;B;D787HHEIE7B9ÜP7H LICENCIADA EN DERECHO POR LA UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA DE COMILLAS Y MÁSTER POR EL INSTITUTO DE EMPRESA, ES ABOGADA EN LA EMPRESA PRIVADA LANDWELL-PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Y MIEMBRO DEL EQUIPO DEL INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS JURÍDICOS INTERNACIONALES. C7HJ797H87BBE:;B7H?L7 LICENCIADA EN GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA, MÁSTER EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y ESTUDIOS AFRICANOS, MIGRACIÓN Y RELACIONES INTERCOMUNITARIAS, Y GÉNERO Y DESARROLLO, ES CONSULTORA E INVESTIGADORA EN LAS ÁREAS DE MIGRACIÓN INTERNACIONAL, GÉNERO EN DESARROLLO Y COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL. ;D7H7;9>7HJCKyEP DOCTORA EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES POR LA UCM, ES INVESTIGADORA DEL INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE DESARROLLO Y COOPERACIÓN (IUDC-UCM), DONDE COORDINA LA LÍNEA DE DEMOCRACIA, DERECHOS HUMANOS Y DESARROLLO. C;H9;:;I<;HDÜD:;P=7H9ß7 LICENCIADA EN DERECHO Y DOCTORA EN CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS POR LA UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA DE COMILLAS, ES PROFESORA AGREGADA EN LA ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA, INVESTIGADORA EN EL INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE MIGRACIONES Y DIRIGE LA REVISTA MIGRACIONES. :?;=E=7IF7H:;L7B;DPK;B79K;JE LICENCIADO EN DERECHO Y MÁSTER POR LA UNIVERSIDAD POMPEU FABRA DE BARCELONA, ES TÉCNICO JURÍDICO DE LOS PROYECTOS DE LA FUNDACIÓN DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES Y DEL INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS JURÍDICOS INTERNACIONALES. @KD97B=?BI7DP8B7D9E LICENCIADA EN DERECHO, EXPERTA EN PROMOCIÓN Y GESTIÓN DE ONG POR LA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Y ESPECIALISTA EN DERECHOS HUMANOS POR LA UNED, ES INVESTIGADORA ADSCRITA AL INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE DESARROLLO Y COOPERACIÓN (IUDC-UCM). 9H?IJ?D7=EHJÜP7HHEJ7;9>; PROFESORA PROPIA ORDINARIA DE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL, DERECHO EUROPEO Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES EN LA UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS DE MADRID, ES TITULAR DE LA CÁTEDRA JEAN MONNET SOBRE DERECHO DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA Y DIRIGE EL INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE MIGRACIONES. 7B8;HJECKHE97IJ?BBE PROFESOR TITULAR DE HISTORIA DEL DERECHO EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE EXTREMADURA, ES CONSEJERO COORDINADOR DEL INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS JURÍDICOS INTERNACIONALES DE LA URJC Y DIRECTOR DE LA FUNDACIÓN DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES. EKIC7D;7C7:EKDV=7?:; LICENCIADO EN TRADUCCIÓN E INTERPRETACIÓN POR LA UNIVERSIDAD DE NUAKCHOT (MAURITANIA) Y MÁSTER EN COOPERACIÓN INTERNACIONAL AL DESARROLLO EN EL INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE MIGRACIONES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA DE COMILLAS, ES TÉCNICO DE PROYECTOS DEL INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS JURÍDICOS INTERNACIONALES Y COLABORA EN LA FUNDACIÓN DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES Y CON LA AECID. Enara Echart Muñoz (coord.) Migraciones en tránsito y derechos humanos COLECCIÓN INVESTIGACIÓN Y DEBATE ESTE LIBRO HA SIDO FINANCIADO POR LA RED UNIVERSITARIA DE INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE COOPERACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO DEL AYUNTAMIENTO DE MADRID. EQUIPO INVESTIGADOR: INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE DESARROLLO Y COOPERACIÓN DE LA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID: ENARA ECHART MUÑOZ (COORDINADORA), MARTA CARBALLO DE LA RIVA, JUNCAL GILSANZ BLANCO. INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE MIGRACIONES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS: CRISTINA GORTÁZAR ROTAECHE (COORDINADORA), MERCEDES FERNÁNDEZ GARCÍA. INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS JURÍDICOS INTERNACIONALES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS: ALBERTO MURO (COORDINADOR), ELENA BARROSO ALCÁZAR, DIEGO GASPAR DE VALENZUELA CUETO, OUSMANE AMADOU N`GAIDE. DISEÑO DE COLECCIÓN: ESTUDIO PÉREZ-ENCISO © ELENA BARROSO ALCÁZAR, MARTA CARBALLO DE LA RIVA, ENARA ECHART MUÑOZ, MERCEDES FERNÁNDEZ GARCÍA, DIEGO GASPAR DE VALENZUELA CUETO, JUNCAL GILSANZ BLANCO, CRISTINA GORTÁZAR ROTAECHE, ALBERTO MURO CASTILLO Y OUSMANE AMADOU N`GAIDE, 2011 © LOS LIBROS DE LA CATARATA, 2011 FUENCARRAL, 70 28004 MADRID TEL. 91 532 05 04 FAX. 91 532 43 34 WWW.CATARATA.ORG MIGRACIONES EN TRÁNSITO Y DERECHOS HUMANOS ISBN: 978-84-8319-636-6 DEPÓSITO LEGAL: M-40.692-2011 ESTE LIBRO HA SIDO EDITADO PARA SER DISTRIBUIDO. LA INTENCIÓN DE LOS EDITORES ES QUE SEA UTILIZADO LO MÁS AMPLIAMENTE POSIBLE, QUE SEAN ADQUIRIDOS ORIGINALES PARA PERMITIR LA EDICIÓN DE OTROS NUEVOS Y QUE, DE REPRODUCIR PARTES, SE HAGA CONSTAR EL TÍTULO Y LA AUTORÍA. ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN 7 Enara Echart Muñoz CAPÍTULO 1. RUTAS MIGRATORIAS DE TRÁNSITO EN MARRUECOS, MAURITANIA Y SENEGAL 20 Marta Carballo de la Riva, Enara Echart Muñoz y Juncal Gilsanz Blanco CAPÍTULO 2. MARCO JURÍDICO EXISTENTE APLICABLE A LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS DE LOS MIGRANTES EN TRÁNSITO 84 Cristina Gortázar Rotaeche y Mercedes Fernández García CAPÍTULO 3. LOS ACTORES INVOLUCRADOS EN EL PROCESO DE TRÁNSITO EN MARRUECOS, MAURITANIA Y SENEGAL 139 Alberto Muro Castillo, Elena Barroso Alcázar, Diego Gaspar de Valenzuela Cueto y Ousmane Amadou N`Gaide CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 199 IUDC/IUEM/IEJI ANEXO 215 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 219 INTRODUCCIÓN ENARA ECHART MUÑOZ B!mpt!qbdjfouftb!mpt!rvf!tpqpsubob!mpt!nbsdbept!dpo!djdbusjdftb!mpt!rvf!bcsfo!b!mb!gvfs{b!mbt!opdift!dfssbebt fo!cvtdb!ef!ftusfmmbt!dbsnft/ Wfoeswpmwfsupep!tfs!ovftusp!pusb!wf{/ Tdbsmfu!Xijunbo Mbt!njhsbdjpoft!ibo!fousbep!dpo!gvfs{b!fo!mbt!bhfoebt!qpmujdbt!ef! mb! mujnb! edbeb-! mp! rvf! ib! ebep! qjf! b! bobmj{bs! tvt! sfqfsdvtjpoft! uboup!fo!mbt!dpnvojebeft!ef!psjhfo!dpnp!fo!mbt!ef!eftujop!)Hjn. of{-!Gfsooef{!z!Dpsut-!3117<!Dbscbmmp!z!Fdibsu-!3118<!Gfsooef{-! Hjnof{! z! Qvfsup-! 