5"0#"5C;014#41L("=5(>#"T/5";#<#7";%7"/(#"=5%7>#"35"4#*;%<+"S/" E5"5("#*6#<"4%<#<"05"671(3L"/(";7%G7#*#";#75413%"#0"35"WU%*;<%(V"5C;014#7" =%3%"5("=H7*1(%<"35"/("H=57"</;531=#3%"#"0#<"05M5<"35"a5D=%(+ B#CD500"<#6>#!"(#=/7#0*5(=5!"T/5"=%3#"=5%7>#"4%7754=#"=15(5"T/5"<57"4%(­ <1<=5(=5"4%("0%<"U54U%<"5C;571*5(=#05<!"M"=#*61H("<%<;54U#6#"T/5"0#"=5%7>#" 4%7754=#"356>#";#75457"5C=7#$#!";/5<=%"T/5"(1(G)("1(=5(=%"7#41%(#0";75K1%"U#­ 6>#"3#3%"4%("0#"=5%7>#"#354/#3#+"\5"*%3%"T/5"<5";57*1=1L"#"<>"*1<*%";7%6#7" 8 ?+" @+" B#CD500!" ry(" hUM<14#0" ]1(5<" %E" X%745s!" 5(" 8/'+ 5"#&"#J+ =&%#H-(1/+ )#&+ ;-H.%#+ Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science!"()*+"8,!",nm,!";;+",m,2,oi!"8n,28l,!"::n2:-i|"M" ()*+"8:!";;+",828-!"ni2li+"t^<=#"41=#";57=5(545"#"0#";#7=5"I!";+",m8+u 8i X+"@Q(%K#<!"op. cit+!"4#;+"8+ 8m ?+"@+"B#CD500!"ry("hU<14#0"]1(5<"%E"X%745s!"5("op. cit.!";#7=5"I!";+",m8+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 22 04/11/13 14:54 ]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" 8: 4/#0T/157"U1;L=5<1<"T/5"E/57#"4%(<1<=5(=5"4%("</<"3%<";75*1<#<"t0#"*54Q(14#" 35"a5D=%("M"0#"5C1<=5(41#"35"4#*;%<u+"B#CD500";5(<#6#"T/5!"#/(T/5"(%"3157#" 4%("</<"#(#0%G>#<"4%("50"*54#(1<*%"4%7754=%!";%3>#"5(4%(=7#7"/(%"T/5"E/57#"0%" </R415(=5*5(=5";#75413%"#0"K573#357%"4%*%";#7#";%<557"#0G/(#<";7%;153#35<" 5("4%*)(+"h%7"5<=#"7#FL(!"M"/(15(3%"</"1*#G1(#41L("#"</"E#41013#3"*#=5*Q=14#!" <5"=%*L"0#"01657=#3"35"1*#G1(#7"*54#(1<*%<"1*;%<1605<"M"35<4#6500#3%<"T/5!" <1("5*6#7G%!";/3157#(";%<557"#0G/(#<";7%;153#35<"4%7754=#<!"#(Q0%G#<"#"0#<" 350"*54#(1<*%"K573#357%!"4/#0T/157#"T/5"H<=5"E/57#+ Z0" ;#75457!" 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En-Claves14-book.indb 23 04/11/13 14:54 8-" &0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H( *%K1*15(=%"=/76/05(=%"5("=%7(%"#"0#<"0>(5#<"*#G(H=14#<"35"E/57F#"5("/("*531%" 31#*#G(H=14%!";/5<";5(<#6#"T/5"H<=#"57#"0#")(14#"E%7*#"35"5C;014#7"0#"7%=#41L(" 35"0#"0/F"%6<57K#3#";%7"X#7#3#M+"B#CD500"U1F%"</M#"0#"135#"35"0%<"75*%01(%<" *#G(H=14%<"M"354131L"#;014#70#"#"=%3#<"0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#!"=#(=%"5("50"5<;#­ 41%"4%*%"5("/("*531%"*#=571#0+"^<=#"G5(57#01F#41L(";57*1=>#"/(#"5C;014#41L(" *54Q(14#"#0";7%605*#"35"0#"35<1G/#03#3"35";75<1%(5<!"=#(=%"#"0%"0#7G%"35"0#<" 0>(5#<"4%*%"5(=75"500#<+ ^(" </<" 353/441%(5<!" B#CD500" 1(=7%3/.%" /(#" U1;L=5<1<" T/5" 75</0=L" <57" 35" G7#("K#0%7"U5/7><=14%V"T/5"0#<"*#<#<"35"0%<"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<"35;5(3>#(" 35"0#";57*5#61013#3"*#G(H=14#"350"*531%"M!";%7"0%"=#(=%!"0#"5(57G>#"350"4#*;%" *#G(H=14%"j5<"35417!"0#"5(57G>#"41(H=14#"35"5<=%<"75*%01(%<j"57#"/(#"E/(41L(" 35"0#"4%(<=#(=5"35";57*5#61013#3+ ^0"<5G/(3%";#<%"5("0#"4%(<=7/441L("350"*%350%"T/5"5<=#6#"6/<4#(3%!"57#" 5(4%(=7#7"/(#"#(#0%G>#"*54Q(14#"35"0#"4%7715(=5"50H4=714#"T/5"5<=#6054157#"/(#" 750#41L("5(=75"H<=#"M"50"*#G(5=1<*%+"]#"<%0/41L("1(G5(1%<#"35"B#CD500"4%(<1<=1L" 5("</;%(57"T/5"0#"5054=71413#3"5<=Q"4%(<=1=/13#";%7"6%01=#<!"%";#7=>4/0#<"tK57"0#" RG/7#" 8u!" T/5" <5;#7#(" #" /(%<" 75*%01(%<" *#G(H=14%<" 35" %=7%<!" 