OBRAS COMPLETAS- Edición Crítica

Anuncio
José
Martí
O B R A S
C O M P L E T A S - Edición Crítica
1882-1884
Estados Unidos (volumen 1)
17
CEM | Centro de Estudios Martianos
Ministerio de Cultura
de la República de Cuba
17
© Centro de Estudios Martianos, 2016 | ISBN 978-959-271-053-8 tomo 17 | ISBN 959-7006-08-1 obra completa
Proyecto de edición:Cintio Vitier y Fina García-Marruz.
Dirección general:Pedro Pablo Rodríguez.
Equipo realizador del tomo:Enrique López Mesa (responsable).
Colaboradores:Carlos Bojórquez, Miladis Cabrera Bess, Ana Cairo Ballester, Marta Cruz Valdés, Paul Estrade,
Francisco Fernández Sarría, Luis García Pascual, Norma Fernández, Sergio Guerra Vilaboy, Ricardo Luis Hernández
Otero, Miriam López Horta, Lourdes Ocampo Andino y Esther Morales Aguilera.
Edición:Marta Elizabet Ferrer Cutié.
Diseño:Ernesto Joan.
Realización:Beatriz Pérez Rodríguez.
Composición:Marlén Santiesteban Brizuela.
Imagen de cubierta:detalle de Tu transparencia tangible, Raúl Santos Serpa, 2003. Colección del artista.
Centro de Estudios Martianos
Ministerio de Cultura
de la República de Cuba
Calzada 807, esquina a 4, El Vedado | 10400
La Habana, Cuba
Tel. [53 7] 836-4966/69 | Fax [53 7] 833-3721
<cem@josemarti.co.cu> | <www.josemarti.cu>
Equipo
Dr. Pedro Pablo Rodríguez (director general)
Lic. Aida Martín Fernández (directora editorial)
Dra. Carmen Suárez León (investigadora titular)
Dr. Rodolfo Sarracino Magriñat (investigador titular)
Dra. Marta Cruz Valdés (investigadora)
Msc. Marlene Vázquez Pérez (investigadora)
Estados Unidos 1168 | C1101AAX
Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Tel. [54 11] 4304-9145 | Fax [54 11] 4305-0875
<clacsoinst@clacso.edu.ar> | <www.clacso.org>
Secretario Ejecutivo
Pablo Gentili
Directora Académica
Fernanda Saforcada
Coordinador Editorial
Lucas Sablich
Lic. Yisel Bernardes Martínez (investigadora)
Coordinador de Arte
Lic. Niurka Alfonso Baños (editora)
Arte de Tapa
Lic. Lourdes Ocampo Andina (investigadora)
Marcelo Giardino
Lic. Rubén Javier Pérez Bosquets (investigador)
Jimena Zazas
Lic. Miladis Cabrera Bess (asistente de dirección)
Revisión Técnica
Desarrollo Libre de Aplicaciones
Gonzalo Mingorance
Lic. Mariana Pérez Ruiz (adiestrada)
Marlén Santiesteban (operadora digital)
Luis Alberto Morera Fernández, Dayron Rámida Coll,
Ariel Armas Ramos
de la Presente Edición
&
1#+,)$#+J7# !"#$%
!"&#'( ) ( * +, - + . /
0 ( ( ( *( ( +,. ,12( +( -( , ( ( +( +( +2((,((2+ +'(*,3/4+,+ +1+55/
4 ,3 + 78 +( +(+( +2+ 2(* 3 2+12/4212( +.2*,--(, +/91+*(+,( +( 2+ 2+ ( :),1+,+2(+-/0 +1 ,( 1 )/ +, ):2+,( +1+)/-2+ /
+,(,,12 +;2.((2. /
9 , + , , + %+1 / 0 + ( 5 5( + : )32:(*:5!"<#%!"<= 3
+. +2 - +1/ ) : 5 .-8)/
+(**++( +-((*( 2++(+,27,*+,(> 2(+1*/
2?+)2)(*: +27(+ ++
$1+M4 @0 A * @B+A( + ) ->+(:3+:+. ))*/
0+(*>+:-*,(1 *2+(2+,3)( ((+*+27/ 0+(+(1+87+( (2(+,(12(+(( 2*+/
4#+#$))6"#-37+( 2-(*23+*+, ,-;++++*+ +,2(+*2+-/-+ ./
4 #+ ?#$+ ?5 + @
2/A? 7-( +1 7 * / 9 2 ( )( +( ( ( +( ,( ,+ 2 : +( , +,. ,12 : - - 4
, - ( ) 0, +/ 1 ,2+(2,+(*+1(1* 7#+?#$+J
7 ,1+ * 2 ?( ,( 3( * ? 2 ( : ++ 2+ +3 +( + + * 5/
7""6?2,+*12; .*23(,-7+, /
7 ,##+ * 2, + * - : ,J
7$"2+ +(:,2)7+/0+- +2+:-++1/
+1 "$+#4 :*1+*+ 7/
41+:+- (*()0,(5(C+* D(*++(+(2(>()) /+,12++, +1-((()** ,*-:2++))+1 /91((++-/
5
++ 1#+,)$#+ 0,(!&=$8@D )+,*+?+*)+,?(2A/
+!<> @ +A, &# #( E(!$+,!""F*!!!""#( + +( +1 7 ,/97>&#,5#!""$*!""G( :*+/
9>++,5(+1@HA (+:,#<##(20H+(+1@I+A( 3 + / B+ - 2+2+, +9+E-(*2(+1(- ,*:&#+-#+J( (/2)( 7,/
6
%
&
+(+##+J
> / J ,)$#4 $# $"# #+ &(+
#7# #(#$ '( 9J $#J &# 9#1##4 +(+
##+#$#+#$+4CDDGJ
&4
4%(++J
&42/
+J#(+J
?J?$,J
?J#?#$J
>+5#7J,+/&#9#1##4#$##$(1#4CDKG CDFG4
@BJN$J@B?()(1$#)$##$#+#$+$+(
(1#$&1JO
7
1883-1884
La Nación
&
0(++)+#$2
((#(JM&#++"($#+JM&+)+$)P1$$-$+
:,#+JM$ JM&# # $ # $ )#71($JM#)#$+#+ 1+JM
#+ :($"#+JMQ$,+ 1#+ $ "+JM+,)+ $ #
)(1$#JM#,)#,+$"++JM+($#?$+?++#+JM"+
(#+J
(-#R43($CECBB@J
#+,+#$#+,1#(##$+J6-++)#+4#$"##$
#$()$#++#?$J#7#(#(4,6+'(#(##,##'( + :+)#+ :(,#+ #?+ ?+4 (# #3# ++J # +)
:(,##4 + ?$# )1 #+4 -+4 $(++ 3+4 :: )##
+(J+-#$#,$+,6+S#+$-$#,+7,+,J +#5$4#<#S-$#<#1#J$"#$$##+6)4, +$++)##$+4$:(,#J(#(#(+:(,#J(-#
?($#(#?#1#4?$##:#,1#J(,(?($#(<?$*'( 3("##:54,(J+7,++)($#$#1(#
5)#$#,(:,1$,+?(+$#+)64:3
$#$(#$#,4+$#$#)J#+#+#-#4+-"(
+$:,1+#'($$+'(+:#17#"##+#+?#+(+++J)##'( 9
+(-"#*#?(+,6+(,)$#4$"$:,1,6+#$J9#,#<#+'(-#
+(+,#++#+$+#+#*($+M:##1+,+'(+#,$"(#+
$+#$++)+4)$+++$##J9#:,1+'(+$1)+#M
'(+$+#)+$+S+'(+$,#$1+#M'(+$+#+++M,:#
1(+:#)#$,#+J
)# # $+ 7#+ P$,+ $# -# + ,7+J )# - , $+
##$+#++##S,M$(",(M'(,#1#)$#+)$#*#++(+
?"+S,:#$#1#$+)+$$#1#$$+-++(#,#"+(#4
#:##(?#$TR4$+<+$##$$S,+1?+3+ )P1$+4#<#*+4,4M$111$#+-7#+4,
U#+:"4M +$1# ,6'(#+ -#) -($ #,)##+4 , +1(":4$##+(,(J(#+#11#3+(+)+$##,)#)'(+
+$*"##7#4#,$#-#-#4+((),*'(M,) ,)7+#)$#(++$#,(:(,1)++$#6$4'()$"$("-7+
:(#+4$#'(#*#1#7#4,-1#7#"3#4#$#+)(#+$#)+ $,#$#-(#J('(+#,6+'()'((#$#)+1$#'(L+#
(:,1-$41#+,-3P1$)##$+:,1+$#,((+
:(,#J
$C4TR4:#1$$,7+4$+$#++(+)+,7#+4
$++(,(4,?##1,#1$J(#(#+,7#'(+#1# V?+ ,())W4 V#'($, (# ,#<## -#WS V6"$ , (#
)($"#W)#1##$:,#$4'(1#-7#,)#+#))#4)$#6$ :#17# 1 :#+ +)(5+ +( :,# ",+# ,(4 ##1#
3-#$,)$+"()+(++?#-+'()$#1#$)#$#
6$4 +(+ ,+,#+ ,#+ L#, $#+ (#+4 $#+ #1$#+4 $ " $+
#:#+4$+++4$##,)#)#$)?7#(+#+$++3+$ ?P1#)##J
71+#++,3#4'((:,1'()4#$##$++( :,#4 - )#J + ,6+ )#7# +) ?+# '(:,#
#:#J+$#,#4+#1#::#"$##:##JL#,#1#$ )#71($4,+L#,#$#+1##+)$"+#+-###$+#$,#$$ ?#- ",#+#J :#17# +# +$,# ,) '( ) # $# ,(
,++#J#-4?(,#+#+#4)"(#+###-##4,
(#++6-7+)#+(+)6($#,#J
$,+,4-++"($#$,)*#4+##1#4+#+($:$# 6$4$3(-'($#++7#4$#(##+##'(+ ))7# # + $ )#71($JM# -$ $ 7# #4 )$## +##"(*#$#)(#+($#$+#()4)5$ L(+#+++)#)##+5$(,,)####(#-##$#$# 10
) $ #1# # ?7J $ +# $ #"(,#1# ,)$##1$, +1 +(
,MX'( ,)# ) -$- )(# )(<#$ $# # (
+-(#4 + + # $$ )#+ #$ #) ( )P1$ #-# L#<#+ #+Y(#(++,1##*#1#+(+#"(,+-+#)+*#J#+(
,:#1$#4-$4+#$#4##4#3#*J5$-5$4+)+#1#
*#+$1+J+)7##)+(#+(+)#$#1#+'(#+4$5#+4#1()#+4'(
)#7#+)#+:+J
$7#+(-)#$#3#+($#41-+#+J7#+5$$+ +?(*+(,#?#+#-61#+'(,#:)7#'(#
+$6",#+4),7#$++#$+,+("-+1$JMVX+)#4
+)##YX+()*+)#YWL$#,#1#(,)(*##+(:,##4'(
$-7###+4$#+1#$$#,#4$),7#+(($ $4 $ 1 , ) $# # +( #$,#JM #$ )( +:#1#
1$##,$#,#$#<#4$:#1$#1#+P1#(#4,+#$+)+(# ,#"#++$"J#4$-+##1#$#$#$#,?$+'( :#17# #7 #$ +( :,## )#+#4 '( :#17# (# ?$ 1$## -##J +####$#$"(#4+#-$(1$#-($+-#L,#$++#+#
,4+#,##+$-6#L#<#4,'()$)(,(
,1$+4"#1##+(#$#'(++#(+#+$#)+#$#
:#+<#$##)##+(,(4$'(+#)7#:#+4)?#$#$#$#4
$("4):#1)#+##$#:#J
+($#1##+(+3+$+#+'((,#1#$+#$$+$)L,+(+J
#( $ )"#,# $# 3( , $ (# L:1 (+#J >#,6+
+(?,+:,1:#4$+#$+$+,64?(#+ ,#,(*'($#+)#$#1#+#++4$+:$+$#(#'($#:4
$+ ,#+ $ -+ '( $ (1 $ ()4 $#+ ?1#+ $#+ #1$#+ $ ##$+J 7#+'(5)#::4'(561$?(#$)4'(5)#7+-$# (#?P14'(5,3(3+$#(#1#)##+(#-*#$#4,$1###:#
V$#:#,6+#?#,#+##WJ
&$+#1#$#6$((#"(##4(#+(,+#+4"+"+4
1#+34,(<+$"#)$($$L,+$#*+4,$+
)#71($M-#+4)###(##+-#$#+$P"(14#+)#+$#
)
"+1(#$+J
$4#'($$#,#<##'(,(4+##$+,##,4,'(-#
1#+J+#1#5$#-$#4,4+,($J#7#4)$#L(1#
"$*#'(1#+($5"4-?$*4'($+#$+1+$
+#'(#4M)$##$#+)(#$#1#4+($)#)$+4
+((#$)#+()+#4+(+###$#-*+(+#+4M#+# ?#,#'(-##)1#+(+?(*#+#)P1$(-J
11
,'(-#-#34"+(#+#,+(+##+4,)(#+4
#+#$$5"J+7#$$5"$"-+$$4(#$#$#$)+
)## #1##$ # :#+# $ )( ,4 $$-#1# (1# $# #1*# (
+,17)#3#4$+#+$7#1#3$1#*J(#($-#1##(##
)#4(#$?('('('(:##+#'(+5+()(#- +#$)+#+#1#$+(++4#-+:#17#++)(+,'(
,##+$#+#?#$4#-+$+,++$)#71($+#1##1)1#+ #*#+J
$#)(#7#+(,($4#'($#:,##+$#1#),+)##-#:##$
4-7#$#(#3$$#$#+4#+(+?$+'((1+(
(),(J#-#)+4$#$##$##$+4):$#+(++4
"#$+4)(#+4+#+)+4,5+J9#+
1###+ :(,J $ #$#4 +( 1#+ 4 #1*# $ +5'(J >( #$
-4'($$-#$1+)#)$+4-###$#++4?,$)#+4)6$$+4 "$J:Y:##,#,++#+,#+#:1$+J#
+(1#$#)$##?,#(#(+S#$#+#+#4))#,)(3#
$++)#+4)$"#1()(+#,)$#-+##$##$+J$'( ,3)(+$"#4,6++#$#?#*4,3-4+$:,#J
#+Z'(5++[Z+(:,1'(,([Z+$-($"#+-$"+(#
"$+#)1[Z+$#L:1(+#+#$"P+#)(1$[
'($)"#,#-#+$#+4#$###((-(#($#(# #$)P1$4,$+#3+$+#?5+##+#7+#-+##$#(#$#
#'(-4,$++#$,1#'(+#+##+$+,(++(4
+1*+ 1"6?+4 ## (# $#+ 1+#+ :(,##+4 #+ #::+4 ""#+
?"+4#$1+,)-+#+#++<#+4'(L:1J
$$5"(#)$"##,#J(#(#(#'(-##$4$#'($
?#$+#(+)##+#$,#$+)#+,(+4(+-+7($+ $ 5, #)7($ #JM+-($- ( )#)$ $ -J V:#4 (#(4-#$,P$,#)$"##JW$4$)#)$'(,##1(##$(# #+(+3+$-+-#$4(###$#$-#JX#(#$(,#
:(, "4 '( -$# 3-+ 1(+Y X# (# $$(-# ($1$$#+ +)####$$Y#7#$6"+$#+?#++J$#+7#,'()#7#)(<#$+J $#+)(#1#$#+$#-#1#JX.(5$"(#3YX.(5,*$##$171$
+#6Y 9#1$#1# >+P+ $# $"(# &(*1$J +#1# "+ $"++ )##
)(###,#+#+\V$+)7(#1$+##4+("1
+(+ )+4 :## ,74 3(+?#64 <4 )## ,#$$+JW V:( 0$
+2+(1#("#YW\V+,+#+++4+$3(-:#+#
$-("46#$?JWV#"#,+#"+1+"1++)+JW VX+4:,1+$##YW
12
##+)(4$##$++#1#,$-##+1$+:,1+$#+"+J
&++++#1#++4+)##+4##+M+6-+MV:#WM
(-$#-*(#(4M(#-*L#<#4:+MV-#$(+
-++ '( #,+ +,+ #$ 3# + ,(J ( + '( :#"# 1(
?)(++,P+#J&##+$#(<'(1#$1(##+()##+(,#J &+:++#,#<##M#<#7#,+:#1$#+#$#)+###M,#+ $#+*JWM,*+(+)6($+7+,J'($$###(#
,7+##"$,#?#++)($+4+,#J'($+-(#4'(
:#17#'(,##,$+,6+$+#+,4,7###+6+
,+$#($)##$?4+)#+():4$+(-+$#-#$++ )*<++ $# "#"##J +#$-#3 )#7# # $# -* $ 6J + +$$*+4'(#11+)7#$##3##-*$+4,)7##$5,
##+?#4#,+1$$+5)+J
$-$#,#1#"$)+$:,14,3#$'(+?#$$J
$+,*#1####$#+?#(-#4,+#(-+#+1+7,+,4$ )+#++(+))#+)#$#1#+,##+J$++$$*+,#$#)#"#+,)7# $##$#+,4,('(34,(#$#4,$$#,'(
),4#$*###$#$:#:#,###4#1#*##$#+$$#+(-("
,)$##1$J&$#1#4$$#1##,#+J+:#7#4#(#1#$6J
$:,#4,#1#+J#$##$+4$+#1#+++(17#
$(,#+:(,J$#+-##+$#+$#+-#+4$++#+$+#+
+17##)+(##,+1$+)$+J+1$++#$+(##1(#$
:4-$#1#4##+,(#),+#4("$$J(##+
)$"##4+P1#4##1#$?$+(6J5$4+(1#7#J;$$$#,#1##+( #$1#$1((<#*#4+74-#4#*##$+):+(#
1$*#J
&("-+#+##1$+J;$4++"($$+4#+)+(+#,#
$#+1(#$#+$#:#J#$#+,#+(#(()#)$$$S#$*#$#$#$
1#+SVX&+YX$#YX#,+YWM-*+#$SM+#1#+(+
)+ $# #,)#4 # )4 $# (# +#1# +#4 +( ,# ?, $ #:#4 #$$#(?5+(14 $ :,#4 ,-$#(
#1#+1(+$7-J
3("(+##1#,#$##$+(#(4$+?("+#?#$+$+
),+7#+3($'(,61#+4#-#+,$$#++)#+4$##1*#
(#( #,#< ,+(+4 $ )(1$ T:4 $ 7# K 3($4 (5+ $+ <+ $# )1$# (# :# ( #:# 3("(4 )##
#:##(#(J
13
+#,+)$#$(:##)#$+#+1+J##$+),++$5
$+1#+4$#++)#+$+#+4$+)$#*+$+-+4$#+(#+?
#<J##$1+$#(###4$#+#("#)$#*#1$4$#,(3$ :3 '( , ) $# # $ '( $ )1 #1#3 )## $$+ ) $# ,#<##J $
#)#$+#:$"#+<#$)11##1#3##)(J
&+ '( -- +((+#,4 , # $+#$+ +)($#+4 #*(*# #$
"+4 # ? ,# +,) )$#+ $#+ ##+ $ +4 # ,,# $#+
1(+L1#+'(#?$"$+?(+6?+#$##J+
L+ 1(+4 # ) '( $#+ +:#+ ,,4 '( #$"P )(
+#+4-L+)+J##$#)#$+#4(+(#+5,+$1#$#+
+#+,4+#)#+(#?#$#1#$#*##(#$J##$14++#-+ ###4+(L+##-+4$#)-#,###7($+$,#$+
,)+1$+J$1)+#$#'($5,-+,J$#)#$+#+ $"#J
#+-+4,-$,$L+-)-:'()#$#)#$+#
( #1#3 '( ,# #$ 1 )1*# L+-#4M15$#+ + P$,4 ,##(+#$#'($),##:#$#+(,#+##)###)$#)+7+(+
#)(+,#+$+7#+$#-3*J
# +#+ 1$+ + ::+ #+$#+J &#+ #+#+ 1#+4
?((+#+()#+?"(##+#,#++(+,+,+#+4):#1+
))(+4#$#-*'(,++#$+3(++4,+)$7+-$+3(++4 + ?((+#+ #,5#4 )'( +$ + :# ))(+ ,# ) ,+
)#7?+$"#$+$+,#$+-+1$+,#1$+$+1+J#:#(#'( "###+#+#+,",+J#$+#1#3#++:#((#
$+#$#+#4'($$#,##1#$$+$#1#3J#4)#+,$+4 , #:# ,+, +1(":4 + (*# 1#*+4 #,++ ?,+4 # $+
?#1#+:'(#*,$+"#$#(,+($'(,##J#4
,:TR4$+++#4$+1#+(,4$+?(++,#<#
$#++#+,1#'($+?#$+4$,#$##+(?
L###,,#4M)'($+#"#+)#$#+,)+#+?#$#+(
+#$#'($+),#,#J
@A#-+)##:#?##4'($+#+"(#1#3)+)++
#+4)'(:,1'(-#-#$"(#+$$("#+($#14,?(#
#+##+#,(3:3+4)###1#3#:#--(#++#4)( :#,++)++-#(#J&#+,)+#+?#$4
)#+(+#"#+4"6+#$#,##4:#(,+'(+6?#*#?#*$++ 1#+:+$+J
#$#(#+6$$#$+#"#++#+JX'(5*#+6 $$-#+(,+)(#YX.(5"*#-$+4,1$++P1)$
14
3+("#4#(4,+$,)+4##"#+)###+4'(
$#+#$$++"$+###,4##(+'($1#,$#+
)$#*#+4$+,($$+#1##+4:(,$++#$+Y6:#1(#(#
'($+)+#($#5+?S#$$64(,#3#+S,6+#$$64(#$-#
$J+6+(#+#7+,#1##$$#J
5#+#:#,++<#$#1#3,6+(J++#+1#P$+4
++,)(3#++#+4:#,-?($#$,#$##J &#+,)+#+?#$#+4(#$#)(#L+-#$#+$#++)1+4
1(+# :#$$# #$ )( ,$$#+ #"#+ (-+J #+ # #$#+4 ::+ # +# $#1 (#S # #$,#+4 +1# -#$+ )## +-+S # 3(7+
?("-+(+#4#'(++(++P1+,+,#$+)-#6,?(*#+J
+#$))'(4,)$#*#+$+#"#+4#7#+(+)(++
)$(+#$#-34'(#7#$#$#1##"$+(-+J##'($+
-+##1#$#6"$,###"#$+1$+S#'(#+
#+#"(##1#-#)$+#$#+)(#+$+$+#$+#$,#+S#'($+
,*+ 6+)+ $+ 1#+ )+"(7# + +#+ # $+ 1+ (-+ '(
#1#3#1#4#P#1#3#4,+#+$+#$,#+4#,)##+)"(++
+##,+)$7#J#+4'(,#+((#)##4#1##
,#+#$+#1#3#+(-+#+(+,)$#+4+(1#-#,#$#)+# $+ #"#+ 1$+J + :4 #$#+4 #$,#+ 3(7+ (++4 #1#*#+
?##$,)$#+#$$+4#(#(+(+#+#+'(+:#1$##$#
)##+$#+$"(#+4,###$#+,)#<7#+?#$4'(:#)#(,# +)L$+)+#"#4$(-+($$#(-#"##7#J
#+(++++#$(:#J+4+$+#1#3#+$)#7++$##1# :($"#4#(7#+#$+#$#+4)(++##1#3#))1)J:#41$#+# $+ #$#+4 '( '( #$*# $#+ + $ #1#3 )## +4 $#+
#$*# )## +74M$+ ,)$#+ :#16 # $#+ ,##+ 3(+#+ $+
,)$#+J.(+'(),##3(+#+L)"#(14'(
+(##+(+1#*+4#3#:#,1,+#+(#+#+$##J
#+7'(#+11+$+$?#$S?#+4#(#+1(#++(,#+
) $+ 1+ # $# #4 "+ #+ 1(# -$(#4 $+
#"#+J,##)#+,+#+$#*#,#$+()+1+J
#"()#6)#,4,$,++)(++##$,1#J+$
##()?+))+4+'(++6#L##?"#$)##
'( +-# ## ),# # ## () :($"#J + :#+# #:# + 3(+#J
.(#$#1(#?(#'(4$("+#+?:#4+('($#J'(
+)(1$#1#3#+4+6,#(#$"#?+-#$+#1#3#+J#+6
$$#J$,1#+6#$'(,(-#(-$
-+J+#+'(:-4+ $#+$+(-#+J+#+#+)#+5)#'(#,,$J$+"$
15
)#+##-4#++#)(3#4$+$,+$#-#-3#J+1#+(
)#+)$#+(#+4'(###+#-#"#$-6##,#*#+#,#4+
+"$4'(+#$$))##4#(,($#$+$,+(#1$+$#-#(-#J
$ "+ #,15 +6 $(:# #,15 +6 $(:# $ #
)(1$#J$+,##+$#1#3#$##?#:+,)#4 ,#+#$*#)##?#-4M'(+$,+,'())(#$,)$'(
"*#M# $#+ (+#+ ##$+J $# 1#3# ,## $+ :+ $+
#7($++(,$$##J&#+1(++,))##
+(?#"#$$#+$+"#++$+J$+$#+(,+#3'($#+
1(+:#17#L$#<)#+#,$$+)++#$+"#++J&+ ,##+'('(++,$$+)+++#++#1#3##+$#+ 1(+J#'($#)(1$#4#,#*#L#<+
))+4'(#3#+4$#($+:+,)#?(+
L#3+4 $ #)+#1$ $+ #)#$+#+#'(+ $ ++,#):1-
?#-4M - ,#$ '( )## #( + #)# ( "#+ 4 #:##+ #
+#+$##4#$#+L)+#+'('(#$#+-#$)#$ )4L+#$#+##+4'():,1+$)##,+#4(+1#J
$"##,6+$+)(1$#+'(#+###,#7#4$# ,5#$(45)#?-+#1$,'()##$#++#++(
L)#+4:#,+"#+(,#4'()(#$-##+P1#,"#354
,1$#,##J$"#'()(#-+4)'(#(#+(),#$##$ ##,64),)$,$)"$5+,5#4#(#"(#
"$##4'(+"#)#-#$J+:##$#+L#<'($"+-
+(,#7+,#)##$#+)##+$##,##4#))#*,)< #'($ # ## '( ,)+ # ,)$4 "#++ ?(++4 +#+4#$,L)$#+4+,6+,$$+J#$:,141+4
'(?()+#<+:#4)$#L)+##(#41?#$##-"]*#+( )#4+:4$'(+#,#$#+,)+$#)$7#$1# )(1$#4($+3?+4+$P3?4$1#)(1$#$"+J
# ##4 #,15 ,4 :# -# # (6, ) $+
,##+4'(,#'(+++-##,#$#+,#+4)####$#+1#+
)(+7+J+1'(,,#$++4$#)(1$# #+$(,1##$)#7+()"#,##($#)$7###$J
Z'(5:#+#$"#+((#+)#4'(##+)##
#<#++(+7+,+)1$,#++$+(?#")P1$4,5($#434-#
$#+#+)(1$##+[Z'(5:#$$-#+#),#4:(,$4))##
16
##4##+(-#+(+#++(++-#+4$+'(#4#$$#+,$$#+4#
$# +,1# 61$+ #$+ , $+ $+ (#+4 #,)#,+ $"++4 '(
)(1$#$+1+'(+)#$#1#+#,4+)#*#+4?4:,++#"#+[Z
'(5:#1#$$#,+###$(*?-7?4$#+1#+$#+##
("++##4$+?$+?+#,"+>+P+'(-+5
(#$",##,+4,#+$+,#$++#+4?,#+:61$+
#-+[Z'(54+14+#+#$$#$+(#++34'(
+6-4\#"#1$$#1+,)<4$#,##(##$<,
'( #1## $(" $+ :,1+4 )(# #)$# +(+ ?(*#+ +<##+ # (
,(4-*+")+((+4#"#$#+""#+$##+
P$+4,((-+#-4#)#+#4#$4+#4'($?(+#4 #+##$$#[
&#)+#)(+4++,)+#4,-:7($#+4 ,#+-#++4,+#:"$#L(1#:3+#,#"#J&# )+#+"$4##$(-,)$,#"-+1$4$'(+$
:,1)(#1#3#$1#-+#J'(7:-43($+,+
)1$,#+:(,#+4$+)1$,#++,5#4#,1+'(#$#,#
"#*#+#$+'(+$(,1#JZ.(5,(:'(4,-#$#+#(,)$++
"#+1+4$#)$(,#4#+")##+##4+#1##+#$+[
>;
4
(%(++4CG+),1CBB@J
N?JO
#$#+$#<(-JM)"$$##JM#+,)JM&(
$##+#%$##JM$,+$$JM1#+#(++),)++JM%+4+(+
:3+ $(++4 +( "1# (- +(+ ,#+JM%3#, %($JM9,+
)+ $# :+# $ +(?#"JM$,#+ +#+ )## +(++
-+JM"?#$#-,$+,##+JM+$$+#,)+
)$7+JM&# 1##$$# )#+## $# -#JM(,# :+# )$7#JM+# $
-+JM+1$#+J
TR4CDCBBGJ
<4
P:(,#$#+?+#+#<(-JP(#"3#+$+,#1+$#+"#$#+
17
'(-4$#+#,#+#,+$#+'(+#$(#4$#++#$##++(($#+1$+
-+'(##$#+#+#+'(17#-+#+###<4'(+#,+ '(##+4)'(,(#$##(#$*#:(,##$#,$++4(#
4)-(#4)+#$++#"#$*#+#)(1$#(#$+1$*#4
6$*#++1)+#$+#)"#4#,1$*#(-#4$+5$#+ )6#+,(+J+4:#17#7##<(-)(###4+'()#7#
&P($$#+,+#+S1+-#+3#++?$+4,6+#++,)'($+
3#+4,#3#+$(3+11'(+?(*#+#$+)#$+-+#+)## -+#+(-#+SM#+#3#+$#+#+#+4#+#$"7#$+:+4$#+,(3+4-#++
?+#4,7#$#+#$$+J$,6+$#3#)##+7#$#<S$"#$6$(7#
#6))#++("(#1(#+#"+($"###3$$S$):(,$4
,(#*#,($(4$$#,#1#+(+,3+)#+-+#$##+#$ ))#$)($4'($#$$>*4$,3'(#$#+?+#+$#
#+#4$#-(#4+#("#1##'($7#$#?$+<+'(+($)$$#$ +<7J\5"#+$++$+'(++#P4$#5)#'($$+
$#J"(+#-$$##,:(,$$#,$$+?(:(,$$#+4:#
11#"#+)#+$#71#'(11$$+J
+7##<(-:#++,)(+##"#$#"*4'(+-##1#
#3#+$#+#+'($#+-4?(*#+$+#+#1(,#+'($#+$$-#4 #(#3$++#1$+4+#+$+3#+4$):+*#+JMZ.(5#
,7+4'("##'(5-4'(5+-+[+#-*$#+(,1-#
,+4)'($#+#$#+#+#+4-*#1+(+)(#+"#1)($4)<#
##++#3+4,$#+)#+$+)#$#+$#4-$,#
)#S)'(:#,#'(+#-$4M$"#$$$#,#1(#
+##+$(4)#####$+++-+#+'(+#1##+
)($)#$++#$+4#+$+,6+#$"+4$"#+<#$
'($+,)#+(<+"(+#1#)#"#1(#(+#*#+))($#+J
#+,+#+(#(#+4,#"+"$?+(#4
,):-3(#+#+$#++$#-#,#4)#7#+7#$#+
#$$+)#+<(+1$*#?+#4,#,#+(#,$"## +#$,73-#$1+#4?(4#$+3+'(-,3+
#<+4#+#1$+$++43##,$#++#$#+4+(+,#$$#+1"#+4
+)#+1($$+#+$#++#$#+4)"#$+-+#+)##1*#
$# (# #$1##S ( $# #$# :4 , 1##$$#+ "###+4 $
P,#+#+#'(+)#"#$-+#J
# +# (# "#4 -- $#+ "+ # +$#+4 , '( +
#)-:#$#+#$,#+#+###+#-"(#'(--$-##+J
X, ,1$$ $# #$"7#Y X, 3(-Y ( $+ '( :# ## $4
)#$7##<(-1+1(-MX#$"7#YM4,,-+ 18
$++-+J+#)#"##$#+$(+$##4$#++(+3+#,#+
:#17# ?+# $(*J # +4M, )(?#+4M#<#+J $ "* '($+#--#$#+#"J(,$+$1+,4'(+,+",)$
$:,1'($($-$+#,)+J(,$#+)$(,#+4'(+$#*#+,3+ '($#+$#*#+J&+3-++#$#4$+##++)$#J
('(#-#,(#'($$+#++#1#$$++#3+4:(,$+,:3+
-#3+$# B*4'(?($1#?$*'(#3$+)(#+4$#
-($$+4$"#+)(1$4#-#,(#'($$+##+3+
:P,+$,)+4,"#$,#1(#S$#1+?+#+4,
:,1+4M$(,++4,#$,#+)(#+4+#++)7(()4,
,#*##+ -,1J '($$+ 3+ :$#++4 -3+ :#$"+ %#<#4
#'($$+ +1+ ,5++ )###+4 #'($$+ +#+ $# $1#4 )($+4
#+(+"#++4#'($$+7+#,($++,1)$1$#41#1#:#$4
3)?(4#*#"($<#+$#,)<4#'($$++#3)#<
1(4*#)#?#"(#$##4#'($$+#,#++4-#,(J
94#+()($+#$,#J##)+1$#+#+#+4?#$4)
+1$#-#J$#+#$#?(#11?$4,#13#-+#4$#+,$+$#
-#J#$#*,+,+$#1$#+)(#+:#+#'(+-#+#$#+ $#?(#J$+(-+##+:#,$+:#1--S$+ (-+3-+4,$,--1#+#J
++ ##+ ,) ,( U#+:"4 )$# ?+# #)$4$7##<(-J+$)+:(#1#$$+#$4#17#
),)#4)+$,4#$#)#'($#<4$#+#?+#+$#(#
?#$4 $ #)$ ,*# )## $$#+J #,#+ "###+ $ #(#1# #
+:#,#+,1#3#+4"+#$?4,,1+$#$
"+J (+# ,5#4 ?7# #$$7 $+ +)+ $ #1#$$ ,7"(*4 "#-4)$#)P1$#"#4$+,,1++(#+#?#$#+# ))#S)5L4$#+1$##,#(-#$#+4'(++(+)+#4J#7#+
,4 #1#3# ?#"#1$4 #+ $# )$7#4 (#+ ,+ +(
"$#)##4:,"#'(#(,($##1#3+7#:)++$?#4
:,1"#J$P4#1*1#34$,J)*($#4'()#:
#,# -$##4 $ ($ , #,#:4 , +( :,# >(# 4 '(
+1V&#P$,#$(*W4$##)#+(,1$$#S,#,#:4$
1$$##
.'($$#1##<+:#+#$+$+#+&,#4
::#+($,1#3#+##4#1(#"4#*)#$#1#J
+P14,++$(##$+$+4$#(-#'(L)#1#(#
$#++#$#+$##+#$,+$$4$#++$#+#T:4'(:#17##$
19
+"$45$J&#+,P+#+#$$#4+1"$#+*##$:#$"+S $+#$#+#$,#+4'(+(+#?+$-+$+(#4##$#