3119<! fud/*/! 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Los primeros cayucos salían desde Nuadibú y con rumbo norte llegaban hasta Gran Canaria o Tenerife, o si se desviaban mucho acababan en la Gomera o El Hierro. Tardaban unos seis días y viajaban 60 o 70 personas por cayuco, aunque los había con más de 100, y como siempre, “primera clase o turista” según el pago. […] el que más paga, va más arriba y el más pobre “clase turista” abajo, pisoteado y achicando agua. Así pasaba, cuando alguna llegaba a la costa y volcaba, algunos se ahogaban en medio metro 46 MARTA CARBALLO DE LA RIVA, ENARA ECHART MUÑOZ Y JUNCAL GILSANZ BLANCO de agua porque venían tan entumecidos que no podían ni ponerse de pie. (Entrevista a informante clave del Ministerio del Interior.) B!mp!mbshp!ef!mpt!bpt!3117.3119-!tf!qspevkp!vo!bvnfoup!fo!mb! mmfhbeb! ef! dbzvdpt-! rvf! gvf! tjnvmuofp! b! mb! gjsnb! ef! bdvfsept! ef! tfhvoeb!hfofsbdjo!)Dbscbmmp-!311:*-!dpo!mb!dpotjhvjfouf!jnqmbo. ubdjo!ef!nfejpt!ef!efufddjo!fo!mpt!qbtft!ef!psjhfo/!Bm!jhvbm!rvf! boufsjpsnfouf-! ftup! tf! usbevdf! fo! vob! npejgjdbdjo! ef! mbt! svubt-! rvf!tf!wbo!bmfkboep!ef!mpt!dpouspmft/!Qsjnfsp!ibdjb!Tfofhbm!z!Hbn. cjb-! qptufsjpsnfouf! Hvjofb-! fud/! B! ftupt! dbncjpt! ubncjo! ujfofo! rvf!tvnbstf!ovfwbt!gpsnbt!ef!eftqmb{bnjfoup<!b!nbzps!ejtubodjb-!z! nbzps!dpouspm-!mbt!ftusbufhjbt!ef!mbt!fncbsdbdjpoft!z!nbgjbt!ubn. cjo!dbncjbo/!Bt!tf!efufdubo!cbsdpt!opesj{b-!dbzvdpt!rvf!bmcfshbo! ibtub!391!qfstpobt!)41!ef!tfqujfncsf!ef!3119-!Ufofsjgf*!z!Ódbzvdpt! ubyjÔ/ No una teoría, sino realidad y una práctica habitual es el uso de “cayucos taxi”. Se trata de pequeños cayucos que salen de distintos puntos de la orilla con los inmigrantes que posteriormente son trasferidos a un cayuco mayor que se encuentra “alejado de la costa, pero no en aguas internacionales”. (Entrevista a Gil Arias, director adjunto de la Agencia Europea de Fronteras Exteriores [FRONTEX]). Op!pctubouf-!ubm!z!dpnp!tfbmbo!mbt!ftubetujdbt!efm!Njojtufsjp! efm!Joufsjps-!b!mp!mbshp!efm!311:!tf!qspevdf!vo!eftdfotp!fo!mb!mmfhb. eb!ef!qbufsbt!z!dbzvdpt/ Quizás por la crisis o por la falta de trabajo en España, quién sabe… el hecho es que, a día de hoy, la inmigración en pateras o cayucos es prácticamente cero. (Entrevista a informante clave del Ministerio del Interior.) 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El Aiún IND PAK Beirut Bengasi BGD Alejandría El Cairo Kufra Suez Asuán Tamanrasset Nuadibú Arlit Dirkou Tessalit Largeau Agadez Nuakchot Cabo Verde Dakar Conakri Freetown 0 250 500 Mopti Bamako Niamey Uagadugú Zinder Kano Puerto Sudán Selima Yamena Asmara Atbara Jartum Gadarif Yibuti Adís Abeba Monrovia 1.000 Rutas migratorias Principales rutas terrestres Rutas terrestres Principales rutas marítimas Principales rutas aéreas Rutas marítimas Abiyán Acra Portonovo Lagos Yaundé Bangui Mogadiscio 1.500 Millas Países Países de la Liga Árabe Principales países de origen Principales países de destino FUENTE: HAAS, 2006. Mpt!njhsbouft!rvf!mb!usbotjubo-!fo!tv!nbzpsb!wbspoft-!qspwjf. ofo! ef! mpt! qbtft! djubept! boufsjpsnfouf-! bvorvf! tf! wbo! tvnboep! djvebebopt!ef!puspt!qbtft!bgsjdbopt!z!qpcmbdjo!ef!psjhfo!btjujdp/! 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Cbzbn-! nbesf! ef! vo! njhsbouf! tfofhbmt! nvfsup! fo! tv! usbwftb! nbsujnb;!ÓNpsjs!tjo!obeb!ft!fm!eftipops-!npsjs!cvtdboep!vo!usb. cbkp!ft!mb!gvfs{b!ef!vo!ipncsfÔ/!)Fousfwjtub!fo!Dbnqt-!3121;!269*/! 69 RUTAS MIGRATORIAS DE TRÁNSITO EN MARRUECOS, MAURITANIA Y SENEGAL Z! ftub! ft! mb! jefb! ubncjo! efm! ÓCbsb! p! Cbstbli! )fm! nt! bmm*Ô! rvf! hsjubo!mpt!nvspt!ef!Tfofhbm-!usbevdjfoep!mb!btqjsbdjo!ef!mpt!kwf. oft!ejtqvftupt!b!kvhbstf!mb!wjeb!dpo!ubm!ef!mmfhbs!b!Fvspqb/ ¿Por qué arriesgamos así nuestras vidas? Para no presenciar, impotentes, la muerte de los nuestros, la de nuestras viejas madres y nuestros hijos, sobre todo, por la falta de comida o medicamentos. Es verdad que la mayoría no tenemos títulos. Tratamos simplemente de vender nuestra fuerza de trabajo a Europa para alimentar a los nuestros. (Cissokho [Ndoye, en Fibla y Castellano, 2008: 33].) Z! mb! wfoefo-! zb! rvf! fm! 83-7! qps! djfoup! efm! upubm! ef! njhsbouft! tvctbibsjbopt!fo!mpt!qbtft!ef!mb!PDEF!qbsujdjqb!fo!mb!gvfs{b!mbcp. sbm!)tjo!dpoubs!brvfmmpt!dvzb!bdujwjebe!fdponjdb!tf!eftdpopdf-!ft! efdjs-!mpt!rvf!tf!nvfwfo!fo!mb!jogpsnbmjebe-!qps!fkfnqmp*/ Ftub!njtnb!jefb!tf!sfgmfkb!fo!mb!fodvftub!tpcsf!mb!njhsbdjo!ef! usotjup!fo!Nbvsjubojb-!sfdphjeb!fo!PJN!)311:c*-!fo!mb!rvf-!fousf! mbt!sb{poft!ef!tv!wjbkf-!mpt!njhsbouft!tfbmbo!mb!ftdbtf{!ef!pqpsuv. ojebeft!ef!fnqmfp!)5:!qps!djfoup*-!vojeb!b!mpt!cbkpt!tbmbsjpt!)33!qps! djfoup*! z! mpt! dpogmjdupt! qpmujdpt! z! tpdjbmft! )9! qps! djfoup*! )PJN-! 311:c*/ Z!ftup!ft!fm!ftqfkp!ef!vo!dpoujofouf!epoef!ibcjubo-!fo!fm!3118-! 862-9!njmmpoft!ef!qfstpobt!)gsfouf!b!mpt!594-2!ef!2::1-!z!rvf!tvqf. sbso! mpt! 2/111! njmmpoft! fo! 3131*-! dpo! vo! oejdf! ef! eftbsspmmp! ivnbop!ef!1-625-!vo!QJC!upubm!ef!915/111!njmmpoft!ef!embsft!VTB! )ft!efdjs-!vo!QJC!qfs!dqjub!ef!3/142!embsft!VTB-!fo!QQB*-!vob!ft!. qfsbo{b!ef!wjeb!bm!obdfs!ef!62-6!bpt!)63-6!qbsb!mbt!nvkfsft*-!vob! ubtb!ef!gfsujmjebe!ef!6-2!obdjept!qps!nvkfs!)3116.3121*-!z!vob!ubtb! ef!bmgbcfujtnp!ef!bevmupt!efm!73-:!qps!djfoup/!Befnt-!mb!wvmofsb. cjmjebe! hfpqpmujdb! )qps! mbt! {pobt! ef! jotfhvsjebe-! joftubcjmjebe! p! dpogmjdupt*-!fdponjdb!z!bmjnfoubsjb!)bm!tfs!vob!sfhjo!efqfoejfo. uf!ef!mpt!sfdvstpt!obuvsbmft!z!bhsdpmbt-!nvz!wbsjbcmft!fo!tvt!qsfdjpt! z!qspevddjo!qps!mpt!dbncjpt!nfejpbncjfoubmft-!fud/*-!tpdjbm!)dpo! vo!qsfpdvqbouf!ftdfobsjp!ef!qpcsf{b-!ef!ftdbtf{!ef!tfswjdjpt!tpdjb. mft!ctjdpt-!ef!eftfnqmfp-!fud/*-!p!nfejpbncjfoubm!)mp!rvf!jodjef-!b! tv!wf{-!fo!mb!fdpopnb-!mb!tfhvsjebe!bmjnfoubsjb!z!mb!qpcsf{b*-!fousf! pusbt-!dsfbo!vo!ftdfobsjp!epoef!mb!tbmjeb!qvfef!qbsfdfs-!fo!pdbtjp. oft-!mb!ojdb!pqdjo/ 6: MARTA CARBALLO DE LA RIVA, ENARA ECHART MUÑOZ Y JUNCAL GILSANZ BLANCO Bouf!ftub!sfbmjebe-!26/678/211!qfstpobt!pqubspo-!fo!3116-!qps! mb!njhsbdjo!joufsobdjpobm-!mb!nbzpsb!ef!fmmpt!ibdjb!qbtft!bgsjdb. opt! )fm! 83-8! qps! djfoup*-! vob! njhsbdjo! rvf! sfqpsub! bm! dpoujofouf! 