4%(<1357#(3%" #"H<=%<"4%*%"6#77#<"N5C1605<"4%("/(#"</;57R415"7/G%<#+"^0"7#F%(#*15(=%"35" B#CD500"5<"=#("<%7;75(35(=5"T/5"4%(K15(5"75;7%3/4170%V S/;%(15(3%"T/5"<5#"4%7754=#"0#"5C;014#41L("35"0#<"0>(5#<"35"E/57F#"*531#(=5" 75*%01(%<"*%054/0#75<!"I;%7"T/H"/(#"35=57*1(#3#"31<=716/41L("35"75*%01(%<" </;%(5" /(#" 4%7715(=5" 50H4=714#O" `(#" 75<;/5<=#" <#=1<E#4=%71#" (%<" E#4101=#7>#" */4U%"50"4#*1(%"U#41#"0#"<%0/41L("350"K573#357%";7%605*#!"T/5"(%"5<"<1(%" 4%(=5<=#7"#"0#";75G/(=#V"IT/H"5<"0#"4%7715(=5"50H4=714#O B5"U#"4%<=#3%"*/4U%"#45;=#7"0#"5C1<=5(41#"35"75*%01(%<"#"=7#KH<"35"=%3%" /("*531%!"G17#(3%"4%3%"4%("4%3%"5("0#"*1<*#"3175441L("5("=%7(%"#"5.5<";#7#­ 050%<+"]#<";%741%(5<"4%(=1G/#<"35"3%<"75*%01(%<"4%(<54/=1K%<"3565("*%K57<5" 5("3175441%(5<"%;/5<=#<|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­ 41L(!"<5"4%0%4#"5(=75"500#<"%=7#"7/53#"T/5"5(G7#(5"4%("#*6#<!"M"T/5"<5"00#*#" r;1$L("0%4%s+"]#"U1;L=5<1<"T/5"</G157%"<%675"0%<"75*%01(%<"5<"T/5"5(=75"4#3#" 3%<"75*%01(%<"4%(=1G/%<"<5"1(=57;%(5"/(#"4#;#"35";#7=>4/0#<"T/5"#4=)#"4%*%" EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 24 04/11/13 14:54 ]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" 8i ;1$L("0%4%|"35"5<=#"E%7*#"4#3#"75*%01(%"=15(35"#"U#457"T/5"</<"K541(%<"<5" */5K#("5("0#"*1<*#"3175441L(+ vwx"h%7"0%"=#(=%!"M"35"#4/573%"#"5<=#"U1;L=5<1<!";#7545"<57"T/5"0#"4%7715(=5" 50H4=714#"T/53#"75;75<5(=#3#";%7"0#"=7#(<E575(41#"35"0#<";#7=>4/0#<"*LK105<" 1(=57;/5<=#<"5(=75"0%<"KL7=145<"K541(%<+"h%35*%<"4%(45617"T/5"5<=#<";#7=>­ 4/0#<"<%("*/M";5T/5$#<"4%*;#7#3#<"4%("50"=#*#$%"35"0%<"KL7=145<!"M"T/5" /(#"G7#("4#(=13#3"35"KL7=145<"4%("=%3%"M"</<";#7=>4/0#<"4174/(3#(=5<!"T/53#(" 4%(=5(13%<"5("/(#")(14#"*%0H4/0#"4%*;05=#"350"*531%+8o X1G/7#"8+"]%<"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<"35"B#CD500"5("On Physical Lines of Force+ ^0"=57457";#<%"5("0#"4%(<=7/441L("35"</"*%350%"*54Q(14%"E/5"</;%(57"T/5" 5<=%<"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<"5<=#6#("3%=#3%<"35"50#<=1413#3+"^<=#"U1;L=5<1<"5C1G>#" /(#"K50%413#3"R(1=#"35"K#71#41L("35"0%<"5<=#3%<"350"*54#(1<*%V"/(#"K50%413#3" 35"1(3/441L("R(1=#+"P"35";#<%";7%;%741%(#6#"/(#";%<1605"5C;014#41L(";#7#"0#" 5054=71413#3"5<=Q=14#V"5("/("3150H4=714%!"0%<"5.5<"35"0%<"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<"(%" ;/535("*%K57<5+"S1"/(#"4#/<#"5C=571%7"#0"*54#(1<*%"5.574>#"E/57F#"<%675"0#<" ;#7=>4/0#<"50H4=714#<!"H<=#<"35E%7*#6#("50Q<=14#*5(=5"0%<"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<+" P"5<=#"35E%7*#41L(";%(>#"5("./5G%"#"0#<"E/57F#<"50Q<=14#<"350"75*%01(%!"T/5" 5(=%(45<";75<1%(#6#("<%675"0#<";#7=>4/0#<"50H4=714#<"4174/(3#(=5<+"P!"5("5<=5" *%350%!"<5"</;%(5"T/5"0#"E/57F#"35"/("75*%01(%"<%675"/(#";#7=>4/0#"50H4=714#" 75;75<5(=#"0#"E/57F#"50H4=714#"35613#"#"0#"4#7G#+ Z<>";/5<!"B#CD500"j#0"1G/#0"T/5"X#7#3#Mj"135L"/(#"=5%7>#"35"4#*;%"35" 4#7G#+"P!"4%*%"K575*%<"#"4%(=1(/#41L(!"0#"#3%;41L("35"5<=#"135#"35"4#*;%<"35" 4#7G#"05"#;%7=#7>#"#"</"=5%7>#"#0G/(%<"35"0%<"75</0=#3%<"*Q<"%71G1(#05<+ 8o Ibid+!";#7=5"II!";;+"8n:28ni+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 25 04/11/13 14:54 8m" &0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H( La teoría electromagnética de la luz ^("50"K57#(%"35"#T/50",nm,"B#CD500"K1#.L"#"</<";%<5<1%(5<"5("^<4%41#!"#;#­ 75(=5*5(=5"<#=1<E54U%"35"</"#(#0%G>#"*54Q(14#"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"M"35"0#" U1;L=5<1<"T/5"U#6>#"E%7*/0#3%";#7#"0%<"4#*;%<"35"4#7G#+"h57%"5("0%<"<1G/15(=5<" *5<5<" E/5" 4#*61#(3%" </" 4%*;75(<1L(" <%675" 0#<" 1*;014#41%(5<" 35" </" ;7%;1%" =7#6#.