1# $# #(#$*#4 + #+# ?(## $# '( # ( )( #+ # (?J,#$#*4'(+?,##:#,6+'(#+4,($'(#)+#
+,+$#++$#+#T:$++#+
+4#:3#'($$## )$(#?#+(+#4$#$#-#+6:###,+41+'(+$++#$+4
-#$$+)($+$+,6++#1++?(+J
( #1#$$ $# )#* $ ,+$$4 ++ + $+ ,3+ #1#$$+J ,#+(-#S5$#?9$($(4'(#?#4$$"##+#,#4#)+#
$$"##+)+4#L#<#4+:,1?(*#7,#,P$)$4 1#-#4##'(+)J'(#$",$
'(--#L#3#J&+-+$#$,#?(+#$3(J+-#)'(+(1
$#$,#$++#++-#)1$J$$?(3-?(+($$+ +#+ + # 9$($(4 $ #,# $#+ #$$+ )#7?#+4 1##+ #<#+
$"#+41(++#$+4#(+$+#$+J&#+),#+##J&#+$##
#,#4,+?(#),#+#$,#$$#J$:,1+#"#4'(+
++,)(#+)+$##J$)(1$(-#"##$:,1"(S$
#:)5$#" '(7+, +$(,1 #$ 3- ,#J +($ # $ 4 + :*
+3$S?()-#<+4+)7($(-9#T#411#*+( ,##4 ## -$(#+ +( # #-# +( # (-#4 ,#4 $#+)#+#3#++#(#$+$++#,1++5,($+,%#$(, #
1#1#1$##4'(-7#$+4#1#$+4#,M'(+,3$M+
+3+4#$)(1$-+4"(#--$+-3+,##+J
#,1#4'())#:34,,6#$##(#$ #$+-#+4+$7#4#+):+(?(-#4-#+#(#"$+#$
7#$#-+#$#,(+(,#4#$'($:#7#)+#'(57#
$$4+)7#:,+#,'(7#'(#,#1##+(,#J$)+:(4
(#'(,#$+4-$(##,)?)+#"+4)$'( (-)($#+*#4M,#5$4'(()#$#+$$#'(#P:#-##1$# +,1##?$M$#,(+P1#4###+(),# ?+# #<4 $ #+$$4'(#(###()(1$J
+)(1$4'(+35,#:#4:#,)#$+,(+J $,($+)#61$###+(3#74+#:,+##,#$ 3#7'(:#--$("J#P$#$+4$#-#+,#+#L"4
)##'($#,,#+#1#+#?$Y
$###$#<X'(5#)+(++YX)#)##,#,6"41#'(
""#+4(#<#+,4#,(YM+P$,+#
20
,(J
#+("1#$'(+"(+(+#1#$$++-4#$$#
$"1#+#$+(:41#3$#P)($#$#)$$1#4(#'(
:# #1*# + +# +((+ T R4 + ,#"(# "
,)#4?#,5$+?4'(##1(+##37#+)P1$#+4
$#+'(#'(74,1(P,#+4+($#+)#"#+:+###$(#$ +- +(164 ? , #<#4 '( #( ##+4 :# ,1#4 # $#
-#()##$#1#3$#P)($#4$++"1#+++)##4##
(+(+5'(4$(+##$#4$$##4-#(-#3(#+#$ ?$+#$4(+#'(+#$(#1$,'(:#,3
$"'($$1(+$##*:(,##4$-##$$4#:,1+"#-+
'(#+$+3+$#+#1*#+1#3#+4#))#)$1(+3$ '(#4$#1(#?(#$'(+#$S$("$++"1#+4#))#+
+(++4++#$(#4 #+$(#$ #1##$ 1#*$#+#$##:#-##1
)$6,+"#,"#4'(+","(#*#$#:##,#"(#4),(
))($+##:#+-#JMX:#("#+,6+(+'(++#,"+
$#:#-(+#Y
%+4'(+$6+#(#4++#+(+$$#(-###$$#*#$+ "1#+J%+)+(,:,##,#$#+,6+(#+$#
$
4#(#$##+<+#,#+#JTR$)#1(#$S:$#$):#4
#"(+#S:#"4("#)P1$J$$#+$#+,#4+#*1(#4 , (# $# #4 +#"# $#+ -#+ ##$+4 $# $#+
+(,1+$+)###+$#)P1$#41(#$#,)#1$4(-+# $(,+7+,#J+#'((<1+#4#)#+#,)+#1(
(<J%+#'(74+,+"$##L?#,1"J#
%++64$##)#1$,##$+)#+$+?$+?+J
%+$($4#1$$,%4#(($1'(##
(4:#?#$#M##'($,(#$#,#M$17#:,1#:#$#
C-HE3J
+ ,6+ '( :+#4 + )+ --+ $) 4 $#, $ ) $$#,#+4
"#(<+#+$#+,#+4$7-4,?$3$(,1+($?(+#4$+S#-$$4
$##$#,#4'(++#$):4,)###'(+1#)##
$#,4$##S>(#(+#4$$S$1#4:#4($$, #"#+#1$4'(+#'($$+'(#)#6$#:#$,)((
)(1$+1$+:,1+4(--#$#"#*#+#4)(3##*$+ #+J
%+?(,+4'($$(*4&"?$$T4#'(4)1#
21
+"(#4)#*-#4'(?(,+#$$:"#$#(+#MX:Y4+#)+'(+# $)##4'(5:#:#$#(+#4'($+)+1$#+4++#+#$$#4 #+##+$#4(#-($#+(#$#,Y:"#$($+#+$#+-+
$#$#J+)#$#$#(-#4'(:#6(#+$+3+$+#+J&##+6
#:#:-$#$#+-6$("4(#+,#)+J
%+4'(+$#)##$+,7++4+$#)###,15$+#"++4
(#"+)$74,+4+5-+4#1#+
)#+J%++%3#,%($4'((7##)#)(1$#+4
,##+S+-$+4'(#"$)+,#*#$#$"(#4(# ?$1,)$#4'(:#1$#:$+#+,"1#-- ?-4'(#'(+#+#,,#1$+("14$#1#)#+4):
(#)+(4#$#)+#$#)P1$#J
# $ -# , ##J +# #4 +1# :"5#4 ###4
L#,##(,($(+#4)##'(#$###(-#$#(#-*(:,1+$4
$$5"#+,6+##+#$#)+#)(#$#++,#7#'(:# )+1$$+$#)+#+#,###++()+-#$+
++-++4'()(#$#+1$$#+#"+-#+4'(L#$+#"(+
$+"#+$#?#,#$#,4:#,+)+1$4+,)+1$4$ #,"#1$,),+?#+$,+$++-#+J
('(%($+#1-4-6#:#'($)#7++6+$+#(#+4 )"++11+)(1$#+S'($+,##+4'()(#+($+4+
# )+# # ##+ ++#+4 ,++4 ,)#+ )1+S '( $#
)P1$#4?#"####+#$"41(+#?4,)$#+#+4
+(,)$#++4'(+)$#"#'(#()#4$#-+# $5#41(+#(-##(#J%($4'(+6#$'(#4+)#'($
$$$+#+$#(-#$(*J+#P4)$-+6$4#,4-#
1($$4)+#34,6+'(##$4)+J&'($##:#)#$,#+++(
$4)P,6-+4#$"1+()($+#J
%($#,(:#$##)"#,###++#:(++4'(+%+#1*#4):#1 )(++("1,#+#"#$$#+($#$1#J#++#:(++ :#,(:#+-+"1##?#-+()(1$J
#'(+%($($+1$+$##(#$*#4'(:#4+(#4++) #$+#?++(+:3+4+(+1$++(+)$1+J++1$+#'($$#+#(#+
,#+ $ #, $ )?4 # '(+ #,# $ )? #4 $+ - $## #+##4 #,# $ )? 3(+#4 $+ - "+ #, )(1$J
&#++()#+++)#$#,+,#+()#$#)()#-,# :,##4$#+:#+++4$#+()##3(+#J:,1#S $#$#1+6:#$$#+7$+P$+'(+:#$J+7%($4'(+#1
22
$# E, $+)#+4(+##,$$+$3#$+($"(#34"#+#?#4
#+?#4)$#--7+,#,4)?-#,+(##$+:(,$+4
'(1+##+$#+#(#$*#+-##,"#+4#$#,#+#,)(3##4 ##$-#J
#-%+$7#'(%3#,%($)(+$#,#$#)5"#1$4 "(+)(<4'(#++#:(++-(+++7,1$"1J$$7)$#
$#+,#+4$#)+$#1##4$#3(#$#+)#+$+#4$#,P+#
+$,4$3(#,+()($+$#$###++#:(++#$#
J<#+#< -7#%($$$#,#-##$#+)(#+$##+#"1J#+-M
+##+:#+#$+?,#+#$,#,#+##)+$#M+'(
+#,#$+5+7$$-#L)+##+4#$,#1+(J#+$# 1##3#$#-#4+(?++$++'($$-#,*$#-(#,1J
:#4V$#$#))($#W4$$#,###?(#)$#+P$,#+)"#$#+++
$+)(1$#+4'(-'($)(1$+$#$#$##"(#4'()$)$$# +-##:4##$-?,#+#$##+#"14$+#'(
)#'(:##?,#"#-'(+5#+#*#)(#,$+J
X.(5:,++)#,$+)(1$4++,++:#Y#, ""#,4'(4+"(+(?(*#$#:#(#4+#)+##$-##+S
,#++$-##4,(-$#,#*#,4#)$#+##$,"#$1+6($(- (,J+(+(<4J
++,++:#+#'(7#(+#7+,)+$#:+#$
+(?#"J#1##J##$3+-#$3+J
:#+#,6++(*#-+#'($#&1#J#,#"#-#$4+3#
'( ( +$ ,, $# +(J .( )$6# '( $# "#4 $ '( $#
+,($4($'($#:#$#"(J+#6$"$##-#+)6?$+
:,+#+ #$ ?$#$ '( # $# ,##<#S -# #, # $# ,(3 ( #,
#++#,+(#S-#?(#$61$'(+3##"3"(+#+S
-#"#*#),###$#$1#(($-+#1##J$#,$
:,1$#,(34$#(#?#"#1$"#$#+$#+#4'(#+"(##$ #? $("# +$# -# $ #, $ :,1 $# $1#4 $# ?$# + $#
$"),#$##,##J(+Z'(53##+(+#++-$
(#'(1##,+#+(#,#[Z'(5#,#"#,#+#,+((#
#'(+<#4))*#4)#"##4)+"(#$#,'((#4 $###($-,)<+#,#,##$#[#1##+,#+##$#
+<#$+"(#'(#$:4-#$+#+#+$#,#+(,#+(+,#$+S
+,+,-+(+,#+,#$+#$+)(1$+J
&#$1#:#+(#)6#+#)##'("(#?,($#
23
1##$J $ ,+, #,) '( 7# $# #4 7# $#+ "#+J ) #,)$# )$"##, 3 "# #+#J $# #+#4 - $+ ++4 $#+
61#$#+4$#+#$#+)++4$+,+)$#+4$#+"#+)##++$#+J&#+
#+#++1(+#4+:,1#(#+##+J
#"1#$++#+
+4#<+)#+#+4$#,##4'(
'(#$#1$#+(+(+,#++,(,)#)$#("#J&+
):,1+"$++4,#+)+(1(#?#,##$+)(++4+:#17#::
)$7+?J(#1#$+)$7+#$++4$++#$+)$7+J&+
)++ $ ,# -##1# +(+ ,3+ 1$+#+ )## ::# -+4 "##+
,)$#+4?#-#+$#:#$#+$+4#('('($+$+ ?#-+ $(" +(+ -+ $+ )$#+ '( ?#1# ,#+ +)#*#+ ?(#$++,#+J
9#17#+#$+,##+,#+#,)$))##'(+#
##$)(1$J+)$""#4$+,##+#4M#$
$ )# $+ )(1$#+J ++ ,# $# "(# -$4 : $1+ # $+
+$#-+4#,*#(#(#,+(+#4$-##)+1+(#1*#4:(,#
#P4)++##4#$#)P1$#J)(1$#+#$+"#+)-++4
$+"#+"(+4)(1$#+J$$+4$+#1"#+$)(1$("#+4$+
?#1#+,$#"+4$+#,#+-:,+$#:(,##$1JP+$
#$#1#*#+'(+#$*$+"$$+$++$#-+"+#$#+
+P1+1$##J
$#(,1$#)++,)*#+$($#,+#$(?J&+
,$#+ +()#+ + +"#1# 1(# -$(# # 3# + )+#3+
##$+Z'(5++"#7#1(#-$(#4'(:##)(+++1+7 $+3+##"#[##,1#"###$:,1,++
:,1+J&#)(3#*#+-#+4##1$#)$(,#4$ 1$(+#*($(+:J&#"(#:#17#++1#$#"#)##'($+'(4, :,1++3"(#4:(1##::4+($#+))#+4(#
)?+$,#3$#++#+)P1$#+J,#'(?#,#)#+3#1
"(#1$#:#$)$"4)#$#1$,#$+4$#:#$(?4 $)(+'(:#(##)$"+J$""#4?#4(,($#" +(<J
#4$5$#)P1$#4+-##1#)##-#$$##1#3#+ $+)#7++'()+"($+,)+'(),J:,1+#+(
#)#$+#J$#1#3+,6+'($##(<#$#+#+)$##J#
,# :# + ), #J $+ #,)+ +"(+4 + # $+ ,"#+
,)#+J$#+1#$($-S-$##+)$#,#$:,14+(
$#+#<#+$##S1+#1#4,##::#4$+,#+S$+,#+ #-+$"#+(+:(,#J$#'(*#""#+#4+),)+#+
24
""#+#+J 9#$#"#+ $ #(# ))($#4 1 )#"#+ ,# )+ +(+
+-+##<4+()#+46+,(##+##$+:5+$
+3$#"(#J#+#17#--?(#$#4?(#$"+4$+ "1+4 $ 354 $ #)$J 9#17# ) $#+ #+ )-##+J :#17# )?#$3$#+#+)P1$#+J+(+)(++:(1#+) +(+?(#+J
&#+,#+#+++"(+##$(#$#1(+#4$#1(+#4'(#:,1)
$+)$7+4)#+#1#:,1++(+$"+$#+$+'(+#1# #)-:#+5$?((#$"+$#4)+1$#+,#+#++"(+##+J&+#)#$+4 ,+1$##47##(?#+J$14:+#)$#,# "(#-$##L+$))?#4+1#(?#,$+
#)#$+4$'()##)4$+#)#$+,#"+'(+#)#1#$+)$7+
,#"+)###:(#$#(+#,4M+$#4$14#7#J
.(#1#+:#+#+("+4'(+#1#$#,#+#:(,$,PJ :#7##"#++#+,++)+#1$+4'(?#-7#$+)+
$+)#+$#%##J#(#$"#+#1$$+,#"#+$#)(#4'(
#(#1##$)#++):#$#:#$+,+4$+,#"#+$#)$7#4
'( )#"#1# $+ +(+#+#+ $ #) $+ $# )(#J # # $"#
#+#1$$++)+#+,)$+$#",)$##J$)#"#1# $,)$4)$,)$#'(#1#+-$)#J$#$#$#1# +13+J##,)$#)#"#1#+())+#$#4'(#$#
#4(#(#(#+#4)###(L$##$(?$)#'($$,)$J
+#"+7+,#,##4$#)(1$#+:#17##+"(#((?
),##+#$++$##J$+'(,(,(#1#++,#$+4+
$++<#1#V$##,+#3#W4+$+:#1$#1#$)$"(#(-#"(#4#$+
+#+$(#P+4#(+#()#4'('(++-#)
,#,5#4#++#+S+$+7#'((##,+#+#(
"1 ?(S '( ( ) #$4 +(,#4 '( #(,($# #)#$+4 ##+?+)(+4"##+$#-$(#$#+"+"#+?+4)##
-##+$#:#)+#+1$J
+7L)$#1#)$#)#*4$,#,$#+1(+"(#S#+7$ L++#$#$#$#+1(+#(#$+S'(#, ,$$+++#$$)+()(+$+"#++J"(++(,6'(#"(1#,#$4
?(:#,#$#$$#,:+()(1$?#"#"#"
:#,1#4 $+ )$7+ :( :#+# $+ :,1+ $+ 1#*+ $#+ ##+4 )"# + (# $ +4 $ #,)$7+, L+4 )$#+ +(+
7"+4+#-+1$:#*(+#J
?#*# ), +(+ ):,1+4 ) #(+# 5+ )+#$ ,#$(?$+)$7+$(:#S)$#+##)$
25
"1$)#'(#3$#"(#4$#)$++)P1$+,)$+
,)$+4$"1#'($)#'(?#$#"(#4)$'(,7#
$(" $+ ,)$+ $# )#*4 #(,#1#4 )(+ '( 1#3 +( 5", 7# $+
1?+##$+SM)+"##?,#4M'(+($-$#'(*#4
"+ )(1$ )()# #+6#4M # -# # )# $
)(1$ "(4 $ L#3 5 #(#$*# 1 )#"# ) $ -4 $
,)$#'(4#$?+()#4?7#+(:"#*#)#M?(4P,
#$#,#4#$36+$#+(#+$#$+#'($$+'(+,#1#4+1##$
)## 3 # ))($# ?4 +1# )*++ )## #(# # ( (? '(
+#1# +"(4 +1# ,)+ )## #+# # ( )# '( :#17#
:#$$#,))(#+$"$),#$++##$+J
+"(+#1##,6+:#,#'($$#$#$4#13#'( :#17#+)#$$#)##$)(1$-#4#'(#1#$+)$7+?##
)#43(+-)$,#4$#$+#$+##+$)#M#
?*+-#7"#+-$,#'($$#$+#4'(+:#17#,#(##
:#413#4,3#4+#:##)+##4$(#$$,#4?(#,15 )#"#7+,##+"(+#$3$-#1("5":##4:#
$#$)###+())1#4:#:+#)##-#)##+'(+(1(
3()$7#J
+,#$,(+4+(+#<4,(,14+$+
'(,##()##('(:#+#$#",))++?J## +6#$$)#$+,)$+J##,++-##1#$$#1#(-$ ,+S ## 4 $# #+# +S ## - #7# +( +5'( L)($+#1##$+(#+4'(#+(-*:#17#L)($+#$+(#,((- #$#J$"#'(7#,6+)#+-7#$#)(3#))(+#$
,)'(7#)#+)1+J)#7#$+,6+#$+,)$+,+)3+
-#J($,+,)#4$#?#-#L)$7#1(#$,#$#
?# -#J "#1# $+ )(++4 # # $+ ,,+
)+#$+4#$#)1##(#?#$4##+##$+:++4+ )#"#+-+)#J$)#+$7#(#+#$+-
(#)#"#)7#J
&##(6$#+-+S$#1##,)'(<$
-)P1$S$#,#$#)6###"+-($"#+#+4,)+# +-+#$)#$"14)(++'(:#17#::$##4++$+ )#+4)##"+#+S$5++#$+)$7+)?+#$+ +-#4+13(#+4(#++(#+4$+)(++'(+$7##$#*#,6+
1?'(:#S$#,)$#1$$,)$#'(4,+-"$1#
(-#4+:#7#+-$)#'($,)$#1#4,'(#+)##4
$ ,)$#4 '( #$ 1 $ ,)$# )## $# #(# $#+ $+4 26
'(#1#4)#,#$$"#'(#$#+,+,#+,#+,#$#+41$"##
+-#+()(+#$'(++()(+$#(#1#4#,#+"$+(+ +4,,#7#$,)$#+"$+(+(#+S$+?#,)$4 (1#+,)+#+4+#+)##)-:(#(#)+#4$#,
,$$+'(#$)#"$#(#4#$#1#3#$#+1(+#+4#$# ),"#(#$ $ $1 6? )( #+S $# $"# 7,#4 + #'($
+#4 +# #'($$# #+# &"+$#4 $+ $"+$#+ )"+ $+
#+#+'()#7#$$+$+?(++()"#$#$"+$#-#4M3(6+
+P14,$#+,#?4'(+(+,1#:)##-#$#+
,#<#+$#+#S$$"##$#:#$'(?(+-,141#4 # , - )(?#4 $#+ (#+ )#,+#+ -+ )(1$#+4 ,#3+(++#$#$#,#"7?#?(*#$#)#*4$+-++$#
##:,1+(-+$)#,6J$)(1$?#"#-$-$#++)#$#+
#$+:5+#$++3+,)+J
:Y?(+#,#"#4'("3#+:,1JM+-#'(4$#
,+,)(1$#4-7#-3$#,#)?,#+4)($+)$7+#1$
?$(# ,,1+ ),+ $ )#4 '( $# +(# $+
1#+)$7+4-#+#'(7$)#+-#+)#7++J
&+(+4$+##+4$+1#+(#+,)$#+4$+#-#+
,6+#+4:#7#"#$#($##"($+,4L)+1"#)#$##
$#+#$#+$6"($#S$++4'(+,,$+#1#$$+$-#4
?#(?,4+#)$7#4#1"#1#1$(#,)$,+
)#$#++#+,5+#+4#'(+##,#"#S :#7#$#,$#3(+##$+,)$+#$+)1+($+41# ,+ $ L+ (#+7+, 1( +##4 $,# $#+
1(+ #(#$+ # $+ "#++ $"7,+ $# )P1$#4 ,,# :+###$+)(+L#3+41(+,6+'(L$#+
#$#+$6"($#J
++#$+)(1$#+V,##*#W,$+#)#S$+1(+1("(++4
'( +<# 1#+# # $# )+# -"$#4 # $#+ #)#+ :(,$+4 # $# ,#+#
+$(,1#1$4##+#1$)#"##J&++4$+,)#$+#+4$+V,3+W4M+(+
#)++++4M$+#("(+$"?"4'(4,$+'($$-#,)
#$#($P#1$##4+7#$##$$##$#?'()P1$)?+#S$+ '('($+(?#"))($#4$)(1$'(+(?#"#4+$#*#1(#4 '(:##1#3(1$+#$3,)('($),4+"#,($#
,#+#1$$##'(+61+(#,(#"##"#'(3#'($ ##1#$"(#,6++1$##"#J
&+V,##*#W47#$7)(+#$)(1$4'(+-#$$#4$'(
27
,)#+#1-#-J$+V,3+W#4#P+4$+#1#$$+$#
+)#$#-($#M)$+,$)(1$$54'(#$*+#-*$$6"4$+
3$#+)#$#-"#J#7#N$+OV,3+W'($#+(+##)#
#7#4+#,)4'(()(1$,)(3#:#,+#$) :#+4#$"(#$'($#$+1#*+$+V,##*#W'(-+$(,1##(
$#+ -+ +$,+ U1+ $ +)7( : $+ +#"#+ #)+$+ :$#$):#4'($#$1#+$$#4+)##4,#"6,#)(#4)7#
#++(++#'($$#++#+:##+4$7,)#+'(+4,#+
#+ '( :(1# - # +#+ $+ :,1+4 $# 5)# +(,# '(
U#+:"#)$#4#+))#49#,$:#4#R$#+34+)$
>??+JX.(5,1+Y#4(#+#$$+$#1+4'(+-+("$#
+,1#+)$5#++#(#+Y
+-#'(##)##4 ):#):4$#1##$$#$+)(1$#+
V,# #*#W $+ V,3+WS '( $+ (+ ?7# ## ?,*# $# )$7#
)#7?#4,17)?+#1#$++$##"+-#S'(+$+#,"+#
?#-7#$##$*#)+($,#+#1+1+$+)+$+
+#+4M$+ ++ $+ ,)$*#+ ""#++4 '( + #$# ?7+,# 35$#"#)##$##+6#'(+-##1(3#S)+:#"#
##+4+)#7+M$:$)#(?#),#++##$+ ,5+ )#4 #)1#+ 15-$#+ )+ +#+ ?#(($+#$+"#+,)$+$#:#$+M$+#,"+#?$4
'(,6+'(#,#+(#(4,(#,#+$+V,3+W4'(3##4
:#1$#+:## -$#4)#$#1#+?("$7#'($#1$4M
?7# )###$ $$#*# + (#+4 $# # :##,
+-## $# +( #$#1$4 $# )($+ )( ?##$ $+
+1+$#+,(:(,1++##+(##+4$##1$$,5,)(
+#$#+$+$)#$#+(#+'(4)##1$4)#"#1#$+
,)$#+$###+(+,)$#+4$#-+"#(#$+$1#,1+#
$##?#$+:+,)#4#(+$$+,)$*#++ )(+4M$)#,$+,)$+)P1$+"+#)#+1#+
-++4+$))#+)P1$+4,-1$+$+,)$+M,#+"(#$
1(+-$##4'(###:#1+-#4-*#4,+#
#:#4)1#:$"###3#$41?#$+)$#++"$$#+(#:73J
Z'(5'($)#,6+#(7##1#*?(+#+?("
+1$+1#+-#$+4$+#$*#1#+(+##,)#7+,#)#4$+ :#1#$$#,6+:##<#[Z'(5+:$)#,6[
$#)$7#)6#4+##+$)#(?#S$#)$7#))+4'(+ #-+4,(,P,4,6+'(#,#(#+'(+,#+3#4+"P+#
?1(4(+P$$#1##$$#))($#4$)#,6+4 28
,,4 $ # $ '( +# $ # )(1$#J $+
)(1$#+#4)#:7++6#$+,##+$#6$"-+
$+)(1$#+4'(+4ML)$##($#(?##++4$+,+,+
'(#4-#<+:#4$)#,64:#$+,##+
#:####(+#?,#1$J
&+)(1$#+)#+4)#"+-+)-#+4$+,)$+
$+,##+,#'($+,)$+:#)#+4+)
##$++-+)-#+S)"++$+)(1$#+S$+,##+"#+ )+"5,7#+J
#"#+)(1$#+?#1(#$+"+#,#"#+%$+#+
?#$+S$+#+$+,##+#(+#,+(+#++#+$"#+$+'(
:#$#+$+#$#'(+-###)-:#+$$#+4+###$#-"]*#
$+ :$+ +#+ + -+1$+4 (#4 3+ "+4 '( ) +P1#
$## $(* $5# + ?3#4 $+ ++ '( :# #,#4 (
+($$$'(-##)#"#$#+)$+'((1$+#1#$$++(+:+4$+ )(#++#+#,"+$++$+:#-#)P1$$'(
$++(,#$'($"#$,:#"##$#-#)$7+#$'()+7#(# #$$#4$+#$($#++4+(+#$+++(+(#$+$#L+#4 ($'(17#$'(4$$#,#(#,#$#?#1J
X#Y '( $+ ,##+ "1#4 , T R4,(1(+
?++($++(?#+S",#$-+#+<##4$+'($$#$+ 1#+#$#$$,()4$#"#+(,#,)$+4$+#)#+1#4'(
,6+#1#+,##,6+-#+3(#SN+O#$#-#)P1$#4,)#
-#6?J,6+#,#$$$,6,$$#+#+#+$+#'($+)(<+ (#3#+1$$#+'(4#,##$+,)+4,)(<#$+,#"#+
)(1$#+J
#$#?#*$+"#+)#+##$+$+)(1$#+4)#7#+#
-#$++)#+$#$+$+,##+J,$#+?$#++++"(7#
#,154 , +#+ )(+4 ##+ #1*# 1$## 1( ) #"( '(
'(:#41$#$+$1+>??+4#+>#R+,+)##+4#$+ ,#+-+$#+#+#+$+#S,+#,:#::$#,##
)"#,#+(+$+$#,+$#,(:(,1+4+"(+##$+
#1(+++#+#"#+$+)(1$#+4+1'((#:#1#+(
)"#,#$#+"#+-+?,###$$#+,(:(,1+)1+4M(#
+$#:,+#:#$-4$+1(++"(##+$-++(,3
$-##*($+(+,6+1$#+"(#+4+(1$+,(+-#+$#+#+#+
-#)#1$$++$$#+#$+"#7+,#+$#+4)#'(
1##$$###,#+$+(++1$++4M$+,1+$+,1#+4M+
)(+)$#,#"7?##$5#4-,#+#)$+'(+"(#$-+
29
?$#"$#+?$+'($#+<#4+'($,#+#?7#4++4#4 +)(5+(#:,+#1##$$#'(+:#17#-+#"J
#'(7#4,'(:+1#,))(+,7$+3+,+$+
1-$7+,+4,4#,'(+#$#43#)##$("#$#+#,#+$
61$4 (#+ #7+ 3 :##+4 $+ +(++ '( :# - #+ $ ,#"7?
+)6($J&+)$",++++4+#+)##+)(5+$'($+ )$",+"#J+-#'($+$+-*#$#+#1#+:-
#'(74$$P)($4$-)P1$S+-#'(#$"#<64'("(+#,3#+$#+ ?#(+,"4(#)#"(#,#7*4)(#)##1"( +,14+(:+<#$ (##S + -#'()$++4 )$+ *#"(#$$+43(#$++$+61$+++4:(#3+#*#+ )+$"7+,+4,*+$++'(##)###+1$$#+4)-
+#+ $$+ )#)$#+ )## '(4 # $# )(# $#+ #+#+ -+4 #(- $
+(?#"#+4,)#$'(#+-+4),#)(++
#$#$+#,###-#+:3$##4'(-#,#+(-4
,"#$,)#,#+(,#3+(+#P#(?J
:###'(,1$$*#,$3+7))J##'(#?,$
+5$#)*#4$,)(+#+?(*#+3J:##'(
#?#()(1$)J&+)(1$+,+4-##+#++1+($,4#
)1#$$6"$#+)($#+(+3#+JM#7#'(#+##,)#<# #+#+114+3(#+1(,+#-7#4,##<+1$##,#
$,(5#"$$,"#$4?$###$$(#1#$$$#)##4'(# ##+(,+#+,1#3#&+#7+4+<"##)74
#:#,1$#,##+?$#(##$#(#$$#,*+11+'(+
#"(##-4+#$#)+#,$,+#$#-7#4++,1##*#$# $-#+<4$$#$##3#$#1"(++1$$+4+##$+$+$#
-*#+)(,+# -#++ '( 36##+ $1#+)#+## $+ -#+
$+3#+J
X-#$#-+$#+#$(#+$#1#3+(1)+(+)+#++#$#+Y#
7#'(#+"#$+):,1+$1#4+,)#$-$#
"(4++$*#,#<#)#)$#+()#$#+,#+$+(?#"#
)#-+#'(-#))#$+,(#+#+$-##,
$+(?#"4+,:3#61$)1+'(:+$,J+##-#$#:#
()(#)#-*#J+(,1""#:#+1#:,"#+J ($#$##,#1$()(1$?$L-J(,#4+#$,#J(+(+
"$+J
X%#-(##$##+$1#$#+1##$$#+$#)#*Y
30
$#<4:##+(+)(++$+(-+$"+J$)#7++6+)#J .( +#1 + $# $ )+#$ $ #< )L, -#6 (- # $+
)(1$#+4'($?+(+#$#+(<*4++#,)$$+
+)P1$+S"#$#)$+$#,+))($#+M(#$#+$$#1$
'((#$#+,#+74M#-#"1#,)#$SM+#6+(
-#$+,##+4'(?$1#:+$+#7($++(,4
#1#+$,)(1$+L#3+4)+#1$?#$$"1
$15,$++#+4"#+++#+#$##4+(#+)#$#+
?#+)P1$#+J
&##:##1#$+,##++#<)(1#J,(+#+$ 1(#4 6 +1 ,$$+ :,1+ # $# #+# %$##J + +<# ):
3(-$41#*)(3#4)#3#(+,#$,)#4++#6$)(1$+1$$+S# -,#)-:#$#$#,##-+$+)(1$#+J
+#"*+###:,1+J##:##,1+)#+$+1#*+
)$+)$#+?,#4#$#)#+#"#+1$#+,+#+$"+#,1#+
?#+5+)+4(,)(,'($-#$++)
,6+,)#J
+##$+V,3+W+$)+:(4+(,+#3#<
(- ?(4 + ,1#"4 +(,# # $# -(+# +#1(7# $+ ?,#+ V,##*#WJ&+)(1$#+:(##$+,##++()"#,#S,'(
:## $ #< )L, #* $"$+4 ) :#1 +(:# # ,)$ ,##
))($#4 +# $" # $+ ,##+4 ) (# # $+ )(1$#+
#$*#$+#++(+,##+,3#+J
$)#7+4#$#,#$##$+-)P1$4##-'($ )+$+#)#1#$#+,#+4M)'($'(#1#3##13(#4M$'((#
+(14$,4M+,(+##)+(+-,#+(-#+M ,$#+,#+$+,##++6#+4)#'(3##$+-
)P1$,#+ $+ ,##+J ++4)## $"#-#4 :#,+ +-
?$7+,#,#$)(1$'(+-($-#$$+J$)),?,#+4+6
-7+)#+(?#J,#$)#7+,),+4+$)(,)$$#+
(?#6J+,'(#J&##4'('($+,##++# (,)$+(+),+#+)##,#$)4+,(-:##$$+4+#++
-(++J
#$-##+#$#-(4'(++#)$#$$#$5+)##'(
-*#J
&+ ,##+ #(+# (7+,#, $+ #1$+ ##+ $ "() #)-:#+$+(,4)#($*#$+#)+:(,#+4
:##7$"1TR4M:#4)$+$#)P1$#4"#$#
#-(4#$#+)#$+$#,+##$+41###,7#J
31
$+)(1$#++)#'(+##$#)P1$#$#,##,TR4
+(#$'($+-#+-(++4+)#$"()$"+
'( $#1# $#+ $+ $# +,1#4 ) ,+#+ $("#+ ,#$+4 ,)$#+#+"+?+4$+,#"7?++)3+'(?,#,)$+#$+4
)(++,)"]4+#)#"##(#$),#+(?$(#
$#",)#1$$#+1#3###M'()++$#+-#+ 1#3#4++$?(#4M+#(#,(,#$1,5#4+#,#+#
)#+""#++4'(,)#*+$+:,1+S4,,+
"+5$4+#+#4#)-+#$$4$#1#+(+ #$1#$+#$4M$,((-Y
-4-'(5#1$$++'((*##:#),)(#4,)+#" $+,)+1(+J+-#$"7#J%#3$+)+4$#-(3J$#+-#+4
:7:#+$#-#J$#,1#"#,*#J&1$#,(-$#$,#J1$#+$+
#1#$$+$4+(+#+#*($+S5$++#+#,#+Y
>;
4
(%(++4CB,#*CBBGJ
N?JO
&#+(#+$:JM?#R#JM(#$+#+JM(#
$+ ++JM&# 1##$$# $+ ##$+JM&# () )$7#JM1(++ $
)#)(1$#JM#-#+),+#+?,#JM&+,#"#+$:$+
,#"#+$#*P#JM(#$+,##+JM5#,#$#+$+
)#+JM,+#(+?,#((-)#JM
###(#J
(-#R4?1@CCBBGJ
<4
"#++"##+"'(-#:(-#+#$##$+"#+$$#+J
>#,6+,###+)+4#,$##+)-+,#4-$##++
#$#+ #+ ) $#+ :#+ )#,)#+4M, $#+ $#+ +(#+ $ 7 :4
#1##++)<4+:##,##:#),6"+-#$$+4+(1+1
+4#"#-$$#+4#)$+1#3++#,)##+4+#(4,
$+#,#$+,+(++,)$+61$++$-(+#'(+#1#*#1#4$#+
,7+#+(#+'(:#:#$$##$)#+J+$($#+,6"+$7J
+)##TR"#+,+$#161##+"##4(#,6+$+
32
$#+ $ ) ?,#+ $ ##$ #(##+ '( #:# #--# +)#*#+4
+## $#+4 +## # $+ ++ $+ )+#+ $-+ $ "+
#$1#4'($#:##6+?J+-$#$$++#?$"+43+
##+#+$$#4,#+$#,+#+J
TR4$($#?#"(#4#P$$#,J+#+"#+
(#+1(+6$+$#)+#4$?-4$##1+4$#?#$#+,+#+
3("J:#,6+1##$$#+)##$+3("#+'($#+'(-##"##$)#+SM ,6+(#+'($#+'(1#6$#,+#+M#$##"#$
#J&#,6++)##1$+-(#$,(L$+:#$$#+()$P41+
(-#)-J()##+$+)$#)#$"(+(#++4 (##,####$-)##$+)1+4,#6$,,#+,###+
$$#+4+-#$'($$#4##$,##+(?14'(#3+$#?#"(#J
#$+$##4TR,+,4+3(#"#+?+J 1#$3(#J+:#+(?4+:#)1#,+#J##()?74
7##$)()#+J##1##1#4)#+1#J
#)$7?(#+,##$"$)+(+#"(#+4$+:$+++(#3#1#S
$+61$+M,:3#+M+#1#7#S'(#####+$#+#$#+S&(+##?(
#$$##S#(1$#$##$+1#$+J$$4"S$74#"#S$#
$$(-#4 , + $ $ + -##+S $#+ ?61#+4 -#"# ) $ #"(#S
(#+7+,+)(1$+4+(,"+S)$+:+4$#+"+###+S#+#+::#+
"#1###+)$#+$#+4(#,6+-+#+Y",+#$,#+'(+
-#4-++)#+#+J#+#+,)$#+?$#4,##+J&#+#"(#++,1##
+ ) $#+ #-#+4 , ,+(+ :#,1+S #$$# #+4 -($#
$,#+41#M(#$#)+M,(+4+###+#+#+#$,#+J@E
)+$$"#$#"(#$#+#$$+J&+1#$+4+)(#+J$#+3#+(#)+4
3+
"$4#+,#$+)++,7++4+#+$#)+#1###'($
#"(##+#$#$#,41$?+,++J$(#+:#+:#+#$-#$##6+?