27/926!njmmpoft!ef!embsft!VTB!fo!dpodfqup!ef!sfnftbt!)fm!4-:!qps! djfoup! efm! QJC-! nvz! qps! fodjnb! ef! mb! BPE! ofub! sfdjcjeb*-! qspdf. efouft!ef!Fvspqb!)fm!58-3!qps!djfoup*-!Bnsjdb!efm!Opsuf!)35-4!qps! djfoup*!z!ègsjdb!)35-3!qps!djfoup*/ La gente está viviendo, está pasando por malas condiciones económicas, entonces, por eso la gente se siente obligada para buscar un remedio y dar una salida a su situación de precariedad. Entonces ocurre la tragedia de montar, el riesgo de las pateras. (Mohamed Balga, militante de Pateras por la Vida [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 62].) Las raíces están ahí, las causas siguen ahí, el problema sigue ahí, estos países son países donde hay mucha juventud, el 65 por ciento de la población no tiene 25 años y las perspectivas no se ven muy claras. De modo que bueno, simplemente, yo creo que va a bajar la intensidad, pero si no encuentran salidas a los problemas de fondo. Es decir, encontrar un trabajo, una ocupación, creo que la gente va a seguir intentándolo, con éxito o no. (Amadu Ndoye, profesor de Filología Hispánica en la Universidad de Dakar, Senegal [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 62].) Esto no se puede parar. Son básicamente cuestiones económicas, son cuestiones de salario. Si en Marruecos subieran el salario mínimo de 180 a 380 euros, conozco a varias personas que estarían muy bien en su país […] La gente no se va de su país por gusto o por placer […] la mayoría se va para mejorar su situación económica. (Aiman, marroquí [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 63].) Yo lo haré. Si alguien me ayuda, lo haré. Creo que el resto de mi vida lo pasaré en otro lugar del mundo. No puedo regresar a Sierra Leona, allí no puedo ver ni siquiera los restos de mis padres. Los destrozaron, los hicieron pedazos, no pude verlos porque tuvimos que salir corriendo. (Migrante esperando a saltar la valla [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 69].) Eres un hombre trabajador, pero si no vas a Europa nadie te respeta. Todas las cosas que ves aquí, que son guapas, bonitas, los propietarios son emigrantes en Europa. (Senegalés [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 100].) 71 RUTAS MIGRATORIAS DE TRÁNSITO EN MARRUECOS, MAURITANIA Y SENEGAL Mb!efdjtjo!ft!b!nfovep!upnbeb!fo!dpno!dpo!mb!gbnjmjb!z0p!mb! dpnvojebe-!z!tpo!jnqpsubouft!dpnp!bqpzp!z!gbdjmjubepsft!ef!mpt!dpo. ubdupt!qsfwjpt!rvf!zb!ibo!sfbmj{bep!fm!wjbkf/!Pusbt!wfdft-!mb!gbnjmjb!usbub! ef!ejtvbejsmf!z!ef!rvf!cvtrvf!pusbt!pqdjpoft!nfopt!qfmjhsptbt/ Todo el mundo sabe que yo le repetía que esperara hasta que le pudiera conseguir un contrato, o para enviarle al extranjero a través de un medio que no sea difícil. Pero él dijo que había esperado demasiado tiempo. Desde que obtuvo su bachillerato en 2000 no encontró ningún trabajo. (En Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 99.) Fo!dvbmrvjfs!dbtp-!tf!usbub!ef!vob!bwfouvsb!dpo!mb!rvf!tvfbo! njmft!ef!kwfoft!bgsjdbopt-!rvf!ibo!mmfhbep!b!ibdfs!vtp!ef!vob!hsbo! ejwfstjebe!ef!nupept!qbsb!mphsbsmb/ 4/2/3/!ÁRv!nupept!vujmj{bo!fo!tv!usbzfdup!njhsbupsjp@!! Mbt!qbufsbt!tpo!fm!nfejp!ef!usbotqpsuf!nt!wjtjcmf!nfejujdbnfouf-! qfsp!op!fm!ojdp!vujmj{bep!qps!mpt!njhsbouft!fo!tv!qfsjqmp!njhsbup. sjp<!ubncjo!fyjtufo!mbt!svubt!sfbmj{bebt!b!qjf-!fo!dpdif!p!dbnjpoft! ibtub! mmfhbs! b! mpt! usft! qbtft! bobmj{bept/! Mbt! qspqjbt! tbmjebt! ibdjb! Fvspqb! eftef! ftupt! qbtft! tf! ibo! ifdip! ef! gpsnbt! nvz! wbsjbebt-! rvf!ibo!jep!dbncjboep!dpo!fm!ujfnqp-!fo!gvodjo!ef!mb!fwpmvdjo!ef! mbt!qspqjbt!svubt!njhsbupsjbt/ Dentro de lo trágico de la inmigración, pues hay diferentes clases de inmigrar que van desde el lumpen inmigración, que es meterse debajo de un camión, una escala más arriba está irse en una patera de madera, más arriba está una embarcación neumática, que es más rápida, y luego hay otros métodos que es lo que te decía: inmigración cinco estrellas, que es pagando por ejemplo 5.000 euros y que te den un pasaporte con visado. (Aiman, estudiante de Filología Hispánica en Tetuán [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 66].) Ef!ifdip-!mb!qsjnfsb!pqdjo!qbsb!brvfmmpt!rvf!rvfsbo!mmf. hbs!b!Fvspqb!b!gjobmft!efm!tjhmp!qbtbep!fsb!dpmbstf!dpnp!qpmj{o! fo!mbt!cpefhbt!ef!vo!cbsdp!ef!cboefsb!fvspqfb!fo!bmhvob!ef!tvt! ftdbmbt!bgsjdbobt/!Mbt!evsbt!dpoejdjpoft!b!mbt!rvf!tf!fogsfoubcbo! 72 MARTA CARBALLO DE LA RIVA, ENARA ECHART MUÑOZ Y JUNCAL GILSANZ BLANCO evsbouf!mb!usbwftb!)nvdibt!wfdft!tjo!bhvb!oj!dpnjeb!evsbouf!tfnb. obt*!z!mb!efqfoefodjb!ef!mb!efdjtjo!efm!dbqjuo!tj!fsbo!eftdvcjfsupt! ib!mjnjubep!fm!vtp!ef!ftub!pqdjo-!tj!cjfo!tjhvfo!eoeptf!dbtpt!fo! ovftusp!qbt25-!bt!dpnp!fo!qbtft!ef!Bnsjdb!Mbujob26/ Dfousoepopt!fo!mpt!usft!qbtft!bobmj{bept-!z!fo!mb!nj!!hsb!. djo!ef!mpt!mujnpt!bpt-!qpefnpt!ejtujohvjs!ejgfsfouft!n!upept! fo!mbt!ept!svubt!nbsujnbt!rvf!mmfwbo!b!Ftqbb;!mb!efm!ftusfdip! z! mb! efm! Bumoujdp/! Qfsp! bouft-! dpowjfof! efufofstf! fo! mbt! fubqbt! qsfwjbt-!z!qps!fm!ufnb!rvf!opt!pdvqb-!qsjodjqbmnfouf!fo!fm!uso. tjup! qps! Nbssvfdpt! ibtub! mmfhbs! b! mb! dptub! nfejufssofb! p! bu!!mo. ujdb/ Fm!wjbkf!ibtub!mb!dptub!!! Mi nombre es Kane Baba Olit Siaka, vine de Malí, salí de Malí hace tres años y medio para [venir en] patera aquí […] Ha sido duro de caminar, la guagua, el Land Rover, el agua, la patera, ha sido muy duro. De Malí a Argelia en la guagua, y en Land Rover de Argelia a Marruecos y después de Marruecos para el Sáhara, de allí del Sáhara cogimos la patera para aquí, Canarias. (En Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 103.) Tjo!dpoubs!mpt!pctudvmpt!z!mbt!ejgjdvmubeft!b!mbt!rvf!tf!fogsfo. ubo! mpt! njhsbouft! rvf! efcfo! dsv{bs! wbsjpt! qbtft! bgsjdbopt! fo! tv! usotjup!ibdjb!Nbssvfdpt!dpnp!qbtp!b!Fvspqb-!efcfo!busbwftbs!vo! eftjfsup!joitqjup-!fm!Tibsb/ Una mayoría de esta gente que emigra, que pasa por esta tierra, muere. Una mayoría no llega a su objetivo y los que llegan a la mar mueren en la mar también. Aquí es una tierra muy árida, no hay nada, y la mayoría de los inmigrantes que vienen aquí mueren de sed antes de llegar a la mar. (ONG Alter Forum, que trabaja en el desierto del Sáhara [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 