%+ B15(=7#<"#=5(3>#"</<"=1577#<"M";5(<#6#"5("</<"*%350%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<!" 5("50"K57#(%"35"5<5"*1<*%"#$%"0%<";7%605*#<"=H4(14%<"35"0#"=505G7#E>#"%4/;#­ 6#("0#"#=5(41L("35"0%<"E><14%<"671=Q(14%<+"\5<;/H<"35"0%<"35<#<=7%<%<";71*57%<" 1(=5(=%<" 35" =5(357" /(" 4#605" =7#(<#=0Q(=14%!8n" 0#"Z<%41#41L(" _71=Q(14#" ;#7#" 50" ZK#(45"35"0#"@15(41#"5<=#60541L"/("4%*1=H"T/5"<5"5(4#7G#7>#"35"R.#7"0%<"5<=Q(­ 3#75<"35"75<1<=5(41#"50H4=714#"T/5";57*1=157#("T/5"0#"753"35"4#605<"E/(41%(#7#" #;7%;1#3#*5(=5+"B#CD500"<5"/(1L"#"5<=5"4%*1=H!"#0"1G/#0"T/5"%=7%<"E><14%<!"M" ;7%(=%"0%<"(/5K%<"0#6%7#=%71%<"/(1K57<1=#71%<"35"5(<5$#(F#"35"E><14#"5("0#"e7#(" _75=#$#"5<=#6#("35314#3%<"#"U#457"*53141%(5<"5054=7%*#G(H=14#<!"1(40/M5(3%" 50"0#6%7#=%71%"3171G13%";%7"WU%*;<%(!"5("e0#<G%D!"M"50"0#6%7#=%71%"@#K5(31<U!" 5("@#*6713G5!"3171G13%";%7"B#CD500+ ^<=#(3%"5("^<4%41#!"5<5"K57#(%"35",nm,!"<1G/1L"=7#6#.#(3%"5("</"*%350%" *54Q(14%";#7#"5C;014#7"50"E/(41%(#*15(=%"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"4%("6#<5"5(" 5(G7#(#.5<!"6%01=#<"M"75*%01(%<"*#G(H=14%<!"M"E/5"5(=%(45<"j5("/(%"35"</<" */4U%<"35<=500%<"475#=1K%<j"4/#(3%"<5"31%"4/5(=#"35"T/5"5<=5"*531%"N/13%" ~356>#"=7#(<*1=17"</"#441L("#"=7#KH<"35"%(3#<"=7#(<K57<#05<• ^0"*54#(1<*%"T/5"M#"U#6>#"135#3%";#7#"5C;014#7"0#"750#41L("5(=75"50"4#*;%" *#G(H=14%"M"0#"4%7715(=5"50H4=714#"57#"50"<1G/15(=5V"0#"4%7715(=5"50H4=714#"57#"50" *%K1*15(=%"35"0#<";#7=>4/0#<"50H4=714#<"t0#<"6%01=#<"T/5"7%35#("0%<"U5CQG%(%<" 35"0#"RG/7#"8u|"4/#(3%"/(#";#7=>4/0#"<5"*%K>#!"7%F#6#"0#<";#7535<"350"75*%­ 01(%"*#G(H=14%"4%(=1G/%"t0#<"4H0/0#<"U5C#G%(#05<"35"0#"RG/7#u"M"0%";%(>#"5(" *%K1*15(=%+"]#"7%=#41L("35"5<=5"75*%01(%";7%K%4#6#"0#"7%=#41L("35"=%3#<"0#<" ;#7=>4/0#<" 50H4=714#<" T/5" 5<=#6#(" 5(" 4%(=#4=%" 4%(" H0+" ^<=#<" ;#7=>4/0#<!" #" </" K5F!"#0"G17#7"7%F#6#("4%(=7#"0%<"75*%01(%<"5("4%(=#4=%"4%("500#<!";7%K%4#(3%"</" G17%!"M"#<>"</45<1K#*5(=5!"U#<=#"T/5"=%3%"50"5<;#41%"<5"005(#6#"35"75*%01(%<" 8n " ^("50";71*57"1(=5(=%!"5(",nio!"50"4#605"<5"75K5(=L"50";71*57"3>#+"X/5"75;#7#3%"M"K%0K1L"#" 7%*;57<5+"^("50"<5G/(3%"1(=5(=%!"50"K57#(%"<1G/15(=5!"<5"7%*;1L"5("=75<"%4#<1%(5<!"#"31E575(=5<" 31<=#(41#<+"^("/("=57457"1(=5(=%!"<5"0%G7L";%7"R("/("5*;#0*5"5C1=%<%!"M"50";71*57"*5(<#.5"E/5"5(K1#3%" ;%7"0#"k51(#"&14=%71#"#0";75<135(=5"?#*5<"_/4U#(#("50",m"35"#G%<=%"35",nin!";57%"0#"4%*/(14#41L(" 5(=75"e7#("_75=#$#"M"a%7=5#*H714#"<L0%"3/7L"/(#<"<5*#(#<!"M"50"89"35"%4=/675"50"4#605"35.L"35" E/(41%(#7!"35<;/H<"35"U#657<5"K/50=%"4#3#"K5F"*Q<"05(=#"0#"=7#(<*1<1L("tU#41#"50"R(#0!"50"5(K>%"35" /("*5(<#.5"35"*531#";QG1(#"35"=5C=%"75T/57>#"*Q<"35"/("3>#u+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 26 04/11/13 14:54 ]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" 8o *#G(H=14%<"5("*%K1*15(=%+"h%7"0%"=#(=%!"/(#";#7=>4/0#"50H4=714#"4%("01657=#3" 35"*%K1*15(=%"5("/("4%(3/4=%7!";7%3/417>#"/("4#*;%"*#G(H=14%"#075353%7"350" 4#605+ h57%!"#0";75G/(=#7<5"T/H"%4/7717>#"<1"0#"4%7715(=5"50H4=714#"350"4#605"31<*1(/>#!" <5"31%"4/5(=#"35"T/5"5<=%"1*;014#7>#"j5("</"*%350%"*54Q(14%j"T/5"0#<";#7=>4/0#<" 50H4=714#<"4%*5(F#7>#("#"*%K57<5"*Q<"35<;#41%!"U#415(3%"T/5"0%<"75*%01(%<" *#G(H=14%<"#3M#45(=5<";573157#("=#*61H("K50%413#3+"^<=%"<1G(1R4#6#"T/5"<5" ;75<5(=#7>#"/(#"31E575(41#"35"K50%413#3"5(=75"0%<"75*%01(%<"4%(=1G/%<"#0"4#605" M" 0%<" <1G/15(=5<!" 