$#$#(Y
-+4$#+(#++(,"#+4(##+$#+1#+"#+4+,17$$4
1$$#1#4+)6$4-7-4,++$$#+)#*#4(:#*$(*$5#4
# )## #$(,1# $ #, # 1#-+ ++J )#+ #17# $ 7#4 $#+
"#+#+#+)P1$#+$$#,#1##+(+#+$+++)#+$#++($#+4MX
(#++<,3YM+:#+#+)P1$#+J#+)#+4#1#
1##++)++J###+#####4(#,+#$-J
$+?++#$-+4,+)#4'(++43#,+41(#+)#+$+'(
#4#$"+S$+'(14(,($(#+5,($+M#$",#7+$$(-#4
+$+)(5+,#J6+1$$#'($#$(*$+$+1$##+$#(#1(#
#+1$+$1(J&#$(*$#+1(#+#++)##$#$(*$#+
+$$#+JM$+:+(#3#+"4:#++-#7+#$+1++
33
'()#+##1#$+,(+4$$#)#4#?+#4)#+4$+++X'(5
:(##$+'(+(1Y&+<+7S+#1$+$+J)4#,#+"#$###+4
,1(+#+4)#+##4,#*#41++)$+$("#+$
++4'($$#,+(,#,#$#+(+,##+4,*+#-+(*#$#+ #$$+##+##$+4?6"$+1#$+#+4#6:#+#:#4#$$6#$*#$#
)(#(#)#$"'()#+#4#$$61$$##$+$4,$-#$$)$"J
#$#+#"(#+1#3#S$+?+#$-+(1S$+#6-+-($-$+
$#+#"(#+#$$#,##$#+)(#+$#+#+#+'(:#1#-#S$#&"+$#(#$
+#"##$#+(#+-#+##+5+$(3++S$+$$"#)#+-7#++
#"#+++S,#+15-$#+$$#,#4,)#+-+$#4#$#+ )(#+$#+"#+(#+1(+6$+4'(-##6+(#4$#+,#+#+4
+'(#$+3+$#$$#,#?#"(#4,###+,#+JM$#$,#:(,##
,##$#1$#++$+()+'(+*#J&#+)?+++)#
$+J$,#+"#1$#,$#+$#+$#,#J$#$+ ,#$+4 )?#JMX%+ +# + $+ '( ,# $(+ #+ $+
#$#+$+)7(YX)+"(++#4$6"+?("4+$+'(#)#"($#+
$(+$,)$Y
TR)(++#:#$+3+4+U#+:"J)'($
)(# L4 # 3-4 $$ #+ + $ +( +(+ ,"+S )'($#(+,####$$4#1#$$)4'(++($:#1$#,
##"##$)#7+)##$#)+#4)##$#-*#()(#'($3(# $E+J5":#R+)#S)'(#$"+?+#+4'(+($1$$#
,#"#,4)$(*:,+(#$#+#,#+(+#,5#4)$(*$4
(++-#+)$,6+4M+1$$$-#"#+((+$#
)(1$##J U#+:" + $1# #:# $# 1##$$# $+ ##$+J U#+:"##1##+#$)P1$$)##,#$5LJ
&#)$7#+(+#4(#,)(3##$$#"#)$")#4#$,#"#J
9##(#+'(++#$+741+##,4+##+4##$##(#
+)##-+1$4+,)#$#$#,#4'(+(?($"$+#,)+1##$$#4 ,#+--4(###(1#+#+(#,#(#4-($#(#$$$#,# #*($4#$+$JM+($+-$$#7#$#)$7#4(###?JM++)6($ ?#:#+)(1$4#+##+(+$$##$+#("(+4#+#+()(+#
+#+J
#)#$#1#)#$#,)+'($#+P$,#+$+#(+##$+)(1$#+4
'(+7#)(<+$##+)#J$#+-#+-,14$)#7+$+ #*$#+,3$$#+$#+)(1#+ +(+)#+J ,),#
+)?#$#4'(,#)$)(+'(:#4##$$+(+4
34
)(#:#$#"##$(<#'(,M$+)(1$#++#$#? *#4?)#J$+#(+#1#,)$#)++#+ ?#(($+$L+(#+$#+1(+#(#$++1$+"#++$#<J $+#(+#1#,#$1##-$(#$#+1(+"(#4$+#$+
:+#(##+$+,(++1#+(+#+##$+4)##)$# #+74 )-: ,)$+4 $+ )++4 ,)$*#+4 $#+ ##+ $
+#J$+#(+#1#,)#$#"#,#+#$)#7+$#,)##1()$+ #7($+-#4$#(#$-7##+$#(3(+#$+:+L+-+'(
#:#++#7($+)#"#4+,6+13'($$1#$#,)#L#3#
#$P,+#+(+#$+'(4,#$+#$+:+4,)$#,#
+(+)(+?+#()J$##(+#?(#,)4'($#
)#(-'(1(+#?,#+,#J
(#4 )(+4 $+ )(1$#+ '( # ) +( )"#,# $# #(#$
#,)#<#$#$#,1#3#(+FEAAAAAA$#+1(+'(#:#)#"#$#
#J#+,$#+,$$#+6$#?(#4+6$#+#$#)(1$# $#+-#$+++'(+#+,#+:J&$-#$"(+#$#,5($#J
$)#+6,)(+$+$,+'(+#+?,#+:7#$##<#J#
+$)+#)(1$##'($"#4+1$+,),++"#$++(
)#$P,($)(+)##+$#+$+):1-#+$##$
)+#4,),++)##$+$+)(++(+#4'(++,)
$+ )++J &# ?,# # +)+#1$ )$# + ,,#4 ,)1
##+4$#+(+#+)"#+S+#1#4)(+4##)+#)(1$#4+)(+#
-##1#3#$#+(+#+L#<#+#+(+)+#+,#+J
&+,#"#+$#*P#(#1#)$#<'($#1#3#:+## $:L#3#(+#+#$+,#"#+$:4#$'(+1#3##$+
:+'("#-#$#*P#L#34),#+7$#1(#-##+#$)1
#*P# )#J ,)#1# ) # $+ ,#"#+ $ :4 #$ '( +
),+$####$:#?(#4'($#+#*P#+L#<#+-##)
)$"4(#-*$1+:+(4$#+#*P#+$)#7+J+)+
$#()'(4(:+$#*P#4#1#(+
@AAAAAAA$+,)(++4$'(4+"#+"$+,#"#+$#*P#4+#1#4
+,1#"4,(+####,)##$)(1$'(+,++<$5
+$#+$+-,1J
,$#)(1$#)?1#+##++#+(+#+4++#3#+
+(+))#+?1#+)(+#3#:#,"(#+#+(+#+J9:##(# 1#3#4$#1:##J+:#(##)(:##4)'($$#,
+(+#,"+,#++7#,#'($+(+,"+$#,++J
( 6) $+ $,+ ,#+ '( ,# # ?$ #$ # )(1$#4 $#+ #+ ) )## (# ?+# $ ,#J &+
35
)$7+41'(7#4M)#"*#$)(1$4#+"(#+$#+$$#S)$"#
,6+#$+)$7++(#$+$+'(#$),#$"#1##$#)(#+(
##J
&+ ,#"#+ $ : #(# '( #7# $ ) 1#3# $+
#*P#++4#+):$-7))($##$#?#*$#)P1$##(+##4+ "##*#1# ( #(, $ ,)(+ #$ : L#34 $# )
,## # #+ $#+ (+#+ $ : $+ +#+ +J , (+
)(1$#++#?#-#$,#4$+++($#1#3#)##J&+
)(1$#+##$+)(1$#+J
.(7#)-##$+,##+4$,*'(+(+?,#+4#)+
-:, # $+ )+ )+#+4 $'( #)#7# # $# # ,
"1$+ )(1#+4 $+ ,"+ #$+ $# ,3# ## ) $+
)(1$#+S,#+$+,##+(+)#7#+)(++#-#$)4'(
##+ +$ )## '( ?(+ # +## # )$#*# $+ )(1$#+ , $+
++#+++##:##$)?,#4-#
-$-5+$+ $# #"# # $ ):4 # '(# (-, $+ 1($#+ $#
)P1$#4,6+?++#,#$$#+++)+#$+'($+"#+
++)P1$+S#3##$+,##+$,)#?#,##)+$+3(+
$# ?,# #:$## ##$+4 ( +## $1#64 + (#+4 $#+
$+-#+4"$+#1##$$#J
Z'(5#+#+,(#+[#)(##$,++(),+##$+"+
)P1$+ ,#+ $+ '( #?# $$+J Z&+ ,##+ ##+4 $(" '( (?4:#6"#$#,#)#[&#-(+)+(,1$4(#+6$
$#$5+4+$$3$#-(+$(?J
9#,##+)+#+4)#,#4+#+P,J()
?61#+4,($$+,#+4'(3##$+)(+L#3++:+4#
1#3+ :+4 + '(#6 + $#1 $+ #1#3#+ ##$+J , #1
(+(,#$+#(#$+"#++$14:#:$#+##+L+
+(,4 #6$+ ,##+ $ L+ $#+ 1(+ '( #:# )#"#
#+ (+#+ $# #4 #+ 1(+ #+4 '( "#-# :
(#,$+#7($++(,+#$4$1#6##+:+#)(+
L#3+'(+#$++#+
+,(?#1#+S$'($$#, ))($#'(#674+-#$#)()#'(($+#1#3#+4$#-#
"#,#1####4$++,#)+##$*#)1(,)#-7#J
#+#+7,$#)+-#)#3#?*+#$#-(4+($)$7#4
$(" '( + #+"(# $+ )+ $ , +<#$4 #)#3## $# -# $ L#-7J,+##'($$#)#+($$+,##+(?#+:#
+#,3'($+)(1$#+(?4)(###+4,)$3#4#$*#+ :,+#?-#,$-)P1$41(+#,##*#+#)$#+
36
) , $,) (-4 '( '( $+ 3+ +(+ )+#+ $ )$" '(#+ + ,#+ '( :# $+4 ) $#+ ###+ # $+ )(+
)++ '( 1( # $"$+4 ) $# ,# "#37#+4 1+#+
?+#+4$"+-++J
#()##(#+4'(##1(3#"+#+#+4)+
##+?$3#$#++##$-#17'(L#$##:#,##$#
#,#4\)##:#4",(#4,#$:#4-+#)#:+#*+4
#,#(#+ ?$3#+ #1$$##+4 '( + $+ )#+ -3+M( $ #+ #"#?#)4+($#1$(+#4#:#$*?(1#4'($#,# )(+#$##4,#+#,4,+(")"$),6"+)$)($#+ #<#+$##4$:*$,)4$#,))$#1#4$,((-J$$#,##
+$$V(-)#WJ
.($+(?#"+6+('(4$#+$#+)(1#+J:#+#,3 '(5$S))(+#P,3'(5$,+,J
)(+)+#:#$'(-##$#$#,$$"#(+4
,+1#+4##6#L)+#$#'('($,1#J\#$+
+-+)(+$+#"#+?$#$1#Y
% :#4 )(+4 + ):,1+ $# , $# ?(# '( + :# ""# TR )## )(++ $+ 3+ $+ "+ )P1$+S )##
,1# ##+ +)#1$+ )1#+4 '( +#$"# 3#,6+ $ + $#
""#S )## +1( $# 1# -"$## ,++ -+#+4 '( +
#"#6+)-#,L#,#$+-++#,+$##,+#)P1$#S )###1##4+(,#4$+"+$+#$#:)$($+)?+ '(+($:#$$+4,$+-+(+#+#+4,#+,+ ?#-#+4M-$-$+#$#+,#++)(+#+:,1+)1+"#-+4'(
?#$+++)P1$+,$#1#$$,)?7##+(#,#4 1#$#""$+,-+(#-#1$,)++#"#J&+
,#$+(?#+$+1(++?+J
>;
4
4%(++4GC,#*CBBGJ
N?JO
$##,5L+#+
+JM#7#+,JM$"#$
#JM#($#$##JM&#+$#,#++#+
+5LJM&+
##$+ #(##$)+,JM-#+ )JM&#"#11$#
)###+#+JM+#,1$#)+#)+#))JMU$$#,"4+(-#
37
+())#"##)$)+,#$JM&+ 2%++/M("#JM
>:T4+(#*#4+(-#+(##JM$)+$%#T>+JM$
#$+)$#-##,##JM&#)P1$#"#JM#$+##*#J
(-#R4?1@ECBBGJ
#,$)++,($#?,#'(#,#$#)(1$#
'($),#+,#$+"$#-+1#1*#:,1++ ,)+M)()##:##$++#+
+$##,#$'(#3(+
5LJ,):#4(##$#,#$:#4J#7#+,4:,1
::+?#+4
$++#4'(#,#$++(++$#)#*+"(# #($#"(#$+#$#+'(+)$"#$+35+"(#J
,(:+$"(34J#7#+,$#,(:(,1
::+ ,(+ '( 1( # $# :## +( )##J +1 + #+# (,#
)+#,+:(##:-+++##)$##$#1#+'(1##1# ,)#)#J9#7#($?##,#:,"#+J+$+'(,##$
$+$#*#"#$#,#+#"#$+(1$,+$+'(
'(,##$:,1+(##$##(#)(+#+#,)$#$#$
,+(?(#J4)(+4,+4,6+'(#$#++,+$(3+ $"#4+#+1+#,##$+#,#(#$#+"(#J
# #$$# $ '( )+#4 '( + 3#,6+ +# 1#$7#S ##+ :# $# , ,+ )+7+, )#$#4 (# )# '( )+"( ) $+ #+ $# -#"#
$(,#:(,+(#1#)?(,+J
#<+-4#:#4$##'(:,+,:#+#$#$#$(*#3(+#4
)$+)+4)#,J&++#+
+#15$$#+)(#+#$+
)(+#(#$+$##,L##4#$+(+$#+#4#$++#(*4
#$#*P#1#*#1#4#$#+,##+#+#1#+4#$#+'(*#+,P$)$+ #L##4#$:'(54(?(--$#"(##4#$#1##,#4'(-#
#+)##"(#$##$($-794#$+)##+,##+?1+#+4'( $++#+
+:#)#)$S#$L$4-##)"#$#"#-4(#+:1#+
+:#64#)+(4?++?7+,+3+S#$#+?(#+4'(#'($$## 1#+##($*#$#+)#+S#$#?54'((#+$,#4)#5#4(# :#64)#:#:7+J
5L4#,14#1+(+)(#+#(#+#7($+,#+,+)(
+# (# # )## +(" +P1 #*##S , $ +)$ ,6" ?+?$++(""#$#"$$#("##(+J5L#,7#4##)1#+$ ##4,#'(###+?,#+#,#<+4+(+$#$$,##4
#+#+,)$#+(#+'()##:#$#+4-7#+?#$$'($$#+ 38
+-S (##+ ,##-$$#+ # #"7$# #+# +# #S (# #)## ,7#
)(+###$+,#+$,$#'()+#$#+#<#+$+,+
5LS##++#+4+(,#4(##+1#+#)###,)(+#$# ,##<##+$-#J
,6+#:#$##4?(#),#(J5LL)#)4#,#
)##$'()()##$'(5$4,#+$##(#+4:#17#)(J$+ +#+
++1#$+)(+(#$1(5L+)#4+
#$+#+(+($+##7#5L1?4-$+?(#$+($+##7#
,+$++#+
+J
#$#($1$#*P#4$#,#$+'(+#+
+$#$#1#4
)'($?(-7##(+#1##(#S#$'(+)$+#,"+$##
'(+#$$,#*P#'($++#+
++(,4#+#+##P$'( )(5L4'($###$1+#4#$#)#'(?#-$($-$##<#
5L4#+"(#$)-#*P#,(1#####,5#4#$#7##:#$ )$?($++#+
+J
)(#(+1#++'(-#:#,$##4M0+#+#'( ):73##+U#+:"$9TR2M#)"4,#<##+(#4$+
++-#$++ (#$#+,)#<7#+ ?#$#,##+'( #:# $+)$#++$#+5L4++$#,#<#'(4,+#)1#+ ),#$4'(##)#++##+#(##4+#$-3+()#
+#+)#,#4$"15L4+-7#+#)?*#)?#$# +4#+(+)#($+#,+:4)5$+(1-#4$#+(,#'($
"1 $ #4 $ (#$ -7# $ #, #1#34 )7# +"( +( 1# + +1+4 $# ,)#<7# -#$4 '( + $ "#$ # # +)( ,,1
J
$+-+,#$-+"+$#,#+?((#++P1++)#7+ #("1#'(4#$##,+'(+)#4:#3#+,
(,)$4+1$+-#++"++'(+(,)$#++,#,5+)($#+:61+ )$7+'(4$#+1$"#+#+"L#3#'(,-#(1$
#?64 # )# '( $ + "## 5 ( )(1$ $#1+ ?#"# P$
"(#4:##1#$"1,L#J
('(#+)##$#4)##14$++#+
+4,+#+--
'((#,+(-#-+$#$("#+(,#$#,#+#,##+#( )#"4)+#<+:#4?(#5L4M-($-##$#)P1$#$##$'(4
+"P"+$#++(+(#4?(###1$L+J
?(#,(:'(5L4#'(,,#)##$+?(++1#+$+
+#+
++#4(($-?(#+)#$+'(#--#4)###$#*# #+7,#<###)+,7,+$'(:#)#$,)#$#+$$#+#+ ,##+,5#4:#$++#+
+$'($+(,+>#)##1# 39
:#4'()#",)#1##<+(,#(#+#)+()(+#+?+#+4'( )#:#$+#$"1#,5#4$(#$-($-:##,#$>#)4
#('(+$+++#(,($#+)+(,#'(+1#+#*4'($ >#),)+##4$###7"#'()#",6+(###<+:##$+ +#+
+J
##$++(+4#$)?,#$+)(1$#+4#$
##5LJ:#:#1,,1#'($+)+#+:##
#7#$7)##,)4+)L1#3#L+$11(+4
1#3##$"(#$+:+'(),$#)(#,5##7($+'(
+?#1##,15$L#3J
:+:#4X'(5-*5,($#4)###$4+7#(#-#+#+#$#4$,##"Y
,6,$""4#3##),#)+#4+(#)$)$-$,)4)#7#
#$$##$##1*#(#)+#S#$#-#+4$"(#+#4#
###4 # , #:# :3# $ (# ##1# $# ?#+4 )# '( :# $#-#:#+#'($),:#$):$#:3#$#+)##J
#+ # + $ ## D@ #<+4 + 4 ,$# $("#4 1$## ,
+)(,#4()1$4,$$+)7(41#1#:#$'(#'($ +-(+)#,6+'(1#1#4-#)$(*JM+)4+#,
#'($$+$+1(++"$+$+#+,S,)#$,#4($S,16$+#,4
,++?#6+4#$-#1#4'(#(#$$##4+#,(,J
$##+#'(5$$-#4),$$#+(#$+-$P,+4'(11$# #+#+?# ),$ #+# +#1 ,(:(,1 #+#+ #($#+
"#+4 + + +# ) :,1+ +#1+ 1(+4 +#+ -(4 )$7#
)6#4##S,(+),#L:1$+-+#+#+ +(+-#+,3#+(###+61#4$1()#:,1+-4## ,#+1+(16($4#-#'($$#++#$#+'(#1##,$$#+4###+#
#++(#)1#'(#+($#11$#4)#(#$:#,+4 ,#,#:3+4M+5+#-+)$#,(:(,1#,##4'(+#)##
#$)#+4(+$'()#($$#+4#+-+4M,+$+:,1++
:(1#$$"#(7##)#++(+#$,#+(+$):4M(-7+(+
(6,'(:#$$##$1(##J
5$)+7##'($$#3(#)+#+4)'(+(#<)##$)$#+"+
$#14'(-($#:#+4,-$5$(7#4#3+1#$+M$#,+4
'( ##$# +( ,4 '( $# +P1# ## #?#+ L#3+ '(
+"(7#4#$,)(34#(#$"+$#$1#,1+#4'(#7#$+#+#+
?#$# ,)# # ,+ ) $ '( +#4 ,#+ + #1#3 #$"(4 ) $ ,#),$#+(+#+$##4)##,)#4#$#34+$
,6++#))JMX:4#7$:#1$#4?#$#"$#14$#
,#"7?##"(+#(1()#'(+($:,(#+3+#+(+:3+
40
)$"Y
#+($#+"(7#:,1##'(#:#1$#4)'($#
#$+$4)+#J+?(,6+'(U$$#,"J7#-##+$#
)*#+##$$6+(+,#+4(##TR*##-$$##+#1#
)#+,-(##*#)$#+#$$+4"(###+$#:4?##+,#+,6+'(
,#$::+4)-"$#+'(3#1##,#?(#$+)6)#+'($#+
#,#+J#+$+1$+$'(#:##)#+)#1(#,#+
))#+S$(,#+,$#?#*$#$(*$5###'($'()'(<- 1#-#,$#:$+$#),#$(*"#+J"$("#?#
$#+#"#,#$+$$+#?#$+4'(33#,6+ ,"4))#$1'(+#1#$#+)(#+$#)P1$##L#<
+#)#&1#4+$#'(+:#$$#+#1#$)#,6+1$#4+$# $#$,#4'($??##1#$-($4,#+7#"'(?(#1(,)#"#
$+L#3++##"##<+#$#(1#$#)#*,#$4'(?(4
)6#+(++4+($#+$+4-:,7+,)##J#,7##
$#+1$+'(#,#$+)7(++7#+("'($)#7##P)(7#
#$#+J+()$6#4+(,)4+(++,#(-)""#P, +($#+,"4$+<+##4$'(#+)(?#+$-#4$+
,#++:#1$#-(4'(#-7##,)##4(#+#(::4:#3#
#P+(,1J
( +#+ -#+ ,$#"+#+J ( )#$#+ #$+ :,1+ '( # #1#<#+41#3#$+3#+J
#$1##,J3*#+$#?($#4'(
7##++:,1+YM$$++$#-#?$3$1+4'(:#)6$$+4 ?$#,#$1?#$+#$#L+##?#,$#4'(:##$:,1#-- #"###+)#1##3#4'((##$--'(+-##
,$'(++J
:Y:#+#,+#--)+7))Y:Y:##*#,$#+#
-##4+#$"(#4+#+$#+"(#+)?(#+$##(#$*# $:,14'($3#$#$,#))()$#+)+#4M#'( "#<3#,6++(#,##Y+)#+,)3-+++##+4'(,*#
#+7$#-#$#,)4,)$##S$#(#4,)$+1+6($+J##
?#$#,$3$#?(*#J###1#,#"?#$6,#,
$#$#+?(*#+--#+J+7++:,1+4'(:#+(1+,$$3#+#)#+
61$+S$:$$+34#(<+#+##$4,#+,)*## (-3#$#?(#4-,+#))##$##(#$*#4'(
?#*# # +:# , :3 # ,#S ::+ # +$#+ +)##+4 +)6($++)++$,+4(,)6-+$+7+S+##+((+4)##
'(,(-#+,$$+?61#+4$#+####+$6"##S)#+(+"#+$#+
,6+#$#+)6,+#(#$+-($##+3#,)#+1$+$#+#$#+,#<#+J
41
X-#4+-#$+-3+Y$$++,$#,4$#,3?(?(*#+4
$#-#JX.(53,)$4(##+YX.(5,#?#+4##YX(6
1(:#:#1+$'($$"##++#<+#$++Y##7##+
+#+$#$(*$+$4(61$(#+#JX:4($*(#$+$#1+4$##'($'(#P $+$#1+($++)(5+##)##,#"#Y##:#,(4'(-#
$#-#S+(#)1S'($+#<++,17+""#++$#1$#,+ -+4###7#+4#,$+$#+SMX)###'($$?($7#,#+$#+
)##$,)#$##",#4(1$#:,1+Y9#,("#4"1#
?#,+4):#4)(#-4TR(#$#"(#J,)5++4
)$+$+(-J"#<+4+(?)+4"(J#:,1+34'(
:#1$#J?(#,"&$J
V'(74#'(7Y#$#)$##?,#YEAA,#)+1("#*Y,)#1#3#
,(:4#+#1$'(+,#)WX#++"(7#4,)##)(1#$+ ,5+$+$#-'(+,##1#4($#"#*VX'(74#'(74$#$#)$##?,#YX+#+$#
$#$#4'(+-'(+,($#CB#<+$-,+$:34+6+$#Y Z.(5,#DAA)$#$#$#[W#$+"++7#+##)#+)#+4
$+ ,#+ +$#-+ )$#*#+ $("#+ )P1$+4 (# &$ +(1 # $#
)+#4#)+$$#(-#?4+#,)$#1$+:,1+$1+J
#$#V$1("#*W4(+,$$+4+(7#$#"$+#
%:$4#7#(:,1#'($$#-3##*#4'(?$#$:,1)$#- ?)#$,#)#$,4#$$#>:%T$#3(+#4#$#+$++()## #()(<#"+?("-+J>:T+$$#,#$:,1+$$+4'(
+#$"(##$1(+#$+'(+#14))#,4$# E,4:#1$#1###$++$#-+#+4#+#1#$$+#,#++#$4 (#"$+#:,+#4$++)#+"$#+##<4$++$#+$14 ,##-$$++(#?7#$#&1#41#+,'(1##$$##+7))
(##1##*#)$#++$-#+#$++$#-+)?("+4:(7##$##)#,#
>:%T(#$$1+,#++$+:#1$#1#>:T4+,$$+4
#'($#1#*'(+(#,#$#:#>:%T#()'(<($"S#$#
-#4'(#+#++#+4#+++#$(-)$###### :#*#<#+Y
'(5 L#<# ##4 $# T4 ?#,+ #'(74 +1 ,( +)#4 ) $#
-#"5$#+,)$#+(+#+,(+#+S)+(:-4+(:61
#$$##'($-4$(#$$-+"($#)(#:#1$#J+)
)(+#1(##*#4X$#+1#1$+4'(:#1$#"$5+4))#
#,#+4,#'($$+"#$#+$%##+:#1$#1#$#$"(###4
# ) ,) :#7# +,# ?($,#Y + $# #*# 1(#4 $$# #$ #+74'(,#+())##$,#,:+#4,($"##,++(
<J + )# ++ :,1+ )(3#+ #++S 7 , <+S )+# , 42
""#+S+<#,:,1+,)#1$+S:#1$#,)?#+JT4#-+4 #3#?#++,#$$1#$#+#<J(#+$#4,(-$1#*
,'()#'(-##$#*#$3+4#$#?#$"P?#,4(#)# +#"##J++$+(##))#+$###$+:,1+-++(#*#J
;$+$+'(+-(,#$$4:##1#34,#1$#*)#4+J
#4,'(:*#J9#3+'(:##J(#:#1$#4-#++())
+(+4#(#'(5)#5$-4,+<#)##,#'(+1#$
)P1$+(+-+#+J++(1,+$##,4:#$$#,+"*+#J;$+<# $#43#+($##,J$#$#),#+(-#++,)<
$#+))+#,###+$#($(#JX+#:$#,+--"4++ ,)++'(#+'(+?#$$,+)#Y&#-#+$$"###$##
?,4,,+#-++:#1,))##:#$$#+#++,+,+Y
#+:#+:#4)#7#,-,7$+,171$S$:($
4#$3(*1#1#1$##44#+$4#'($)(1$P#++$$#+4
+(#$##1*#1#3#4$#$,#5,($#J
MV(+#7#4#$$#$6",#+$#-*4(3(*)(#(:,1-#1$4
1)1$###+(##+1$#3(+#,6+#,#"1+:,+
4+#$(#4#,##+$1-(+#+#+#+4,$,3 #$#(#S):#+?#$##$#?#*#'()(+(+(##+S:#+
,)$#(++?7-$+$+)++'(#+#1#3#+)(+(+,#+4
4)+$%#T>+4#*#<+#1#3+?*#+JW
X$$*#1#$:,1#+,(<Y
X( 1- +# #Y (# )#4 1#$ +((+7+,4 ,5*$#+ # +)$###"#?$:#4$#5:$,J$_:(S(#(#$$#4
+#$#+*#+$(*#+#$,++#4#*#4"+-+++,1#+ +$$#+4 $#+ +$#+ +)$#+4 ,#+ '( # $+ :"#<4
)(++:#+1#+4-+#$*$###)##4(*#$#1##++#$(#+
#,+$#++##1-4,#"####$)(<#$#"$#S$,)#$
#1$$4"1$#$$##1*#4,++:(1#+?"(##?+ )##1$4$'(,#$#+<#+$1#$#$#+$$#+(6'(#+##<J
#)#4:,1+#$-#341#1#+)##4,+)+4$()
,#$-($(#1#$$46"$,"4-?*4#)#$#+#$$+ $##4 -# # ,#+ #++#+ ( 3 5 ,(J &# ,(:(,1
#$1##$ )+"(4 5$ #+#$+ $#1($#J & :#($#* , # 1+#4 5$ $
+'(-#4#6+#+-$*,)$#:1#4##$1+'(4+(+,17J
9(1#+(1#(,#"7?+,+#$-#34'(,7#)+"5
#+(#+4'($#1#$#+$+4##-$3#,6+"(#S'( (:3#$##4#+()(1$(+$#SM#(#,#,)7#'($)+-4+(-#
($1S'(:(7#4$$"##$#:4$#+,##+$+:,1+4(#$1$- 43
###,)#S7##$#+-+'(1#1(+#+(V)#$##*($WS'(#,#$+
<+#+(#1#$$4#$+,#$-#+S'(+)(#-*#,##$-#4#1#
(4$##$#*4$#-5$((:$$4-$)+#$##,#, )#$#1#+(#,M,#"#$:,5Y
:Y(6#++<#*#+4##$#+(,#:+#4###+ )(1$4(,+,7##1##$+3+()#+#3-#)+$+#$-#3 "#S$5#,(:(,1'(#+#$#(#6$?(*##$)+#'($#,# ?(#4#$$6)(1$$3#4#+##+(#3(:$$$#-#)$#"#"##4 3(+ ,#1$+ '( # # +(# # )+ $+ ?#(+ #$+
#,+#++'(+()7#(+(#+(##1#+4)##1+
,$#4)+#$$+,+,+4+(,#+)+#+J'(7+"$#?$
$#+$-#++)#$-#)$#JX+#$+#$,#4),##-$$+##$'(,#+ (-#$#-#Y
X%+5'($###-74:,##3+#4-$#+7$#+ "#*#+"$#+'(-+#YX%+5'(#,#$##-#3#'(*#+$#"(#$#4 (+#+,+"++#-#*#"#YX%+5'(+##$#(-#
5)#4 '( # + #$,# #$+ ,(+ ?#+4 +,17#+ 1#1###+4 +#"##+:#:#+#,#+4+)+##+):4#1*#+?$+4 +$$#+-+-#$++4(#3#+:,1+$1+4++,(*#+)
$##41+#+-#+Y##-$$#+,#1#:#(+#4+()#$#1#'( 1+##,+)$+($)#4$#1#$$5-4-#:#$"1#+4 #$+##*#J.(#,##+7#(+#,5#4,1$#+,#+"($# '( $+ $ +$# )) $+ $ L#< $ +#J 5$ +(+ ?-+#+
:+#+ )##+ + - :*+ +4 $(,1+ (-#+4 )+)-#+ ,6"#+J
,+3-+4+:#,+(#$##(#$*#+)#++4+,+#+Y
>;
4
4%(++4CJ#1$CBBGJ
N?JO
(,#+(++JM9+)P1$+#()#,(JMVX9"#4:($:"#YWM
(#$+L+-+()("$#JM>(+#+P$+JM&+#1#3#++(+?(*#+S
+(+ 13+S +(+ #($$+S ()+ #,#+JM9+ # `#$ #L4 '( :#
,(JM%#$#1#3#+JM$'(+:#1$#$,'(JM$
,6%($JM+",#(#+,#S:,$7#+#:,$7#+S#&(+&
>" #JM )(+ $"7, $# ,(3 $ ,( ,S $#+
44
(-+#+ $#+ ,(3+JM
1#$ ?#,+7+,JM#-#4 #)$#(#4 #(##+##JM-#$+$#1$#J
(-#R4@D,#*NCBBGOJ
<4
(++ :#* $+ +(++ + ,+4 '(7# $ 1#* ( 7$) )##
$-##$+#$$64)(#)(#$(,+#4##+#?+)#4#$?,1##
$+4#41#+$(*:,+(#4$1#*+)$#+#1#$$+4 #,#+$(#+3#+S#$$64)(#)(##:#+,17#4'(##$##$$"#4 +#$#$1#,4$?$(+#4'($)(<(4$5$
#*-$34$+'(#+#$#17,)1#$1#*3#$4$$ , -# $ ): ,#$ (14 ,)# #, # $+ )1+ $ "++)7(J#$$64#$#$(*$7#4'(1#$(#+)-$4)#)
+1$+61$+4#1#$"#)++$5"#??#$+41##1*#+#)##+ 3++++$#+##,##+:(,1+4)-)#+#(1$#($+
+#+4$#6-(:5$#+(1#+4"#))("$#M+
++ :3+ $# 1$#4 '(4 , $+ 1#$+ $ () :(,#4 )($($#4M
+#"#+4-+++4$#+"#+(#+MX+,)#$)$+,6+
:,++61$+:,6+:#(-#$+"(+#+Y
-#,$+?(#$ $)("$##$1#$(#1$4'(+(:+:$+#)#$# ,5#4 (,$$# "#$#+ #,#+ * ,$ :,1+ ,#+ '(#+4
1(+ -++4 +,1+ -+ #*+ ?$#,#+4 # #)$#( # $+
?-++ #+ ,($$"]+ '( L# # $# "(# # $+ :3+ $ #1#34 ,,##'($#$,6#$,#++#,#?5#4`#$#L?#,+7+,4(#
,(:#J++(+,P$)$++#(#4'($#$,## #,#<+5)4$"##-+?$3+"#*#4$#$,#+(++4$# $1##1"4M,5*$#+#++#+)L,#1##$$#4'(6##+<# +#"4 )'( + $1# $ + $# $1#4M$+ ,7++4 ("+4 +(#-7+,+
#+'(4)-$,()(-#R4#,)#<#+)(+#
,-#4+(#,#$#)##+)($(#4$+++4#7+P*4$#((# #'(,(-($,$#$,#$+#,#+J6++$1#$)#'(
$)("$#)+("#3+-+1$J+:,+'((#(#1(+6$:
#()#J
#1$$>:#4,%,$:+#$J#,)#
,1$$4+7#+1+7J,*#+##$#,-($# 45
)-$"##4#,#+4#"#+4)+4#+#'($#(,($#,?(+4
#$#+,#)+#41,$))):$#+#,#+
"#+)(3#+$#+-+#+?(*#+$#-#4'(:#)4,,###$
) ?, +(+6($4 # +#+ 1#+ '(4 ,6+ '( $ 7,4 $
L),#$$13-J$#1#L)+:##$#,)+J&#+
+##+:-1+#*#$#+,)++1#+S,#+4)-##++#+4+
+#)#)$+#$+#+4(#$"$1+)+J#<+4#+17#$)##
($) 3)J'(4##4#,#("J(-
,(:#+#+4$$-##'($+-##,1'(#"##++?$+ )-$"#+'(:#:#$$#3#,6+$#+#+$##$###$##4M'(
+ $# +(# ))#YM #7+ #(3 #$ "$5+ ,#+ ##S $#+ +1
"#$+J(#)#44143#4,'("#$6",#+4
$+-++'($:#::?#,+J-#-#"$#$+)#+4-++ #+##+##5,#+4M'(:#"#$$##?"(#4,#++$+1$+:,1+$'()##
$(1:#,+$$#+J$$+"+$#*#14)+7#4,#
3(,6"4$#+)(#+#+$##,#
)
+1:+)+)8
D
K3+1J
LCJLCJ
)J)*++)J
L
)+,J
L++).J?3:
K,+-.J?*+*
H.+(1+-.J
LCJLCJ
)J)*++)J
#?("?#$##-+#$#(++-++4'("#+'(+#+4
#$#+,++#+,)#7#4-#3#))#$##J*:(1#7+'(4
#$)("#$$'("7#+($+)#$##4:(1#L$#,# 5,($#?$##$#(:#,14'($#7#+4+$$$+J&("4+
)#7+4'(-##+(+?$+?+'(#+(+)#+4$:*+(+($P*4
$#,#3##J##<+:#+$+###:#$#?+# 46
(#S,++)P+($41#3+:##-41#<##+#$(*+)7(
'(#1$##)?(,#4##+(+:#+4,1$#+)#$#1#+4+(+#,"+
P*4$-##'(7M$)7#4)##"(##$+)($U#+:"4
(?$6)4M#'($-$-+$#1##$#)##4#'(++#+#+(
)#+4,#,+#3)+#+4$+#,#++)+4#'(41#3$#
P)($#$,()4+$-##+4,($#,(###4+(+-++?#,++J
%:##$#+()(1$))$+:(++$+)#+#-(+)#$#$#
#'($+13#J#1:##()#4++$J$#-#4$+:#+##$
$#$,#$$J&+)(1$+:#($-##$#-*$#,)$#)+7#J4$#-# :,)$53##:"##$)(1$?,4$$#L(1##1+1#$)",J+ ##+#$)#'(:#+#$$$(,+$#,#4(#-#
(,($(+#4##4#*#+'($$1+#$#(#41+'(
)#,)(<#$4$(,+$$#4#-#)#J$#,P+#$ )--$"#4,,#1$(#SM(#$#4
'($)(1$"3#-$)(1$J
Z'(5##:#4#$)+#:,+(#4$#,##,##'(4#)<#+
,"#+##4##$)("$#>"$$+(+#,#+?#+[ + ,( +(4 ## ,+ '( :# $+ '( $,+ )+ $+
+1,+4 #1#3#+ $# $(*J .( - "(+#+ (1#4 # #'($$#
,(:(,1J # ) $ %T4 $("# " )14 #,15 " #-+#J %1,#'($$$:#17#$#+##S)("$))(<+##1##
(:,1$#-#$):J((#)##1#J$?(#$)#7#$