68].) Tj-!qftf!b!upep-!dpotjhvfo!dvmnjobs!tv!wjbkf-!ftupt!njhsbouft! ef!mb!usbotnbmjfoof!tvfmfo!mmfhbs!b!mb!gspoufsb!bshfmjob!dpo!Nbssvf. dpt-!b!mb!djvebe!ef!Nbhiojb-!epoef!bmhvopt!qfsnbofdfo!nftft!bo!. uft!ef!dpotfhvjs!qbtbs!mpt!dpouspmft!gspoufsj{pt-!tpcsfwjwjfoep!dpo! qfrvfpt!usbcbkpt/ 73 RUTAS MIGRATORIAS DE TRÁNSITO EN MARRUECOS, MAURITANIA Y SENEGAL Todo depende de los medios porque para irse de aquí y luego llegar a Marruecos, si tienes un poco de dinero para poderte desplazar, se puede ir. Es el dinero lo que esperamos. De vez en cuando, encontramos algún pequeño trabajo en los jardines para alimentarnos, nos las apañamos para poder comer algo. Pero no vamos a conseguir en el trabajo de los jardines el dinero para llegar a Europa. Hacen falta unos padrinos en Europa o en África que te ayuden a salir adelante. Otros te pueden ayudar a llegar allí para empezar a trabajar, los gastos que ha tenido por ti se los devuelves. (Migrante en tránsito en Maghnia [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 74].) El problema es que para nosotros la repatriación no es lo peor, incluso si tienes dinero, objetos de valor como el móvil, te lo quitan todo […] salimos para llegar a Europa y que no podemos entrar en Europa sin pasar por Marruecos. Si hubiese otra carretera para poder llegar a Europa no vendríamos por Marruecos porque realmente los marroquíes nos hacen sufrir mucho en la actualidad. Demasiado, sufrimos demasiado. (Simón, maliense en Maghnia [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 74].) Algunos casos llegan a Argelia, son golpeados, algunos se pierden en la frontera, las mujeres son violadas. También están los agresores. Otros quieren regresar a pie, son unos 12 kilómetros, vuelven a ser detenidos por la policía y llevados a la comisaría, desde donde, una vez más, son expulsados. Es un poco duro, pero terminan regresando. Mientras hablamos hay entre 12 y 15 demandantes de asilo político, del ACNUR, que están en Magnia, en Argelia. Están en Magnia y no saben cómo volver aquí. (Pierre, camerunés [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 75].) Dvboep!dpotjhvfo!mmfhbs!b!Pvekb-!mb!djvebe!nbssprv!nt!dfs. dbob!b!Nbhiojb-!mpt!njhsbouft!tjhvfo!ftdpoejoeptf!ef!mbt!gvfs{bt! ef!tfhvsjebe!fo!mpt!cptrvft!dfsdbopt-!eftef!epoef!tvfmfo!tbmjs!ef! opdif!qbsb!sfdpssfs!mpt!231!ln!rvf!tfqbsbo!Pvekb!ef!Obeps-!dfsdb! ef!Nfmjmmb-!qbsb!vob!wf{!bmm!usbubs!ef!fousbs!fo!mb!djvebe!bvuopnb/! Fo!mb!tjfssb!ef!Obeps-!dfsdb!efm!Npouf!Hvsvh-!tf!ftdpoejfspo!mpt! njhsbouft!rvf!usbubspo!ef!tbmubs!mb!wbmmb!ef!Nfmjmmb/ Una persona, dos personas, tres personas atacan la valla para probar suerte. Una persona logra entrar. Hay que dejar entrar al menos a una o dos personas. Incluso nosotros que estamos esperando, si pasa una o dos personas estamos contentos, pero cada día, cada semana, un mes, otro mes y nadie entra. Por eso vamos a 74 MARTA CARBALLO DE LA RIVA, ENARA ECHART MUÑOZ Y JUNCAL GILSANZ BLANCO convocar a la gente, vamos a llamar a los malienses, guienanos, senegaleses… a todas las nacionalidades, hasta que seamos 100 u 80 personas, e iremos todos juntos. Somos militares, si hablamos de los verdaderos militares, esos somos nosotros, porque nosotros llegamos a pie hasta aquí. Hay gente que ha hecho el camino hasta cuatro veces, ida y vuelta por las montañas, las colinas, día y noche, allí donde están las serpientes, donde están todos los peligros, las trampas, pero todo eso lo superamos y llegamos hasta aquí. Somos como militares. Los seis metros de ahí, incluso si ponen seis metros de valla, todo el mundo los va a pasar, todos, incluso el niño pequeño aquel. No nos sorprenden los seis metros, estamos aquí para eso. Estamos aquí para llegar a Melilla. (Musa, migrante en Nador, pocos días antes del salto masivo a la valla [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 77].) Ubncjo!mpt!cptrvft!ef!Nftobob-!dfsdb!ef!Uohfs-!p!ef!Cfo. zvoft-!dfsdb!ef!Dfvub-!tfswbo!ef!sfgvhjp!b!mpt!njhsbouft!fo!usotj. up/!Eftef!bmm-!nvdipt!njhsbouft!usbubo!ef!mmfhbs!b!Uohfs-!fm!qvoup! nt! dfsdbop! b! ovftusp! qbt-! eftef! epoef! fm! dsvdf! ef! mb! gspoufsb! qvfef!ibdfstf-!cjfo!fo!mpt!cbkpt!ef!vo!dbnjo-!p!cjfo!usbuboep!ef! dsv{bs!fm!ftusfdip!fo!qbufsb/ Somos refugiados congoleños y vivimos en este bosque. Hace un año y siete meses que estoy en este bosque […] Tenemos problemas serios, sobre todo para comer, empieza a ser difícil. No hay manera de salir para comprar algo ni tampoco de acercarnos al lugar donde está el pozo de agua. Estamos bloqueados desde hace siete días. Estamos siendo torturados. La última vez los militantes de derechos humanos intentaron ayudarnos, fueron al pozo y sacaron algo de agua para nosotros y también nos trajeron algunas pequeñas bolsas de arroz. Si no hubiese sido por eso podrías haber encontrado ya muertos aquí. Somos personas, seres humanos. Haber sido repatriado no es un delito. Lo ve […] no es un delito […] es simplemente una oportunidad porque nosotros sabemos que vivimos mejor en nuestra casa. ¿No es así? Si no fuera por el problema que tenemos en nuestro país, jamás habríamos aceptado encontrarnos en esta situación. Quedarse en el bosque un año y siete meses. Es inhumano. (Migrante en el bosque de Benyunes [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 78].) Fo!fm!dbtp!ef!mpt!rvf!tf!ejsjhfo!b!mb!dptub!bumoujdb!nbssprv-!fm! usotjup!ubnqpdp!ft!gdjm;!qvfef!evsbs!nftft-!evsbouf!mpt!dvbmft!tf! wfso!fogsfoubept!b!vob!dpotubouf!wjhjmbodjb/ 75 RUTAS MIGRATORIAS DE TRÁNSITO EN MARRUECOS, MAURITANIA Y SENEGAL Tengo esta habitación en Takadum. A veces duermo aquí, otras lo hago fuera, duermo fuera… porque no me fío de la policía. A veces entran en la casa, te cogen. Te cogen y te deportan al desierto. Arruinas tu vida si te deportan al desierto, allí te mueres. (Mike, migrante en tránsito desde hace siete años hasta que en 2006 consiguió llegar a Alicante [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 82].) Fo!dvbmrvjfsb!ef!ftupt!qvoupt-!fm!qbtp!qps!Nbssvfdpt!ft!vob! fubqb!qfmjhsptb!efm!mbshp!wjbkf!ef!mpt!njhsbouft!ibdjb!Fvspqb-!epoef! fm!sbdjtnp!z!mb!yfopgpcjb!ibdjb!mpt!tvctbibsjbopt!ftuo!bervjsjfoep! ejnfotjpoft!jnqpsubouft/!Ovnfsptbt!POH!ibo!efovodjbep!hsbwft! wjpmbdjpoft!ef!EE!II-!dpnp!Nejdpt!tjo!Gspoufsbt-!rvf!zb!fo!3116! bewfsub!ef!ftub!tjuvbdjo!fo!vo!ÓJogpsnf!tpcsf!mpt!njhsbouft!bufo. ejept!fo!fm!Tibsb!usbt!mb!dsjtjt!fo!mb!gspoufsb!nbssprv.ftqbpmb!ef! Dfvub!z!NfmjmmbÔ-!z!rvf!qvcmjd!pusp!tpcsf!