4%(" 50" 75</0=#3%" 35" T/5" 0#<" ;#7=>4/0#<" T/5" T/53#6#(" 5(=75" #*6%<" =5(357>#(" #" ;%(57<5" 5(" *%K1*15(=%w" ^<=#" 31E575(41#" 35" K50%413#3!" ;5(<L"B#CD500!"T/53#7>#"#6<%7613#"1(141#0*5(=5";%7"/(#"31<=%7<1L("50Q<=14#"35" 0%<"75*%01(%<!"35E%7*#(3%"</"4%(=%7(%+"^(=%(45<!"5<=%<"75*%01(%<"35E%7*#3%<" 5.57457>#("/(#"E/57F#"<%675"0#<";#7=>4/0#<"T/5"<5"*%K>#("*Q<"35";71<#!"31<*1­ (/M5(3%"</"K50%413#3+"P"35"5<=5"*%3%";#<#7>#";%7"=%3%"50"4#*;%"/(#"%(3#" 35"35<;0#F#*15(=%"35"0#<";#7=>4/0#<"50H4=714#<"M"/("4#*;%"*#G(H=14%"K#71#605+ \5"5<=5"*%3%!"B#CD500"353/.%"T/5"U#67>#"%(3#<"35"35<;0#F#*15(=%"=7#(<­ K57<#0" ;#7#" 50" 5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%!" 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En-Claves14-book.indb 27 04/11/13 14:54 8n" &0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H( 35"0#<"%(3#<"5("*531%<"35"=7#(<*1<1L("35"31E575(=5<"35(<13#35<!"#";#7=17"35" *53141%(5<"35"0#6%7#=%71%"35"0#<"E/57F#<"5054=7%<=Q=14#<"M"5054=7%*#G(H=14#<+" \5"75G75<%!"5("]%(375<!"4%*;#7L"</<"75</0=#3%<"4%("0#<"%6<57K#41%(5<"5054=7%­ *#G(H=14#<"75#01F#3#<"U#4>#"/(%<"#$%<"5("Z05*#(1#"M";7%6L"5<%<"3#=%<"5("</<" 54/#41%(5<+"h#7#"</"<%7;75<#!"~0%<"75</0=#3%<"35"5<#<"%6<57K#41%(5<"31E57>#("5(" (%"*Q<"35"/(",€"350"K#0%7";#7#"0#"K50%413#3"35"0#"0/F"T/5"<5"U#6>#"35=57*1(#3%" 5("h#7><"U#4>#"3%45"#$%<•"S/<"4Q04/0%<"05"3#6#("T/5"0#"K50%413#3"35"=7#(<*1<1L(" 350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"<57>#"35":,9"o-9"A*•<5G+"M"Z7*#(3"p1;;%0M=5"X1F5#/:9 U#6>#"4#04/0#3%"0#"K50%413#3"35"0#"0/F"5(":,-"nin"A*•<5G+ r]#"4%1(4135(41#"(%"5<"*57#*5(=5"(/*H714#s!"5<47161L"#"X#7#3#M"5("50"%=%$%" 35"#T/50",nm,+"Z;#75(=5*5(=5"0#"0/F"57#"/(#"K167#41L("350"*1<*%"*531%"tIM" 350"*1<*%"=1;%Ou"T/5"57#"75<;%(<#605"35"0#"=7#(<*1<1L("350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%+" ~\5"(1(G/(#"*#(57#";%3>#"<57"/(#"<1*;05"4%1(4135(41#•"h57%!"<1"0#"0/F"57#"/(#" %(3#"{4%*%"U#6>#"35*%<=7#3%"@U71<=1##("p/MG5(<"35<35"50"<1G0%"XVII{"IT/57>#" 35417"5<=%"T/5"50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"=#*61H("<5"=7#(<*1=>#";%7"%(3#<!"<%675"50" *1<*%"H=57"T/5"U#4>#"K167#7"0#"0/F"#"0#"*1<*#"K50%413#3O"B#CD500!"T/5"5<=#6#" preparando la tercera parte de On Physical Lines of Force!"#<5(=LV ]#"K50%413#3"35"0#<"%(3/0#41%(5<"=7#(<K57<#05<"5("(/5<=7%"*531%"U1;%=H=1­ 4%!"4#04/0#3#"#";#7=17"35"0%<"5C;571*5(=%<"5054=7%*#G(H=14%<"35"0%<"S75<+" g%0U7#/<4U" M" Y5657!" 4%1(4135" =#(" 5C#4=#*5(=5" 4%(" 0#" K50%413#3" 35" 0#" 0/F" 4#04/0#3#"#";#7=17"35"0%<"5C;571*5(=%<"L;=14%<"350"S7+"X1F5#/!"T/5"31E>410*5(=5" podemos evitar la inferencia de que la luz consiste en ondulaciones trans­ versales del mismo medio que es la causa de los fenómenos magnéticos y eléctricos+:, h57%!"I;%3>#"<57"T/5"#*6%<"E5(L*5(%<"5<=/K157#("*/4U%"*Q<"5<=754U#­ *5(=5"750#41%(#3%<"T/5"0%"T/5"M#"1(314#6#"50"U54U%"35"<57"=7#(<*1=13%<";%7"50" *1<*%"*531%"M"#"0#"*1<*#"K50%413#3O"a/5K#*5(=5!"B#CD500"<%<;54U#6#"T/5"0#" 4%1(4135(41#"5("K50%413#35<"1(314#6#"*/4U%"*Q<"T/5"/("*531%"35"=7#(<*1<1L(" 4%*;#7=13%+"\5"5<=5"*%3%!"M"=7#6#.