(:5J&#+#$$+##'(+4+#1*#+J$##P#7#(""#J ,)7#$#,#:#(#$$#+?$+J35#+4#$-#$,(:(,14
'(+:#17#(#3#$#()+:(,#+J+#1#$$+$$-#1#$#J$$#
(17#$#(#(#?($,(1#3##+(?+#J+,(
1+)$#+"-+(":4+($#(#+(+#+J
*+3-+11++-+4+7#,+,'(#$$#
#$),)#4+#)<#1##,15$#,($($#++#$#+$##+##7#4
##P)$#,+)$##4(<#:#J&#3(+#$,(
)'(5$4):#$#1#-4):(#1*#1#4$##()1 ?#5+ '( ?7# +(+ #-+J X&$#,# 3(+# # +# '( ,##Y X>(+# )7#
$$#,#+$#'(-#Y(+4Z'(5#$##)++$(?64+-#+$[+ :#),$,1$$,$$4)'(+,-##,$J+
7#++)(5+$'(-,##'($1#(-#<+$#:#4#)#$#1#
1#1##(#+#+,*+$#1##$#:#J$,$)$"?((
#)##63#,6+#$+:,1+$###$#))+J
47
#1#++,17#+4+#$#+)$##$$+1+(#++,(-+,7
+)#$#+#:#+,#+,#*#4'(-#7#(:,1$#-#,(-#+$#
-*#J#+$#+(#++,$+()+4'(-7+#+1$+4,(#+
-7+#+J++$#++6$$$35$5$+#1#3#+J&+:#
?#:#4,$#$#"#+(##4$)#3*4,##'(1$$#4#$+#+$
#$,#1$7#4,:3#$4+$+'("4)($($#4##,#*#4 )(1$#)+4,(-3(#+4:#1$#J&+:#?+:#4#1$$:+(4 ),($+ +#$+4 $4 ,## '( # )+#4 , '( (#4 ++-+4L#,#4#+#4::#4,'(,1+
#,+$+)#+#?$"+4'(+)#J9#$$+?#6+)
#,4?#6+)J(++-,6+'($J+4-*("#
#)##:,+#4+1$$+4,$+#1#$$+$#>(+#J+(+#,)+4$
?#5+##$#$,64+#$(+4$#$##1,#$#(+7#S)(+'(
#+$+P(,PJ#'(7$#?$#'(*#+(++(+4$,'(
+)#S #'(7 '( + ,#"# $3+ $+ #,)+ '( + ,1# ) #4
#'($$+'(+#1'($#>(+#,+,##:3+4++$#,'($+"#Y
&# '(+# $ )- :# :#+ $#+ ,#+ 1$##+J 6+ #( ?(# $ #1#3#$++#+
+4+$-#$7+(+:+$+,6+
#)#+$5+()#J$,#+4?#++(++"(7#+#+3##+J$
#,##+$-+(+(+$#+$+#$$4#+(1$ #$#1+#J$+#64$1(+4$:#1#(#$14?($#$
)#+ # $# $#J $+ #$$64 $# L# ,(- # +#$$#4 )'( $# +?# $#
#4$#+$#-()$"##J#+:#+MX#('()(#+YM'($#
,#*##)#,)#$++#J:#+#)+#+$#+L#+
$#,#'(7#4'()(#4#,-4$+$#&1#Y
+#"#+#$#J`#$#L:#,(J,+ )(+$ $#$+51$+4
,:J:#1$'(+<#$#$#<4##+#+"+#+
)$,4+$'(+<#,1$##$#<J+)##$###:## $+:,1++1$+:,1+J"#$?*+#1+#,(+:,1+
)-:+J#++:#:#$$#+#$##$#"#4,'($#1+# +4+'(++14+)#J+#+#$#$#)+4#:3#+-+4$ # #'($ ?,# #4 ( :,1+ -++ )(1$+4 "#*# #+#1$ )(3#J &# ##$ ?( +( 1# - # :#$
:,1+ #+ $#+ #+J &# ,($(4 '( + 1#-+ 1#+4 (# -+#
?#4+<#,6+,P+($+'(#$:#3#+4,6+##+:##+'()#<+ +++J$#1#3,1$$J,*#-#($#1"4#(:#4#(,#J
,#3#$#+?(*#+$##(#$*#4$+-+:,++,$$#+J
TR-#+#,-6"(#$,(:-4$$##J6
+7#$'(:(S#$$64$:#:(J+#1#$:#-#+)(1$+#
48
?(*#J`#$#L+($+,+#+##$,(+1(-#+1#++4+) #$+,+4$++<$,:###$+)(#$++J#(-
)+#4(#$#+,1#4+-'(#-#1$+4+)(1$$# :+#4+,(3$:"#4$+:3+'(:#"+##(#$ $#1+#J'(7+61(+#,"+`#$#L4'(?(+$,-6
$#+$#+$+#1#3#+()+4+-)?($##*$#+,+#+ :(,##+4$+++$+:,1+4:,1,$#+#:#1J;$ -7#$'(+7))$$-#1#1$7#4#,#$#$4$(:#J'(7+6(
:-+:4:,1#+-$,:#1$#$$"##5$?$3+#'($
#+%#R(,*##:#1$#"$5+S+-($-#+#$,6VJJA
+)(+#+,#+++(+#+++(+,)##+(#$+:#1$#(+J
$+(++$$6"$#?,#,#+Y+#P++:,1+,)#+ "++4,#:#+#4$+'(:#),#$,((-$$++$#
+)($#4-#)(4,$#-*$##4'()(#,+)$
#$##+-1)##,#$$?(#J'(7+6T4###'(
$#+3(+#+#4-`#$#L#,#<+,$(*#+J'(7
+6$#$,6>:+4-#++)#,#1$4:"(#+4
'($$-#$#,#+#$16$+#,'(:#(#$#+:#+'(#1#+( ,#++#JM##":##7$+:#1$#'(1+#$+#$4#$# #$$J#+#$+4##J#:,14:#,(:#+,(3+J)
#)$#(+?#++`#$#L4'(($"##$+)$+,(+J$$4 (?#5+4(#+#1$$#MV&#$1#:##7##,(:#+-+S)+ :#$-##,6+:,+####7#WJ>:+:#1$#)#$#1#+?#6#+V+
'($7(#)++#3#$+$1+#L4:,#$#+)###$+-#,)+
:(,#+WJ((V"3#-3(+4#++4##+:,1+
+$+)(1$+J+$+#1#3#+$##)##(#+$##4
+'($$#+74++3(+#$+'($+),J"3#:#1
-+4#$'(?(#7+%#+$$#,+#4++,$#1#3#+(+
## "$##WJM9#1$# ( 1:,J & ## 9 "4 ?#,+
,+# (-4 #," $+ '( )#4 #,# ) $ )(1$4 X #'(7 "$##?#,+Y+#$-#+#)$#(++#+4?5+:(#+4)+)4
(6,,-,4$###+#,1$#4M#'($+$#)$##?,#
#$,6 "$5+ + :,1+ ? #:# ,## :3# $4 $#+ +$(+'($#3(#,#"###1#4'(`#$#L+$$#,#$:5,6+
1$ $ )+# ,6+ )+$ ,($ #1#3J (#,P+#+S +(#
+4)+#'(+$+$#)#*J
7#4-($-#3(#+#+,$+J.(#+(4+#
1#$+4)###(##?(#$+(+)(+J
49
X%(#+ ,(3+Y $$6 :# + +(+ )'(<($+ X'(5#$"+ +6 +(+
:,1+4'(+,)+6#++Y$("4:$+#3+1#$#4
+-$#$?,*#$#+,3$$#+:(#+$+<+Y$#4#"#
+#$(4+($+#$3+$+#1#3#+--J$$+##1#3#$L "1# "#4 # +#+ $"7# # +,#+S )(+ ,6+ -#$# '(
,)<#+ # ?*# $+ :,1+ $# ? $ $4M#$# $$+ #(#$,
6$+$#?$##Y:#3#"#,(1(#++(,#+#$#+#+#+'( #(##$+?,+4#$+##+4#$+<+#$+)1+X3###$"(#)## #(##:##+#+#$(*#$+'(#$#14--$#++,1#+$$"## +$# $ #$,#4 # :#$# +Y +#+ (#+ ))($+#+4 '( + "#+ :(,#+4,6+'()#$#+,6,$416"$+-(#M#(,($#$#+
"+ #+##+ )$"#+ ,+#+4 + :# 1#+ +#+4 #$"+4 +4 $"#+$(,++)##$+)1+J#+$#+$#$(*$+$)##$$++(+##
$"##)(++-:,+(#Z'(5+1#[++$####3#
Z'(5$#(-[X$3$##1*#+$#,#$'('(##$3#$#$#+(#Y $+-#+4#:#'($$"#$+,++-#4#+1###+4$$+$+
1#*+$#+,#+:3+)6$+,1(+4)$+-#)+)#+'( #$"(#?#7#)+##,+#$+),(*#1#$$7YX+,+$+
$#1+$#4##)#$##)#+#?#"#1$,$+##
+(Y
$#(#:#1$#,(:+#++#+J,3#+($(:#4##
# '( ?,# ,6+4 ,6+ )+#4 ) + #:# ) ?,#4M
,##+)(1$#+J%($4$1$$#"1##++#:(++4
'(+,6"($#?(4'(:#+,$61$'(+)+#+$+#1(++ $+#4,?(#)#+##+#*4+6-###$"$)$6"($#+(
"1#(1(4+,4,)+4#$#,#-$+)$"(+$#+#+
#+#1$$##$+4#+(#+J(#1#$$+)#<#(#4'(
:#$$"*:#+(+-#+(-$$"$+("##7#4+6$+ ,)$#+ #++#:(++ , $+ -#+ $ #1#$$ +)#<# 7$ :6$,"#$$#4+P1(-4$1#+#+"(,$
:#1$#)($(#++(,6$"1+#($)$-$+#4
,$###3-CBGA+#($)$-$#+##,#+JM&#(#:#1$#$#
+(,##'(:#3(#$C)##1?$++-(#+:4+
+#'(#"*-,4)3(+(+1$+:(,$+4:###
,6+)+#$+#1#3#+$#+?61#+$+#4'(+(+"+,##)7J
M9#1$#(#1#$$"$+#4'(#*#$)(#+(+?#+(#+,# $#+#,#+,#4+(-#4(3###+$7,+$#-#?,$4'(+ $$#+#,#+,#:#$$3(+#)$#(+4$:#(-#$#+,(3+# (#+#-+:#,-+(##$5"++"$#+J*##:,## 50
$#'($-#$#+,(3+JMVZ$#-#[$+)-+ +)##++()P$)(#,(3$(Z$#-#-#1$,)$##1$4'($#
1$"##+#1#3###+,)(#[Z##:(5?##4##-(#4+$#+#
,(:(,1"+4'(,-$+$###+#$##:"#[WMV+#
,,7#4'(#1##$'(#1##+SM+#*,74,6+'($(4M
++5,74'(###+-+$+"(++)6#+161##+(+L4M
Z:#15+?#$+,7,+4(#+)+'(,$##(#$*#[WM
+7)##$-##,#3##MVZ##'(5,)-6+)##$
-(+#+"###+4+##$#+,)$#,+)'()#"#*)++4,$+
:,1+ )#"#4 ) - , + )$#+ ?4 #1#$$+ (#4 +(#+#$+$"+4+::##"$)+$+4#1#)(3#*#?#+ +1#-($#)$##[W+#S($5"+V##+Y X9,##+$#Y(3+*$+"$ aa ?(#$+-+
,3++##++##+#7##)4'(,)$++##<++(-#(##
$+<+$#+#$$+&+:#*##$#+'(:,+#$#+-##+ +#$ -(+# "$+# ( + ,3# ,6+ ## $(* '( $ +4 ,)#)##,4#7##)WJM
##?,##(#,$
U$+4$#
-+##$4?#-$##(#-
,(3+4 '( +( # $# $ $ -S ,#4 #"(7+,# +6#4
+#*## 1($#+ )(#+ # $+ + $+ :,1+ $ 14 '( $+
+3+(#4$#+#+#+)$7#4$+)(+++$+#4'($
:,1#,1++#,#(#,#$4+#7#,3,#+,(3+4 '(+$+#$$$##*#:"#6$#(#M'(+-#"# "1J
)( -4 , ++ $#,+4 $# + $# -+# $(,1#4++#TRJ+#-##1+(+6#+#$#)##
:,1+,(3+4)'(#('('($#
-+##,1"$#+:##1
"$##4 + -# '( $#+ 3-+ +(#+ + :## #)-:# $# +4+'(+(#$$"#?#,#4'($#+))##4,#$+ +(#+-#+4##4+'(#,1" $+5$(",6+'(
1(#$+L#,4"#+7($+J+?#:#$#
-+#$(,1#4
,#$##($"+,3##$J
X#++###+4+#+#+'($L+)1$#46,
+#$+:,1+4###++,+,+)1$,#+M$P,+#$-## $#+,(3+$+#)+'("#+(++L+:,+(#4+#$ +)##$+:,1+4$(#4$,$(#$4#,)#+
,6+1$+(##++Y+6#P$#),#$#$#1#$#
-#J :# :#+# : ( #): $+ 3+4 L#$# # +# $ #$,#4
?(+(#,$$#)$#"+##$#?##+7#M$#$#
51
L+#JM+,3+#-+++#$$,$#$,#?,$4'(
++4,+4$#L+#-$#'($#+#(#+74?+
$+:,1+'(,(##)4$#$$-#+##J#$,6++(#$$,
'(+(-$,J:###1#$#+#$,#+$#+,(3+'(4#($("
"#<##+4++)#*##+4#$$#+4#)?(,J#$#-#+6+
#1(#?$J+#(#"#4$#,(3:#(#+74 +#$-#+$$14$+$#-#4:#:#+)$?('($##,)#4#) ###'('()#+(,4#1#+$5,:+ --J&#,)(*#+#1$'()(+3#,6+-$(##J&#,(3+(#
+6,3)(#JX(6#)#-,+-##?$+)#4)$+ :61+$#-#-$4+#+:,+#+?$+YZ.(5+6$+:,1+4$7#'( )(##)#+(#1*##+##(+#$,(3[
#1+#+,##(+(+'(-7#+,$$#$#)+#(,+:#4
$#+#+#+4$+,(,+?(##+,1$7)4(##,
+(-+#$"$#-###$J+(+"#$++-#7#,#$++#+
+ +(+ +J $+ $-## +1 $ )#-5+4 + '( # $# )# '( $+
-#4$+,3#J&+#,#4,#+$+-,(+()#+,)#$+()#+
$#'(*#)P1$#S$'(#,#"#4(#$#'(*#(:,1
(#?#,$#,##,#<+'(*##J$3))($#4'(-$+::+
"(++4 + -($- $# # $+ '(4M $# ,+,# : '( +
+-(#+4#++:#,14+)++$(#"$+#4M+
$(*)?(,+"#4(#3#++#+#,#+43#+, +$$##1#$$)+#4:##$#++$#'(*#'(+$++1#$#+
##+J:#+$#.(#-#4,#$$,)#$J%#$#)#$#+4'(#
7,#,,#$#+)##++((+#+$1"#+$#+#+#+(#$+#4 $#+$$#+$#+#1#7#+"#+S#1#$+$&(-41#1###+#+$$
?(#$,#+6#1+J#++$###$$(#$#+:#+$##4,## 1(+## -#$+# "+ )($#+J # ## 1$*# '(# $# .(#
-#J #$*# $+ -++ +:+ $+ ,,1+ ?(+4 )#+# #$$7 +(+
#1*#+ 5$#+4 $# ,#$$# $ $(1 '( $+ ($"# #$ ):4 $+ "#$#+ +()#+4#('(+++,(:+4M'(#'(7$#1#3+$J'($
4$?"M-"]*#)#'($JM$#+#,#+$$#$##$$4
#"#$+1#*+4#+)#,6+1$+($+,)$+4(+)$$+
$(")$#1*#+)##1$4'(#:###1"#J#,#+:,+(#
)"#4,#+#,#$##$$+$,J(-$#$,##"#*#$-#++)#4
$,)+,17#+74$#"##$,#J
$$64###$#,1+#4'()#-#$#$6+11#4+#?7 #?(#$:,1#+(#4M+#$*#4#:"#)#+#+)##++,17#+4(
)#$#+(<4'(#$)##3,(J,#*#+)#+4+-#+-##+J
52
#+ $#+ )(#+4 +($(#+J &# )#4 $##J $ :4 "5+ )6,4,##$$##"(#"#+#J$#)(##$:4+#$#4 +($)4+##$-4###41#J,##$$7$#"##4'(+$#,3
+) :,+(#J :# #+# ,6+ :,+# +# #4 $$# -- (
#1$J#$+4'((#4#$)#+#$#+,##-$$#++(#$+3+ +1("#+#$#V#+$$##W4,###*4)#$*#$$7
#74+,)#$##+#,+,#4$(,+#+1$#JM#(#$+$##*
+(+)$+4)#$("++$+J#$)#$#4#1#),(+
(3+4+&(+#+(#4$#"$*#'(#4:(1(##+#
,#)1#$,##4'($#$#"TR)$#1$+$
'((#+,(:$#'(*#4+-#,#+##$$1#$ '(#1+()#$#$,##$++JX.(5##,#$+$(3+$##+#4
$)$#+3#+4$$+-++4$$+-+'(:#17#11+4$ $+,6+,(+##,+:1#$YX.(5(::#,$$+YX.(5 #'($###,#+YX.(5)(1$#$+)+$#+$#+Y#+7$$"$#:+((+#J #$+1#++(+#,-,J#7#?+#+4 (J#61#+$##)(##+?$+J7#+#-+$##+#+
+$'(+)#$+,(,+J##$#$)P+($-7#+1$$#4##-5+ $++#$+$+:+'(##1#(##)#-$*,4#*$#+ +)##+4$$#+#$#++4$(+?($+J
&#+*###+4##$(*$##+#$#+,##-$$#+J$#(#3++7# #+(+)(#+J#$#$$+,##+4#1#$$+4('(+4#"(+$+J
#(##11#3##(#++#J+(,#)#+#$#+4)###)#'($ ,#3+(+4,(+#)#41$+,(##$$##+#4
)+#+ # R4 ('(+#+ 9$14 #,#+ (1+J ,#$ $
#+,1'($##+#+)#J(#-4+6+($)4#4$#J(#)+#4
+)##$4'(-#$,6+'(J$,++)+#4,)$,#3+(+4
(#++(1$##:#+#$##4'(#P-($##$)+)1#3(##$- '($##""##1$J,#+$$#,##$#+#$#-#+#4$#(+# ,(:(,14+3(#$#+(#$$#+:'(:#"(#$#)+,)$ 1#$JX:4'(5(+#4+#(#$$##,#+#1#$$+,#+#1#$$+'(
)##$+4$#"#+,##+'(($#$+)+$+1#$#+4(1+ )$+-##++'():#+#1#--#+4M$#(#$(#$$#-##1#$#+
,,#$#+?+#+Y&$-#$+3+#+##+3#+#*#4-+ ,#+#+1$#4#$*#,#$$4,$+#1#$$+#7#,)+
&(+a4X'(51##+-#$#++##+1$##+$#+#,#*#+4,$#+#$*#$#
:#'($$#3#YMX(61$$#+##(#$$#4'(+$#/)#%(?#Y+#+
)$'(#$#,##,J$##1$#$$7-#b"$($#5:$4,J
"(YX+++'(+:#-++$(,1#,#51$#4
53
#'($ #3 #$1# +#4 ,)$-## )$(# 1$##+ $ 3#$4 # (+ #1#$$$##"(#$,##4)##)#)$##+4(#,## ?#,+#$$-#1##$-+YMX.(5"+#$#(#$$#$#++$$#+$$-#
$+)6$+41$#4#*($4,#$-#$#+($#,#$$Y#+,(-#-#4#+
$#+(#$$#+4$+5'()($J)#++:#1$#S$+3+(#,6+'(,#J + )# #$$7 + #"#+ # 37#4 ('(+ %(R":#,J Z.(5
,##-$$#,6+4$##+#$#'(*#$+:(5+)+[#$$"#4#'(#?(#$#
"#++#+#"$)##$#+1#$#(+##+4#$1$+#$'()##$#+,#+
##+ &+J ?(# :# )+# $ )#$# $+ #$1#<$+ +#+1("4$%>(#(34+#+#$#'($$#,##+4 #"#,$#1#$$+4(1#+$#+)#+#$$#+,(+"#$
##3)$4:+)##$$6$?,(,#$:,#::#
,)###$##+""#+J
(#+$$##?(#7#$##,#+##+#$#4'($ +5'(##:#4#-+#1$#4)$+#,++'(+()M
'(%#()$:M)+#4$"#"#+#4,#'($,),#$
#,#1$$--#J#$,4$#+,1J+
:+1$4-($+-#+1(3+?#3#+-#-+$#+)#+ 1$#$$#L'(+#4#)+?$+4+###)##4$("
$#$4,1###"#$7#$#+#$#,1#3##+$#$3#?7#!##"*#4 #$#P,##+,##,++4L5+?#3##:#$## +#$7#4'(:#$,,+1#?$+$+#$+4$(*4
,+3J$#"#-##+#$+4'(:#)#(4--++#$#4 (#$+++(++1+$#+1+4'(#+4'(#$# #1*#+5'(+?#+(++4(*#$#+,#+#$+$#,)$#J4 X'(5)#$,#+)#$##+#YX'(5+#+'(:#)+#$#22('(+
?$""#+#4>#-#(,##YX,+##,#4)$#+)#+$",#+4 #)1$#,+#+#4#$(,$#+?(+4)$#+#>#'(, +(#,+74$##7##++4'(++#(-#4$#1("#-$$#?$+###+4
(1####Y
#)#+#+)$##+#41#*(::S$+<$$#4'(-#('( (+#4$$-#1#*X:+#1$$#-7+,#Y#$#&(*$5#J#+1$#+
$-+$##,#4,#+4,+(#1$$41$$#+(#3#JX3#'()#+
+)#+#+4'(++#-3#4,#++1+-#,-##+$1#*
J#$+4'($,(+#"($$++(:3#-##$#?61##"(#$4 (6 #,"#+ ## "*+#, #7# +(#4 '( + +# -* +#
$++4+#1$"$##Y
+'()#+#:#"#$#+,##$+4$$-#$#3'()#++(1#-#1($
#'($1#$?#,+'(TR#$#'(5+&#?#4'(?(1$
54
-#+4)(+?(J#'($$###1#+#$#(#"$#"##4#$ )#'($$-##$($$$++#3+4$##1$$#+((+#$#,#*##37# $#,(3##$J'(7-$:3$('(4'(-:# )4+(#+##7+4+,$#+#(#$-4#,(##+(+)+#(#
#(##$##4#$#,(1$$#$$J":4#:##*#4+,
+,1#+(#+4+($-+#1#$$&(+aJ
:#,L#
)#+##+#,#$#P+#4'(+$$-##++7+$+3+-+$#P+##3 #+3'($#+1+###+1$#4?#3###,)#(#4#:#+$+#+
)$"4+1$)4(#?#3#+4$$-#1##+$#+#+
$#+#$#$"$$+#3#41#+(,+4$"
$#1$$J:#++#-3#+$$#(1#4+#,)#+(+
#$+4(#1"#TR'(1$)(+4)$#+"##++(
)#$#1##,#($(#+:#()T4##4?+)1#+#
#+#+4'(:#$$-##$1#$$#3$+-3+`R1R+'(+#1
##1#$$"#-#$*:()#+)$"#+)6$1#
+#+$$(":#$4#$*##3+)($$1#,#"#+4<#$,)$+
"+*#)#++1:+"(++1$$#+JX:4'(5(#$#"(,#1$Y
+P$,+1#,9T4)#+#?#,#4'(-+&#4
$$-#$ 1#* #+# <# #"###4 #(# )6$# :,+(# +#1 $ #+
$(?7+,#4$##,#$$#)$##*##$##+#>(##
J
#+#$$4#P+:#1$#$1#$,#++(+#+++4
,#+#,+4#$#+,1#)#$,#+)?(,++#+##+4
$#+5)$#+--#+'($1"<#"+4#$)+1(S
+#+"##+#,#+$(#+'($("$+1#$+#,#+-$#$# ?4 (#$ $#+ ,#)+#+ $+4 1++ ?("-+J 961$#+ $ 1#$ (#$ +
:(1#+""#+)#+4,(+#)#+4#,3#+4+
##+J#$)#'(?()+,(#4'(##4+,-)+##,4
-$--#J.($$+#+$#+#+$1#$4$(++#4,#+
#$,#J:##7$#?+#,:(4,)*##'(+#,#$4
++,)+$#-($#4,(:(,1+#)+#+##+4,(+#+
#$+$(3+,"###3+4'($+++4$#5)#+#
$$-# 14 - # )#7+ )(1$#4 $-# )# #'($ 35 '(
#$##$#1$#4'(#)###$+:,1+#*::?
+:##'($$+?#:#,##+:3##?$##$J+'(+$
1#$,+<#'(*#S,#"$)$+$:#,#$#+"+ -+#+4 ,+#1$+ +#+MX#P + :# $-## +(+ +++ $#
-?#+#Y#'(7+6+###+($#$#(#J
>;
4
4%(++4CGCK,#CBBGJ
N?JO
55
9#,(()#:,1+JTR'(7##),#'(+
(,)#+(+##+S$#(#4(#+()+(,(4)(+#,##+#+(+
1##+4(++$(+(+)#++#+4###+$#+?$+
+(+3#+4?(#"#$#+#$)#+$#6-$:,115-$J$7#+(
4$+#(#3+(-+((+S$#+"#+#+)(?(*$ +5'(+(+)+(+)"]+"+S$#+"#+#-#+$#(#?7#(
#+)+$,S$#+,(3+,+,#+4$#+-##+4+'(#1##$)#+$#6-4
,)##:#$,34+(++,1+#+$+J
)---#+#<+4:#+#$$+:#1J9(1 +,)#$#-*+(:,+##(#$*##$"""#+?,$J&#-*(
)1 $ :#7# ,) $$#4 4 , -# ,#"4 1# +( ,# $#
$,+#S)#$(:#1#,5$)###++#$##(#$*#4:#$$# -#+ ,+ ?# +(+ #+4 ,# +( :+$#4 #)-:# +(+ ?(*#+J (,($ ,$$+4 ,$$+ # $+ )1+J # #1#3#4 $ ?( +,)J
(#+-4#)#+7#$+,+#1$+4+'($+?#1(-+#
#+(+#4)##'(-+,5$$+1+6($+$#-#4++#$-#+$# ,+#JM++,))1S:#)+,++4(#-7###+"#$#
#+,$+)++#$+(+#+(+#$+'(:##4M
,+,)+(#$#+#++(#(#34)(#++"(,#:#4+ 1#35$S($+,##:*#"(3#4($:$4M,$#
,(:(,1'(+#"$,#1#+)(+#4,(##+,1#<4#(#+( :#+$##S#$)$)$+14#,#+$#:"#164 +1(($$#7#)?(+4,:#$#+4$+1$#+#1$$+4#1# ++3+#$+3-++1$#($#+#1:#$#++#+)+7,+,4#$
'(+)7#$#,($(4M'()+##'($:,11(++7#,34M
#$++,1+4#$#,6$4$$#$#+#$$+-#+$+(
:(#+?-++J
##+,6+#(#'($#-#))###$,#$#,)##'(
"##+##$#+$#++#1#3##+J#)#+#)1+4'(#$+ #<+##(#1##+(+)#+#--*#S#$+*#<+4#+,1S#$+
'(4 #1#3# :+ - ,6'(#+ )## ,3#$+S # $+ -4
?#1#,6'(#+#$#+S#$+@D4#+#:$"#(#,(3"(+#1#$#
,#4)$'(4,$1(:#17#,#$<,#++:#7#$"(+4
-(#,6'(#'(#$#-*,7##$<4+)##1#$+++'((1#1#+(
+(<4)7#,-,(##3#+(#-,P+#J)4$)($#+ ,6'(#+'(+(7#4,3#1#-#1#4#('(:#17##),6#
56
+($# #$"(#4 ,#+ #$"(4 ,6+ $1 '( $# 1+-# $#
#(#$*#4M,)#TR4#-7-+S?#+#+S#'((#
-#+# *# S +# : $+ ,+S +( :+ $)+ )##
:-$S:#1#3+$-#+#+)###$#$+S+(1:+(-+4,
-##$#+,#+$#$4)(#(#$+#$$#,#4-#)
#1#3:#+#$)+$+"#+1#$+#"#+,#$4'((#-*-#7+4#
(-,)(3#+:##$#,##$#4)$++"(+1#$+$$+4'($+$#*#1#
1,#1#1(+#$##"#(-#J()##$+#$7##$)#+4$
+#1#J)7#$#+,6'(#++(,)1$#$#+(-#+4+#$#1#)#*+
$45$-#1#$##$#(1($#4)7##$-#)#++"(#+4:#1##
##)$#,5#$#),#$,#'($"-#5LJ;$-7#$#
#,($1+$#+,6"#+41$+$)##$+)-$"#+4 +,$P,($+)(+#+'($##(#$*##1##$#+)"(#+$:,1 #*J>#,6++$)+1+6($?7+4'(-#(?6$#$#+(
,4?5$-+J,)$#7#:#1($$$#+#++("#1
$,+-++4#$#+$(+?#6+#+#'($+,)$+4'($$#1#
$+#7+$+,17+#$4:#$$#1#,1#+"+#+4#$"(#+
$#+(#$+:*?61#'(:#+(+:3+)#+$+,$+)++J
1$#7#(#-$#+##+4###1#1(+#'($:#17# ,+J#1##$+#1#3#+,#))+:3+4$+$$-+,)+"4
+(#*4#$*#++(+1#*+4#$#+,#+#'($,)(3#$#+,#
$+:,1++((#+#?(#J>#,6++()(##-+#)143
#(##-)(#4#:#+#+*4#-(#$6",#+S#)# (#$7$#+(+++)##+'(#$+#1#3#++#4$#,#
$#)$(,#)##?$+J
'( :#17# ##+ -+ # $#+ #<#+ $# # ,## +(+
++4(#)++#)-:#,:#?6$$#-#$##$-#4M:#17#
#,154)(+++)1$,#+4#+(+#7+4#$#1(+#?(+,+J #4,+#+4L)++)+++$+,#$+'(-7#S,,(:+
,6+'(-#+$#3(+#$##4#*(*#+"+(,#$'(+#1 "J-7#$#$#(16$+#,4+(+"J+1#+$#++#+)7#$#
$#,J?1$$)#7###(#+$(#,#(#-$#4'(#+( 3(####P,6+$#+$(#$J,$#-#:#17#,#+#,#$
,)(3+(-$(#+($"#4#+"('(#$,)(3#,1#+$#-#
+,)J-$,$+,#$+$#$#+#1#3##$1$,$ #64'($#++"(+#$#++$(+1(#$+L+-#+4$($-$# $"#4'($#+:#+)+#1$+#$+,6+4P$+#+7,+,#+?,#1$+J ## 5$4 $# $"# + $# ?(*# +(,#S # ?(*#4 ) -# '( +# +( ,4))+"+#'($#:#"#+(+(?+4)+$#'()#*##3+'(-
57
$"#,4M4M,:$:+$7#$#+#"(#+#+#1$+$#####4M
#$,)(3$#$"#J
$("4X:#17#5$1(+#+(+,#+##+-+-#+)(+##+(+ )"(#+Y X+ :#17# ##+ -+ + # $# #(#$*# ,(#Y X:#17#
-#5$##+-+4)1#1#3#4)1$$++,1+4:(,$
+(:+4#$+'(1(+$1+1(#++($#+#)7#$'(5$
#:$#1# +#1 7+#4 .(7,#4 + (+#$+ 6#+YMX+ :#17#
,)###+-+#+7))4,#,)1,6'(#-#)+($#
, ,#"7?# ,##4 ,#+ + $+Y X9# ## ?#4 ( #1#3#
"#4,(#)#$##,6'(#4#(#1#3#$"4M
-#)'($#,(-Y(#$,#$$#)#'(+#:##$+:,1+$+#1#3+'(
5$ :#17#)#,$$+M(#:#+4 +,1##,+SM$1## $#
"# (-# #+#+ $#+ #1#+ #"(+#+4 $#+ -#"#+ #+)#+
$+#+$5#+4$#+**1#++$#'(#?$"##+-++("+# -#Y.(+$,)#*#*#+$#,$+:,1+(-+J?(4)##+<#
#+#+(+#$+"#(#,4$+()J$+(
,1?#$S)++$,1'($$##$$1#)
$ -+J $$7 1# 5$ + $+ +61#+4 $ 1#* +(:3#4 #+#+ +(+
+7)($+4#)#$+,#++,+'()(1##$+)7(:1#
$#$1#$+#+#++(#+$#+<#*#$))$"+5$4
$#$"#$"(##$$71##-'(5(-#+#$#:#7#?#$#S'(5(-#
6# # '(# ) $#+ +#+ (-#+ $ ,# (+#$S '(5 ,)$
)7#:#$$#+)##$+'(##1#1#,#+(++(+$+(4,+ #1+(#)##$+$#1++$+:,1+$#)##,#"#$#-#J
X-#+7#5$'(+(-##+#4,+'((+(),+$#1$# ,#*#4#+7##$+#+,P+#+#$+)#$#+$#$(*+(),#Y-#$#
(##:,#3#+"##1#$$$#,4#$#+(+#+#+
'(4,1+##$#+4$-##++(+)7(#$#+,##+$#)#*:+#Y -#$)(++1$):4,,1$,#+(-#4($5#1S
#,)#<#1##),$$#+:,1+,(3+$#6--#)$#+#$$+
)$#*#++((+#+4'()#7#4+(#,#+"$#$,#+P1#4(+?#$+#$
#$:,)P1$Y
X:YX:,1-(+4#'($+1():4+)(5+DG#<+-#$#
#4+#1($Y
42((-#R4,#CBBGJ
58
&
\$5Y$5Y
\+#4+,)6#Y
#4"+)#$,##+JJJ(+++$,)##$4$#?5$#"$ 14#'(7,)'($$(-#'(7:,++#$+#1:+(###
$#-#4":61+$##$"$#+J
&$"#)()##-1#$##$'(#$#:#$)$+1#$#+$#
)$#*($##(J3#+1$#+$$#$#:#'($$##$#,###S)#+#"#1) +1$+$#1$#$$()4#$-+#$#?$#,#4#,+#
+($$4:#$4#)##?#3#4$"#$$#"(+###4 ,1(#+$#+)#+#3(+#7+,+#$*+J
#$#<)##+,*Y'(5,#$'($+#4#,:,1#4$#+ #:#+,##*#+Y$$74#:$#$#+)#$##$#)#4:6$$"(#+# $#+ (#+4 $ + $# ?$#,# ,)#<7# +(+#+ )#$,#+J ;$
4#-#*#4)##4"#4#$#+$$#+$#+#1$#+4*#)##4+1#4+,4 +(4$#,$)1$#$#1$#4$#+"#+P1?5+# ( )(4 $ ,)6+ #+#1$ $#+ )#$,#+S $#+ -+ L##+ $+
,)#+#+4$#+,(+#+"3$+(+4#'($1#+"(#$+
#++1$+#?#"#J\#$)#'($1#$?$#,:##,)#+#$ ?+7J
>##+(+++#$#)$#("#$$J9+#'(7##)#+'(
$,7+,*$##+#4$#+,3$$#+3#+?(*#$#+1($#+'("#$
)#+4 )( #$#*# $ #:# #?5 $# + + # ++
,)#+,+#$+4+,)$$#>(#%-#)(#:#$$##+$
,+,%:#4'(#,#$###7#&(+#4?(,P+"#"#"#J,
+#,++61#4#'(7-$+1($$++3#$+#3#+$3#$$#+,##J #$#+(,*#4#$-#1(+#$#J$$,+,,6,$4*6,)#+++
#"+#+#(#$#<4(#)4(++$1#4$++,1)$
$#)$#4++$#+J#'($$#,+#4++(1(4#"#$$"#4
#+ $ $#1 #:(+4 -"$# $ + ) + +(6$#+ )#$$#+4 , -$# (
::($"#J%$?(#33(#+$#,#1#'(,)#5$$)#++
:$#4#+,#$$%#*+)$+)$"(+$")#<$J$$7-(#
?"(#'(1"+?$1)(#:#1+-,$)##((#
+,17!(1#61+6+$+$#+4\'(+##++#++
$"'(--,+#P,)+$('($1#4#$$6-J(+4Z#'($$#+
:($$$#+3("(#+4'(+6#'(5:##$#"(#[###+$#+(#$#
,+#4(#-($-$####$$#+(4,##$,##'()#'(1##
$#J;:#+$)#<($#$#'(++1$#+)#$#$+#$#"#)(#4
59
#$($$$+<#:$#*4#)5#+$)3(#$#+3#+47#+$) +1$#?,##'(($#+#'($$#++#4)#'($+$+#+,#) 1#3($#"+$\:##+'()#*#$,#$1#3$
)#<($"#<#J'($$#+$-##4++<#$+$-+,#$##4
#+1$#?#$#)(#,$#$)#<($$#"#4$+#1"#?#$#
(#+ 3+4 $+#+ "4 + $# :$"## +##J $ ) -# # )#,++ )+#,+4 $+ L(+# $+ ,#$ #$*#+ :#+ )+ +# :($$$# '( ,##(":4-($-:###6+$###+":##$#)(#J
$$###$#)##?7'(,)$#+(1+:(,+)+'($$#$+#$4 (:($'(-$)$+:+,+4(,#1#)#3 ,1* "#?#+ 4 (# )#-## 3-#$+ #+#+4 (#$ $# ,# #P
,1#(##)(#4+(1$,#$$$,#:#+4#'($"(<\,6+
)+(,\ ( "#1# -"*# +1 $# 1$(+#4 (+ 1$#+ :++
1+ ) 1#3$"#16+$+<#$#J ++ #34 :#1$# ?#$$1#+
#$#+$4'(+#+##1$#+J$$#+,+#+,*($++4$
(3+1$$#+)#$#1#?6$4$+)#+$"(#,#$J
'( :# #)(+ +# )#)$ + $6)* $ #) , ?