ÓWjpmfodjb!tfyvbm!z!Nj!.! hsbdjoÔ!)3121*-!fo!fm!rvf!efovodjb!rvf!ÓIbtub!fo!vo!56&!ef!mpt! uftujnpojpt-! mbt! nvkfsft! tvgsjfspo! vop! p! nmujqmft! fqjtpejpt! ef! wjpmbdjo!evsbouf!fm!usbzfdup!njhsbupsjp-!gvfsb!b!nbopt!ef!mb!efmjo. dvfodjb!pshboj{beb!p!qps!joejwjevpt!rvf!tf!bqspwfdibo!ef!mb!tjuvb. djo!ef!wvmofsbcjmjebe!qbsb!fyqmpubs!p!jodmvtp!wjpmbs!b!mp!mbshp!efm! dbnjop!b!ftubt!nvkfsftÔ/ Me violaron durante cinco días, uno tras otro, cinco días. No me pude negar [...] Deseas estar muerta. Pero la muerte no llega. Violada, violada. Te fuerzan, por delante y por detrás. Aunque grites, no hay nadie. Nadie que pueda venir a ayudarte. Estás ahí en la arena, te hacen eso durante días. Estás cansada. Lloras, lloras al mismo tiempo que tu cara se hincha. No hay nadie que te ayude. Nadie. (Migrante congoleña, en El País, 25/03/201027.) Mb!svub!efm!ftusfdip Fo!mpt!bpt!opwfoub-!mpt!njhsbouft!dpnfo{bsbo!b!pqubs!qps!mbt!qb!. ufsbt!ef!nbefsb-!uqjdbt!ef!mpt!qftdbepsft!nbssprvft-!qsjnfsp!eftef! Nbssvfdpt! qbsb! busbwftbs! fm! ftusfdip! ef! Hjcsbmubs-! z! nt! ubsef! eft!!ef! fm! Tibsb! pddjefoubm! ibdjb! mb! jtmb! dbobsjb! ef! Gvfsufwfouvsb-! qbtboep!bt!ef!mpt!25!b!mpt!:1!ln!ef!usbwftb-!rvf!qpebo!sfbmj{bstf-! tj!op!ibcb!qspcmfnbt-!fo!35!ipsbt/!Mpt!rvf!pqubspo!fo!qsjnfs!mv!. hbs!qps!mbt!qbufsbt!gvfspo!mpt!nbhsfcft-!z!zb!fo!fm!ovfwp!tjhmp-!mpt! tvctbibsjbopt/ 76 MARTA CARBALLO DE LA RIVA, ENARA ECHART MUÑOZ Y JUNCAL GILSANZ BLANCO Fm! bvnfoup! ef! mpt! dpouspmft-! qsjnfsp! fo! fm! ftusfdip! ef! Hj!!. csbmubs! z! nt! ubsef! fo! mbt! dptubt! bumoujdbt! nbssprvft-! qfsnjub! joufsdfqubs!mb!nbzpsb!ef!ftubt!fncbsdbdjpoft!b!qbsujs!ef!mpt!bpt! 3115.3116-!mp!rvf!bbeb!ovfwpt!qfmjhspt/ Para ellos, toda la travesía es peligrosa, pero uno de los momentos más peligrosos es la maniobra de abordamiento que realizamos nosotros porque se pueden poner nerviosos y ponerse de pie y volcar la embarcación y el momento de llegar a costa y desembarcar. No conocen la costa y muchas veces se meten en sitios, la costa de Fuerteventura tiene muchas agujas, mucha roca y se meten en zonas en las que es un suicidio meterse allí ¡no! Que una patera con 40 personas, cruzada y embarcando agua, la situación es difícil. Se desesperan y acaban rindiéndose un poco, se echan a dormir, se mueren de frío. (Sargento Miguel Ángel Álvarez, de la Guardia Civil [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 67].) Qftf!b!fmmp-!mbt!tbmjebt!dpoujobo-!ftub!wf{!fo!mbodibt!ofvnuj. dbt!nt!sqjebt!qbsb!fwjubs!mb!wjhjmbodjb/!Ubncjo!tvshfo!pusbt!np!. ebmjebeft-!dpnp!ftdpoefstf!fo!mpt!cbkpt!ef!vo!dbnjo!rvf!upnf!fm! gfssz!rvf!vof!Nbssvfdpt!dpo!Ftqbb!p!fousf!mpt!dpnfsdjbouft!rvf! dsv{bo!mbt!gspoufsbt!ef!Dfvub!z!Nfmjmmb!b!ejbsjp-!fousf!pusbt/ Fm!gsbdbtp!ef!ftubt!pqdjpoft!mmfw!b!joufoubs!tbmubs!mb!wbmmb!rvf! tfqbsb! mbt! djvebeft! bvuopnbt! ftqbpmbt! ef! Dfvub! z! Nfmjmmb-! dpo! dbtpt!esbnujdpt!dpnp!fm!wjwjep!fo!3116-!dvboep-!usbt!vo!joufoup!ef! tbmup-! nvsjfspo! fo! nbopt! ef! mb! qpmjdb! 26! qfstpobt/! Mpt! njhsbouft! ftqfsbcbo!fo!fm!npouf!Hvsvh-!fo!Obeps-!z!nt!ubsef!fo!Nftobob-! Uohfs-!qbsb!joufoubs!tbmubs!mb!wbmmb!dpo!ftdbmfsbt!ef!nbefsb!sfdphjeb! fo!mpt!cptrvft/ Estábamos en la montaña, íbamos a intentar pasar la barrera como solíamos hacerlo ¿sabes que viajamos kilómetros y kilómetros a pie? Es nuestra forma de trabajo. Solo en Europa podemos salir adelante. En la noche del domingo fuimos a la frontera como siempre y allí las fuerzas de seguridad nos localizaron como suelen hacer, pero esta vez fue peor. Realmente fue lo peor. La gente gritaba y corrían hacia todas partes, lloraban sin parar. Nos dijimos que era como siempre. Como solían hacer: romper brazos, romper pies, que estaban haciendo como siempre, pero ayer, realmente, utilizaron la fuerza hasta llegar a terminar con la vida de un 77 RUTAS MIGRATORIAS DE TRÁNSITO EN MARRUECOS, MAURITANIA Y SENEGAL ser humano. Por eso estamos tan enfermos, abandonados a nuestra suerte. (Migrante que trató de saltar la valla [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 69].) Usbt! ftub! dsjtjt-! fm! hpcjfsop! nbssprv! fyqvmt! b! nvdipt! ef! ftupt!njhsbouft!rvf!ftqfsbcbo!fo!fm!cptrvf!ibdjb!Tnbsb-!fo!fm!T!. ibsb!pddjefoubm-!p!Pvkeb/ Mbt!svubt!efm!Bumoujdp Njfousbt-!mbt!svubt!ef!mbt!qbufsbt!tjhvfo!npwjoeptf!ibdjb!fm!tvs-! dpo! qvoupt! ef! tbmjeb! dbeb! wf{! nt! bmfkbept! ef! mbt! Jtmbt! Dbobsjbt-! dpnp!Eblimb-!fo!fm!Tibsb!Pddjefoubm-!eftef!epoef!mb!usbwftb-!ef! 811!ln-!evsbcb!usft!ebt-!p!Ubsgbzb-!epoef!mbt!nbgjbt!p!mpt!qftdbep. sft!tf!fodbshbo!efm!qbtbkf/! La mayor parte de la gente que han estado aquí durante siete y ocho años pescando se dieron cuenta de que 1, 2 o 3 viajes es mejor que estar pescando porque es una cantidad… son 6.000 o 7.000 dirhams, cuando se encuentran con subsaharianos dan 10.000 dh. Y en una patera, es que aquí, actualmente, van cuatro o cinco pescadores y sacan 1.000 dh, en cambio, si llevas a 17 o 18 subsaharianos… hay una cantidad de dinero ahí. (En Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 85.) Z!usbt!mb!ushjdb!fyqfsjfodjb!ef!mb!wbmmb!ef!Dfvub!z!Nfmjmmb-!vojeb! bm!dpouspm!ef!mbt!dptubt!nbssprvft-!tf!bcsj!mb!wb!ef!mpt!dbzvdpt-! fncbsdbdjpoft!nt!mbshbt!z!dpo!nt!dbqbdjebe!rvf!mbt!qbufsbt/ Mpt!dbzvdpt!fnqf{bspo!b!tbmjs!eftef!Ovbejc-!b!911!ln!ef!mbt! jtmbt! ef! Hsbo! Dbobsjb! z! 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Z! dpnp! ejdfo! mpt! rvf! mbt! sfdpssfo-!tv!pckfujwp!tjhvf!tjfoep!fm!njtnp/ Y cuando llegues a Europa tu fatiga y todas las atrocidades que has pasado se te van a pasar. Y también si mueres en el agua, también la fatiga se acabó. Por eso hemos tomado esas dos decisiones: te mueres o ganas el destino. (Mala, migrante de Guinea-Bissau [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 87].) Tjo!fncbshp-!bouft!ef!dfssbs!ftuf!qvoup-!dpowjfof!ibdfs!nfo. djo!b!pusb!ef!mbt!gbtft!rvf!qvfef!gpsnbs!qbsuf!efm!usbzfdup!nj!. hsb!upsjp;! fm! sfupsop-! rvf! ft! vo! sftvmubep! gjobm! ibcjuvbm! usbt! uboubt! ejgjdvmubeft/!Ft!djfsup!rvf!qvfef!tfs!wpmvoubsjp-!qfsp!nvdibt!wfdft-! tpcsf!upep!qbsb!mpt!njhsbouft!fo!usotjup-!tf!usbub!ef!vo!sfupsop!gps. {bep-! rvf! qvfef! ufofs! b! tv! wf{! dpnp! dpotfdvfodjb! mb! sfovodjb! bm! qspzfdup!njhsbupsjp!p!vob!wvfmub!b!mb!dbtjmmb!dfsp-!vo!ovfwp!qsjodjqjp! qbsb!upept!brvfmmpt!rvf!mp!wpmwfso!b!joufoubs/!Z!ft!vob!fubqb-!befnt-! fo! mb! rvf! mb! qspufddjo! ef! mpt! EE! II! efcfsb! tfs! dsujdbnfouf! pctfswbeb-!ebebt!mbt!jssfhvmbsjebeft!rvf!tf!ibo!ebep!fo!ovnf!. sptbt! pdbtjpoft-! qps! fkfnqmp! fo! fm! dbtp! ef! mpt! nfopsft! efqps!. ubept/ Estoy aquí para hacer algo, para volver a España debajo de algún camión, de un autobús. Tengo que hacer algo. Llevaba un año y medio en España, un año y cuatro meses, luego me devolvieron a mi familia. No hay trabajo ni nada y mi familia es muy pobre, yo no me puedo quedar con ellos. (Mohsin, menor migrante marroquí [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 101].) Qbsb!puspt-!fo!fm!qfps!ef!mpt!dbtpt-!z!efthsbdjbebnfouf!tpo!cbt. ubouf!ibcjuvbmft-!fm!wjbkf!ufsnjob!ef!gpsnb!ushjdb/!Tpo!jodpoubcmft! 