#(3%"5("</<"54/#41%(5<"#U%7#"=#(=%";#7#" :9 " X1F5#/"75#01FL"</"5C;571*5(=%"35"*53141L("5(",n-l+"`("7#M%"35"0/F"<5"3171G>#"#"/("5<;5.%"#" 415(=%<"35"*5=7%<"35"31<=#(41#+"^("</"=7#M54=%"35"0#"E/5(=5"U#41#"50"5<;5.%!"50"7#M%";#<#6#"#"=7#KH<" 35"/("5(G7#(#.5"7%=#=%71%+"Z"4157=%"(1K50"35"7%=#41L(!"50"7#M%";#<#7>#"#"=7#KH<"35"/("%71R41%"5("</" 4#*1(%"35"<#013#"M!";%7"%=7%!"5("</"4#*1(%"35"75G75<%+"h57%"#"(1K505<"01G57#*5(=5"*5(%75<!"50"7#M%" <5";7%M54=#7>#"5("/(%"35"0%<"315(=5<"M"(%";#<#7>#"#"=7#KH<"35"0#"7/53#+"@%(%415(3%"0#"31<=#(41#" U#41#"50"5<;5.%!"50"()*57%"35"315(=5<"350"5(G7#(#.5!"M"50">(3145"35"7%=#41L(!"<5";%3>#"4#04/0#7"0#" K50%413#3"35"0#"0/F+"X1F5#/"0#"4#04/0L"5(":,-"nin"999"*•<+"S/"K50%413#3"75#0"5("50"K#4>%!"4%*%"U%M" <5"05"4%(%45!"5<"35"8l"ol8!-in"*•<+ :, ?+"@+"B#CD500!"op. cit+!";#7=5"III!";+"88+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 28 04/11/13 14:54 ]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" 8l 50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"4%*%";#7#"0#"0/F!"B#CD500"4%*5(FL"0#"*#M%7"/(1R4#41L(" =5L714#"35"0#"U1<=%71#"35"0#"E><14#"35<35"'<##4"a5D=%(+ \/7#(=5" 0%<" <1G/15(=5<" 3%<" #$%<" B#CD500" <5" 5<E%7FL" ;%7" =7#(<E%7*#7" </" *%350%" 35" 5(G7#(#.5<!" 75*%01(%<" M" 6%01=#<" *LK105<" 5(" /(#" =5%7>#" 31(Q*14#" G5(57#0"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%+"h%7"R(!"0#"=5%7>#"T/53L"4%*;05=#*5(=5"35­ <#77%00#3#"5(",nm-"M"0#";/6014L"#0"#$%"<1G/15(=5"6#.%"50"=>=/0%"35"K+;<#)0%!).+ Theory of the Electromagnetic Field+"^("5<=5"#7=>4/0%"B#CD500"U1F%"#0";7%;1%" *531%"5054=7%*#G(H=14%"</.5=%"35"#(Q01<1<"/=101F#(3%"0%<";71(41;1%<"G5(57#05<" 35"0#"31(Q*14#"t35"#U>"50"=>=/0%"r`(#"=5%7>#"31(Q*14#"350"4#*;%"5054=7%*#G­ (H=14%su+"P"5<"#T/>"4/#(3%"M#"/=101F#"50"4%(45;=%"35"%(3#<"5054=7%*#G(H=14#<!" 5("0/G#7"35"<1*;05*5(=5"0>(5#<"%"4#*;%<"35"E/57F#!"M"5("3%(35"755*;0#F#" =%=#0*5(=5"</"#(=571%7"5(E%T/5"*54Q(14%";%7"/("7#F%(#*15(=%"*Q<"#6<=7#4=%" M"*#=5*Q=14%";#7#"35<471617"50"4%*;%7=#*15(=%"35"0%<"4#*;%<"5054=7%*#G(H­ =14%<"5("50"5<;#41%+ @574#"350"R(#0"350"4#;>=/0%"VI de K+;<#)0%!).+8/'"(<+"9+3/'+=.'!3("0)1#'3%!+ Field!"35<;/H<"35"/(#"67100#(=5"35*%<=7#41L("*#=5*Q=14#"5("T/5"0%G7#"/(17"0#<" 54/#41%(5<"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"4%("0#<"35"0#"=7#(<*1<1L("35"0#"0/F!"B#CD500" 5<47161L!" =71/(E#0*5(=5" r]#" 4%(4%73#(41#" 35" 0%<" 75</0=#3%<" ;#7545" 35*%<=7#7" T/5"0#"0/F!"0#"5054=71413#3"M"50"*#G(5=1<*%"<%("*#(1E5<=#41%(5<"35"0#"*1<*#" </<=#(41#!"M"T/5""0#"0/F"5<"/(#";57=/76#41L("5054=7%*#G(H=14#"T/5"<5";7%;#G#" ;%7"50"4#*;%"<1G/15(3%"05M5<"5054=7%*#G(H=14#<s+:8 Corolario Z";5<#7"35"0#"U#F#$#"1(=5054=/#0"M"35"0#<"5(%7*5<"1*;014#41%(5<"35"0#"=5%7>#" 5054=7%*#G(H=14#"35"0#"0/F"35"B#CD500!"G7#41#<"#"0#"4/#0"<5"0%G7L"0#"/(1R4#41L(" =5L714#"*Q<"1*;%7=#(=5"35"0#"E><14#"35<35"0#"k5K%0/41L("@15(=>R4#!"#0"4%0%4#7" 6#.%"0#"*1<*#"5C;014#41L("=5L714#"0%"T/5"U#<=#"5(=%(45<"U#6>#("<13%"4%(<135­ 7#3%<"=75<"31E575(=5<"=1;%<"35"E5(L*5(%<!"0#"=5%7>#"35"B#CD500"E/5"#45;=#3#"M" 4%*;75(313#"<L0%"35"*#(57#"*/M"G7#3/#0";%7"</<"4%(=5*;%7Q(5%<+:: :8 ?