(\:5+#,"+J
$*#:#<,(,(#$,#+4,(1*#+(+,#$#+)#$#1#+4'(+
,#++'(--$+($+)1+4,:($###$+#S)
)#'($-,#$-+#((++<#1'($#3(-( ## -$(#+ ,6+ )+# '( + -3+ ++,#+ $+ +##J +
##$+#+4 1 '( , #"#+#3#4 , )$#+4 , ,# # # $
#$#"(<J
#'(7-4)#:7$+#1)#+4)#$$6+(1(-#$#1$#$+#+#+
$#1($$#"(#$#+J5#+?$#43##+7+)#)##$'(:#
-$("J
\#43-+4'(+1#$1Y
\&#+#4,#$#"(<#Y
\
+,1#:)###Y
\$54#Y
\(##4+#-"]
J$1$$#Y
9,"(#$#+-+S(,)$++,##+"+)$(#4#+'($#+
",#+(#+41$$#+4-#++)$#$$+J
$(\#+Y
$\$)$Y
#1#$$+:($#+4#)#:#4$#+++(1#+) )#:++)++"7+,+#1$$+\#"4#"Y
60
\#Y(,),Y\$1#-$#(#$$#J&#,#+#$,#
(##)$(#44-##+$($#++#$1$$##*$#)+?Y
$"(##,*#$#?$#+7"($?#$#$1"#$(+$6+4#$
#$#"(<J#$##+$++#+(#"(+#,*#4'()##+?"(-# )S##++#+"#1#+,3#+(#1*#,#+#$(*#)$
): +($# 1##+##$1(3# $#++##+?,#+)#7# ) $$## J+63(#$$##$##?#,##$+($#?-3#*+S 7*#+$$#-($#+)3###1$$#)#+#4$#-+4+#+ 3#+?$#+1"#:+S#(#-$()(+#$#"##+-$$##+1$ ($$4$#))#+)$5#*#4'($((#?$1$##J##(#+1(#+"
$+)#++3+4#1##*+(<#1#'($(-1##,#
:,6#+#+(:,##J\-$(">,5*4#'($$1#$#&#+#4
"#$$#7+, ,*4 1$## *4 ,#"7?+ 3+4 #"### 1- 1#J
#)$#46#141:,#(,))#J+7)(+**'(#,#
#7#+(##+7)(+%J#+#$#1#1#4+1$#?$,)#"+ #$# # $+ #1$$+S 1$$6$ $#+ ,#+ $#+ +3#+4 $# #3(+## :#'(#
$(+++ $"#+ #$#,#+4 $# #1# ):# 1#(# #4 $+ $#1+
'(+$#"#1$:+4$+)+-$++$#1($$36##J&#+#+#$$7$ #$,#4$-4$#)#$#1#4$#$"#4$1#+\'(1#(#4M$$5#'($
"()J;$$$#+,#+$#$"(#$+,)#++-#7+(,)\,#$#<Y
\)("#3$#+$+###'($+1#$+#+##$(++(
#$)'(#,#+4)+(#+$'(#+#$1*##+J
\$54'(-#####Y
,*#####(##'($$#+,#1$+,#$#"(<#+4+#-* #3##4+(+)#$4++###+#'($#$+L"J,#
'( $# # #-#*#4 $ ##4 )-# #4 + 34 ,#+ ,6+ + $ $+4,6+$-##$##3###4,6+##-*:#$"#,
(#L)#4,6++$::#$($$4,##'('(+#$#)+1$+
1+$#<##,+$$#4\,6+?-+$$5$#+,*#+4,6+#$$ :+&#+#4,6+$#,++4(+#+#+#$1#+$+#)$#(++J$6#+$# #,#$+'(#,#$#+-#+$'(##J5+4#$,#$# #4$)#$#1#+-+L##+J5,#+,7,#+#$##J,
'( + #)# "(+# +( # ?7$4 '( #$ #'($$+ #)$#(++
+"($#+4#$#)#'("$++#+4$#$'(:#,+)##$#(-#
)(1#J
$?("$)$1#+4'(+6+,),#+$'(##4)5,#
#'($$#)$"##4##+##41##4)##?#"+#J
,#$(##J#'(7+
\6Y)#%-#Y
61
/+)#$$7
\6Y)#+Y
<#+
\++($$Y
\++3)7++$+P+Y
\%-#"#"#Y
'(%-#+:,1'(##(+$+($$#$#,#$#"(<#J+$#
"## '( $ # ,4 +"# ? ( ,+, 4\ '( $+ 3("+ "#"##1$"##+)#(-#%-#J;$#)#+#J5$$##J5$$
,#J;$#+J5$$#)$#($#$#%$+#$#"###4$
4 $ :($ #(54 $ :($ #?#4 $ "# +)#<#4 $# #,#
)($7+,#S\Z'(5:##$#$#%$+##-*#)####4# #$#<#4",+$#+#$#:#4#+"(#$#+(#+#$?#,+ #4+,#1###$"#>(#%-#[##*+(1#$#-*$:5$
# $+ ,+ *+ $ #"(# + # "++ )$#+ -#4 )#$+ $+ (# $# +?# ##$(*# + "#"#+ ? '(# # $#+
+$#+,$#$#++(#$7+,#1$$*#++$#?5##$"7#$#<#
+##+($-##+$#+$(#+$##\Z'(5,)#'($,
3+ #++4 $+ #)$#(# ,#+ )(#+4 $ ,)$ #1++ #$++
L)+[\#$++4)$##$$$#$6Y(+#+4#,)#$$#+4-+4+##
,(:(,1:+,"Y
\#3##-*S+:++##+4#$4)#-$#$+-#+$
#)#:#+:Y\#$#<)##$+(,#$<Y$+)###+($ #1#$"#$+4#:#3##++1(##,#+#($#<#$+,#<+Y
\.(Y\$#,#$,)##$$3-#3$#+?#$$1#+\'(:#
'()#_%-#Y
\Z)$(4'(#+++"#G@,#$#"(<#+[
\Z#$#P[
\Z$#[
'(+++$+#?#+#$$#+4$+#+#+$6++J
\(+\Z$"([#,3'(+Y
\Z:#-+
J#$>1#7[)(++1#$#$?#7$#+1#'(:#
)'(+'(+$:#"#J
#++P1#:#,1$#$#:(##1$#*J+(#,(3'(1#$#+
(# ?"(# ?#6+# '( +1 $ #1$# + +$*#J # #$#,# $ )P1$J &#
"(## #,)#<#J &#+ )#$,#+ ,##4 # +)+#,4 # $6"(#, $+
,)+J&#-$#)#$,#+J9#'(7##4-($####$)P1$J
$#+)(#+$+)+###$#+#1$#+$+?$#,+41$##,#$#(#$
62
"(#+#4 $#+ )#$,#+ -($#+4 $+ #+ 1#*+4 $# ?6$ ,##4 (
7,#$)),))1$1#$#$()4####+(-*$#1#$###$
)P1$L#+#J
:4(6--#$#,P+#"##Y+-($#?"+#4-##+,+4
#,#L#<#4,($#+$6"(#+,$+4####+,
$#)#+41$##+,(1+3(-$$#1+?++J,#4+)*#+4#,#4 ,#+$#"#,#$+$YB7(:7J\,'()+"($"#+#
(#$'(:#:#$$#3#,6+J,'(+#(+#$#$,#(#,##"##Y &$"##$#*5$++#J3#$#,,#$+"#+$+$+(
+(<1$$#J+)+'(3#$#,)+()63#,+#J
(,P+#1+##,1+1(++4#-+4+)#+4+P1+4
,$#$++++$"#"(#$,++1#34\,+$$#,+(
-#,+#1$+(-+$$+))(#,(#$#3(1$+4#$##$"7#$# )#++(#+#+?:#Y
,+<##$####4)+1$+?6"$+-++'(
$# (1Y , $ 1#$# 7,Y 7,#+ $# #*# #'($$+ $#+-+
,-,+J,'("#*#1++#-+1$"(#$#$+1#*+'(
)*+#, ,(-J , '( $+ )4 :# :## #6+ $# 1$$#
#1*#J\+ $ #61" 4\#,#+ ,7+#+ +$#-#+4\-, +<+,)+\:5++#Y
\$54$"##Y
.(5+)#4'(5-$-4'(5+'(-#4'(5?$#()Y
\$5Y#:#4#:#Y
$#+)6$#+-7"+(15+$+4?(5+$$###(#$+Y
Z.(5###:#&#+#[\#-*4$#$1$$,#1)#+J($#
"##4 ?#+# $##J )## $# ,# $ ,(+$4 # $# ,##
3(-$4,-$#?#1$$+:,+4\:5$'(+4+?#$$# #$$4#,##),P+#--#
3,+
+):8
MH:,
9:,,N
,*#$#+?#4#,)#<6$#+,(-$##+#:(:#+4$
+<$#+"#?#+"$)#+(-#+((4-#$#+:($$$#+4$$(-,#$+ #1#++1$,,###J
$()(#)$##$4##(#$+()?#\5$$+##
63
9*+12+:-
018
+1
12+-:/
#3+ #)+4 ,*+ ,*#+4 +$#+ ##+4 (++ -++4
+#)#)+#,)+(+#"#4#'($$#-*?+#-1#4'(
(-##
2
K)*+5
0*1++
O--+/
'(7 # :# '( #$#, $ -"+ +$ $ #"# )J
P*#+ ,##+ , #,#+4 #(+# :+ +(+)+ &#+#J\
,+#'($$##$,#4)#$$#+11#1$$*#$+"#4
:(1#,(),)$+##1##?1#+'(#P#:,+#$ #1:,\#+ #)?$##$ ,-$()$+ #$#,#+"+ -+++4$($)6$++++#,#1$+3+"+4#&#+# # ,) '( -$-7 +( $6)* #) #$ 15-$ ##$+#4 +# )$# "#7+,#
1+
-+
H:+,
K>:J
>+5#7
#CBBCJ
N424(-#R4,#CBBGO
64
(-#R4D#1$CBBGJ
<4
&#+1##++6#,##+#4M$+#*+):#,(J+'(
3#+()(1$:3+J:#+##M5$+()3#,6+,74M $#,#1#,#)#J$:(1#:#$$#,#,4$:(1#1+#$#,#J (#+#1#+(+#$$+?++4#$##$#$(*,#4$#+?$+#,+#+$# ,#-#SM+#+'(1#3+#$+4M?$+)6$#+?,#+-Y
M"5#$"P#,)-(#,?$++$-++4$#+3#5#$#)(# $#(,1#4(#$,#6"$#7###$,)$-($$(<#$#4 #$()$###,+JM,(4$+'($7#14#)$#(+
#$#(#4$)(+($+1$):#+7?(#$#(,1#X:): ,##-$$+#'($'(4#+-#+#<+-#$##4+#1($Y
M&#-#+#:#,$#1##$$#(,#1-+P#1$##4'($#+
,#+?1$+16+,$#:)'(,#:+(+,#++(
#$1#P#35+?#+#+#+4+#6#+4'($#+#$#)+$++ $#,4##+#$+-+)+#+S$(,#4$#$$#,###++#
$+3+4+(+++:(,#+S+$#$++#*(*#+M?#,5$+P#+M
$?#"+J+#+$##3(+##-,#(:,1'(:#+##$#
P#,#($##+()#+)$35?#+J
,4 ?(4 +$J # $ -#"$ :(,#J (+ )#* $+ #*+
++4)#$#+,#+#+4#$,$#+$"#+#-##+4"#
$#-#4-(#+74"$#+()(1$J3#($"#)+,$
#+#+4$4M$'(+#)#"(#4M,$$#+:,1+SX)(+:#
#$###$#$"(#'($-##+(+#,6+#$'(#)$-##+ $"Y(#+(-##-$##4+,1+'(+4*($#+4-,6'(#+
#$#+4,6'(#+)##:##'($$+(<$+<+4)##-##$#+,#+4
)###-"#$+##$+4)##?#$-#)4#+5$1$4,$5
-+)+J&##4,)-#,#4$#17#+(+J9-,#$+4'(+ 3'(#+"($#?(*#)#'($#+:#$$#+1($$,(+(-+$ +)$#++:+##$+:,1+#+)++J
-+#,4)'(--+)#J(+)+#?()##5$4,#+
+)+#+4#,#*#,)7#'($$-#,#$#$#1#$$$#1#4M+#$#JM##
'()#7#51$S)7#+#,#"7?#"7#$+:,1++J&$#1#7
#(<S):#1####)$#++$-#+$#),#$,#'((*5L
#+,5#S:#4+(#+,14("#(####-#4 65
+$-##1#)##1(3#,#?,(#,6'(##-#+#$$#($*#$) $#+,##+J
((#+-+4,6+4#$#+($#J###<4$#+($#'(5$ ?(4+#$#+:,1+,(3+4))##+##4, +(+4)##$#1##$$#$#-#J(+)#+?(,7++J$+E#<+4) #(#1##+()##--*#J$+CA4#:#7#+,1+S#$+CE4(#
'(7#*#)#+4+:#7#+(+))#+,#+$#:,#4$*#)#$("S#):#7#
:+4#:+4'(#1##+()#)(#J$#"(#"$+#4+-$## )1-++4,6'(#+#$+45$$#+?#1#M$)1-$$Y $'($#$#+,6'(#+4#)+#(#5$#4)'(--7##+4M- #TR#-+)#+4M?#:4+("++(4+## #$,#+S?#S,)#?61#+S-#+(+##+,S+#)##+4-#7#
##$+4,),+4+(+##,$+:,1+4+(1(#:#,+4,#
(#$+#$#$)#+4$-##$+#$+?61#+:4#1##(#-##'( +$"4##+(+:3++(+1+4+#+4,$+,#+JMX +,)#+$#+,#+)###$++#++1$#+#1*#+#,##+
$+:,1+Y
##)4#(,5:#$14+(,3#:#$J
9(1#,1$#+)#4,++15$?(##+#"#+,#,# ,+(+#4$7#'(:(1+::(#1(##J7#'($#-#:(,##
+(+#4$1+#"7+#(##)+#+7#J+##+4##
+$-$4-$-$)(<#$$+<+S+'(--,#+#,4
,'(-5$++(,+?(-(+4)'($13$#-#J
$(#$$#-#1$#+)(#+$#?$#,J+(?'(#,#4#((#
+(?4)'($#$,##'(-#$#,#$+:,1+4+(",(#)#
+'(+'(,#4#,#+,1#"#+J;$-'($,#"-
:#14$#,#(#):#$S'($$)((4)'($ ,)(,*'(4(#$$#,#+(,#$+$+:(,#+4#*#$#$,#4,$+
,#3+#$#,1+*#+M$+3#+$+#1#$$+$'(+$#+##+
161##+$##-#$,#J
5$-'('(+#+74--$+'(++##+74+##
$++4--)#$,#+J+$:#$+,#$-#+$$545$+
$+,4+'(:###P('(,(#J#)#6$#,#
$#?$,4$,#6$+3+##,##4'($,
-+##6#$#1$++$#:#J
+(,#4 ) -- +"( (# L+# )+4 (+ #$1+ $
(#1##$(*J>#,6+)$##$"($##4,P+#'(+##$"(#4$
)#,)##1$##'($$#,P+#"*++(+)7(JMVZ'(5,#++
7($&+[W43(#-*#$#$$'($#7#$#+$#+$##+$
66
:+)"#,'($#(-+#),#1###'($'(##$"#(-$# -+# $# #(#$*#J V , $ #+ )'( : )# $ , +
-(+4'(++1(S)'()(1,$#"#-#'(#?(*#+#$+,6+
1(+$#+))#+S)'(-+<#,+##+$,)#+,+,3$$#+#P
+##+4'('(+#$,##+3-+4--+,)3-S)'())#"'(
$# # + #)(*# ,4 ,+ #+4 )-$" $+
#+##+$#,4+$,P'($:,1L)$#+$#+$+
$#-#S⎯#,#6-(+"+)"#,4),6+'(+##1#$$
+($#4+$#7+5)##,7""JWM#7#'(#+7:#1$#1#DA#<+Y
(#?(?(()4$(#$)+#4+5$#$,#J>#,6++(- ( 4 + :#+# :#$$#$4 #( # J ## ,##-$$# ?(*# $#
#(#$*#4)7##,##-$$#?(*#,#$J(,#4,$+$$+:(-+
$+)+4#$#1#-+J'($$+1'(5$)7#,#4+#$7#,3#J
+(+#<+)#(,+#)4,'(+(,(3#7##$"(+45$:#17#
,,#+#$#(##$)'(<($++##$#,?5$(#,#'($$# '(#$#)#,7#$#(#4+)##1#$#+,+#+4)7#+(##3#,P+#J&
:# ,)# ( "# * +#4 '( + - (#S ) 5$ $ ?(#J
&$-#7# 1 ( ?#$ $+ ,#$+ $ 4 ) +6 #'($$#+ "+ +$-+#+,($$#+-($#+4M$#+,6'(#++4(#$$+:4 -($-,#$$#+(-#+5$+#)$#+)#+$#,6'(#4:#+(+#<#+4
#$##$#(1($#4:####),5#$#),#$,#J$)(1$
)#"#,(#4,'($-?#$4$+?(+'()7#,)##,
)+$-#)##$+S,#+$+#1#$$+#,($#,+$#+$$#+
$#+1#$+#+'(#$+?(+##$#1#5$,#"#(++,#$)##+4
'()$#+$$#+$##$4:####$#+,1##+(#,$$#++ ,(+J(#,#,(#$#+#$$-#4)++#)4$,#$#$3#
)+++#1,6$+1#$+#"#+$,#$4,-$-6$+
-#7+SM,#+5$#(#)##($#4'(#)+1$#)4,+ ,$$#+$$#$#,#$+1#$+4'()+()))+(#+1$#)##,
#1#34#$#)#'(,)(3#+)$+'((-#,+)$$+$#,#4$+#
-#7+$"+-($-:#*(+##1#J'(('(7#+?#<+#"
##Z'(5$#$#)#$+)(1$+'((##)+$+#
$+,+,+,#$-#+4$+-#+#+#$#+)#$,#+[)++##
,#'(# ( #)## +(4 ( )4 '( + "(#6 + $# $$#4 ) ,(
$("+#$#,1+4,)$#+#+(#1#$$4(:'(:#6*#+(1# ,#:,#J\+#'(?(#1(M)'(L"#$?("$#+,##+$
##:#+#$$+)7(M?#1##)(1#?("$+( +#+"#+#cFEAAA,#'(##))###)##)(-"#+ :J$#+)(J,##-+,(#6$1J(#-#(# 67
?(*# ,#$"# $##(#$*#4 + $ +)# ) $+ #:+ $#1+ ++#$$# ,#$##"5$#JM(+##+#+$#+#++)$+J1(+#$4
)(+'($+7S+$,#1##(+#$##(#$*#4+)(5+
$(#$7#$",4,3("#+#+?:'(:#"##(#?7$)##4<
'(:#$$##$#1$3("'($7#++(,#J%(+#$,)(#
) + +(+##+ ##+4 )## '( $ )1 " $$#+4 '( + +( #,"J +6 +,)+#+(+#1#3#+4)"(6$++'(,6++#$#4+$# $#1$+?#"#,(:4'(5'('(5$:#"#)##'($$++(?#,+4,#++(
#+(?J(#+("$)(4+(,#$-+1$##$,:##$+
?(#+J###-'("##1#$)#7#(1#$J-7#,$
#,+#+('(*#4,+((<J##1(#-(#$+"+4
#<#7##+(+((#1(#+#$#J$$+$#7#+((+#4,$$+-$-7#+(
##J #$$##,4 + '( (# ),# ), ?#+(+4 ?,#$ ,4#$#1#*#)P1$#J;$+6#$##1*##"#,)+#S)5$+
,3#$$5"#?4)5$4'(#$-$#1$(##-*+,###)# (#+7+,#+(,#4+#$?$#1$J;$+6+(+#+(+)-#++(
+($#4'(-$#+$+7#+4$+#+(+)P1$+J$)"(5++:3+4
'(+6'($++$+#1#3#+J;$$$-#+(+$$#"#+$):45$("##
$+##(#$#+'(+#)#++45$)#$+++'(+#)#+4+$+
#,(+#$++<#+$+++4'(,#+,6"#++,1
)+"#4:#+("#'($)1"$$'(++(+,#+)##$# ###-#J;$$#?##$##4+$#$##J;$)#'( $#"##$$"##-+#:##11$$#3(+#J;$$+#(#'(:#
)(3#*#'(++##$#$"#:(,##($-##J$##,7##+$#+$+
#+4$#,)?1(#$(*#$##(#$-#:(,##4?5+'($ :,1-+$(,1##-7#$#+"$#+ +(#-+#,)$#+$#-#4'($## "(## L+ 1+ :$"#+ '( #'(# $+ ++ + $+ '( $#
:#1#J+(#$#+?(*#+$##(#$*#4#)#,#3#$#+4+$#,##,6+ :#+$-$+)1$,#++#$+J$,$(#$1$J$:,1
"#:#,)*##+:,1J$:,1$$-##++(++)##+#++(+ $#*#+$#?J
#)1#+#1##$-#4+,J&#1?#+(#
,#+?-#,#J#$#+$6",#+$+S)+#$#?($#+ $6",#+J )4 '( :#17# ,*# $+ )+ +#$*+ $# 3##
$#,+#4'(+?#$$+)+$+:,1+)##$#3##JZ'(5-#$#) $#+ +($#+ )#$#1#+ ( + + 4 P,+ (#+ ,1#+
#):+#+:($"#$#,(#$#3#,5+$#+?7+:(++4++
#'($$+$7,+""6?+4'((#$#$#,,###$14##$#+ $$-#[X(++###$++-(#++#+(#+-#M'(#$+1#+$#+
68
+($#+4M-++#+##"#++++(+)($1#1$#1##$$#Y
- $+ :,1+ , #*#4 $# 1# +4 #+ ) +7
$#1+#,$#5)#,#4$'($#,))##1#:#1
#) + $#1 #$"(#J (+ '( # -- - $ :,14 $# (# :# ))##$)##--J$#+($#+:##)$,#3$#+?(*#+'(
$#-#+:#$(:#J+($#+ 17#+4+#$$+J $# )$(,#17# ,#3#+)$##$#++($#+S))$#,#<##4$##*##J
+7)4'(#:$#)(-M,#"4(##$1#
#+$+++#(##<++(:,+#-#4M#1#+#(+#+4#+
#+4#$+'(:#--$#$#1'($#+'(JZ+<#5+##1#$"##$ '( :# + 3 $ +[ (+ +<# $# #4 $# # --#4 ,P$)$ )#$)#4#$'(:#--$$#$$#Y$*6+$+#++$,+S5+
$+)#-,++)#++S)1$6+,$$#+$1+$+##'($+S+6+
,+,#++$#+6#+S#15+)#)#$#+)(#+S6+)
$$#+4,)#"(#+74$+#1#3#+($+X#$$6-#(+4#$#
6#.(7,#YX$$6-#+4#$##1#,##4#$#"#?7#4#$#
1(3 )6 (+#$4 # $# 6#Y >(+ - $# 1($$+#
,(:(,1:,1+,(3+4'($#1$#+##)#+-#4,#
$$#+"##?#<4+#$M)(+#$#,#$#+#+$#(#4M#
+-$,)$'($##+#,+,##-+))#Y#X'(5+$Y+ ,$:,1+$J"(X'(5:,+(#Y+#+3-++(#J,#)
++-#+++4,#"7?#++#$#+:-"()+'(+)##$+,#++$
+('(-6#L)$#$+,+,#3##$++(,+4"#$+
#)##+4+,(-$#+?(*#++#$+4+#$,###?#$#$#4 ,)'('(+"#N'(O$#P#$""#$+:,1++
#'($$#'(L$(#:,1#$"(+(+J
# :# ,(Y # :# ,(Y # -64 , 7# (+4 ## +61#4
#)#$1#*+(:3#4#-+##+(+(#,#J#-6+(+3+
#'($$#3(-$,(:(,1#"##4'($#"(##1##$)$#++#$#+4$
##3#1#)$#+#$$+4$$#1#$+-++(+:(#+4#1#?5#,+(
#)$#(+$++,1+J#+#)##6)##3#)#+#+(:4+#$(#$
+)4$#+"+#+),+#+'("(7##(#3+#+#"#J# $+)#6+"(+$#6-#4,$+)#1###7#+$"#1##$# )*($#+(:4#,+)1+J#1#3#67#)$4+(#(#3-3
#"#4 #(#6 # +( : +(+ ,#+ DG #<+4 '( :# #,#+# ,$$+4#+(##"(3#)#$($(###4+$+1
+( #(#3 :#1$#6 # ,6+4 , #'($ 7#4 # $# ,($( '( + :# ""#
,-# )## -$4 '( # #$7+,#+ )$"##+ -+ #$#,# # +( +$$
1::Y
69
&#(##:##++(?5J$$#"$+#'(#7#4#)<61#+4
1#3$#$$(-#4,(:(,1#"#'()#7#,+'(++$$-#++1+(+ :,1+#$#"$+#J++:#+4-#$##,(CEAAA'(+J
$,)$#(+?$+4$#+#$$+(##$?,1##1*#++(1#+J #46,##4()+4()+,4+:##(#+($(4$:#
)$#,#)#$##4$$-##"##$1#*J
$#+ #+#+4 #$ 7 +( ,1 )+ ) :,1+ ,(3+ <+4M
+-+J $#+ -##+ #$ - )#+# +( ?54M) $# (# -+
:,#34M+'(#1#+(++,1+$+)$(,#+$#+,(3+Y
>;
4
(%(++4G3(CBBGJ
N)#O
,#-#JM$#U#+:"-"JM&#1#-"JM+#+:#
#<+JM
# :+JMT1(": "3JMU#+:"JM&#
#"#$#+#JM&+$#++$++#+
+JM#$#,$#5+JM
$#$?#JM+#+++#+JM&#"(#L)$+JM(,#:+##(#$JM
6 &+JM"# (-# RJM#+ ##$JM(-# &"#
$#+#JM&#,##$$J
(-#R4CJ,#NCBBGOJ
<4
++,+#)#1$J$+#$#+-#)+($#+?(+S,?,+
#'(+#$#+#$(4+(1$"#+:$+-+$#+#,#+$++#(+S
)$(,#+)($#+4+$"#+"#$$##+,#++###$++,1+$#+
#,#+S +#$ +(+ )++ +#$ $+ )?(,++ 3#*,+ $# #1# $#+
)6$#+:+#+S$#+,#<##+)##)#+S+$$#$#+##+$#$,#SM+
,#-#YM7$+?$+4$+##++"(4$+<++#J
:#:#1$++(++$)#7+-+-J$#+(*#+$?74+
#,$#+#+'(5$#"#-#J#+,+#4++#$(4 )##$+:3+$+ )1+##$+)++(+)+1$#+##+S#+#$##$$4)$#+ -##+#1#+4$#?$+ #,#-#+4 $ #(-4 $+?,+
1#$#-#4'(#,$#,#+(+?$+#$#,(#-##J
70
(:,1),#-#$$1##$+,*+$,+$#J$"(+
--,#'($`1$#-+#1$$#?61($##$,##4((:$$
$#-#$+#S+--4,U#+:"-"4+#+-#+J##
(+4$"+'($#-#4#:#+"##4M?#,5$)##+4$ "+$1+(#))(##"##4'(:#,##(##+(:3J
U#+:"-"##+#:#$"#4'($(+$#+<#$$$#*#4)###$
,#3+#?(##,#,#"#'(:,+#+(-#J(-)+#+,
:,"#+4"*+,,+J#1"#4))$+S,#4)*#+S
) #'($$+ +#+ "# #(#$+ $+ :3+ +(<+ 1 #+ +(
"4 #$* 9+4?#,+)7 '(+##1($#+4 ,#(-+#+4$#'(#M#'($$#+#+4M#$#"1(##-+##4,6+
'((#(-#R4M#$#-#U#+:"4'(+$)+$+6,1+
'(+(#)#$#1#+:(,##+4M'(+)$#,$:5'()#J$"(+
:,1+3##++7#(#+?("4#$##4:#,1+:-M
+1#$(*$(#J
+#U#+:"-"4'(:#$1##,$#+"+$#+
$#+$#+#7#+$#:+##+#'()#$$#+?$++(?##+7#$# +(-#4:#+$#$#)#$#&#(#,##J
, +,+4 ,#$+ ,#+ #$+ )#",6#+ #)7#,+ # $ $+
$+$##:+)##4$++#+$#1#$+3+#,#++,)$#+
,##-$$#+46+$+)#+,++#1#$$+$(4$+,$++,#"#$+4
$+#,#+-$#'(7#$"$5+J
U#+:"-"+#(,#1(+#$61$)#4(#3#?(#+4
1#3# $#1 ()#4 #,## +,#$+ +# ,1(+ #61"+4
?#$)#$###+#"$###$#++,5#4$#+?(#+(-#+J
$'($:,5),#-#$4,'(-3+$#+$
-+4 :($$# ) +( #$*#+ (# $# +$-# -"4 #)##
1#-#,$++#$+-#+$+'()##,#$##(#$*#$?$+
:,1+4$+:##+#(-5+4,#)+7J
,'((-#$,#-:,++1$4$##+(+#++$-##$#$,#$ '(#$#$,#J,'(+1+($"#$6$#:,+(#4'(
?$3#$+'($##,#4?(?$*4+#$#1#+(+$+()$(,#4)($,# 1##$$#4#1$$#,#+,1#4*#+4+$7,)4,( #,:+J
&#?#+$##)($#4,,#<##1+'(#$#+$#'($4
,)7#,#3+#4++:#7#$+J
&,#'(+?#:-++)#<#)"#,+7+4+1$#
P0,04'($:,1(##+#$-4)+(#$:(,#
,)#$"#+4$+$++()##$+$##,#J) 71
$++($+#3+)#$1#$&##3#4+("#$+$#,+$#,4
'($#'(--#4#'($$#""#,#4,#:,+(#4(#-#S(#$+$
-$+4'(#1##)+1$$,$+#,$$+#+##+
41#++P1#,+(?,#*#:,1<4+1$+,+$#
$:#,1#4+(++(<+,+,#+4,+?(+#"$5+4+ #-$##7+4$#)$(,#$)#J
#U#+:"-",)+1(+M(##7#$#$1#J(+)#<#$+
?($+$#)P1$#4$#?$<5#$+#+?++
#'($)(1$(-J
+ + $1#6 # )# +##4 $ # U#+:" -" d(+eMM,5$$$#,#$#-#+##+#'($:+(+
)+,7#+4M $ # #'($ 7# "*+4 '( + $+ ,+#$+
-++(,3#$*(+(:()$$#3#4:(11#1$'(+##+
# $# $(* +( "# :()# )#<4 )(<+ $"#+4 1#+ )$,4 )'(
U#+:" )$#, T1(": '( +#1# $#+ :+$#+ $+ "$++
##$#+$+$+-+J
#1#'($7#$++(++4,7#(++(+,#+
3##+4$#+##+'($$-#1#)$+(+#,+#$#+(#+#++#+$#1(#
#S#'($$+"#-+)4#+#++,##4'($+:3+
$+ +$$+ ?(#+ + 3(#1#4 # $# #7# $# #4 # +( $+ d:,#+ $"+e )#+#3+ $#+ +(#+4 # ) # $#+ ,)#<7#+ )'(<($+'(##1#<#)+1(6$:#17#$$-#++,6+$+#"
?+#+\+:#1$#'($$##$+,#,+#+4$+<+<#+
+##'($$#,)#<7#4$,)$3#4'($#+-##+$#(#+-$-7# +$#+4#$#+#,)##+$##4$)#,PS#'($$++#++$+4'(
--7#3,)$#,4#1#+3+ 171$+ )##+# -#4+(7#4 3(1$++
,,#1+4#:#1$#$#+-(#+$##+'(?(#(#+ +()$##$$#$(+#+#(#3##1##+J
#-7#+$-##+"-##'($$#+)$6#+4(++,+
:##<+4$##+#$"##4#+(7##'($:,1,#"6,'((-
+,)+(#$,#)#*,$+?(+$#"(#JX+"#$'(+3#
#1##)$#-#4+$'($#,#YX$'(-#4)#$)#("4)
+(+)#++4$#+#3#+4$,)(3#4+$'($#-#$+)+,$#-7#4
?# # $+ ,6+4 # +7 )) -M, ) +1 +$M) +(+ )#++
,##+Y
X+T1(":#:#)#7#+##'($$#++#1#+)#$#1#+4'(,
#"(#+#)-#?(#7#+,)$+$#1+U#+:"YX'( +6?,,($)(1$'(($-#?$#$,$+$#($+'(#+,1##
$#(,1#+(+:5+Y$'(+#1:##$+"#++"+
72
$$+J9#:5+4$+:#J
?(?+#$)(1$$#,)-#-##4)#1$$S1#*
:4$6,)##$+S$#4#+?("+#?#$+4#*#+$$#+J
$+1#'(+4#<++)(5+$7#"$+4#+$#+)#+:-7#$$#+4+ -##1##$+:,+:U#+:"Y
+7$1##:#$#,+)(1$4M,#+4)++)$1(+
$:5+4+3(#:$#$):#4#3,)$#$+)(1$+1#+4'( "#+)$##4#-"*#+)+$1+4+(+:3++$++
,#$+4M#+ )(#+ $#++4 -+4 , $
)#$#,##4 ,1 $#+ ))($+#+ ,(#+ $+ :3+ $##4 '(
)($($#$++#+
+4M)##,+#+#"$##+3(+4#+$#+
,#+)$#+'($#1#3#,+(+##+4)###(#4$#$
+()#$#1#4$#+#,#++(+:,1+4+(+##,#+?(+"#+4+(+
(#+(#+7+,#+),#+#$+,+(+#($$+4'(#$+$#+
#$$4+:#(*#1#*+4)6$++($+4#$$16J
#"$###$##SM#:#4)+P1#+"4+:##,$# ##+$##1$$#(#++#(#++$)+)##$1J(1$'(###
+7)(1$++$#-+4--6))(#,###+(++$#-+4)6--)+74
+,(4#####+#(#$+)(1$++-+4:#+#'($#+
?(*#++$)+4$#+$"#(#++#$J
# "$## ,1$#J $ $4 '( "# :3+ "$++4 "#4 +(+
:#+$(#4?#6+#1+J##-('($(4++$+
-+'($#,1#J##+)#*#'(#$1#4,)$#+,1#+$+ 1+6($+'()(#:"#$#J#$#-#(##*#))(#4?#"+#4,)$##1$4
?5#4$#+-(+'(+,##$##7$$#+##+)(#+#+1#+( (?J
(#$##$#+#4)+###$+?(*'(#$(*#_$$4
#$(#)#-##3-+$(++$+?("+$#$(#4$:#,1
$1#4 - # +(+ (-+ ):,1+ #$ #$#, "$5+4 # #1# $+
15-$#+4#,+##((<6,)((+$#-,)#(1#$ +(<#+(+<4M#$#$$+"$++3-+4'('('($#)+(+
:++))#+()(1$"#)##"*#$+4?7#-($##,#+ :#+#'(+#,)$#$#$#+-$(#+4M+$-##+#+,P$)$+#'($
$#$,#+4<#4,#+#+#+#++(61$4(7#)($4$#+
#,#+?##+J
$#-*'($+#)(++$#+"##1#71$+1##$$#+$)#$#,4
$+##$+"$##,++$+?(+)<#++#"'(#$M
?#-7# $#+ 1#-#+ #-#+4 $#+ #+ #+4 $+ ?7+ #+#1$+4 $#+
,1+#+1(+#+$+,#+$#?,##"##$##4$#-$(
73
$:,1#+74M+,)$#1#$#?#"(##$#'(:#17##,(#$
"1#$1#$'(#$+$#++-#1#"$##J
(#4,#$#+(),#(<*+7'(#-#$#$#6?5$3? $+?,#+4#$+#$$4)#7#+($#$#+#+(3,)$#)(#
:#1'(+#)##$###'($$#++,)#7#+?-+'($##1##
+P1(#-+(,#<#+#"4+#$#::#<+(,($)#$# &+4-5#+'(++#1#3#++)#4#"#+#,#4)$#+#<#+
$#(#4+P1+$+(,1#$+$)#$#,?+#1$+1($+ ,7?+4'(:(1###)#$#+#1#7#+4M+)5+4$
?(##+#4(#,(+#*#'(#$$7-)#)$+#)*#4#()(<#
:,1+ #$-+ +,17+4 '(4 ,#:# $ + $# "# '( ,) $#
L)$+4$#+?#7#+,#+$$#+$#"$#'($#"#3#::#$#
#,#4#,#+#1#+,+,,4,"(+#'(:#
)$-#4$#+#,#+$#(-#"(#J
$#+)$#,(4+$-##4,(?$3+(4$##M:#17#
,#P$##$,:##$#6$4##1##$#)(#$+?+#$+$#+ (#+J
&#+ -$#+ )#+,#J &+ #+,1+ :,"(#J 35 )(1$# #
&+J &#+ +,1#+ )#:#1 -## +1 "$## + +(+ :3+JM##
:#-$#(+"(-J$##)14+$+$#+++4M
+$+$#++M$++#+
+-++#(#$+'(##$$#$:#,1
$+#,)++L)($+#++(+:*#+4,#-#3++(#+#"+4
+(+#$#?61#+,17#4+$#1#$+,++((#:
$+#$#&+J
+$+#+4)$+)(#+4)$#,##$#(#J(#(
$(1 -1$+4 '( '( $ )(<#$ + #,# $7#4 $# "# $ 1$ #:#4 (# "# $# &1#YM(# $+ #+ $#++ '( $+
+#+
+)(1$#$+#1"#+$#"(#)$##,#4)##$#(#$$1#
3(#+4#$#+4+1(+$#+4#(,($#)P1$#,?+Y
($##$,1_-#++#4?#?#,+(,)4#1*#
#:#$+"($$+$#++4#)6"1(#4'(+:##,#$$#4 ,(- "# # +(+ )#++4 #'( 6+)# $"(#4 :#1$# # ( )4$##'(:#1#$+:,1+'(#1-#$#+"(#+4#