79 RUTAS MIGRATORIAS DE TRÁNSITO EN MARRUECOS, MAURITANIA Y SENEGAL mpt! nvfsupt! fo! fm! eftjfsup-! fo! mpt! wjbkft! fo! qbufsb! p! dbzvdp-! p! mpt! eftbqbsfdjept!fo!bmho!qvoup!ef!tv!usbzfdup/ Es una catástrofe, toda la comunidad está afectada… imagínese… 53 muertos es lo peor… Es nuestra riqueza, nuestros jóvenes, es la esperanza de que esto cambiará algún día. Se van por problemas sociales, faltan infraestructuras. Nuestra provincia es rica, vivimos sobre una mina de fosfatos, pero no nos llega nada por el momento. (Mohamed, miembro de una asociación de Juribga de apoyo a las familias de víctimas de la inmigración clandestina [en Fibla y Castellanos, 2008: 99].) 4/3/!FM!USèOTJUP!EFOUSP!EFM!QSPZFDUP!NJHSBUPSJP!! Qbsb!rvjfoft!ftubnpt!bdptuvncsbept!b!rvf!fm!usotjup!evsf!bqfobt! vobt!ipsbt-!ft!ejgdjm!jnbhjobstf!rvf!qvfebo!usbotdvssjs!tfnbobt-! jodmvtp!nftft-!p!fo!fm!qfps!ef!mpt!dbtpt!bpt-!bouft!ef!mmfhbs-!tj!tf! ujfof!tvfsuf-!b!tv!eftujop/!Z!upep!fmmp-!mbt!nt!ef!mbt!wfdft-!tjo!rvf! tvt!gbnjmjbsft!z!bnjhpt!sfdjcbo!ojoho!ujqp!ef!opujdjbt!ibtub!fm!gjo! efm!usbzfdup-!tfb!dvbm!tfb/ No puedo hacer nada. No tengo medios para traerle aquí, verle con mis ojos, enterrarle aquí si está muerto, y poder confirmarlo de una vez. En algunos momentos pienso que está todavía vivo. Salgo a la calle y tengo la impresión de que aparecerá por alguna parte. Pero es que no puedo hacer nada. Si está muerto ruego a la gente que me envíe su cadáver y que Dios les recompense por ello, y si está vivo espero que vuelva para que le pueda ver. (En Fibla y Castellano, 2008: 99.) 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Por eso, por mucho que nos empeñemos en una propaganda sobre los peligros del viaje, sobre las dificultades de la vida como clandestina, mientras no haya otra opción asequible y mejor, la decisión de emigrar responde a una necesidad y por ello es casi ineludible, aunque haya que hacerlo en la peor condición, en la del máximo riesgo y explotación, la de la clandestinidad. (De Lucas, en Fibla y Castellano, 2008: 43.) Ft! ofdftbsjp-! qps! uboup-! qsftubs! bufodjo! bm! sftup! ef! dpnqp. ofouft!efm!Fogprvf!Hmpcbm!ef!mbt!njhsbdjpoft-!uboubt!wfdft!efgjojep! 81 RUTAS MIGRATORIAS DE TRÁNSITO EN MARRUECOS, MAURITANIA Y SENEGAL fo! epdvnfoupt! z! fodvfouspt! pgjdjbmft-! btfhvsboep-! fo! qsjnfs! mvhbs-! mpt! EE! II! ef! mpt! njhsbouft-! sfhvmbsft! p! jssfhvmbsft/! 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Ellos vienen y atacan en todas partes, lo queman todo o rompen las tiendas y cogen cualquier cosa de valor, ropa, zapatos… Ayer, todo lo que traje aquí se lo llevaron e hirieron a algunos de mis amigos. Muchos de ellos llevan llorando desde ayer. Después de golpearnos, cogen todo lo que quieren y se van. Así es como nos visitan. (Fibla y Castellano, 2008: 77.) Mbt! bhsftjpoft-! fo! pdbtjpoft-! tpo! fgfduvbebt! qps! mbt! qspqjbt! bvupsjebeft!mpdbmft/ De repente llegaron cuatro soldados. Yo salí corriendo, pero me vieron y de inmediato dos de ellos dispararon al aire una vez, y después otra vez. Nos arrestaron al borde del mar. Nos llevaron en vehículos al cuartel del ejército. En el camino nos golpearon, nos dieron bofetadas y nos pegaron con un cinturón. Cuando llegamos al cuartel, nos quitaron la ropa y nos registraron. A mí me quitaron 25.000 uguiyas [unos 70 euros] y el teléfono móvil. Somos seres humanos, trabajadores, estamos tratando de encontrar la manera de ayudar a nuestros padres. Tenemos derechos. No somos ladrones, pero la policía nos golpea y nos roba. Da mucha rabia. (Amnistía Internacional, 2008: 16.) 87 RUTAS MIGRATORIAS DE TRÁNSITO EN MARRUECOS, MAURITANIA Y SENEGAL Qftf!b!mbt!bhsftjpoft!z!qbsb!fwjubs!ftubt!tjuvbdjo!ef!sfqbusjb. djo!gps{ptb!)rvf!wvmofsb!mpt!bsudvmpt!23!z!24!efm!QJEDQ-!sfmbujwpt!bm! efsfdip!ef!mjcsf!djsdvmbdjo!z!ftubodjb!ef!fyusbokfspt!fo!vo!Ftub. ep*-!tpo!nvdibt!mb!qfstpobt!njhsbouft!rvf!bdvefo!b!mbt!bvupsjebeft! mpdbmft!fo!cvtdb!ef!bzveb/!Dpnjfo{b!foupodft!vo!ovfwp!dbnjop!fo! mb! wvmofsbdjo! ef! vo! hsvqp! ef! EE! II-! brvfmmpt! b! mpt! rvf! tf! ibdf! sfgfsfodjb!fo!mpt!bsudvmpt!:!b!28!efm!QJEDQ!z!rvf!hjsbo!fo!upsop!b!mpt! efsfdipt!b!mb!mjcfsube!z!tfhvsjebe!qfstpobm/ Qsfdjtbnfouf!fo!sfmbdjo!bm!dpoufojep!ef!mpt!bsudvmpt!:!b!22!efm! 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También tendrán que tener atención médica continua, tendrían que estar presentes trabajadores sociales y también tener información escrita en la lengua que ellos entiendan acerca de cuáles son sus derechos y posibilidades […] También es fundamental que tengan el derecho de poder, digamos, denunciar cualquier situación que les parezca injusta en los centros de detención y poder también preguntar acerca de su detención y las condiciones de la detención (Fibla y Castellano, 2008: 127). Ftub! tjuvbdjo! op! tpmp! ft! dpno! fo! mpt! dfouspt! ef! efufodjo! fvspqfpt!)wbtf!fm!dbtp!ef!Ftqbb-!fo!Njhsfvspq-!311:*-!tjop!ubncjo! fo!mpt!qbtft!ef!usotjup/!Vo!fkfnqmp!ft!fm!Dfousp!ef!Joufsobnjfoup!ef! 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Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt!)FCEI*;!ÓFm!FCEI!dpotjtuf!fo!vo!nbsdp!dpo. dfquvbm!z!nfupepmhjdp-!cbtbep!opsnbujwbnfouf!fo!ftuoebsft!jo!. ufsobdjpobmft! ef! EE! II-! z! pqfsbujwbnfouf! ejsjhjep! b! qspnpwfs-! qspufhfs!z!ibdfs!fgfdujwpt!ftupt!efsfdiptÔ/!Ft!efdjs-!qsfufoef-!nf!. ejbouf!mb!joufhsbdjo!ef!mb!opsnbujwb!joufsobdjpobm!ef!mpt!EE!II!fo! mbt!qpmujdbt!z!ejsfdusjdft!ef!mb!dppqfsbdjo!qbsb!fm!eftbsspmmp-!qsp. npwfs!fm!dvnqmjnjfoup!z!ejtgsvuf!ef!ftupt!efsfdipt/ El enfoque basado en derechos considera que el primer paso para otorgar poder a los sectores excluidos es reconocer que ellos son titulares de derechos que obligan al Estado. 