+" @+" B#CD500!" rZ" \M(#*14#0" WU5%7M" %E" =U5" ^054=7%*#G(5=14" X1503s!" 5(" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society!"4#;+"VI+ :: " S1("5*6#7G%!"0#"=505G7#E>#"./GL"/(#"K5F"*Q<"#"E#K%7"35"B#CD500!"M";#7#"0#"3H4#3#"35"0%<"<5=5(=#<" del siglo XIX"</<"54/#41%(5<"5*;5F#7%("#"<57"5(<5$#3#<";%7"0%<";7%E5<%75<"35"*#=5*Q=14#<"35"0#" `(1K57<13#3"35"@#*6713G5!"T/5"0#<"U#6>#("1(=7%3/413%"5("</<"(/5K%<"4/7<%<"35"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%" ;%7"</"/=1013#3";#7#"50"=5*#"35"0#"=505G7#E>#"</6*#71(#+"^0";7%;1%"B#CD500"354131L"5(=%(45<"5<471617" A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism,"yCE%73!"@0#75(3%("h75<<!",no:!"5C;75<#*5(=5";#7#"<57K17" 4%*%"0167%"35"=5C=%"t50";71*57%"<%675"50"=5*#u";#7#"</<"#0/*(%<"5("@#*6713G5+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 29 04/11/13 14:54 :9" &0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H( WU%*;<%(!"T/5"U#<=#"5(=%(45<"U#6>#"<13%"#*1G%"35"B#CD500"M"</"4%05G#" 5("50"*1<*%"4#*;%"35"1(K5<=1G#41L(!"<5"4%(K17=1L"5("/(%"35"</<"47>=14%<"*Q<" <5K57%<+"h#7#"5*;5F#7!"(%"05";573%(#6#"U#657"#6#(3%(#3%"</"5C;014#41L("*5­ 4Q(14#"350"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"5("E#K%7"35"/(#"=5%7>#"5054=7%31(Q*14#"6#<#3#"5(" #6<=7#4=#<"54/#41%(5<"#0G567#14#<+"h#7#"WU%*;<%(!"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" 35"0#"0/F"35"B#CD500"75;75<5(=#6#"r/("75=7%45<%!"*Q<"T/5"/(";#<%"#350#(=5s!" <1"(%"5<"T/5"/("=1;%"35"r(1U101<*%s+"^(",nn-!"4/#(3%"B#CD500"M#"005K#6#"41(4%" #$%<"35"U#657"*/57=%"#"4#/<#"35"/("4Q(457!"WU%*;<%("<5G/>#"31415(3%"350" =7#6#.%"35"</"71K#0V a/(4#"*5"5(4/5(=7%"<#=1<E54U%"U#<=#"T/5";/53%"U#457"/("*%350%"*54Q(14%" 35"#0G%+"S1";/53%"U#457"/("*%350%"*54Q(14%!";/53%"5(=5(3570%+"^("=#(=%"T/5" (%";/53%"U#457"/("*%350%"*54Q(14%"4%*;05=%!"(%";/53%"4%*;75(357|"M"5<" ;%7"5<=%";%7"0%"T/5"(%";/53%"5(=5(357"/(#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"v4%*%"0#" 35"B#CD500x+"@75%"R7*5*5(=5"5("/(#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"35"0#"0/F!"M"T/5" 4/#(3%"4%*;75(3#*%<"0#"5054=71413#3!"50"*#G(5=1<*%"M"0#"0/F!"0%<"K575*%<" =%3%<"./(=%<"4%*%";#7=5"35"/("=%3%+"h57%"T/157%"4%*;75(357"0#"0/F"=%3%"0%" 615("T/5";/53#"<1("1(=7%3/417"4%<#<"T/5"5(=15(3%"=%3#K>#"*5(%<+:- P!"#0"*1<*%"=15*;%"T/5"U#4>#"3540#7#41%(5<"4%*%"H<=#!"<%<=5(>#";)6014#­ *5(=5!"M"35"*#(57#"4%(=7#314=%71#!"T/5"5("75#013#3"H0"M#"<#6>#"=%3%"<%675"0#" =5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"35"0#"0/F"35<35"#(=5<"T/5"B#CD500"0#";/6014#7#!"G7#41#<" #"</<";7%;1%<"5<=/31%<"<%675"0#";7%;#G#41L("35"0#<"<5$#05<"=505G7QR4#<"5("0%<" 4#605<"</6*#71(%<+:i ^("4/#(=%"#"r0#<"54/#41%(5<"35"B#CD500s!"T/5"<1(=5=1F#("</"=5%7>#"35"*#(57#" =#("505G#(=5"M"T/5"U%M"5("3>#"#;#7545("5("4#<1"=%3%<"0%<"0167%<"35"=5C=%"35"E><14#!" 3565"754%73#7<5"T/5"(%"E/57%("U54U#<";%7"H0"5("</"E%7*/0#41L("K54=%71#0"#4=/#0+" ]#<"54/#41%(5<"#;#754157%("5(",nmi"5("50"4#;>=/0%" III de K+;<#)0%!).+8/'"(<+ of the Electromagnetic Field+"^("5<=5"4#;>=/0%!"B#CD500"E%7*/0L"%4U%"54/#41%­ (5<"tT/5"(%*67L"35"0#"05=7#"Z"#"0#"pu!"M"35"5<#<"%4U%"54/#41%(5<")(14#*5(=5" /(#!"0#"35"0#"]5M"35"e#/<<"tT/5"5("50"4%(./(=%"35"54/#41%(5<"4%775<;%(3>#"#" : Thompson dio este discurso en una conferencia que impartió durante las Baltimore Lectures. ]#"41=#"4%*;05=#";/535"4%(</0=#7<5"5("h+"g#7G%("M"h+"Z4U1(<=51(!"53<+!"Kelvin’s Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics!"B#<<#4U/<5==<!"WU5"MIT"h75<<!",lno!";+"89m+ :i " S+"S4U#EE57!"op. cit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­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 30 04/11/13 14:54 ]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" :, 0#"05=7#"eu"U#"<%675K1K13%"5("</"E%7*#"%71G1(#0"5("0%<"0167%<"35"=5C=%"#4=/#05<+" ^0"*H71=%"35"U#657"753/413%"5<#<"%4U%"54/#41%(5<"#0G567#14#<"%71G1(#05<"#"0#<" 505G#(=5<"4/#=7%"54/#41%(5<"K54=%71#05<"#4=/#05<!"4%775<;%(31L"#"/("67100#(=5" =505G7#R<=#" 35" ]%(375<!" y01K57" p5#K1<135!" T/5" 0#<" ;/6014L" 5(" ,nni" t8," #$%<" 35<;/H<"35"0#";/6014#41L("35"K+;<#)0%!).+8/'"(<+"9+3/'+=.'!3("0)1#'3%!+L%'.&u" en The Electrician!"T/5"(%"57#"/(#"75K1<=#"415(=>R4#"<1(%"/(#";/6014#41L(";#7#" 1(G5(157%<"M"U%*675<"35"(5G%41%<+"\5"*#(57#"<1*/0=Q(5#"5"1(35;5(315(=5!"5(" Z05*#(1#!"50"E><14%"p51(714U"p57=F"005GL"#"0#"*1<*#"5C;75<1L("K54=%71#0"<1*;01R­ 4#3#"35"0#<"54/#41%(5<"35"B#CD500+"h%7"5<=#"7#FL(!"5<=#<"4/#=7%"54/#41%(5<" (%"E/57%("4%(%413#<"1(141#0*5(=5"4%*%"r0#<"54/#41%(5<"35"B#CD500s!"<1(%"4%*%" r0#<"54/#41%(5<"p57=F2p5#K1<135s+ ^("</"K57<1L("%71G1(#0"35"%4U%"54/#41%(5<!"B#CD500"5*;05#6#"/("<1<=5*#"35" cuaterniones:m"M"</";0#(=5#*15(=%"57#"5<5(41#0*5(=5"#0G567#14%+"P"5("0#"%;1(1L(" 35"#0G/(%<"#/=%75<!"#/(T/5"0#<"EL7*/0#<"T/5"0%G7#7%("p5#K1<135"M"p57=F"<%("/(" *%350%"35"4%*;#413#3"M"<>(=5<1<!"50"=7#=#*15(=%"5("4/#=57(1%(5<"35"B#CD500" 75</0=#"*Q<"1(=/1=1K%"M";57*1=5"353/417"*5.%7"0%<"E5(L*5(%<"T/5"35<47165(!"M#"T/5" 0%<"4/#=57(1%(5<"<5";75<=#("*/M"615(";#7#"75;75<5(=#7"0%<"4#*;%<"*#G(H=14%<" M"0#<"%715(=#41%(5<"M"7%=#41%(5<"5("50"5<;#41%"35"%6.5=%<"5("=75<"31*5(<1%(5<+ h57%"0%"*Q<"1*;%7=#(=5"35"0#<"54/#41%(5<"35"B#CD500"tM#"<5#"5("</"E%7*/­ 0#41L("%71G1(#0"5("4/#=57(1%(5<!"%"5("0#"*%357(#"E%7*/0#41L("K54=%71#0u"5<"T/5" =7#<415(35("0#"E><14#"40Q<14#"5"1(=7%3/45("0#"5C1<=5(41#"350"4#*;%"4%*%"#0G%" 75#0+"^(";#0#67#<"35"^1(<=51(V ]#"E%7*/0#41L("35"5<=#<"54/#41%(5<"5<"50"#4%(=541*15(=%"*Q<"1*;%7=#(­ =5"35"0#"E><14#"35<35"50"=15*;%"35"a5D=%(!"(%"<L0%";%7"0#"71T/5F#"35"</" 4%(=5(13%!" <1(%" ;%7T/5" 75;75<5(=#(" /(" *%350%" %" ;#=7L(" ;#7#" /(" (/5K%" =1;%"35"05M"vwx S5G)("0#"5C;5715(41#"35"X#7#3#M!"=15(5"T/5"U#657"/("4%(3/4=%7"T/5"75K505" 0#"5C1<=5(41#"350"4#*;%"50H4=714%!"1G/#0"T/5"75</0=#"1(31<;5(<#605"0#";75<5(41#" 35"/(";%0%"%"35"/(#"#G/.#"*#G(H=14#";#7#";7%6#7"0#"5C1<=5(41#"350"4#*;%" *#G(H=14%" 5(" 0#" 5C;5715(41#" 35" y57<=53+" ]#" (/5K#" 4%(45;41L(" =5L714#" 35" B#CD500"K#"*Q<"#00Q"35"0%<"75</0=#3%<"35"314U%<"5C;571*5(=%<+"vwx"50"4#*;%" 5054=7%*#G(H=14%"5<!"5("0#"=5%7>#"35"B#CD500!"#0G%"75#0+"^0"4#*;%"50H4=714%"5<" 475#3%";%7"/("4#*;%"*#G(H=14%"K#71#605"1(35;5(315(=5*5(=5"35"0#"5C1<=5(­ 41#"35"/("4%(3/4=%7!"M"<5"475#"/("4#*;%"*#G(H=14%";%7"/("4#*;%"50H4=714%" K#71#605!"U#M#"%"(%"/(";%0%"*#G(H=14%+ :m " ]%<" 4/#=57(1%(5<" <%(" /(#" 5C=5(<1L(" 35" 0%<" ()*57%<" 75#05<!" <1*10#7" #" 0#" 35" 0%<" ()*57%<" 4%*;05.%<+"Z<>!"*15(=7#<"T/5"5("0%<"()*57%<"4%*;05.%<"<5"5*;05#"50"()*57%"i!"=#0"T/5"i2 ‚"2,!"0%<" 4/#=57(1%(5<" <5" G5(57#(" 35" *#(57#" #(Q0%G#" #$#315(3%" 0#<" /(13#35<" 1*#G1(#71#<V" i, j" M" D a los ()*57%<"75#05<!"4%(";7%;153#35<"=#05<"T/5"i2=j2MD2M%NDM+OP+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 31 04/11/13 14:54 :8" &0#31*17"@#4UL("e/100H( vwx"50"4#*;%"5054=7%*#G(H=14%"/(#"K5F"475#3%"5C1<=5!"