+()(1$'(+)###$##$,"+()(1$4#(#4?#$)#+#)
+'($$#+)(#+$#)##4'(#+#$##"(##5$4
+)5$$##$#"(##$##%#<#J
)&+'($+,1$+,,1+$$###$3(##$#
)#$+$#++SM'(+6)$#+$#+1$+#+$#+#+#+
$##$++#+
+4,)<#+$#(-#"(#(#S'("#)#$
74
)(1$$#5+'(:#:#$$##+$,5#4?#-$+)$#+++$+'(
'(+11$###,()(1$()(<#$+#"4'(
$##+$-##6+)#"$#(:#*7?(#+#6-+J
+:#1$#4)(+4TR4#$-4'(##S$##4#(#-*4
,(+#+,141#<#+$6",#+4+)$"#++(+#$,#+$+:,1+4,
#$#+#-4#1+4,6$*?$S$#&#"4,(3#,+7+,# 1$$*#4(#+,##+)?(#+4#++#+4#1#+#+4:#)+#$1+?("
(#6"$S$#$++4(#-*+$-#4,(:#$#41(+# #-+"##+J:#1$#+$$$(1$#+,#$#4$'((#'(-# "$## + :,1+ #,#+# # $# ?61# #,#S + :#1$# +#$#+
5#+ # #++#+ L)$++ "()+ $#++ ?#6+S +
:#1$#_-#++#4'('(+#1'(5,#+63(#+$#+#+
'("(7##++)+$#+,1#J
/+ #+ )#+4 , )(<#+ '( 1(+# +4 ##,#+
5"+#++(++161#+$5+L#<*#$#7($#1*#$# $##,#-#+#$4(-#R4$(#$#7($4$"(#,(($#4,# '($##"#$##,# +((+4 '(#6 $(",# +) $#+
#1(+##+$+:,1+#+(+#1(+#+4+'(1#+-+:$(-#" "(# + , $# )$-# $+ +:#+4 $ , P '( ( )(1$
),)##:#,1$##+()+)+J
"##(#+$+#+4M#('(+##$++)#+4
M$:"$##L"#$++#+
+,###$+
$#++'(+,5##$#$#"(#L)$+4'($#'("$##+
# 3 # )+# $ $#, (" # ()#4 # , %#4 ,)$+J,)##+?#$#"##,#####$+ 1#*+$+?#6+'($##:"##$#)##4P+4"##$#P,
(#+4:$#$):#4$+$"#+$#+P,#+#+#+$#+#+$+
+#+
+4)###$4#+$+-+$14'($#&1#+ :3#$,4'($+)##+$#++)(##$+'(#,#+#1##,#+
,($#1$#4'($+?#6++$()35$#?,#4+ +(+1(+4'(#+,$+4$?-4$+#:++
$$+4 $# &"# "## $#+# $+ +#+ +4 (##+ +#+ + $
#+,3#4+-+)6#,(#+$#?,#1$#+#4'(#)#
+("113+$#+$##+$#&"###$$#+#'(##($$#
+( )## #$+ #$$4 $ ))+ ### #$ #$#, "$5+4 ) -7#+
$"7,#+3#,6+)#1$+4$#$-$:#,14$#+1(3(+#$##4$# "#$+"+))+4+$'(#$,#+(+$#+$##JM-#
+#,)::,1+Y#)#+#4+)#4+#1#*#4+###
(1#)$#(++++$+,1+$+#($$+$#?,#"##S
75
(#+(1#$#)$##?,#$#+#$#-451$4-+#"4
$#,##$$$$(+(:3##4'($()#$##$#$,##
$##4M:(,7$$#+$#+#+4)+)$+)(#+4###)##-6+$#+$#+
?$+'(#$+#$4)(,)(6,:(#4,#+'($$#++##
$6",#+J
>;
4
(%(++4CKCF3(CBBGJ
N?JO
76
&#(-#&"#$#+#JM,#-#JM###+JM&+:+$)JM$
,?+, $#+ $"#+JM&#+ )$7#+ -$(##+ $+ )+#+JM$#++
#:+JM&#-##'(JM(++$,+JM6)#(,#JM&#(-#
&,)$+JM$)(%R$J
(-#R4CH,#CBBGJ
<4
+6$##"*4)'(+(+:3+)+)+4'(#+,$+)(1$#
$++#+
+4(*#$):$#1##-4)(+#$#,#"+#$# $$#-$#+##+4:#3(#$#-$#$?##$#,##$$'(
#1#4#$+$#)#74"#++#+$1(+U#+:"4(+ ,#+##$##,#1$+#"#*&"#$#+#JM#-'(:#)(+$"(3#,
$#?$$#16J
#(#$*#+6+#+4+-$#4$,#"##S$+++4#$"7#S $+ #,)+4 ?+#+J &+ ,($$+4M$$+ ?-++ #1#$$+ '( #1#*# #
#$-4'(+,1##S#$#$++4#"##:+)+#$+4-7#()#S#
$##4'(1#+(#4X+-#Y+6:($"#$+"#+S)$6,+4
$+?,#+S++"4'(+,6+'(-$###,#+4$+)$7+S,#$#
:#4$+:+?+4#'(++(+,+,+,)##+:#+)+"(4)'(
+#1#+#1,#1$++)#+#+4:(,+1#4):4'( $$#$+)7(,#+,#+4$+3+,##+$+#+4$#+,#+,1$+J
++#1'(#($+)#$#+<#+4'(#$#1"(+#$$+4-## )$+4:#+#'(#,?$+?#"4(#))#'((#+#)#"#4
+1$##,#$5"#J$#)$7#4'(+#1#$+3+4-$-$#
+)#$#4)#"#+#4)'($+3+#1+-43#$"# 4$#+<#+1#+4$1#$:,?7M)"#$$#+,*+$#+
#7#+$1#+(4+?#,#'(4#,$#+(-#+)41#3#
+:++((+#+,(3+4+:#)(+6+((##$'($+L## "# $# ?( - 5 #1#S $# #$$3($# #(+#1(# "# P,:+--4:#+'(#+)#($$#)$7#-$(##4:# (+#$+-####()+#J
X:4$)YX&,+#4'(++"$$-##?$3#(,1
1?+#,)$##1$$#++(+#+$1"#+4$#+,+#++(#+4$#+"#*#+
:(,$+4$#+(,1++)$#+$#-#Y#*#++6)##:#$+
)+#+#*(*##$+)$7#+3+)*++4$+#4$+,)(3##$#+ 77
)(#+)+##$##+#)4+)#$#+)1+,*#+#1#34
'($+3+)#+"(++4$+#1$$+)#++++#+4$#+)6$#+
,3$$#++#$)##++#+6#+4$-+,7+#("#+4-
-##$#+,#+$:4)#"$#"#))#)4'($#+$$-##+ ,(+4$#)3#$'(+)#-#4+(+,#++#4$#,# #?$"#JX$$6-#$)+#4#+(:'()#+#$##$1#4$$
#,#+#+'(1(+#$##+#+#4#'($)$#+$$#,#4#$-+-"$##+:(
-$*,YX$$6#$#,##(#<#CG#<+4'(+#$#,1#$#4$7-#
5,($#4(#(-#:+Y&#(#)+#+?,#$$#1##$$#+$
+" '( $#++ #+ #+#+4 ,-+ #$ : +1 '( $
,##1#3$++##+)(3#$++$#14)(#1###$#4L#"
$,#$'($-$):#$#+$#++)1+4#(#+3-+##(-#4$#+
#$#+4'($+1#++#,#+#,##+4?(,###,#<##4
$7#+)(5+#-+4$-'($##*#)$##$+$$-##$+$#1+(#
))#JM+)(1$4,)$##1$,++#4+(3#6(#)(<###++
"(+#+'($##$##<#S)6)+(#1*#4,#*##$+'(7#
"++,#4#+++:+#-+#+4#+#+4$"+S'(,#4,#+
1#*# ($$+ 1(< ):#+4 $+ (# ,#+# $4 ($"# $#+
)#+?#++$#%1$#4'(-#+$1'(4+#+#$,#43SM
$ ## +61#4 6+ $#+ #+ 3#+ '( ) , ,(+# # +(+
$#-#7#+4$):'()#)$#,#$$+###$(*$#+)+#+$+
, &" :4 ,* $#+4 '( +($ ,+# )#"# 1(#+ $+ #+
+#+J
#)#+:#$$#,)$+3+$4$+7+,##$)#+$+::+ +#-#+"($#4'($+)+$##)#4$):##*#4 +1$#++$-#+$#,#-$$(#4$##1*####+4,)4,+$'(
#+4 $ + #$$ $# #J 71+ #'(74 # $# -*4 1(#$#+
)###$+L'(++#,#+$+)7(S3(+'()##,#+#$#+,1#
$#:#$?(4+(<+'()#+)+4#,,+#3+L#+#+4 $+#+(,('(-J
,7+64$#"+:$+$#,(#'(L-($-4$++(++
$,+1(+#?,#J++(,,1$"+4'(-($#:#1$#)
$#)##4,##(,"(#'($+#+(,(3#-$$#7#+S$+)(1$++( ,##++#-+$#$+3(+4)'('('($)(#'( )+4+$1#$1J
+X:+)#YM7#:#+#<+$#-,$(-+7#+S)##
#?+(#+((,1'(+-$-7##$##)
,$#"+4#$#$(*(#$6,)##'(#$##1*#$#(#7##$$#,#4$#- $)(<#$$):+())#:3#4$$#,#+(+-+##(#$+'(+(#7# 78
#$7#S$)##:#+,+#$+#1$$++,#$4:#1$#+ $6",#+S'($>(#$)$J
+#+$#+<###&#,14'("4#)$#(++#1+4$ .2 +C*4(#1#$$:#4'(+#1-3+4:##(#4)
##+#1$#4$#'($$#,#++)#<$++1'(51#P$((#
)#"(##$++++1#$$4MX'(:#$$$##1(+#$$Y
++($1(-4'((#$#-#4,#+##)#1$4U$$#,($$
%#4'(?()#41$#)#4#$,,U+T:4,#'($$+
+?(#+"$++4'(+#$,#+(+,+,#+#<#+J
+ + $14 :#1$# #$##, ##+4 #$$4 '( $#
,#"(L$+#$#$"#$$"#+()$#-+$#,4'(,#?7# 1<+#4:#17#:(+("##*4M,+4(#?)6$#4#$#4
##)#,1#+++4,)-#+#+)#+4$(7#$?("J
7##+ (# +#+ $(,#+ )#)$4 '(4 , #$#+ $# ,,#4 #:#
-($-J
#+$#(#"#,##4,##",)+)#+,4
35$+$,##(#$+"($)S'(+"(#
-++4 #1#+ "#+4 ( +* + "# (?64 '(4 #)#+ -$#+
$+43(#$+1#-+,#,###+'()#+#$#+#+$+4
"##+1(+#+,#$4:$#(##+(+-#$+4'($+1#1# ,4)(+$+?(+$+#"#+#$):$+#1"#+'(-7##?#$+ )++4+4)'(#3#(L$4$++'($$"#1##$#-$$##,)'(
U#+:"4$+4'(++7+,#)+#4),($"#4M,#+###
)##'(+-#1##P$#$)#)(1$#4M$#$'(###$#+,#+
$+#+?+)P1$+$)()'(+#1##4,+($-4 )$#+#<#+$+(?#"J
X:4'(5#6+?4++)1##'($+:,1+4#1##+#$#$1#4-$-7#
-$(##,#$##7#Y#+1+'(+$+#?$3#1#$#+#+
$#,#4$#+,)(<#,#3+(+#?*#4,#+()(3#+#+4 ,1(+##+#-$'(#,J
'(7+$'((#,#+4#'(+(#,#+1##+-++
+4'($("$-#4#1$#'($$##$3(*#+(#,#4)'(4+(
#1#:#'(1##+(#*4('(1#+,#cCAAAASM#:7+$
'((##,##1#cCAAAA+("#$64)'(43#'(+(),#"(+#+
,)#<7# -+#4 #('( $7#4 # +##+ #+4 ) ?# $ V,),+W'(#'(7)#$#+1#+4$'(:#$##$3(*'(+ #(+##?#$,),,#,+$'($#),##?+#+
+#$"# #+ 1#*+ #3+ $ (#$ $1# +# #,# #+6+ ( #'($$+'(++(#,#$#1#J
79
$$6#-##$?4$:$,#4$#)#'(:##3#$,$#
+#(#$#&1#4""(#6$#(#6#'(:#1$#++-++(+
:3+(+"$4(###<+:#+##GC@AAA:,1+4C@,$$+
:,1+4,#-#$$##,#<#'(,)$$##)$6+"++4++#####
#(#1#3$#+#$#+)#$#++,(#$+)($+J
X.(5+)6($#-##$#+,1#+#+)+#$#+Y
:+#1#3##+4#$*##+:($"#4$1#)#$,#+-7+#$,#$
,*"#'((#)##,1(#(,)$#$#$$#"#7#
-#))#*$#(1#4"#+#,6++($J
)#+-#++#$$+$#++4))'($#5+3('(:#
$$-##+(1#4#+(,#4)+1+(()(#(#<13 ,4114#1#3#-+'(:##+#$$+($$+#$$+"$##J
(##++-+#(+##$"#3(##?#,++#)#+$#)$7#
'(3##+#1#+4)'(1#$1##$$+4#1+:7#?+#4 +114(-#+3("J
+$##-$#"$+#4#,)'(+(1$#++#$#+$#$#)##1+#+(
$14(#,(3####(+#-+#++#7#++($#+#$+#J
#+ ( :,1 '( -# #$ ##$+4M4 '( #1## ) (3+ #$"(#$+4$#-#$#+(<#+4#+####+$#+,#+$?54#$+ 1+$,#$#-#4'(,#"*+#,)#+1$$##$"?(:(,##4
#:#"#$##,$+#,)+4$(?$++##+$+$+
,#+#1$+J
&#+#,#+4'(+((+#+,#+++)$#+#$"7#+,1#"##+
$-4##+(++,1+),)+#,#$$+4++##3+:4 '( 1(3# + L+ #$# $#+ #,+#+ ?,#+ ?,$+4 -#3#M,
,#)+#+'(-###1$#+#$#+4M)$+)(1$+-+41(+#(## -#4'($,#345$+(+$#+#$#?#$#4(#$""#+#,#
##$(*'(:#+(#)#)$+($#$)#++(#,#4M'($-#($"(
##+3#*,+4'(1$#+#1+#"#$##+,1#$,J
#+#,#+4?5#+4,#+(+3#+4)'()#*#(-#+4$+S
+1$#+(+#3+-#+4)'(#+()#++#+-##:#1 +-#)##$#+#,#++#,6+)'($+#3+S#1)#$)#+$+ (#++(:+'($+-##$#++#+$"#+4$+($+(1++4$#+
,#++(<#+4M"#+##,#4$#+#+#+$+4$#-#(-#'($#
)$##$,#$++"$#,)-($-#$+,,1+4'(+#$$-
(#4$#+#$$+?#"+4$++#$+#"#4#*#4"$4?1$4M,
##3#:()##)($+#$>(#:#,1J
+ + $+ +(++ ,#+ + ,# (4 (# $SM4 )#+,+#
,##-$$#JX$+($##17#+(#,#:,1YX:4)#$,#+,#+
80
)'(<#+4'(,(+##$#,:#+#+#+($#4+#++$
)(%R$Y
&#$#,15+,#"#J+MX'(5+#1)(6,)#P4#)+#$#
$YM$'(,6+-+#*#1#,#)1#17#S'(+##1#:,1+(
)(#?7$4#'(#1##,1#+,#+)(+#++1$#+##+$+J
:#(#,'(?()("$#?#,#4'((#:#-+#)#+ $$-#$#+(#+(#:)P"$+4)$'(+)(5+),$#)7#S
#:-++#1'($S,5:+)#$'(+$$+$+S +"#? '( 3#,6+ )1 +(+ ,#+ $ # 1$ #,)#<# +( -($
+)$5#$#)#$#1#:(,##4MX$#"$+<#Y:#17#,+##$#+#+#+ $)#$)#-+4'(+#1#+((+#,$#+$+4-7#
$)+$+-+-#$+$$+-+)(+4,#$#+(#+#+(#+'( 1##)+4+)#)+()(+)P1$)+1#4 L"7#$)#-#*J
&#$(-#-##,###:#,)+1$+#$++#+$-4,#+
$#-"]*#4),+,++-+)+#$+46-#,)$+ )#" #+(#+ 7# -+4 ),+#+ 1#4 #+ # 1#
,"J
&#$+,)?#4,$#+#J)(#$+4'(#$*#4
-###)#$+-)P1$JM#+6$1$),1#
,)$#+4+'(:#16$"$+$'($+:##,+$(#)++
,)+'($?*#$1(#$L6,+J(#$)+##+)##()(+
)P1$4"+(,###$#,+--$4++#)(+,+
#$"(S#$#+4++'(+-S#$>?$#(##'(
)#,)$J&$"##$#5)#L6,+4:#)1#'(+#1"#?7#4 +11(#$#4)#+J&+L#,#6?(#,+#,5#4?#+4
#)4++4+(++(7#$1+(#+J9#
,+#'(+(<+($"(#4)($$##,$'(
)+#J:#+#14#('(1+'(34$#""#?7#:+#$##4+ ,+$$+$,4'(4++#(#+-#$#++#+4+"1#$
)(1$ #,#J $ 1(#$ L6,+ "#P# $+ ,+ $
##4"('(#6$+#?4+1(KEg,), $#+(,#+(+"#+$#+-+#+,##+$L#,J+-6$$L#,)(
#<4#$?$(#$4$+,1+$+(-+-+$$#$#+$+#+J
$ "() )++ '( $ 1(#$ L6,+ ? #$ ,#"+# '(
+# )- ( ,)$4 $ ,#"+# +"4 ) # )(1# ) ++ ,++ #$
+"4#$#1$$+4),)$:#*#4)#)#*$#)#4+'( '(4,#+4-+(+)+#$)+'($("$,)$4 ,+)+()#*#+#)$$##$)#'($,1#4)'(+#
81
$):714+)#+"#-+4#$+#1*#+$+)#+'(L3#1(+#$+ ,)$#+4#++'($#+)#"(4,)<#),+##,)###$+'(+- +$#+4#+"##$,)$#'(5(##$)#'($#L3#S-64 $("++#<++-4($#1#$$4#,"#,"+4#+#+)
+1 $#+ ##+ ( -3 +-4 + '( $# ), ,)$#+ +
"($#64,$+),+,1#,+4$1#1#,4+'(:##
,6+7($)-$"#'($:#1)(1#*(#)#(#36 ?+#$#)##J
Z)'(5$,)#$++$#+(1#++(+#$,+4#'($$+)#+,
$+)#:++(+#++4+++#(#$+$4#1+4+(#+###*($[
Z'(5$#+#+#+#+4,+$#(#(-#(-#4'(++###$#-* #+$#+,+#+4+:#1$#,6+'($-#,++[Z'(5+#$# (##4$+ ++ ,+,+ $+ :,1+4 +P1#-$#L)+ ?(*#4,+$+-#$?$3()$)[:#1##'(# +51(+#$#+#S?#$$$$+'(#"(##$(*)#$#1#'(+#
#,#)#)##(:,1-#4#3(43+-1#+#$#
)#'(($+4+17$#+#$,#+1#-#+4'(:#)(+,##$$4+# +*##++$##'(-$#$#+"#+?(*#+S:#3+
'(1(+'(4$(#-##+#$4'(+,)#+1(##$(#
%R$4#$"?,,$#$4'("#:$###,#<##
$+#*++(-#4'()#7#+#++5$+),+$5+4 $#(#,#+(3#1#4,,"+(+:##)++($+4$++++(L+#4
$###*#1#4,+)#)$4$,$-##+1$#+#"(#+,+
)#J
#U#+:"1$"4#'(+##(7#,1($#3,?7'(
:#17#+(+#4++((-##$$##$###:#)+1#3$#?#*$#"(#4
$#+)+#++"#'(#$+@FK)+#$(#+(,),#
"#+# )## '( ) +1 $$#+ # $+ #1$+ +(+)++ C EDE )+4 :+:4+(3+1#3(#$6,##):P$+3+4 +1(#+#7++$-##$+#$,#,)+7#4,)##'(#$+:$++)$#
6##$*##:4'(+()#-,,)$#4+(1$-7#)###(#3+4+(
-7##$)##)#+4+(?#$#-($#4)+#BC@A$##+J
$ :,1 ?, + U#+:" 1$"4 # '( $ :#1$# ?#"#4 $ ,#
?(+#4$##)+#4-7,##))(#+,#$-+'(#,##
-"#*#$,+-4+$#)($+"5,+-#'(+4
(#$1"#(-#,##'($$-#1###+(+)#$#$,$#
)+#4 # '(+#4 #)## $+ +$#+ $ 14 (# $ ,6+ $
82
-+J
1$"4'()($-+#4'(#+(++#*+4)'(+(
L#<,#$$(#($,#)#+:#1$#41$":#+("++#1$+
+)+1$#++4##($+(#$+#)#1#3+(*##$#,1 (-:$+#,#<+4'(##:$#$#*#(,$$)+'(-#-(##
##7*$)(4+'(1#++(#4@FB-+J1$"4,-#) ##+$#+(#-,P+#'($+),+#<++(?,#+$7#,)$#
$-$7+(+,#$+4+("+#++)($#+4'($+#+$(#
"(#$#"##4$##6,")+$-#$(#X$##(#$*#+$
1#*$##Y#$#"#1#+6##1###$-##+1$+1+$
#,?#$$$+"#++S#)#+#)1#3$##$$)('(+$-## CGE)+4$+,6+#$+1('(+S#4++(#$(#CAB)+4+$-##$, $#++:##$$##,#*$)+#(+$+#1$+'(($"#$#+ ,#+"#,(#+-($4+#($#$74)T
R)%R$4#,41#3+()+#(,1,#,)+7#4$###DGA)+
##,#"J
X#'($$+#+)#,#<#+-#7#+Y(##$++#+#,1#+
(#+4 # )#4 #+ #+#+ -+#+ ?+ #'(7+4 ,#<#+
#$$##+J$+,(,+:#?#$#4,#$+:,1+L##+4+)#
$,) J &#+ #+#+ )'(<#+4 $+ #+ '( )#+#4 $+ :,1+ '( -#4 +#$+3+M)(#+,(,++M$#,#+#,)##,)J
&#+#+#+:#1#4'()(##,#"#$)($"#4$+
)+:#$$#+#+#+?61#+$)#+4#+#+$,)Y
X:Y#-4#-$7#$#?+#JX9#'(#1#3#+++
$#++#+4,)'($)(+#1+#$)P1$1+'(+,#+ ?("4(#,)##+4#,1+#<+4?$#,#1##+#$,#+4$ @H,#4)'(+7#'(#4#"$##4$####4(,)$
#<+Y#+:#+:,#3+)(1$4+#Y+:(1#
+)(#$#:#4++7#3#:#$J#1$)($7#@HSM$
-,+S)#$)#,++$#1$'(,($##4+1#@FK)+4
1#3##CBE4-($-#+(1#@FK4,,'(#,#4#,)$#(#4 %R$4+$#-##+()$#*#,#4:#+#$#1##$)4'()#
#-+###$$'($:,1###5$J
,+#$#?+#J
>;
4
(%(++4@A3(CBBGJ
N?JO
83
*+$"#$+JM9#-#JM%%($JM(##+JM,($#+$#
,$#JM#,)#,+-#JM
)$7#JM+J
(-#R43($@CBBGJ
<4
:4$+$"+Y#$#++#:#4+,P+#+J,$$-##P$+ ++)($+,*+#'($$##++#,$#$7#$++7)($+$#+$#J
+$+4+,)*##+#$+GA#<+S)+#,#$4'(#+$#(# (#-J-#$,6+X)+'(-#$,6+Y++##(+#'(:#+
+1$+:,1+$,#)P)(#$-+$3#J
0+++ $$#,# #'(7 $+ $"#$+ # ++ 7#+ ?+#J +(+
,#+#+#+'($+-##<4,#$++(#+#$,#+4#
'())($$+?$++$"+:#4#$#3(+(+
:++S#'($4$+$#$#+"#(##:#"#$# ))#$#$#+#$+
-$+'(-#,#+(+)(++J
(#$#+?+#+7#+:+4'()##$#$,#$5"#(#+#$1#+
)P+($)#47##+4,#'($$#:#,$-#1$'("*$
,#++J
+-#)+)$#+#$$+$$("##1#3$#+#$#+$$"4:#+#$ #)+#+,#++#"#+4$("'(#+(+L6,+4)(+
'(+#14:#5$4#*#+?#"#$#+*#"#$#+$S +4#$#+,1#1$+,+4,)$6",#+#)$#(++#$--4$ 1#*+(+:3+4#$+#1,1('(#P$+#$#4$?("+(#$,#'(
+ +#)#4 $ #*4 # '( +)# # $#+ )(#+ $ $" $# +-# -#S +4
#)+##++P14-#4)'(#+7$'($#+(,1$#<4#+)+ $#+#,)$#+#($#+?(-(++X+*#?,#1$Y#+#$$"Y+
+#+1$:,1$#"##$$'()#Y+--4#1(3#
(1"#4$:(#6,Y)#,'()#+1$+:,1+$
)+$#-#J
+,*+4$+-#1$#?$#+#$5($#+#-($-$3#7
$#+,#+$$#+,+++#++#$,#+M##+,#)$+#1(++
#"#+#*#:#+)6$+,#$"+4,+)+#'(#$#P$,#-*
'(:#17#+#$)$#,J
#)#+#$",(3+4+#++(#+#+$#4
84
(#+<#$)$6,+(#)$6#1(#4'(+)+##('()#74
)(+'($#(#$)"#,#$$",(+(+'($$-#+$,# + # #'($$#J +# ##1#S # -+# 1$#4 $( 5#
:,+(#4 #1$$+ $ ++ :1# ,#*# (-#4 3+ "#+ :P,+4$+(1#),##4'(+#$*#$##$(+#$,+?
+4$+,6+4+7J
#)#+##$"4(#?#,#4'():#$($ ,#4+1#$,#14'(+L"(3#,6+),)$$#+
#$,#+"#+4$#+?(*#+,##-$$+#+$##(#$*#J
$#?+#,#"#:#+$#
-+#9#-#J
#:#)#+#$#+"##++#+#'($$#+$#++(++$"+S'($# ,:#+1(#4)+:#-#4$+#$$$()41(#
#+##$#,J+7,$1#,1P4,6+$$(,+'(?(+4:3#+ P$+'(#5$#4#+7$:,1'(###)#3#4+$ )+#4+$()J+:#-+)#$#1+"(+1,+##J
#:#)#+#$#+3(+#+3-+,+4'($+,6+6"$+$$"
$(,1#:#-+#-*#$+,6++9#-#J#+:###$+-+ $#+#+$#<$++(++J
# - %+4 (1 ) $+#$ +,1 ##,6 # "#4 +"(+(:$#+#+##3#4$#?#,#%($J
&+#)#+$$"4'(+)(1$#+4-,#$'(,#-+# $+ :## 3# + #)# ,#$# ?"(# # +( )(1$4 + "1# 1+4 "6++#<##$,#)+#$"##(+#*#4$"#
:$+'(#+(,1#$#
-+#"#$##$+"1#+
$+#J$#",*#$"(#34'("(+#+,)$+,*+:,1+
$"(#1$$#,#'(#4+)(+$$#+#)#+++#+'(
,"$+#+#+?#4$$#,##%($4#)+$+'(+#?#(
,6($#4#)+$#?+#"#+4$#,+##+"$+?#,+#(+(-J
(:+#$$+#+#7#J$"1#(*$#(#1#-+J
b"($##<+4,#+-3#4)#%%($4#('($#+:#,+4)
$#+))#+4$#+$+,1$?"7##:#+#$#+J7$#:#4$("'(:#
::7#+(+--+4'((#,6++#-*$+,#3#+$#,4'($
:(,#)(3(7#+'(:#"#$#%+S7$$("'(#1+()$6#
++ "#3+ + $+ (#$+ )# #'(7 +(+ 1(4 # "+4 ,#,)$#S7$:#1$##+$6",#+$+,)+$#"(###
$(4'(9#-#7#)+#$(,+4)'($+<+h$+<++#1#
++)'(-7#)+#-+#+(+)#+S$+3-+h$+3-++#1#$#
"(#J
#?'(,#+:#'("(#4$#"(#1+#+$+3-+J
85
3++6#:#$+$"+4$#,$#(###J"(#("#$
'(#*#+4+)+1##+?#+#,L##4#+##$+ #)#:+S'(+:##7#,+4,6+-+'(+(,++4#$#$#+(#1#$$4
$(#$:#1$#1#+++#+4'(#+3##5L'((,3, +(+?#+S+,($#"(###$+3-+$#,$#(###J
##+#'(7"#$#+1,14)+###(#<#$+1#*+$#+$$#,#+4 ,7##$"(:,1JM+"#$##:#++$#4++,++'($##
-4$+7++"(#$#$#+#$,#+?$#4-#?##,$#$+3-+4 ##?,)$4)##'($("$++)#$-#4#+(+$(+#,#+
,1#JM&+"3#$#,1#,J
$++#J$#,)(J)#,)#<7#++$#+4+1##+
)++#$"+'("*#4)63#+-#$$+4+(+),+7#+$1#J
$#(#$#+)+4$#-#,#4$'(:#(#4$+-##+#$
+(+#+#+,)#J$,)-+##,)#,41#+,#$+$)$#+#
$-4#+6,#$+#$"+,$#++(+++*#+)#+(#?54
-7++1##$$#S#$$6(#,)#<7#+#+#$,#3$+?$+S#$$6$##4
?"'($-,#4#1####"##1#$$7#4:#$#$$##4 *#$#+#?$##+1##+4)"##$#($##$?$$#,3$$#+)##6)+($#+
?+-#+JM#+##'(+#$####'($1+'(4("###
,+'(7#+)(+(+++#$$$##$#+$,#+5#+1#-#,
)$##1$#-($#:(,+)+$+#+#$#+SX)#+"#$#:(#YdX)#+ -+YW
X#+4:4'(+(#+#+YM+#$$++$+)++-#$++M
'(+#,#+JM%#$+:+#:($"###1#$#,)#,+,)$7#JM#+
$+$#:4-$()(+#)$(,#(,4'(1#,
3#,6+$+:,1+4+$#(#4'(#P+1$##)##()+-$+JX+5'(5 $##4'(-##,+1$$#Y
++$,+J$##(#$*#4$+$"+4$+)(1$+1#<+4$+ #,)#,+3-++4#+#-+M-##,"(#M#-++
1#$#+)##++4$+#,)+$#+##+4#+((+#+#,#+'($#+-
+$"#+:++3(#,6-1(+#)+#+4'(#$#1#$$
3("#4,#$#($##$#S$+#,)$++44#(,($#"###+
-7+43("#1#*++(+6"$+4$+?#-+$#(##$#)$#S$+
#+(1#+'(1+#"S$#+#*#+6$#+4'(+)##,#4+ ?$),)#J
+,#(#4+-'($#-#?+<#$+"#-++#$$#,#$# -+,+(+S'($#+)#++'(+)#1##+)##:#)+#$):4#'(
+(-+,#(4#:#(##$1"(4#++1+4$):$+ <+J-'(4#+7,$#$#"#)++'(#$+4$#$#"##(+#5$$ 86
-($-4?$+)(1$#+'(++1##4+#,#+)+
"$)+++4$+,##++#"()##(#1##,P+#1#M )(+'('(+#?##(##4)7#)#"#$++#+
++(
(#4+?#+(+#:$+$1#,1+#+4#1"#+$)#?#+,##+4$
(#$1($##$+)(1$#+#+(+#+4'(-,)()#+#)$#*##$)#7+
?++P+$)+,J+-$)'(+,)+#+ )##+##$+$5"#?+$+:+4$+:$+$(*$5#+(+,+)++4
#+1$,#,"#+?("'(+,)#5#+$$#)5#4
,P$)$+,)#<7#+$5"#?+#$(,1#+(16J
-*(#4,#+'($,)#$#+#+#+)##$"#$#+$7#H>($ $#+$#+1##+4$+<+#(,($#+(+#:+)###$+):+S$+ :,1++#)+#$?#,+7##+<+4+-(*#:(,$#(#3#( :,1(+$+1$#43+#+++4'(+#$#:+)#+4#*($+4($+S+
#1+#7,'(,#+""+,(+)+15$(#,++#)#$*
#+#$J+#+#?"(#4'((*#,(+7,1$$##++J
>;
4
(%(++4CK#"+CBBGJ
N?JO
87
&# -# '(#JM,)#+ +7JM#$#+ $ ,+ 3(JM$(#+
'(+JM&+$"+?+#+JM+<#*#$6+#+<#*#7?#JM&(*
$5#JM$+($#"$#$(*+JM(##,##$9J
(-#R43($BCBBGJ
<4
&#-##+(#"$#S#7+4(#(#3#S#4(#,
?$+STR4(#$,#)#::(,##<#+#+J
)#*4#4)+4+(<J&#,4#(#4P#+($#1$#+:#+
: $ 6 $(,#J + $#+ ?#(+4 )$-S $# ,4
#+S$#*4#:$J'($$##$,#-(#$$#+(#+$#,5#
$(4#P+1(+)#+#$#+(#++(+#4++(,#
,)##4$#4M+##+-#J--##1#$$(#(#J (,+1(#(##J'(7$+:,1+,(4+'(+(,1#
+"#+,+'(++"#+#4+#+'(#J+-)$#+#$$+,6+
'(+$#++:,1+$+'($$-#$+3+$#)()$#+$(+$#1+#
,##4::##$)+14$+'(#1#$#$#)()$#?#$#1+# ,# $ ,#+ 35 $+ +"#+4 - $# :(,##4M $ 1$
35$+#,+4+(#*+(#1*#J
+"P,++)+#4+3(4,+#-+,#+$-#+4 +##+4+#,#(#1##4(#1$##-$#<$##(#$+#S+
#$,(*#?+#+(#,)#,+(#+4'(+)(#1),+S+
-$##1#3()##+$34-#$3'(#4#$#)+#'(,(,(#4
#$#1##$$#?5#$+#1#$$++4#$#"(##1$'(#(#
,$$#+,(+'(+"(+S+#,)#<##$##+("#$#+,1#4
#$,)6+$+##,1+,$#$+$++$#+(#'(:#++
7#+3+#,)#<#S++(,$#:4(#$##)#1$41#$ #$4#1##+,1#61$++#+:(,1+-#+++4
+(#++#+?:++$#+-+4#,+$#+$#+'(+#1'(
+,$$##,#"#$+,#*#+J
X:4 $+ $"+Y ,+#1 -#,$#+ +#+J + "'($
-+$#+#$+1P:+J$$#$$+$"#:5+J##'(7$#
#++,++4(##"+'(,#4+(#3(+74,+#?$
88
'(#1$+$4+(-4#1$+1#*+,P$)$+J+)#:++J$
-4+"(<J3(4$)#+,6+#,#S,6+5+$+)+S$<4,6+ "$S,6+"#$##$##,#S$,6+#,S$54$(#*S#*($$,#$
#$,#J &#+ #+#+ + -#7#S $+ 1('(+ + # # $# -$#S $+ )#++ + )$#J &+
+,1+$+$#+,(3+)#,+1+#$+#+(##$"
?$4#-+#,#)+#J+#+#+,#<##+4'($##,+?#+$#(#1$##
#+)"#,#(#4-###$#$#+,#+#1#+)##"$$#+$
#,1'($)#$#1$$##J
Z)'(5::#1$##+#4+#$#(#+#:#$$#)#+4 '('(+#1'(+-$$$#4+-##$$$#4+'(--$+7
#$4+#"*#[#,6+$,)#'(+#4:#:#$$#+J&#+#$#,6+)1 #$$##(+$+4#,$$+#4$#*+#4)#4#$-5+$# +P14,6+'()1+#$#4,)$J&#-##,6+(($#-$4$#,*#
,6+ )14 '( -# ,#<## # :# # # $#+ )+#+4 *# )$(,#+ -$-
"#+4+(#3$,#+(,#$$##*($J$)1,*'(- ?##1#$$+,-(#+:4+'(#4#$1+(4+(+)#+
$#14+,1#$#+?+#4-#"#$#4+(<##$1#*4#,$#)$#*#$+
3#+J$:,1"(+#$##(#$*#+L+-#)#J
+3(4,+,#+$"+S##+#1#$$+S"##+
1+1('($$+)#+S$#+)$#+1$:+S)1#4,)-+#+ #,)#,+4$)+$#+#,#+$#"(#4$+#1$+,#3#+1##$$#J
&+ :,1+ 17# 3#,6+ +(+ :"#+ +#(#+ (+4 )#+
##+,#M1#:,1$#-#4,$"+,(4-
543(#+(#,#,4$-+)$+'(--##$#
,#<#J $ $ +#+4 $#L#J 1 ))##+ # :,1 # $# 1##$$#4 # $#
)-#4#$#+"##J(+Z+#'((:,1+(#,)$#,
"#+(#++-(#[&#?$#+##<#1$#J
9#1$++$#+-$(#+TR45)#+14#,
+1 $# 1#3$## #,)#<#S#$-##+ $+$4 '( +++ 4
(#,7+#+*#+S##)$,#3$#+#,#+4X)+Y)## -$-$#+#)(1$+:,#+?++4+)##$#-#$#+$#?'(4
)+#:#(-+$#-+#$+:,1+4+:#+$#?:(,##JX:4
'(5"#,)Y#)#'($:,1+6+)J
&++6#:#$+)#+$+$"+J+#("(#4M#+-$-
+(+(#+#+(+#+#+4#'(,4$'(:#1S#'(#4$'( :#,#$4#+'(#*#+$1+S#'(#4:#1$#,+4#
#S + #("(#+(+ $#++ ++ 7#+ )#+(+ ),+4 +1( +(+
"#+4-##+(+#,"+4$1#+(+?+#+J
X+##4$+$"++##"(+,$#+"$+#+Y.(9#-#4 89
'(+$$",#"#++#:(++,$L?$#,5#$4 )#$#1#,6"#4'(#1#+$#+)(#+4$$-#,##+$+:+4# )?(,#<+J.(#$4+#1(7#4'(####$+#1$$+ (1++(+3-++J