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ESPAÑA MARRUECOS MAURITANIA SENEGAL Convención Internacional sobre la Protección de los Derechos de Todos los Trabajadores Migratorios y de sus Familiares, 1990 .. 1993 2007 1999 Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, 1966 1978 1956 1987 1963 Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial, 1965 1968 1970 1988 1972 Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes, 1984 1987 1993 2004 1986 Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados, 1951 1978 1956 1987 1963 Convención sobre la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer, 1979 1984 1993 2001 1985 Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, 1966 1987 1993 2004 1986 Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, 1989 1990 1993 1991 1990 246 CRISTINA GORTÁZAR ROTAECHE Y MERCEDES FERNÁNDEZ GARCÍA OPUBT ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2/! 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VF! ft! dpssftqpotbcmf! ef! ftubt! tjuvbdjpoft-!z!efcf!btfhvsbs!nfdbojtnpt!qbsb!dpouspmbs!ftbt!wvm. ofsbdjpoft!ef!efsfdipt;!eftef!mb!gpsnbdjo!z!dbqbdjubdjo!ef!mbt! bvupsjebeft!fo!nbufsjb!ef!EE!II!dvboep!eftfnqffo!mbt!mbcpsft! rvf!mb!VF!mft!fyjhf!ibtub!mb!jodmvtjo!ef!mpt!EE!II!fo!upebt!mbt! qpmujdbt!z!bduvbdjpoft!rvf!tf!ejtffo!bm!sftqfdup/!Fo!ftuf!tfoujep-! qbsb!vob!befdvbeb!hftujo!hmpcbm!ef!mbt!njhsbdjpoft-!ft!ofdftbsjb! vob! dp!s! sft!!qpotbcjmjebe! ef! mpt! qbtft! fnjtpsft-! ef! usotjup! z! ef! eftujop-! rvf! btfhvsf! vob! qspufddjo! ef! ftubt! qfstpobt-! bt! dpnp! vob!dppsejobdjo!fousf!mpt!ejgfsfouft!bdupsft!jowpmvdsbept!fo!ftb! hftujo/ 7/! Mb! tjuvbdjo! ef! wvmofsbcjmjebe! ef! mpt! njhsbouft! fo! usotjup! ft! jobdfqubcmf/!Ft!jnqsftdjoejcmf!hbsbouj{bs!mb!tfhvsjebe!ivnbob!fo! mbt!svubt!njhsbupsjbt-!dpo!nfdbojtnpt!ef!dpouspm!efm!dvnqmjnjfoup! 324 IUDC/IUEM/IEJI ef!mpt!EE!II-!z!btfhvsboep!fm!bddftp!ef!mpt!njhsbouft!b!btftpsb!z! bufodjo/!Fo!ftuf!tfoujep-!qftf!b!tfs!sftqpotbcjmjebe!ef!mpt!Ftubept-! qvfef!tfs!dpowfojfouf-!qps!mpt!nbzpsft!ojwfmft!ef!dpogjbo{b!z!dfs. dbob-! gpsubmfdfs! b! mbt! pshboj{bdjpoft! ef! mb! tpdjfebe! djwjm! )POH-! efgfotpsbt!ef!mpt!EE!II-!fud/*!qbsb!rvf!qsftufo!tfswjdjpt!fo!ftuf! tfoujep-!jogpsnboep!b!mpt!njhsbouft!fo!usotjup!tpcsf!tvt!efsfdipt-! btfhvsboep! btftpsbt! kvsejdbt-! fkfsdjfoep! vo! dpouspm! djvebebop! efm!sftqfup!ef!mpt!efsfdipt-!fud/!Btjnjtnp-!mb!Pshboj{bdjo!Nvo. ejbm!ef!mbt!Njhsbdjpoft!qvfef!kvhbs!vo!jnqpsubouf!qbqfm-!dsfboep! qvoupt! ef! jogpsnbdjo-! btftpsbnjfoup! z! bufodjo! b! mpt! njhsbouft! fo!usotjup/ 8/! Fo! dvbmrvjfs! dbtp-! ebeb! mb! hsbo! ejwfstjebe! ef! bdupsft! rvf! tf! fodvfousbo! usbcbkboep! ef! vob! v! pusb! nbofsb! fo! fm! ncjup! ef! mbt! njhsbdjpoft-!ft!jnqsftdjoejcmf!vob!nbzps!dppsejobdjo!qbsb!nfkpsbs! fm! jnqbdup! z! mb! fgjdbdjb! ef! tvt! ejwfstbt! bduvbdjpoft-! gpsubmfdjoeptf! nvuvbnfouf!fo!mpt!ncjupt!ef!bddjo!ef!dbeb!vop-!ejtusjcvzfoep!sft. qpotbcjmjebeft!z!btfhvsboep!vopt!qsjodjqjpt!dpnvoft!dpotfotvbept/! Z! brv! wpmwfnpt! b! jotjtujs! fo! mb! pqpsuvojebe! ef! bqmjdbs! fm! Fogprvf! Cbtbep!fo!Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt!dpnp!gpsnb!ef!pshboj{bs!mb!dppsejob. djo!z!dpmbcpsbdjo!qbsb!bcpsebs!mbt!njhsbdjpoft!dpnp!vo!gfonfop! hmpcbm-! cbtoeptf! fo! fm! nbsdp! kvsejdp! fyjtufouf-! qspufhjfoep! b! mpt! ujuvmbsft!ef!efsfdip!z!eftjhoboep!ujuvmbsft!ef!pcmjhbdjpoft!z!ujuvmbsft! ef!sftqpotbcjmjebeft!rvf!btfhvsfo!ftb!qspufddjo/ 325 Migrante como ser humano Tratados internacionales Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados (1951). Protocolo sobre el Estatuto de los Refugiados (1967). Refugiados Migración laboral Convenio sobre migraciones en condiciones abusivas y la promoción de la igualdad de oportunidades y de trato de los o económica trabajadores migrantes C143 OIT (1975). Convención Internacional sobre la Protección de los Derechos de Todos los Trabajadores Migratorios y de sus familiares (1990). Convención sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer (1979). Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer (1999). Mujer Menores de edad Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño (1989). Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño relativo a la venta de niños, la prostitución infantil y la utilización de niños en la pornografía (2000). Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño relativo a la participación de niños en los conflictos armados (2000). Carta de San Francisco (1945). Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial (1965). Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (PIDCP) (1966). Protocolo Facultativo PIDCP (1966). Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (PIDESC) (1966). Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes (1984). Protocolo Facultativo de la Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes (2002). Protocolo Facultativo del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (2008). Convenciones de Ginebra (1949) Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos (1948) Consuetudinario DERECHO INTERNACIONAL APLICABLE A MIGRANTES EN TRÁNSITO. ÁMBITO UNIVERSAL RELACIÓN DE INSTRUMENTOS JURÍDICOS CITADOS EN EL TEXTO ANEXO 1 Inmigración irregular Derecho de inmigración y asilo Derecho de inmigración y asilo Reglamento 2424/2001 sobre el desarrollo del Sistema de Información de Schengen (SIS). Reglamento 377/2004 sobre la creación de una red de funcionarios de enlace de inmigración. Reglamento 1987/2006 sobre el Sistema de Información de Schengen de segunda generación (SIS II). Directiva 2001/40 relativa al reconocimiento mutuo de las decisiones en materia de expulsión de nacionales de terceros países. Directiva 2001/51 por la que se completan las disposiciones del artículo 26 del Convenio de aplicación del Acuerdo de Schengen de 14 de junio de 1985 sobre sanciones a los transportistas. Directiva 2002/90 destinada a definir la ayuda a la entrada, a la circulación y a la estancia irregulares. Directiva 2003/110 sobre la asistencia en casos de