#4=)#"M"K#7>#"<5G)(" 0#<"05M5<"35"B#CD500+"vwx"</"K#0135F"<5"5C=15(35"#"=%3%"50"5<;#41%"4%(=7#71#­ *5(=5"#"0#<"05M5<"35"=1;%"*54Q(14%!"T/5"K#05("=#("<L0%";#7#"#T/500%<"0/G#75<" 3%(35" U#M#" *#=571#" %" 4#7G#<" 50H4=714#<" %" *#G(H=14#<+" vwx" a%" 750#41%(#(!" 4%*%"0#<"05M5<"35"a5D=%(!"3%<"</45<%<"31<=#(=5<|"(%"754%(%45("0#"r#441L(" #"31<=#(41#s+"^0"4#*;%"r#T/>s"M"r#U%7#s"35;5(35"350"4#*;%"T/5"U#6>#"5("50" 5(=%7(%"1(*531#=%"5("/("1(<=#(=5"1(*531#=#*5(=5"#(=571%7+"]#<"54/#41%(5<" ;57*1=5(";7535417"0%"T/5";#<#7Q"/(";%4%"*Q<"#00Q"35"/("4157=%"0/G#7"350"5<;#41%!" /("1(<=#(=5"35<;/H<!"<1"4%(%45*%<"0%"T/5";#<#"r#U%7#s"M"r#T/>s+:o Discusión ]#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#"35"0#"0/F"E/5"/("5(%7*5"0%G7%"1(=5054=/#0"M"4%(<=1=/M5!" ;7%6#605*5(=5!"0#"=5%7>#"/(1R4#3%7#"35"0#"E><14#"*Q<"1*;%7=#(=5"U#<=#"0#"475#41L(" 350"*%350%"5<=Q(3#7"#"*531#3%<"350"<1G0%"XX+"B#CD500"0%G7L"5<=#"U#F#$#"475#=1K#" #";#7=17"35"/(#"4%(./(41L("35"4174/(<=#(41#<"M"4/#013#35<+"^(=75"0#<"4174/(<=#(­ 41#<"T/5"0%"1(N/M57%("3565*%<"35<=#4#7!"5(";71*57"0/G#7!"0%<"5C;571*5(=%<"5" U1;L=5<1<"35"X#7#3#M"T/15(!"#/("<1(";%<557"/("5(=75(#*15(=%"*#=5*Q=14%"E%7*#0!" 4%*%"50"35"B#CD500"j;%7"0%"T/5"31E>410*5(=5";%3>#"U#657"0%G7#3%"0%"T/5"U1F%"5<=5" )0=1*%j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­ ;#7=>#"4%("WU%*;<%("M"T/5"05"005KL"#"4%*;7%*5=57<5"4%("</;/5<=%<"T/5!"#" 0#";%<=75!"75</0=#7%("5C;571*5(=#0*5(=5"4%(R7*#3%<!"4%*%"0#"K50%413#3"R(1=#" :o " Z+"^1(<=51("M"]+"'(E503!"r]#"5K%0/41L("5("0#"E><14#+"@#*;%"M"750#=1K13#3s!"5("S=5;U5("p#DA1(G!" 53+!"La gran ilusión. Las grandes obras de Albert Einstein+"_#7450%(#!"@7>=14#!"89,9!";;+":no2:l9+ EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VII, núm. 14, julio­diciembre 2013, pp. 11­33. En-Claves14-book.indb 32 04/11/13 14:54 ]#<"#(#0%G>#<"5("0#"E%7*/0#41L("35"0#"=5%7>#"5054=7%*#G(H=14#" :: 35"0#"1(3/441L("5054=7%*#G(H=14#"M"0#"(%"#441L("#"31<=#(41#"35"0#<"#=7#441%(5<" 5054=7%*#G(H=14#<+ X1(#0*5(=5!"0#<"4%(3141%(5<"=54(%0LG14#<"M";%0>=14#<"35"0#"H;%4#"1(N/M57%(" 5("</"1(=57H<";%7"50"5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%"M"5("0#"4#(=13#3"35"3#=%<"#"0%<"T/5"=/K%" #445<%";#7#"=7#6#.#7"4%("500%<+"]#" (#415(=5" (545<13#3" 35" /(#" 4%*;75(<1L(" =5L714#"35"0#"4%(3/441L("35"<5$#05<"5("0%<"4#605<"=505G7QR4%<"</6*#71(%<"4%(<­ =1=/ML"/("#01415(=5"M"/(#"E/5(=5"35"3#=%<"*/M"1*;%7=#(=5!"=#(=%";#7#"B#CD500" como para los colegas con quienes competía por comprender los fenómenos 5054=7%*#G(H=14%<!"4%*%"WU%*;<%(+"^("50";75E#41%"35"</"Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism!"35",no:!"B#CD500"#3*1=5"</"35/3#"4%("0#"=505G7#E>#!"M"#R7*#" T/5" G7#41#<" #" 500#" <5" #<1G(L" r/(" K#0%7" 4%*5741#0" #" U#457" *5313#<" 50H4=714#<" 4%("5C#4=1=/3s"M"T/5"=#*61H(";57*1=1L"75#01F#7";7/56#<"M"5C;571*5(=%<"r5("/(#" 5<4#0#"T/5"=7#<45(3>#";%7"*/4U%"0#"35"0%<"0#6%7#=%71%<"%731(#71%<s!";71K#3%<"%" ;)6014%<+"\5"U54U%"jM"4%*%"<5$#0#"S4U#EE57j"0#"=505G7#E>#";7%K5ML!"=#*61H(!" /("#;%M%"5*;>714%"47/41#0"#"0#"=5%7>#"35"B#CD500"#"=7#KH<"35"0#<"*53141%(5<" T/5" <5" U14157%(" 35" 0#" 5054=7%<=Q=14#" M" 50" 5054=7%*#G(5=1<*%" 5(" 0#<" 0>(5#<" 35" 4%(3/441L("5(=75",nmn"M",nml+ @%(" =%3#<" 5<=#<" 1(N/5(41#<" M" </" G7#(" 4#;#413#3" 1(=5054=/#0!" 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En-Claves14-book.indb 33 04/11/13 14:54