Z.(5(,##'(7$"+[(+3'(:#17##$++(<+$#+ ,(3+(:#5S$+$+)7((:5##4+$+(-)
"#+#+,#+++'(##4)7##$+$"+$+ +#+
+J1#:#()$#,(#'((#$+"3+$#+
+($#++1(,+$#<)###,#+1#6$#*S)$,1+ -+++#+#$+3+J
+"#'()(++$"++,3+4'()(+$S,#+:#
"#+'(##$*##$#)##4+6)#$61$$6+4M
1()##'(*#4,)$##(+#1,5#4$+-#+4#+$#+
#,#+#+:3#++#+'(,)'()$#+#:#+-#+#+#1#$3("
:(,#J
(+'(+--43(++'(++<4N+O+<#$#-#J$#+
+($#++:##)#$)#'(+:#--$("J%(++#1
# 9, '( # 9,4 # +'($4 # $# %1$# $4 $ #
:#R+)#M'( + :,1 )+4 '( :# -+ $ +$4 :# +
+)$"#++(+)#$##$#$#J+:##)$$+:,1+)+74
)'(++<#+(4#,#4+:#,+,#+)##$#+#+ "##:,+(#J+1(4M)(#'(#:#$$"(#34#:#$# -#4M)+$(+""$#74$'($"(#+#*#$+),-#+4
+-)##,+####$#+)#$#1#+'(:#1$#,+-#<#+4$(+#J
)(+'($##1#?(*#+4M,6+'(,#+4:+#+'(+($+ )##<#+4-+++4,+::++##,-+1$+
#(+#4("+(#$#+?(*#+$##J.(+$#4(#$+$+,(4$#
%1$#S(#$+$#1$##4'(+#)##+,1##,+(-#,#'($$+ ##64'(+()+###1##$+:,1+J
,'(-($-$-5+(#-##+)##4+:##,1#$$$
++,##+-#$#(#,#J#+4:#16)##)(1$#$"(
,-#4?$#)##$+:,1+4:#+#'($#+<#*#$,#$
+#7?#:#+#'(++<#$<$,#3$+$,+$## '(:#(+(#:,1S:#+#'(4(##1#$+3+)##-(##4
+)#'()(($4,(1(,)4X(#Y.(#'(7#)4$#
$#,-6##+J+,1#'(#:,1'(3(#)$++##?(*#
7+#+##+4+:##)+##P(#$("4-*(##(#--#
90
'()#4(#(,($##(J
X9,+#$(*$5#YX%:#4)(+'(+$'(-##3(+#6$"+ +7,1$+4$(,#$#$(*$+#++$)(%R$Y#)#'($$#+ #5#+#-#+4(#)+#4$#+(#-$(*$#++$$#+1$$#+1$+
+($+$+#$#,1$#+$6,)##+$5#+S,#+4,+35+4$#++
(#+S $ $4 S #$,# $ 7 +$,S 4 $ # 1$#
$(,#4 ,?$3+ #$#+ 6"$+4M$#,#+,#+)(+# +)3#$+,1$##1*#4#('($+6()'("(4M++
'(+:##7$$#+J
)#+#,#+(#"$)+#*##)$#+#$$+J(,)$+#-#+4
)##3##,#(#$(,##'()#+#S+"(#3##:#-#$)+
M )+# (-4 )'( +1 (#+ )($#+4 +6 )#+# (# #+#J -($-##-#4M##1$$:#$(1'(:#"#)%#+?#+4
%$+#+'(#,4#++?+'()#+,14#+"$+#+4$#$(*
$5#J # + $# %(+:4 ( 1$$ L+- )# ?(+# # -+ $# #)#$##(#S#$#
#+4'(+#1#+S#$#,6++(#-4
$'(#+4'()1###+"(#)+)#4,'($1+
+($ $# )P1$# #"#4 $ #1#$$ ##*#4 # $$-# #:# +(+
+1$+,(+#)##+4#$#)(3#(#%(++J
#"*-,$1##$#(#$,7#$#+"+$7#+:# 7#(#4$9($"##$($7+,##
V ,5+4 + '(5+ - #,+ , ,##-$$#+4 )#+ , 1$+4 #
#$?#S,####,##4'($#-'(6),#+#'($$+
:,1+(+++JW
>;
4
(%(++4CH#"+CBBGJ
N?JO
&
%`&
&%&
Z.(5:#$"*4,((?))4)+:,14(##
1-$#-#$++1#-+$(++"+'(:##$*#TR %R$4+1$#+#+$#4++$,#,#1$)(4+($#$*##
""#+##37#[
91
&#$)#S$#:*$:3J$)#+$$#,>(#1$"$:3U#+:"J
$)#4#,#$#&1#41#(*#+(:3$,1+(7?J
>#'(7#(-#$(-4+#+(-+J
>(#1$"#$++#+
+4+$#(#]$:#(+4#$$6
:("#4 (+#JM( ?4 , ( +$4 #,)##1# +(+ 3+ )#+4
+#+ ,#1(+4M # ,( ($+J # 1(4 , + $+ :,1+
-##, "#+J &# )# + $ +$$ $#+ #$,#+ +"#+J (# $#
#(#$*# +14 V#*#W4M+14 V(#WJM+ < 3("#1# +$#+4$'(+($-+###+#+$4+$1+J#1#+(+#,"+4
+(+ 3#+ )1$##+4 , :+ +4 +(+ 3+ -#+ # #'($$+:,1+1++'(+(+,##+#-#+#(-####$##4 '($+#1#,##-#+(+++J$'(#$#,#4'(#,#+#$+Y
$#+($##$$5#%$7+#$>(#1$""-$J,$
,## $# $ (+#4 +- + #<+4 +)(5+ +( ($#4 $#+ 1#+ $ "1M'($'($##(#4+#))##-$41#$#?$+(
#1#34$#?$+(-#4#$##J
(+#4++<#"+4+?##$,#+J1$"##1#-4,
"# :,1 +$#-J &+ :,1+ )( $-## )(+4 ,6+ ?6$, '(
$-###$,#+J&+:,1+"(+#,,4+#+$#+
#$#+4-##$)$-+(+,3+)$(,#+4-*<7+$#+#$+:,1+4)## $#+-7#$$J1$"4##--$##$+:,1++4,6+ '(?61#+,##-$$+#+4($##+?(+$+4-#$++#+
+,5#J&# ,#3+#$#+$-#S$#,#$##(#$*#(-#$14$)$#)#(#
##+#1+$(#4$$$#$,#?($#+"#++$#+M$$-##
1$"#$1+'(-",)#+($#+S+1$$#+4#?(#$#+ +(+:3#+,(#+461$++$,+4#"#++"$+S+1$##(#:3#+
#,#$$#+4-#$$+?(+4$#+:3#+P$+J)##3?)(1$4 (#+$+$#,####4$++###4)(++)4#$#$# #,+#$#1#4#)$+($$+##+4,)+(,#:#,#3+(+#4 #,+4#3#-#$$+4+#$#"+4#1#$"#7+J:#17#(
##$'(#14(#(('($-##4()('(4+#1#1$"J
+ ,#+ $+ :,1+ $# #(#$*# $#+ (+##+MX(6 "#
):(,#+4'(,(+$$*#$-#7YX,++##+)##
$#-$#$#"#*#4$#3(+?$*($:,1'($##+"
$#+ + '( #$# ?#- +( L)+Y , $# , 1$"4)(+###(#$*#4+#,##S$"$#$1#$#
)+#),#$#"#*#4+("4,?(,$(-4((-
:,1JM+74(#(-(:34$)(+,(+4+U#+:"J
+)(%R$'(#:#4,)#$*##)"#3#(-##4
92
(*# #)<##+4 3(1$+#+4 :-+4 $#+ ,($(+S +# $#1 L$+# '( $+
+#7++,)(##+,1#+4$+#+$#-+,#"#+$+)#+
#)#+$,)#++?#+#)+$#+##4(-(,++,)+)#+J,
(),#$#,$1#"+4#+7+)($#,
1$"J
%#3 $+ $+ %$74 (# # ,*4 :# , ++# #<+4 7# $+
),+:$+'(#:#4#+#1$+)++4+(+#$##5#?61#J(
++ 7($ ?(+1)(+ $"#+J 6+ '( #1 ##$+4 $+ $-###((+4,#1#+(+))(+#1$+#$#,1J)4##
(<(#?61##$#,1+:#J)4:####($+#$ #((,##)+1+#1$+#+)($"##+6,J)47#
+1$7"#:$#4+1#"(+)$#+4()(:#,+4CBB)+
## #,4 +(+)++ + #1$+ (# )($"##+ ,# 6,J +"(# +1 $ 6"##4 +(+)# (# #1$+ # * )($"##+ 6,41$#$*###5#B@E)+$#"4'($+#-+$)#7+-##-
+#+)++4#,#$1#$+"#+"+$##J1
:#17##$##$+1+$#####$+#1$+'($#+#$-#4:)(
$#(##$#-"4'(3(#+(#"#-7#,$
)+4()(1$#$J
#+7$#+5)#+(-+:,1+'($#++,1$*##?#1#$+:,1+ $?$74+$#J#?#(,1#$+)(+4,$+)7(J ##+"$'()#+#4+()(<#,6+-#+'($:,1"(##+(##J -5#+$#,4$#)?###$"7###5)#+(1#,#J#$ $+#$?#+4,)?(,)?#4)#$#+$+#$##6#4'(
#,##"(#,(,5#4+$"4'(4+1$+:,1+
$# "$+# #4 + #$*# $+ #+#+ #-+4 #+#$#+ $#+ (1+4 -#$+ :,++ $ '(4 $ #P :#$$#4 #$$ $# +,1#$# #(#$*#J &#
##-+#++#$+++#1+##4##,#+4$#
+#+J$#+,#+1#++###+#:4)#+#,(4
+(+,()(J
>(#1$"4M(+:*#)(3#4?"(##4,#:(5+)4
#+$#+#+#+$++#+
+M,(+(1#4,,(+$+
+)7(+++J+#1#)+1(,,#+4'(:#1#3(#
,1+#$,($$?$#"((-#)$+4(#$#+,)+#+
-#)+'(##-+#$74(#)+)#'(##,#*##)$)(#$#
1$"4+:()4'(L)(+),#+#,)#$#"(#?7#4'(,(
+5+7#+4)#+,JZ'(5,)#[(#$:,1:#-##+(+)7(4 )(#3#$##J
(##++#<+#:#U#+:"1$"4+(:3J$#+$7#++(
93
)#4 :# :: #$*##+4 + #4 +4 ,$+J & '( $ )# +1*4 5$
,)$J&'($)#)-4)5$?(+($J(#+:#17#(+#$# )###1$+)(+$"#+45$$(+5$$#?7$3((#$+#1+
$$+ #$#,1 # ,6'(# -+#4 #*# +(4 +(17#
,#3+(+#,#$)$#++4#CAA,+#$(#4$#+,#+#+"#,
$#+++#+)-+#+#$"(#+,#+4$#"(##$$##L)($+#1#3$#
,), # ?7$ ,# 1(#+ $(+ #+ $ ? $ #3 '(
+(+#4#BA)+1#3$#"(#4$#TR45$:#$$,$#+4
+## $+ #3+ $1"+ :+ $+ ,##$+ L#-#+4 +$- $+ )1$,#+(-+'(####$#,1+)+#1##$#3(+#$+:$+$#1$4)
+$#1$#"(+4#$#,1+#+4'('(7###:$$#3(++(
))#$"(#$(#J
# -+4 (# +( 1 ?#"#4 +( )+#, ?("#* , -$6$ $(:#1#(#,):(M(#$#1#$$'(#+#,#$"#$?4-#)+(3
#$,($$)?$3#+#,##+M+(#+:(++4+(,(3)#+#,"#$$##
#,#*#'(###$($$$)#?#4?#$7#+(#1$4,##1#+(+ ?#+,)$#+4+##1##$#$$#-#'($#+,#++,###++(,# :#17#+##)(3##J
#,(31(#+())(#+J
(-#'(#6###)#+)J<43("#1#$+)(++( )# ,*4 $ #(#1# # )?$# +<+4 # + ,)$# $+ :+
""#+$#$:4)1#$#4:#+#'(++++()+4$# ,6'(#:6($#4))####)(,)J(#+#$*#$($#+:(++ $+#$+?$+4'(,6+'(+())#$1#4'(7#$#"*#+,$+#$ #1,#1$:+<+1$++-+"+4-#$#+##++()#4
(-,+$+:#$#"+$#-#1$$#'(,*#1##+7#$" 3-4$1##)(+4M+'(4$##)##*($$+$#4'(?$#1#+1$+
:,1+#'($$+1#-+,#$#+4+)(+#$)$#1##$J%$#$
#1$,+#1$4+1$+,"+S+1$+7+4)(+J#7#'( $$-#1# $# +)#$# $$# $$+4 1 +#$7# #$ )#+ $ 35 (?# (#
#-+#4++<7#$##$3#1#()($"#4$7#)+1$7J #),+4?#,#+#S$,)$'(##$#$,#$+#,?(
$)$"J,$)#+#1#+#+1#+4$##4'(###)#+ ?7#)1$,#+(-+4)$?7$$++)+$#1#3$#
,)+4-#3)()#4###)###(,6#J$-S#1#3$)#
:#+# +( ,(S '( +)(5+ $$# $ ,#3 $# ?61# $ )#4 $# #+(:##)"]4$##)+#$#""#,##-$$#J
#+#1#$7#$#(-##,),4,#+,#+$#+$$#+
#4 ?# $ #"(# 1$4 #,# # #1#3#+ ,++4 +(+ ,#+
,+,#+ )#$)# $# :P,# #<# $# #Y 5"#+ $# # $+ '( $#
94
+(1#+()#+(+:3+4'(,#"#$#-($-#$
,+, '( $# <J #1#3#1# ,#+# #'($ $1" #3 $ "4M $
+##( 7# 1#*+4 ##$ 1 #$#+ )#+ 1$##+ $ () $# +#"
#"$,###+4+#?,#$#3#1#4,#((#$+)"# #$#+)#$#$)($,$+:)?#$:7"##U#+:"1$"$:#3# --4,+$+(-#+1$$#,#+J(6):#(1#+(3(S)7
,(:4:#1$#,(:4#+(#,(:4$$)+#,4$#
+($#4,+'(+#$+?$(-+'(5$1#4+##'($6J
(##<+:#"#+7+:,14+$#+$$#'()+#1#+(
()#1#$1#$+(#+#4'(,#$74M$#?61#$)(JX% + '(4 )(+ '( $+ ,)+ ##4 +# # -#4 :## ?,#1$ #):+#4$#'(+#$"##,##$##1*#>P)Y+(+$$(4 $P"(1#$1#4,#1#,)$)4###),+#"## +4?##$#+$##+(++#+4+1(+++4$+?$3+$
+$ $ 1 $+ 6"$+ :#+ $+ )$#<+ $ ##4 )#7# # ),$+##-'($-##1#$#?)$#+:"(#+
$# $#*# #J :#4 + +$$ "4 ### ,)#++ ,(+#+ ,##$+(4(:,1+#$#)#$,((-4-?#
+)(1$+4M$+'(4,#$##,($"($#$"(-#4
()(4M#+,$$++#+'(#1#3#Y(+)4+"(##$
#:#4'(:#)(+'(,#Y
&#(##:##$$-#?$+-#:(#+4#$)$#:#1#
?3$#,##-$$#$"?,J
4
(%(++4CB#"+CBBGJ
N?JO
&
&%`&
+(++)(?,#+#+""#41#$#1+$(,#"#4
$$#-4,+7,1$$#+##4#$###4-+#)(3#-$*#
,#J
9#'(7+(+?#+
&#$"(#$$)(4+$###TR4#$#)$#*#+
"(4#$$#+#(##R$4?+$+#$+)+4:#+#$#
##%R$4#(#$#++#+-#)+$7,6+(#+4 ($4+EDBD)+4(#,$$#FAD)+J
&#?61#"#+(-#R4+$#)(###:#+#$$("#
#DGA)++##$##$#,#,)+7#$+(##1$+4
95
$#"CEHE)+$#%R$4'(-#"#,#3+(+#(-#4#,+##$(#4
+$#)(#$#+##$$("##,#$+#1$+4+$)(4
,-$#7#4+#$####+)$#++4DFC)+J
$)(4#$"#4+###,#$+#1$+:#+###4DGA )+J
#4CEDE)+4K)($"##+J
#++#1'(##+#+#+1(,+#3-4(+#$#
#4)$,J
$ #3 T R )+# F AAA $##+S +6 $$ B AAA $##+ ,S$#,##$:'(+6::()#E@EG##+P1#+#$$6
$:$7+#$3#$#"(#)##$#-#+(+#7+4(+)#CF@)CA@ )+J
&#TR4'(###$###FB)+1#3$#+()?$#"(#4+ $-##+1+##(##$(#@FKCiG)+J
&#%R$+(1#"(#$$-#4+1(#1#+HE)+J
&# (-# R HK DHE ##+ P1#+ ,#,)+7# $# %R$4GK@CHJ
&+#1$+4)##$$+#,###,#4+(#4'(+(+)$)(4BE )+#:4CCB#:#+(##$#++4CGE+1$$7J
$+(##1$++:#,)$#CHKGC,$$#+#$#,1J
##($+:$+$+#1$+GEFA)+$#"J
&#?(*####1$+C@@AA$##+J
&+(##1$+3(+)+#GEBBCi@$##+J
###1$)4+#,##4###$#$74BK#+4 #)+1$74@ABJ
+#$$#?,*#$#++4'(#('($$-###<+$-###+4+$:#
+4,)###+"(#+?-#,+1+(+,+4(#)($"##
,#J
$#+"#+###+#1#+$#+$#"#+#$$+)+,#,)+7#+ ##(#$#+##+#$+#,#+4M-##+(+#$,#+)+M#$+ +$+#+4#$+-##+$+#$,#+4'(+$)$+)(#+)++# )(1#?("$#+4+"#+#6cHAAAAAJ
&##,#(##$)(4'(+(+##,###,#+(+-7#+ )##$$#+4)+#KK@A$##+$+#+'(($"#$+#1$+,#$ )($#4)+#CCBA$##+S@FKA)+#$)+,##'((1$ #,#(#3+$#)S$+$+#,1#+-7#+$?#$)+#KKA $##++)#X#$++$##,7#"#*#$3(Y#,#,$$#
+##$74$"#(#$7#1$##4$+#1$+4(#$7#"#+
)$+(##1$+4'($?$#+?61#+#,#4#+(3+1#3 96
$#+(#)$#:#+4'()+#@G$##+##(#J
#+#?61#:#+#4#7*#,#4cCHFEAAAAJ
$)(+6$(,#)$(*$5#J
4
(%(++4F+),1CBBGJ
4
(-4CC+),1CBBGJ
N?JO
;
(?L+JM,#$"+#JM,)+,+(-+JM,+#*##:#
$# *#JM#1#$$+ %$+#JM&# %$+#JM$ -# +#"#JM(+ ?+#+4 +(+
+)#+JM +$# $# +$# "*+4 #+4 ,P+#+4 ?#+4 1#<+JM
,($+<+YM#*#1P?#$+$#(#JM$-#$,#JM"++#$#
+,1# $+ 61$+JM&# - $# JM&# - $+
&1)+#++(4+(++#+4+(+#+4+(+,5+4+(+,##+J
TR4+,1CJCBBGJ
<4
&$-#+-+4#*#+*#+4(?L+4+#"+1L+4
,)$(,#,+4,$$###+"$$#+#$#+,1#$+61$+4-#)+ ,)(1$+4#1#$"##+,,#+4(#*1+)"#$64'(-&+#
1#<##,#+4(:+-'(-##+((##'(,3+"#+
$#+ #+ ,#$#+ '( + # ) $#+ #7+#+ #$,#+ ?,$+ $+ ++#+ #*1+)++(,#4$$-#++##$#?#$#,#$#$1#+,) +#4#$#,##-$$+#-#J
+$)+#4+)"(#Z(+#'(5)#+#$++"$+4+$161# $-+ `11M, 1#:#, 161#4 -3# ?#4 +,17 3,)$ $# 1+#
:(,##4M##(#(*'(:#::61$++(:##+()):34 ,#+$:($):$#$$#)'(14($#-"(+##1*#
$?3#$#,##$,#+#"#S#,##$("#+(:3#,#(:#*$<+4
'(#)+)#:(,#4'($#,)$#"#P$#+$()-"'($)#
++#4#)$#+)$6#++35#$-#'(##,# #:#4?#(+:1$4?##+7#1(#+#"#$+)(1$+(# $+:,1+"#+[X#+++:#)(+$+:,1+$$4,?#++4
+#+ #+ ? +( :+#Y +# $ +)7( #4 + +
97
,#+4 +(" +$,, )+#+ ,#<#+ $ 6 )+# $+
++ $"++4 + - )(<+ #+4 <+ 1+++4 ,#*+ + +#"4 :,"#+J
Z'(54+)"(#$)+#4)#+#$++"$+4+,#4#$#$(*$#1(37#'(
+(,(3++#$##1#$#$#(#4,##,1+#+(P#:3#S
M+$#,(3+$-##4)##)(?#+)#4)$#+)#$,#+$#,# +()'(<($#+1(:S+$++9R++(3#(:#*#++(+ :3+4)##$+$#-#(#(*'(,#+"(#:#:#61$+
?++$)#$#,#[
+ '( '(# '( # $ :,14 (#$'(# 5)# #,1 -$*#'(#)#*#4,#+$#?#+"$++(+-+?(+
#*#+-3#+M$#($#+#$,$#"$#?##4$#($#,1$
+()++$#+#*#+-7"+4$+#,,+$#+1(#$#+$##P
$-##?#JZ.(5+)::(,#++(,#+--43(##+$#+
?,#+ $ -+4 )"+# +,# # '($# "# $ #"(#
+#4+("7##++(+-+(#+##+$##(#$*#[+6$
)"+$:,1,##?#+J
X:4)#+#-#$++"$+YX.(5#+#'($$#+4+:(1+++#+4$#+
$+7#+,(+4"##3#1#:#4$+,)+,+Y,#<##4
#$1+)'(+#1##1#$$(#1#$$")$#"#?3##4
+#($#-#$##$##1*#$,"S##$?# #+$$#43#+#1(-4#'(:#17#:#+1$###4+
,6++('($-$$+():4,6+#,#'(()#$'(1#*4$-$$#'( ,3#1##+(+<1:#(#?$7#S:#$,#1#,#
'(:#1#)<##1#3$()+4#+'(-,+#1#)+(+)(#+4 #1#$"#1#+($:(-,#4$6+),+#'(:1#7#)#$,#+4
7#$1+*#+X:4-$)+7#4'(#P)#"#$#4)$#"##+4 #)#++$+?,*+4#+"#+$#?(+##,#?-,$ )#+#Y
X#:##,15#*#*#+T)4'(+"#(#1#<+S), 4)"##?#,#1(+,#+4)'($+-#$#+"+4'(
?$##$+ 1+ $ )(+ $# #*#4 #)$#( , 7+ )#,,#
#1$+#4#$++1$+#4+#++()#+4:"++#$#4#1"#+
:($"#41(++'(4,'(+#)$#*#1$*#4)?##$+7#+
:,++$-#,5#,"(##+)##+$+-,+$+
1+'(+#+(+#+$-+#?(#$"$##Y
#,#+ #1#$$+4 #*($ - #'($$#+4 ++ #+#'(7 +#4 '(
)###*#<#1($#+#$1#-#9(14"#$)#+#)#)+1$ 5+)4 6"#+ #+4 #+) -#$$#+4 -($# ) +1 #+4 #*(*# # $+
98
,#++4M'()#+-#(14)'(+#+#+4#$$("#
$# 3(#4M##$# ( #,#+ +#+ # $# #*## 1+#4 ,6#$# )+#$#+#,#+4#'(+#$,3$#$#14#'($7# :##+$#*#4$##1*#4+(##'($$#,#$#'(:#1$$#
#+##+#,#):,17#J
#++-#+#1#$$'(+)##4"#$6+(+#+"+#,6+
##P$#(#+((+#'($1+'()1##$#*#4#1(#
(1# ## ,#+ $ ,*#$1 ,+#34 (?, #*($ 1+
#+4'(-,,#+)$+4###$#1#$$$$"#,#'()##5$ $$"#JX+$#%$+#'(+(1YX+$?#$'(+(?(#'(1#3#YX+$# +)($#4$#*#(-#Y
X'(5 ,#$ '( $+# #$ ,#1#$"# +##++# 1## $# #+##
+##Y+-7++$###(#1#$$*$$$#?+#4,#$#$,#4
"#1#$$$+:,1+(-+S#)5#+$#%$+#4'()#)+4#$$#
:,1+$#,,1+)1+4,'(+##+(++$#+
?(++##+$"7,#+$##(#$*#4++,17+L#-#++-
,)#"#$"#,##4,"#<6'(<-#+$##'($4 ,)(3# ) +#$-#3 $# :(,## #$#+ :,+ # $+ "#+
?5+ $#+ "#+ #+ #$*# 1#3#S , #-++ "$$+ (#
,*###$#$$(-#4#"P)#+$++#-+(###$ ($+<+#+4)1+)63#+)J(#-($##'($$#
%$+#$7)#4##+'(#,+#4)'($7-1#3#$#7?$
+(14$"#$6#)###1*##$#,+#:'()#+,-7##)+ 1$$#+#*##+$(7#::##+'(*#+$#(#$+)#$#+#$$#+$#,# '((,1#$+#,#J
#+7+,*$##'(74M)'(+$#+)"3(#+4)##'(,+
+ -#M$#+ ),7#+ ?+ $# -# -"4 $#+ )##+ )($+ $# -# ,6'(#4$#+-($++#$##+$#-#,#J+7,*$#+++
,++1#+L)$#+$#++$-#+$$#,##-7##$#+)(#+++
-$+?+M'()$?6"$+,(#1$+4)#+)(,#)#####SM
$+ +)++ ,,1(+ $#+ +#+:,+(#+'(+#$+$"#+ #)+(1(+++#$#4#$#$(,1,++#-5#+$6,)##+4 3+#+$-++(++)#$#+++#+J
X:4+#"#-#4+#)#+:5+4#,+'(?(#4-#3+
'( ??#4 #+ '( #$#4 $ '( )"4 +$$#+ '( :#1$#Y X:4
+# +1 #$"7#4 '( :# $# (#4 , 6$4 $$# 1(+#+)$#$+-#)+7+?#$+4$#+$##+)$##+41##+ :$+4$+#?#,#+,###$+,#<++?++?#+4$+++ +4 #1+ $3##+ ?#"#+ +$-#+Y X:4 -#4 7# $ +$4 )# 99
,+4,-,+#+Y,+##$#$1#$+)(1$+),+4
#+7#$#$(*$+)(1$+-++J#+$TR+?1J#+5$4
:#1$+#$$#4#*+74()+#))+J#+$#+"+)
#,)+)7++1#4,'(+1-#+)#3#4#(##,7J
P$#:+#$1#J&+:$+4#,)#,S$#+)$##+4:-+S$+?#$+4
1#+)$+43#,6++()#+S#$#(#7#:+(+?#(+ ,($$+J
+$#4--#"TR4+$#1#<++4+(+:$+$
+4'(#'($$+1#<+)#35+,+#+?##+S$+:$+#'($$+4
)#$#+#++S#'($$#+#+4+,#",+(S$#+$##+(++ )(1$+-+4""#+#)#:#,)#"4(#:-+)(,#+(#3#$
+$#$"+(+,P$)$+$+JXY#$$6$#(#4$+1#+?+4
+-+#$)+1$+:+$#+#+#+4,:##)#+1##+,
35 #,4 ,("#+ ,#+ +###+S #$$6 $#+ #$$+ :P,#+ :,1+ ,(3+ + #,#+# -($-4 + # + +)#4 #+7 , 1#3 $# +()?$#+#7+++-($-)+##,$+"(+#+)+?,+
'(+-##$#-#-"#$S#$$6$+?+(++$1"+$#
":*)(#--:#+$#+4#"##+#)#)##+S
#$$74 , $+ ,#*#$+ 3-+ #$ )#+ $# $#"+#4 ,( $+ <+ )1+ #+#$)#+$-#J,$+"+#$+<+$+(+4#+7$ ) 2+$+:()#$#-#(#1#$+3#6,$-#TR3##$+ <+)1+4,7+4,,#+4,-##+3(+J(+3+)#
#-#+S+(+6+4#1*#+#$-#+:,1+-3+S+(+,#+4,#3+1#+
+#+J##+#,$+"(+#++L:#$#'(3+JX"'(++(
,)P1$4'($1,#$#,+#+##+(1$+#Y
-+4(#1##,)#+-#$$-##(#)$##-##1(+##+4#+##$"(#+ 1(#+"+4#(#,#+X:)1+<+Y)#$++4+##+
$J&#+#+#+4+##+S$#+,#+4(##+S$+)#+4#+#-1L## 11S$#+(+#+4)#+)##$+(+#$+S$#+?61#+4'()#)$5#
)(+4:#,+(-+?#1#+S$##?#):1-#4'()(
+#$#+?+#$+4#"##$,$#+,##+),#+'(4)-+$+(,
,5+4$#+,#(?#(#+)(+#$#1##$$##+#+$+)(+
,6+1##+-#$+J#+7+(+))++4$#(*#?#$+
#,#+4+#7+$#4#7#4+"(+#-$$+)1+S)#++,17+4
#?54+,($+<+J
+$#4-#4+,(##$,:##?$+'($#$#(##
## # +( #1*# #4 "$)# $ 1 ::#J $+ $1+ ,+-##$+,($$+4'($$-##+$#J(+##:#,6+
'(-#)+JX.(5"*$+3+4$#)$74,+(+1$+
100
+++($#+4,#3+(++-#)+1$#+S$-$1$#,##,
#"(##4)$##+#+##4,("#+#$#+4#1##++,17+
#,+YX.(5?#$*#"#)$#64$7#:4$$-#+4$ #,) ($-#4 $ ?#$ #$#4 $#+ (#+ $,)#+Y X.(5 +#$(#1$ ,4 $("$+,(+$++$#-###4$$:,1$##(#$*#Y
+$#+-#7#TR7#4+,+#?#S:4#$)#'(+
##+$#++$$#+($("#$$4+"#3##+#+P1+
++ ""#+ $(+ +1 $# +$#J 9??,# #$"Y ( )(1$$$ # 4
?#$+S#$#,#"$,#4#:##$*##S)+1$+1+$#+$#+4#-7#
?5#S $(,#+ : ) $ #4 #J # ## :$4 13## ) "#7+,#:#4#+(##4)4#,#$$#:($+###
"#$$#+4"##)$#(+$#"1(#4(#(+#'(+##<+#-++
#,)#<#4 #+4 ('(+JMX , )# ,#$ +# P$,# ,P+#Y ##
)(1$$$$++$#+$#4'($+:$+"'()#+#4-#4##4 +#$)#4#(4+)#$+4++$#J+#*($+41##+#$"+S) +1$#+:P,#+1$##+##+4$#,#3P1$4"+$+#3+#$#+4 1(+#$#+$#+$#+:(4,$$###+<+4$+)++(+1#3()##"(#+
3:#4,+#+7))++-#4+#,#+3-#$+S,+ 1#<+#+7$#)$#1###4$++)#+)*++J
+# ,6'(# + :# +#S - $ :$4 - $# #,#4 - $ $4 - $
+#,)#4-#$)#<($4'(#(++3+:#4+#)(+#$+J+
'(#-+#$*#,#+4$$#,##$+'()#+##'(-#,#$$+)$##
$+ + $+ 1-+ )+4 +## $#1 ?$"## (1#+$#+3#+4(#$#,#1##6+4"#*4##+?,#+4 3#$###1$$#4#,##J#'($:1$)#4+##(#?$##,*#
(#,#'($$#4MX:,#$###(#$#"##"YM(+1'((:## $)$##4 '( # $# ,6'(#4 # +(+ 1(#+ $# 1(#-(#J + +
)+#S+4$-$7)+#S+4$?$++##S#'($$+4:,1+ ,(3+4-#,,++:#,1#:##)(+#+$#+##+ #1#$$+S#+)#+#$4?(++##,+#4)+##-*#4:#,)#<#
1($#+S +# +## $#$4 '( #$$7 + - , $# 3("# $#+ ,#*##+ ###+4?(+$:4'("#+-##+(4,%###+ )6,)#+4 +##4 ), 1$##, $+ ++ $# ,6# (14 6"$+
,(3+4)($#+"#-+J
#:7-#<+4"<#4#-,+("7$++?$3#$# +$#$#6,##+(#S#$$6+(14#-##+$##4($-#4'($$-##$
)$+#$#,#*:#$+'(4#$+1#-#4:#$$#$##+#+#
)#'($,($$4'(,$"(#4'(##:##$*####++4
,+(+:,"(4:#$#+$##$$+++,+)+1$,#4
101
"+ '( S 11 ?++4 #)$#( 7+4 74 -#4 +)# #6 + ($"#("?,##4#1#$"#("#$$4++#$#++"1#+(
,#4+,#+1$#$#()*4#'($+-($#+,P+#4$ ,7$#"+-4'($$-##$$7)#-##+<($+J
+#'(##4#'(-$#4+#$'(:+)#4(,#:(,#4
"(+##$"7#?7+#J
#$$74 #$ ?4 #+ #'($$+ -#$$#+ ,##4 # * ,$ -$+#+ "+4 :,1+$+$#"#,$#4,#,)$##1$4?$"#$$#4()-+4
?"-$6+:(#+4+(:+-#'(+4'($#++$-#++ :##7#'($$#+,6#+1$+:#*#<#+$+'(#$+(*$+1P?#$+4#$ #$++4#1##$#+,##+-7"+J
X$$6+-#4$+'(#*#$-Y+#:#-4+)###+( #1#$$4 +1 (# (# )#$,#+ -$#+ '( -# ,## # 1#$#J 6 +
##$++##+($#+,#+$-6##(#4#$$)#++(+)+
"(#4+P14,-+1$,(+))$)#+##+4#"+
'(-1#$#,+)##+##+4+16#++#)+##4+
+1$($$+(+1(+S##$##(+$##$:,11$#
,1('(-#7#$#+,)$(,##+#1*#+$+):+#,#$$++(+)+$#+J
X+YX)+Y'(#,#,#+(,)#<+)4$+L)$#+
1#-+4$++($1#)$+-"#+S+$++#)#$+1#*+ +#+)$+#$+$++#++(+#,#$+S:()$":(,
+4"+1#3$+-++(+#$7"+#1#$$+JX9(#YX:(#Y
'(#+L)$#+-#'(+4)#*1#*#1#*4$##)+,#+
#1*##$)#1P?#$?(4'(#,#,#*#"$)#+(+,)+
1$?+ $# #4 # '( $#+ ,P+#+ +(#4 $+ #1#$$+ $# $#"# ,$#
+#(#$#+#$,#+(+:,+++,1+4-$+,#+++4)
$# (#4 +(+ #+4 X 3## :# # $#+ )(#+ $ :),4
$-# ) +1 $+ :,1+4 ,(+#$(4 +( )#: :(, $# 1(?# $(7?#$,#Y
X:Y-#$,4)#"*+)+#,+4'()+,#
##++#$+)7(YM'(5$-+$#,++1++3P1$4
+)*+#$1+$()$-(,4 ?-$++ #,+$##+$##-3*$#(#4$####,(:(,1J$
-#4'(#$"#$#,4-##,(##+#:#+#$+#,+4$$-##$
#$,#$+$4+("$#+-+?$+?+-+4$+"++#$#+,1#
$+61$+4$#+3(#+#$:($#+)+#+#+#+7?#+,#$+4
$#+#+#,1$#+#6##+)(+$+#1#3#+-"$#++()#+4 ++))($++#,)#,+#4'(++#,$++:(,#+1$##
-+4,$+"#$+$$##$+$,+4,$#+$-##"## 102
6+4$#+)##+5,($#+$$#+J
##+#4##"$+#4##+($#+(?#$"+#4+(3(1$+#"#4+( 3(##,)4+(+%+J173#+$+(+4"$+#+)1+,++
)(1$+41#3$+#,#3+$+61$+,)-+##+#+47#:,)$# )++3+$++$$$#"##+1+(+-$$#7+,#+#1*#+4 '(#1#:(,$$#++1$##4#$#,###'($$+:P+1(+'()7#
#'()#+#+)+1$$+$$?#+#4+(++(,++$,+J",4#-+
+7+,#+4+###(+#+4"#$+1#<#)+#+$6",#+
X$$(#YX$$(#Y
#,) <4 $"##+ $#+ #,#+ $#+ $-#+4 $$##+ #$ $#+
,#"#+ +1+#+4 $+ )##+ #+ + -#$+ -+S 1 ,
#'($$+)#+)#'(#'(7#+#$##1#))#+##"(#$
,,$<,()$#,+,##$$J+#,)?#,+4#(#,:# +(" #$ 1 $# ,# )(1$+ ,( 1$$+4 # #+ #$:#3##+ +"($#'(*#4#,+:$+4"+)$+#,+#+$#?+#4
P+#+)#1+#++#47##+,P++"#$#4,#$#$$##
,#+#1(7#$+##++#+)+#+4M$#+#,#+#1#$$++
?1$+#4#(+:61+)#7?+4,##?(#-$+)#$##$+
,+)(1$+'(#$1"##$+#+$#,#$+-#+M6,+-($"#+
'(*#4:#$$#)#$#,"#$$+3+4"(+$#$+)7(J #1#$$+:(,#+4"##$$+$###$'()($"#+#$#-*,# )+J-(#+#)6#+,#$##)#+#+#+#++#+4
$#+ ,6+ #"#+ $$#+M#$ )# -$(#+ +##+ )$4 '( (1
+($(#+"#J
$3+$$+X:)#+,+($Y#$#-$#4+(+ :+3+'(##4"+'(-4,#+'(#(+#+(++,#+4 #+)+#+'(##+,$+#$+)++)##'($#-+<
:$"#$"$),##$4?$(3,$#"+4##)5(#$#?S?