tránsito a efectos de repatriación o alejamiento por vía aérea. Directiva 2004/81 relativa a la expedición de un permiso de residencia a nacionales de terceros países que sean víctimas de la trata de seres humanos o hayan sido objeto de una acción de ayuda a la inmigración ilegal, que cooperen con las autoridades competentes. Directiva 2004/82 sobre la obligación de los transportistas de comunicar los datos de las personas transportadas. Reglamento 407/2002 por el que se establecen determinadas normas de desarrollo del Reglamento (CE) nº 2725/2000 relativo a la creación del sistema “Eurodac” para la comparación de las impresiones dactilares para la aplicación efectiva del Convenio de Dublín. Reglamento 343/2003 “Dublín II” por el que se establecen los criterios y mecanismos de determinación del Estado miembro responsable del examen de una solicitud de asilo presentada en uno de los Estados miembro por un nacional de un tercer país. Directiva 2001/55 relativa a las normas mínimas para la concesión de protección temporal en caso de afluencia masiva de personas desplazadas y a medidas de fomento de un esfuerzo equitativo entre los Estados miembro para acoger a dichas personas y asumir las consecuencias de su acogida Directiva 2003/9 por la que se aprueban normas mínimas para la acogida de los solicitantes de asilo en los Estados miembro. Directiva 2004/83, por la que se establecen normas mínimas relativas a los requisitos para el reconocimiento y el estatuto de nacionales de terceros países o apátridas como refugiados o personas que necesitan otro tipo de protección internacional y al contenido de la protección concedida. Directiva 2005/85 sobre normas mínimas para los procedimientos que deben aplicar los Estados miembro para conceder o retirar la condición de refugiado. Convenio europeo para la Protección de los Derechos Humanos y de las Libertades Fundamentales (CEDH) (1950) Asilo Derechos humanos DERECHO INTERNACIONAL APLICABLE A MIGRANTES EN TRÁNSITO. ÁMBITO REGIONAL: EUROPA Derecho de inmigración y asilo (cont.) Inmigración irregular (cont.) Directiva 2008/115 relativa a normas y procedimientos comunes en los Estados miembro para el retorno de los nacionales de terceros países en situación irregular. Directiva 2009/52 por la que se establecen normas mínimas sobre las sanciones y medidas aplicables a los empleadores de nacionales de terceros países en situación irregular. Decisión Marco 2002/629/JAI relativa a la lucha contra la trata de seres humanos (Trafficking). Decisión 2004/191 por la que se establecen los criterios y modalidades prácticas para la compensación de los desequilibrios financieros resultantes de la aplicación de la Directiva 2001/40/CE relativa al reconocimiento mutuo de las decisiones en materia de expulsión de los nacionales de terceros países. Decisión 2004/573 relativa a la organización de vuelos conjuntos para la expulsión, desde el territorio de dos o más Estados miembro, de nacionales de terceros países sobre los que hayan recaído resoluciones de expulsión. Decisión 2005/267 por la que se crea en Internet una red segura de información y coordinación para los servicios de gestión de la migración de los Estados miembro sobre sistema de alerta rápida (SAR). Decisión 2007/533/JAI relativa al establecimiento, funcionamiento y utilización del Sistema de Información de Schengen de segunda generación (SIS II). Decisión 575/2007 por el que se establece el Fondo Europeo para el Retorno para el periodo 2008-2013 como parte del Programa general “Solidaridad y Gestión de los Flujos Migratorios”. Derechos humanos Convenio europeo para la Protección de los Derechos Humanos y de las Libertades Fundamentales (CEDH) (1950) (cont.) DERECHO INTERNACIONAL APLICABLE A MIGRANTES EN TRÁNSITO. ÁMBITO REGIONAL: EUROPA (CONT.) ANEXO DERECHO INTERNACIONAL APLICABLE A MIGRANTES EN TRÁNSITO. ÁMBITO REGIONAL: ÁFRICA Derechos humanos Carta Africana de Derechos Humanos y de los Pueblos (1981). Corte africana de Derechos Humanos y de los Pueblos (1998). Derecho de inmigración o asilo Convención para la Regulación de Aspectos Específicos de los Problemas de Refugiados en África de Adís Abeba (1969). DERECHO INTERNO: INCORPORACIÓN DEL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL EN ORDENAMIENTOS JURÍDICOS INTERNOS Marruecos Constitución de Marruecos (1962). Mauritania Constitución de Mauritania (1991). Senegal Constitución de Senegal (2001). España Constitución Española (1978). Acuerdo España-Marruecos sobre circulación de personas, tránsito y readmisión de extranjeros entrados ilegalmente (1992). Acuerdo España-Mauritania sobre inmigración (2003). “Memorando de entendimiento” España-Senegal para luchar contra la inmigración ilegal (2006). RD 1542/2006 por el que se crea la Consejería de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales de la Misión Diplomática Permanente de España en la República de Senegal. RD 187/2007 por el que se regula la concesión de una subvención extraordinaria a la República Islámica de Mauritania para la mejora del control de sus fronteras y lucha contra la emigración ilegal. RD 1202/2007 por el que se crea la Agregaduría de Defensa de la Misión Diplomática Permanente de España en la República Islámica de Mauritania. Orden AEC/2333/2007 por la que se establece un régimen transitorio de competencia territorial de las Oficinas Técnicas de Cooperación de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional en las Misiones Diplomáticas Permanentes de España en la República de Senegal, en la República Islámica de Mauritania, en la República de Filipinas y en la República Árabe de Egipto. Todas las normas internacionales sobre derechos humanos pueden encontrarse en la página http://www2.ohchr.org/spanish/law/ Por su parte, la normativa europea puede consultarse en http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/ justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/index_es.htm 329 BIBLIOGRAFÍA BCD! )3117*;! ÓFm! GSPOUFY! bovodjb! mb! bnqmjbdjo!ef!tv!njtjo!fo!Dbobsjbt! ibtub!ejdjfncsfÔ-!24!ef!pduvcsf/ Ò! )311:*;! ÓMb! nbzpsb! ef! mpt! dbzvdpt! qbsufo!ef!Nbvsjubojb!ibdjb!mbt!Jtmbt-! tfho!fm!ejtqptjujwp!GSPOUFY!Csv. tfmbtÔ-!32!ef!fofsp/ BCSBNPWJDI-! W/! )3117*;! 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