#$#,6"##$#+##+4($"(-$4
)(4'(#:#+,1#+($#+,++43(#$+,+4
)#5++(++#$+,(+4##,#+)##$7#+#$#+S?#$##,)<#$
$# +)# ,(:(,1 1 ( 7# $+ +,+ (+ +
#+)#+'(-##'($"+(#4+'($#+#+
$+#7#$,$1#*)#1##+4M$-6#++(<#)($#4
+(++,$$#+,,1+#1*#+#1$+4+(#+#+#,#$+ '()+$++#+#$##+L4+(++-++$$++##+
4#"(+#,)$#4-#1##+?#++$1#+)(##+)$+
,3+#,"+$+:,1+4$##+#,1$#$+'())1(
'($1:(,#4,$+(*$1(4,+(,$("+S$+'(
103
+74 ),# )"(# #1#4 -+ ,##,+ ,)#$+S$+'(+#1##$#+4++)$"#$#+$#-$+ &1)+#+J
&#(##:+-#$#+#$#$"++(+,6+$(3++3#+
?$+J+(+$+#+#*($+4'()#$"(#+#$"+'(###+$+-+ $#+,##-$$#+$#$1#4"#$##1#$#)$##?,#$+)#1$$+##$+J
#+)+4U#+:"4'(?(#"#'(+:##)##P14)
+(+ ,6+ #+:3+4$#:# +##+#+($# +("#*#S 1"+$$4$#,5#4,#-+#+#,"+$#)$$#4#
)(3#'('(:,1+$1+4-($$$5"4'(-("4)
?$$#(#$"(#4$#3##,:#:#S:,#+#'($$#1#-
+-+#$+:,1+JX+#+#$,#+4'()#,#+'('(+#13#
#$#+7#$##Y
$(,+#+$#+$$#+1++#+)###+4?#+++(#+?#,+#+J
X#$++#++4'(+,6+'()#$#1#+4)#,+,(Y V#,7#+$,(4$1,$"W43:,#+#JV$1$+
+#+ + +64 "P +4 ?(# $# $" +##W4 3
U#+:"J1"+$$ :#:+4'( 1$$# +1+(+15-$ #1V1$7##+$"+++$1#4#$"4+$#-(WJ#$$ (##,#1$?#++(#4)#,'(+-+("$#+)#+4#+# $7,)#4$##'($##1*#>??+4'(+()(1$$1+#$#,#,#+(
-#)#V93(##:+$###?,#+$#-(,#$4##
?,#)++1$#,:(,##W43>??+J(+++)+5$++"(+
+#$#+(#$"4+1#-##)##'(+(*##,)$?,#4 +1# #(#$ )## '( '()# ,+ -#+ -## '( $# ,+,# #(#$*#4+++(+++#+J
+'(()##:#$#1(#47##,)$#(#(,+#4
Z'(5+'(#+7$1#)#$,#+4,+?(##,")$$##+#[Z&<#+
##+,#+"(#'(##,#++#+#+-3#+[Z+"+$$,+,4'(#$ ?#(+#(+#"(+#++#?#+4+#$#1###(+#
##,#$?#-#*#+$#+,$#"7#+ +-(,1+'(##P
##+ # $+ :,1+[ ( +6 $ :,14 )1 #+4 ,#+ + +# #+7+)+#1$+74)-#+7,+,J,#$#1#7#4$#L#$ #64,)$+-$-,#(#$$+)7(:(,#$##(###"#
-#)##JZ+$3(*($##$,$'(:#1$#4#'(#7#
3$#+)#$#1#+,5+"$+#[\$'(:#1$#+($5"4'(,
$+ $1)+#+4 '( $ ### #)$#(4 < $ ## ( #1"#$ $1)+#,4 '( ##$#$1# :4 (# :#
:61"#$#+)#$#$1##3#J
104
$)# :#1$## ?( $# -J 9#17# (+#+#+ L,4
-#"(##'(:#+-"$##++,)#$#,#4,#+:#"#?#$#4#$#
,#:#35#+J&+L#"#++$+*#)#+4$("4#$#:#
#$+4$+*#)#+'(*#)#4#$+L#"#+#$#1#J('(:#
5+$+,))4)'(#+7,)(3##$+)*++4+##$#?#*#$+ :)#+4###$+51$+4-#+,$+)$7#+$"+$#J+ ("()#7+4)#+#+#$+:,1+3(++4)+(#-#1$ ?(*#$"#J (+#+#+ +(- $$#$# - )) $$+ )#+#1#
+)##,1#+#$(+4#$#,#$#-##,$#"+#+5+4$$5"#
'(1#1#+(1(#$+:3+>??+J
+4 3(+4 ,#+4 #,#+4 + #1"# ?-+ ,#*+
+(++)$)$3+,1##*#,-,$#,$:,1J
'('(+#+3#4+'(+J$#+7#?$+?7#4$$#,##J
$"#-$$#,##),$#))#"##$J9##$:,1+7))
()1#3#4)##'(+#1#$)#+:#+#+(+7+4#+'(-#$#
#(#$*#:(,##J
$,#$+##$+$$1+J#$",#$,#$4$",#
(-$#1#3)$1J?#$'(+,3#,(+4
+ #1#3# $$J $+ +%+ )$5)+4 $#+ -+ $
$1)+#,$#+-+"##+J-*$,#$:#?$4
4)?##$#,#3+#$+61$+$#$#,+$#$(*4)$#)$ ,#$#,(#++#+,,1(+4#)(#)5+)(<##+4M$#1(#
+# 13## $# - $ $1)+#,4 ( $5" #$
+()#*+$,+)(+#+(+3(#+#-+#+J
9#1$#(:,1MV#,)#$##(#$*#MM$$##3#6$#?#*$# #4,#35,$-#(#4#?,#,#$#+,$$#WJ
V#$(,+###,+4"$##S#`)R4##S#9#T4
,5#W44)#$#1#+#$#1#*#4#$#-'($++#$(#J
V $-#5+ ?+ ## )## ,(3+ :,1+ #7+M
,#"7?#,$#1(#(#+#+<#M$-##-*+#$+:,1+
,##'(#"#M'(+"'($:,1#-+#+$#5)#
#-,$:,1WJX##$(,1#$'()()+#$'(+#)#"#Y
VZ,:-$?M+(+(+##,#5($#M4'(
+?#[(+$J9#-4'(+#17#CAA#<+:#4$#($#$#+#"4# ,6++#1'($>:-6$#E,4'((#+()$$#W+##,#+?"(#
#+$#+:,+(#+$#,$1J&#-#'(#J$(?#$1$$J
V74)(1$+:,1+#,5#4$'(4,##)6#+#< )6#?+(+-#"$+4'(+#-#*#+74M4#$#
?+#?-+#+$,$+1#+'($+$#$#,#("##(-)#$# 105
-4M7 $+ $+ )P1$+4 $#+ ?#$#+ #$-+7# :(,##4 $#+ -#+ ##(#+'(#,+L"(,+J.()#$##:#1#1$4$#,+#
$1J.($+"1+$+)(1$+4'(+-#4##-##+
)++()(1$4?#-(+$J.(#"$+#))#
"$+#)#"($1()P1$J.(:###)$$#+(#+#$"+4
'( + +# ) "(#$ :,1+ #+ #)$$#+ $#+ &"+$#(#+ $+
+#+4,:##:#$##,##S$#,$#S"P#+$
+( ++ + $ )P1$4 '( ,($"# -+#+ #)$$#+4 "(#J.($#++($#++):71#,$1(($'(:#: ,)##,#$"#+?+#+4,$1L4(,# 4$(+$#E,J.(++?#($#$+$#)P1$#$
+<#$#, ?+#+ $"+#+J .( $+ 1(#$+ ?#+4 + #?, -#4+3(J.('()$'(:(##$+:,1+4$$1(+(
7#$#+,##4)#$#(($'($+,)$+#J.(#$#,#$ -#$ +(# $# ,#$ #(#$S #$ "1 ",64 $ "1 +($#S #$
+)7(,7+$"14((-+)7(4+#,)$4'()+1$#+ $"+'(1##$$#3##4+#,$#$+1$+,#+JW
++#""#,+'(1+#$#?#+,($#(*)$#
+4:#"#+(+,#++(,+$#1#3:(,#Y
>;
4
(%(++4@C(1CBBGJ
N)#O
;
#$+JML)++JM#+JM&(+-$$ +( L)+ $ ( $
JM$?#$(-$+$+JM&+)+#++##$+JM*
#$,#+$+1(+#$,#+$0JM:$#$):##<3#JM(#+
,)+JM%#+()JMTR:#(##<+JM:#$+J
##JM
#--JM$"#?+#+JM%+J
(-#R4CE+,1CBBGJ
<4
#1?#$+4L)++4+$-#+J%#3)#1$$+$"#++#4
106
P+,$+1+'(+4#-$#-##$P$,$(#-7#(-#4
):,1+$+$+S,5#()#J&+35+4,"+$#
"(#?##+-($-+(+?+"(#1##$$#+#1#*#4+
+##"(+#+(,##$"4#$#+,1#$#+,6'(#+$#L)+ &(+-$$4'(3(##$(#$J
+5)#3(#++$#1$:(1##+<#$,+#$-#$+,#+4
:(1#(##$+:,1+$,"#$+JM+'(-#$$#++'(
:#,#$$+)#+#)$+#:#,#$#3(+#4+)#+#
)$,##:#,#$#)#*4)+1$##$,)#$1Y
Z.(5'((##&(+-$$4(#+7#+#,##"(#4'((-
:3+:#4#+#+$(47#+"$#4:#1#:#++1$+$ ,+:#1#$+#+$$#+$$1#+1$+?$#,+S'(5$+#:#4
$#1#+(+,#+$##,##1#$$#:#,$+
:('(-##1$#L)+[
#($"##+($4+#$"7#J$)#1$$#+$-($-#$
()JP#*##$+"+)$+1+'(+4,#+$#)$#(+$+($+J +"$+++<+:,1+,)$#,$4##,#<#"#"#-7##
,#(4##,#1$"(#J#+#,#$$#5+"+
3+$'(3+++$?3$+3+4, #*#P#$#+-#++)#+(+,##++$+,#+4,+((#
#+$#+#*#+J
&(+-$$+#$*##"(#$+##(-#$#+4"#+<#)(#+4,
##7#4TR4,#(#+'(?#$+:,1++(+)-
1(+47$+$#1+3+#$+$#,#+#$(#1$J&(+-$$:#
-#)+#"34)##'(+$#*#+?(#+4+(+,6'(#+$4 #1$##4+,1#"$"#4+"##4:$#34+(+?(+$(4 ?(+ $(3++4 '( , ,#1 #<+ + +)+#4 ## + $#+ ,6'(#+
#1##+?,*+J&(+-$$:#$+$(1(+##(#$+4'($+
),##"()#'($+)(1$+(+,##++$##+4$+#-"
+(+61$+,#:+$+$#-+#:#16#,)#)##,)$#$## 1$$#+,6'(#++'(#+1#$#+,##+<#+J
#"*-,$$#,#1##$#+)(#+$:3&$$+?+,"+ +()#,6$+$$#1#,+-+1#+#:3+(:4+)7( )(1$4'(###$?3(#$+1+#+$#+,5+#+:#+Y:4"($$
##$+#"#4'($+$+,+,+$#+"(#+-$+##1#):#(- $"$+)##$#,P1##J
#1*#+4)#+4#$7#$##)(#$#L)+$)#-,
$#+#$$+(#(4--#++(+$+4)#7#4#-+#
1##+$#(#,*#S,$$#+7#$+:(#+41#1#J:#1##) 107
+#,#+#'($$+)(#+?$#+#(7#4#1#$$?#6+1(
,P$)$+ 3+ +)##+J %(5?#$(-$3#S +( #1#$$1$# :#S +(
#1#$$4'(?(,+($#+1##$$#+J
#1#$$+##+(:,1)+J
,#+'($#,(:(,1-#4$+##(#$#+$+#)$#+#$#+
$#L:1#-#$#+'(*#+#"7$#+4#+((+#+,1(#+4'($
()(4$+:(),-,$#(+#-##,#'(##
'(#,:3'(#)#+####+(,#)14,#$+
,#$+#"#+4)+#+(++$##+#+S,#+'()##$+3("+
$#'(+1,$$$#+$#:#$#"##4'(,6++$$#++)(1$#$#$#
1###,##4$+"#-+:,1++$#,)<41#1#:#$4+#$4
)1$###1$$4+##$:$"#-+"(+)#<)#S
$+)++#$$#++(#,(#"(##)(#+"$ +:4#$+#,1++#-+$+#,+)1#$##S
$+-#+4$+$4$+9T4$+9$,#4$+)###++1+$#,#3+(+#
- )$7# '( :# #+"(# $#+ $1#+ ,## '( $+ + +4 -#+4#7#+,#3##+#'(#$##$+-4-*:#$#+
#1#3###:'(4+'(1##+(+?#$#+,#+#,4++)#(#
$##"##+4##:,+S$+,,1+-#1$++#$##*
'(+,3(#)#+$+)(1$+4'(++#-"$#+$)$#$# 1$+#$+"#+$"+:3+'(+($$-#$+SM$+)-++?(#+4
+(,#4'(+#'(7:,1+##+,++'()#'(#+7)
)#+#?(*#$(*4M-"*'((#L)+#-#?(+#,# #,"+$+++M'(+,#+$#)#*$($SM(
?#$(-+3(##'($$#$#7?,5#'(,##4
3+)#+,)#+4#+#4+$#$$64'(#,*## ,)$#-#()#J++#44#"(###+"$+)##?# '(++($'()+#,+,($"#6$+:,1+)),#-*#$#+'(
-3#,6+$###JX:4'(5,($'(+#)#$)Y
,$+1+'(+4#$+"#+,P+#+41#3#1#)+7#+:#$
+)$#$,#4'()#7#$#+$#:###+#43-#M
:,1+ "#-+ "$## $,##4 + +#+ ""#++ $ +4 + )6$+-+++#++#+?1$+1(+6$+J
,#,#+)#,+,)+#+,#+$+:#+$#1#++(
?(#4,+(+#+3#+:3'(+#+++1$+$##(#$*#'($# +#4)##1+6+$#+J:(,+,1#1((3+$:(*#4+#+
,#+#"(#+"#(<+#+$+'(+1#<#+&3#++L+ #+-#4)<##+#"(+#,#:##++#"4(#'(*#,#$+##
:)#S,6+'(1(+##+4?+##+J
#()#:#-"##+##("(#+$,##+(,1##4
108
$?#$(-'(#(#'():#)1$#+(+1+:+$-++4# )(1$+"()#+,#$#+4,+(-,$$+:,1+J
$",###+?,#+S+:####4$"+#4'(3#
,#+$"+"#$*#4-)#J
*#4#1#3#J:$#)#$#1#+4+?#$+J+$(4+#-J+
#(:,1++)#)+$+:,1+J
-+# 5)#4 -+ "J + #($$+4 +$#+4 $5"+ -#+J
:#4+?#$+4,6++#$(#1$+1-++4,)$#+
$+$##(#$*#4)+#+,)#+++#+)#$#,#+J+4$#+ :P,#++#+###+#+#+#-#+<#$#1#$+<++#$*+$#+###+ :##)#+ #$ ,#"7? # #:#S #$ + ,$ )63#+ #$"+ '( + )+# (++$$,1(<$#,6'(#-#)4+##+$#+1$+#1*#+4 )#$+1+$#,(-4#3#,6#+:#:#+$+:3#+ #<#+$#$$##$$+#4++#$(#,-+#$$#+4,'(+ $$-##$+$#1+:+#-+1$4#(+7#+?#++4#$?#+'(+4 ,++"$##+#1+$,##J?#(#,#<#4+#$(##()#4
,5#J
+#1#)$+)#+1$+4$#+)#$,#+'(1#7#$+""#+
: $ # +)(#"# '( )(6#+ )#$#1#+4 , '( 1(3#
)(1$+ +#"# :,1+4 ##1# $#+ #$#1#*#+4 ##1# $#+ $(:#+4 "#1# $+
),+4 (,#1# $#+ -#3#+4 )7# $- $+ +($#+ :(,#+4 #)$#1#
+$$#,$#+$+#$+?#+$(-#,$#("#4)?5#-#+J
# #'($ $# #("(# 7# P "#$# )## ++ #$,#+J :$#$):# # ,# $ #$1* ##+ ?+#+ $1#1# $ #
+"($7#1('(#$#+)(#+#'($$#+:*#+,##'(#
:$#$):#(#43$1('(0##'($$+),+#(6'(+
#$,#+'(+(+(#+#-#+$"#1##$#$##?-+#)#$#1#
($$,4'(##$##1*#J.(:#)(+$#,#$#+
#+$+:,1+4+#1'()+#J$'(""#++:(,#+4$+,# #$*#(#+4,()#*$$#+4+#(#+(,#4$"7,4##-5+$+ +"$++$$-#$+3+4)##5$$$+-##<J+++#J
++:,1+4,#"?#+-#+#+$'(##(-#,
)+7))#$#$#46$("4-++)$#+1(,#+$+,)+4
#,#<+:+-+J
%(+##'($$+#$,#+$0'()(+$++((+#4
,++(#,#$$13(4#,6+(#-+$$#
%##Y
X%(+##'($$+V?$+WV,+?$+W,$"(#3,#$$#,#1# )+#$+)#+#3+#+(+<+Y,-7#$$+4#'($"$+
109
,#1$,J
+,) $ #$,6$# +74 ?#$#+ ,4 -($ 1(,#+ '( +
#$(,1#)$54,'(-$#1$##+,1#+#$,#+'( #,#$$$#,#J?5$++()))+#,)#++,#1$+-($+4
)#+#3++1*#+?(++4?$#4,#$"#+$#+,1#41+P#+
6"$+S$+?(+)##+7##+J&#,,'(+'(
--?-#,)##$##S+#P+1$#?4'(#-7#$+($ $"$)4$#$$6"($#,##J#'($$+#$,#+$ 0 3)
),#-*#+,5#%6#4'($:,1"17#+#,15$1J
1#61$+S+6$+$++4:#+++(+#7+4#)"6+
, # :3#+ +(#+ # $#+ )#+ +(+ #+#+4 3(# )(1$+4 #$#,# 1#$7 1(",#+4+()++#,#$###)-#$#$##+(+$+'(
+#$,#+#4(##$#,#,#,"+$##+#)#7#$+ $$+ $#+ -##+4 3(61#+ $+ P++ )#$+4 $+ #$1+ $ +"$ :4#$#'($)$,+'(+)+#+$(,#+4#1#$"(# ,#$#+#+(+#+$$##(#$*#$#"$+#J
9,$$+(+++#$,#+4(+++4:#+)+)+4+:#
)(+ ) :# -## +(+ 6#+ "#$# : #'($$+ )#+ $ 0+##,6"#$,4'($$#,##+7#$++++#+#+ #,#+#)#+)##+$+'(+)$#,#+(+:3+J
)#+,)$+#1$+#+"(#J#-7#--$),(<
$ 94 # ?#,+4 #P ,(,(# ,)#< '( (# +( :3#
)'(<($# 1# , #$#+4 $ )7#4 , )$- $#+ (# ,#)+#4
$$#+)6#?+#1$+#++(+$(,#+J(+1#+$#?(#
$1##:#$)S$'(+$+#+(+,#++(++++4)'($ )+4)(+$#4)+#,#$#-)$#+#$$+4#P"*#
-3*,#$+(##,$$#+)++'(#$+)+#<+## -$#:3###J
$$($"+,#+)#$94,6+"#'(()$"##S
(#()$$($+#$*4'(+)(5+?(,#?#,+4%#U$$#,+4$
-7#)(#-#$#+)(#+,+,#+#'($$++#+,(,#$+'(
)##+#1()#-#1##"##)$,###"(###$+1('(++(+1#+
,+#+4)L)++##1#$$17#,#+$3+(+$#+(-#+
,+#3+1#+J$:#+#1#$$+)#7#4+)+1$+#,+4 $+L)++)$#+3#+$#1+#1$4'(4,$$-#1##+41##$#+4
#+,#1#$##1*#,$(#$6)3S-$#1#$1#-1(4-##S #$$64,$-#$$4$$,4$#:+7#$#,4+)#1###$ L)+(#1#$$+$$#S#$+#1$34'($#+##++(#1#$"#(# +)$#+##+###$$#-#$3#S#$$"##$+#$#,#$?+4$# 110
)#*'(#+1#3#$#+#4++,#$#:#4+#$#4-#$3#,#+4
+1$(-S#$$6-#4$#+)$-+4#$$6-#4#,$##++'(
$++)#Y+7##-$+)#+#$1(#'((##<+:#)#7#
)(-#R,#<###$$($+JU$$#,($$%#4
$)#4,(,(#1#+(+,#++$#4,($+'(+3#+#+++(#+
+(#4,#+'($94--#-+4'(+#$7#$#,#+3,)$#+
),(+(,6'(#1(#,##4,'(:+)#1#$#+-#+$
7#4$+:+,+$+1(#$+4+<#1##$+)+#3+1"#$+3-+
+47#,#$-,#$#+$#+$#,#J
++,6+7#-#4#)#"#1#)(+(#+-+++++)++# ()#(+'(+#("#<#?#,+'(+1+(?$$
1($#+'(#1#"#,(*4'()(+(#$#$+#+,+4 $#+,##-$$#+'(+,(#$$+):#17#-++$#1%(#
+)#*#9+:$$$#$(#J
+,4-#4$$#,#$##41)+#4#)$# (#4#,(+#:+#L#-#"##+7,+4-#+#+#+1
?,+ + $+ #++ (++ $+ +#+4 3# +# + ( +6#$+$(*4-+(14#++(#4,6+'(#4),++
'(#:#"($#,)$+)7(#+?6#"##$1##$$##$+J ##4,#++($#(7#4,(+#)64#:3#$("$"#
$4-#3+)(5+)#()#+,6+)++'((+(#++++
$#1$+##:##,"3-+43(+:#+#)#-"#-4##)1#1$
, # $# )+# $# )P1$#4 :,1 +#1 $#+ )(#+ ?$+#,##-$$+$#$"(#"$+#J
P,$9--#$"#J(#)#+#4#J+)#$#1#+$
'()((#J(+#$+4,6+'(#)##+?$4+4)$+4
$#1#++)(<#$+ ,+#J
+ (,,#*#S + $-##
,)#-5+S+,##,(:#J#64(+((,#J
#$$64(#+<#$P$,$1J#'(74+#+(-4:#$#$#+
1$+#+4,+#$#+)#+$$+41+)+#3+4##?$+(++4
-+#+#(*##+-#3+5$1+4(#,(+,##$#+)(<##+#+
'(+:###$,#$>:J&$"*$#")$1#4'($1
J&$?($#"($#4'($#,#)?J$9+
,5($#J##7##*#*#$)(+),4)'(-#+,)$7#:#
#+$#*#J(#+1$##$45+4"##4#+#4#64 -#4 # $ 9 " ##4 # $ 1#$ ("# ,#$#"(<4 # $ ,
,$#$)+'(()(1$L)#J
+)3$#-#+()J)##'(()+#1(4:#+$,)
+)3#+$#+?#++$#-#JX(++($$ 9 ,+,#+3+1$
111
,)$#-##+#+4$#?,#$$#+1##+Y
(#:3#4(#'(#:#-($+(,++-+$+$"#?+#+:($"##
$# )+# ,)#<7# '( #1##4 $+ 1$"# #:# # ?,# 1:+
(,'(#13(##$"#$#:,##'(),-$+1#
(#'(-###+($+)#+$"#?+#+#$##1*#4(#,)+#
-#$$5"#?++(16+4'(,#6#,$$+4(#+#+4#
- )++ )## '( )(# ,)#$#+ " )1S :# + ,#3##+ ,##'()(#-+,)#++)+(#$)J(#'(+6
+#4 #7 +,+4$,5(##1#3$ #4 '(#:#
'( +#1 1# 1#'(+ #1#3#+4 "(,+ #)#+4 1+ 1$$+4,)#<7#+,)$#+4",)$4(#?4,+
)+#$#(#$#(#$,#$:##+#1#3#+#(#$+J( $,)#1#+4M:##(+'("#'(++:,+YM++###$+
+#++(3(+1$#+$+$#-#$#+$$#,+,#'(##1##$*#+ >#($4)1,*+7#+)(1$:##4:+<-# ?#$+$5"#?+4(#+,$$+J
+#,+#$,5+:,++#47#$#+-+$+--+M
'($#+$$#"#+-+4#,#+(#+#4+1((#$#+47$#+J
+#,+#,+4#-$#+#,4##+#5$>#)4$+
(#+ #$# +#($$#+4 #$?,1#+ 1$##+ (#+4 $+ +#$+4 #P ,#$
+)(++ ++4 '( #1### #P $#+ +,1#+ +$,+ &"?$$T,+41#$,(4$1#$#$##)#*
"$##4$##"##7+#%+4+)"(#4###:,1'( $$"#VP4'(5+#1+[W
>;
4
4%(++4@B(1CBBGJ
N)#O
112
$3#$(-(J
+#+'(#+
&+?++,$#+)#$#1#+$+)(1$+4+(++7,1$+J#-5+$#+
#+ (# +( +)7( -$# +( :+#J # )# $#1## + ( $1 $ $#)#$#+,+(#$,#J$#?,#-#$#+#J&##'((#+$+)7(
+$?#J&#+#+)$##$*##+$$+S$#++,1#4-+S+#(+#4
#+#+,"#+J'($+,#+++#4+#,##$++4#(,#
$+-#)++(+"$#(#4$+:,1++#1#*#J&#+#*#++"##,+#+S+
+6 # (# '( $#+ # # #+4 1# +(+ $+4 , 35 +$#+#*#$(*41$$#$##*#$#$1#J#1(+#+#)#$#1#:,+#4 '( +( )) + +)$#J &#+ #+#+ '( ),4 - $# "
?(#$4:#:#$,1)-$"+(+,#+4+(+?#++S
)$+:,1+#1#34'(+6)4)$#,$"#4$+#1#4
$#$6(#+$#+)#$7,#$$4+#,#4#)#+):# ):4##J+:,+-,$##$+-##1#,J)##64
++#1)+:##$$"##$#+)(#+$$J
(1$ :# #-7#4 $#-# , ( $ ,( $ +# $#
,5#$14'(#$-#3'(-#-"#)+(1#:7##*($4$+#$#$)#+ ()+J(#,#$#4####4:##+#$(##$+'(#)+(7
($ ( 1+'($$ )#$,#+4 '( $# ,#" + +#$4 $ #"(# #'($#
##+(+)#+4:##$1#+(+$*##+)#+4,1#*+'($$#,#J
&#,5##-##$($+'($#-+#4+#++$#+-+4++
?$+4)++?(#$+J+4)+1$:?+'(#1#$#?#$*#4+
#$*#1#,(+('(#+$)#+#$#:(,##1$4$)($-#*
#:#4$#+#+#+,"#++(+,($$+#:++1$,#,#4)## '($#:(,##)#+J+71TR#$,(-3+(#:##+#
,"#+J
.(#$$#+(#+)#+#+(#4#$##7*(#+)#++ #,#"()+7,+"1(#4,#"#'(##$(#-##
,+#J+61$#,)##S)'(#$+)+#<+##'($$#+,###+
"+#4+:#)($1(<4,-($$-5+4+###?(#$,3
#S+#?+,$$"#4(#$$###1$$#-+1$$#-##
$+$###4(#"+#J
&$"# $##4 +( :#'( #74 ) ## ( (+ ,+ 1$+$$+#+,#(:($S+(+1#+(#("#4)$"(+'()#
?#$#,JM$,##$$"#4+(#:(:##+4+("#16
)#<#,#$$'(+,3##,+$#S(#,#$#?$##$#))#4#,1#+
113
#+J(*#$$"#,6+($+4,'(-)#7+$14$'('(##$+ :,1++7,#1#<#$+(*+(#3$##)14)::(# (#4$1$+$$$$34#('("(+)$##4$##1*#$+,1
?$JM #$# -4 :(,$+ :,++4 )# '( # $$+
,##+ ?$+4 '(+4 +(+-++)++4 +(+ ,(3+ :3+J M 6$+$+$$+#$#+$+3+$+#$#$#-#JM(""41$$$# +:##:,+(#$)#+$L+4(("'(+#+1+(+:,1+
,#*+4+(++<"#1#1#3#4+$7*#+4?$#,("4+(+
#$#+1#++($,#-($$-5+4,)##'(+$)#$P'($
'(#$#)##4(,7+:P"#JMX(+#$+)+#<+4+++?(,#+
))#)1+,#++(<+#+#4#+4-+'($+$$-##$#
6,##)+#+4M(<++74'(+,6+'(+Y
$3(7+:#::,#4:##7$1?+($"#4$+(
:,+(#+'(+#4#41(,)$#,J$(" +#)61#J$$#5+4+#+(4)$#+S+(,#"74, +($+4,6++(##"#'((#,4)#+#$#-#:($#(#
'($-#+##++(++4+(+"#++)#+##+#+4+( #+(#,###(+#+J$#$,6$-,#S#+)#+,
+<++#S+-'(+--$#1##1#+4#)#$#1#$+S+ 1(3#4 + $ ,3 1(3#S + ,#4 $ ,# ,6+ #- ++(JM
#$$##, + - ,# $# " #$,##4 , + #$##+4 ,) $#
+,1#4?,#1$-+1$#(#+$+-#-4#+6$+#$,#+
+#++$$(<+,$+3+(#+$#1#3JM<7+:#-($#
$+)+#<+##'($$#)1,(:(,1S$##:(:##4+,1)#
#$#S $ $,#4 :#'(5 #$#S $# $ ""4 -#$ :,+(#S $ $3 )$##4
,#* $3 JM + + -4 :-#+ #$ #$ $# $1# +#
,#"7?#,#4#++#++(+##+:(,##+L#<##)##4'(#1###+
-#7# +(+ -+ ,(+ $+ )++ -#)+ ()#J X#+
,)+4++"#+-#)+Y&##(#$*#))#+())?("4
-$#+$+:,1+:##-$#+'(##M,$+"$1+4,+'(
-($#J
#-+4-+#+-($#+1##+4M)+7#+--#+,?$+:(,##+4M
<+,()+#<+S+)#+-4($#$($$4)##'($#+#$,#+
)#+#+$+#,#+6+(+)#+J
# -* + (# <# '( #)#+ : #<+4 - +$# (*#4 +( #3,#<+#4+(+#'($$#$)+#$+#J&$"#,###$# ,(:(,1,"#+$$++L)$##4,$#+,#(1
$$#4+(+,3$$#+###+:P,#+$$#4)#(#:3#+#+1
$#+$#+J+$##4$)"(#'(5+4$#)#+#1#*+S$$#4)$
114
,)$""##4(#++#+11$#+$6",#+4#$+3+#*($++##
$#$,##4#?#1#-(#,(3,#4'(,+"(+$## #++$$:4+()#4'($,##(#)##$$)#+#34:# +,1#"4$#+)#J+($(#$($$4+(+#'($$$$
($+)++4#7#U-#$+#+"(#,#++$$:JX++
+6"$+4$$+6$##4#:##$#+(-+Y
#-*4++?,#$+)+#+$#+'($$"#J&#++-$#,#4,(
"#-+ +#+J $ 3? $# )## $ ,1$# $# -* (# )"(# #$
() #+$ # )( ,# $ )## #$ +J #$
()4'(+)+#::##$#+++4+$#(1$#$$#$+3+
+$#1$##,-$):4)'($#1#$$'(-+$"$##4 '(,#$+(++:,#+4:#(,)$(-#<+J$$#++(
:,##&($#4$++(:,#9#,$45$,#:#"4 +()#4'(+#)4-#,3#4$(#$:#1+4)(+'(#$+ ,#*$1#+)##$-#3JX#$$6-#:#+#:#"$#1#$$49#,$ &($#$#,#Y
24&#9#1##4E+),1CBBH
4
4%(++4CH(1CBBH
N)#O
#+ ?+#+ "#+ )1$,#+JM U#+:"4 :# #<+4 # #$+$4
+$#6,##,6#JM%#T#?+#$P$,#$#
(#JM&#+#(#(-#U#+:"JM%%($4-JM$,#+))($#+JM
.($$#+ + ,)+ ++JM$#++ (+JM9## $ $
+ $# 6,##JM&+ + #,)+ L4 ##$$ #$+$JM& '(
+"?# ## (JM&1#,1+,4 )+,4 ++,# ))##JM$
"#-7+,)1$,#,JM(+#(+#+4+(#$#4+(,4+(++(#+4
+(#+)JM$)#>#TRJM
##$()#"$5+JM&##J
(-#R4,1@CCBBGJ
<4
#"7?# $(#4 $(* ## # $+ :,1+4 -#3# ) $ $J # $(* 1$## + +)#)$#(#4+?$3#$+:+4##+$)#-,$#+#$$+ +#) $#$,#J&+ + -"$+ $"#+#+#1$+4 # $# *#"# 115
#$"+#1#$$+4##$##1*#)$(,$+4#+,#++#)#4?("#+
,$#1$$*#$#-(#J--,(#+J&#,+#,+,#)#'(+
$,)##"#J(-#R?+3#+(+),#+-+J
.(# #6+ $+ "#+ 7#+ )#+4 '( :# + $1#+ 3P1$ 1#-(#4,)###?#"#-1(#4'(+#+#+(+:5+J
@E-,14#<+:#4$+"$++-++#$#$#14,+(
P$,1#$(#4$###(-#R4U#+:"$++(+#$#
(#4++(*#4,+##$+:5+4#+#+$#+$$#$+
(<+S$(#$'(+$+'(++--,1,,#
?+-#$+((+4?"##+1##+41#'(++(++)+#,#+J
#$4 ?(# ## 5)# ,$$#+ :,1+S $#+ )#+ $"##+ $+ :+ #$,##+<+,(3+S$#$(-#R#$#$%R$41#3
#"(#+)#$+4$"$#$#$$#4,#+#,)##+#)#1#(#$#
(#--4#-)#+#$#$+#$)+:#+4+(+"#$$#+ $+-#"(##S+(+"1#+"#$+#?#,#+4:+"#$#+(+
*(#-+,+#:"+4-#+,-#$#,(:(,1+,)$)+
$1$$#4+(+"+1($$++4'(#*#1###1#,1+4M1+ -+ $1+S +(+ ,)#+#+ 1#1# 1$##4 -++ , #'($$+
,)+ Q) $#+:()#+#*($++##+J$+",+
-$(#+4 '( #1# # $ $#" %#T# , +$, 7J $+ -3+
1,1+4 '( # " ) ,##4 '( # $# #,)## '( #(#1#
+#$7#+(+,1:($+(#,+#3#4+)$#$+$
"*$+#?4#:#$#$###)$#+#$$+4(+,#1#$$+#$#+ (#+4$#+1,1#+1(#+'(#(+##<J
X.(5+"$#(#)#+#$#+1##+#+4$#+1##+$#"(# &$4#7"#+,)$,$#"(#U#+:"Y(#)#+#4
:,1+ $+ #1##+ #++ $# $$(-#4 $+ )#1$$+ +)#*#+4 $+
)$$($+'(#1#$"#$+)++$#$(*$5#:##$#4+(#$#"(#
#4 +(+ +,1+ +S $# #,1#+ ##+ + +#:#4 , + + $
#*$#,($(S1$$#,6+##-5+$#+-##+$+3+$#+,(3+4 (##+#+$-#$4$,#$#"$#(#+-#J
$'(#$#)++"($-($"S#'($#'(+#$(#$#+#,#+
+$+1#$+4$+:,1+#$+:(#++$#+##+S$'(+(" +,1+)+4,#(?,#,"#$#4+##"##+# $+-#+#+#++#4+'(4+%++%%($S
%%($-,$'(+#$#-##$+:)#+S#,#4,#$
#1$+$'(#,#S#-#)$#,#+#)P1$#4'(+'(5$ , ?$3 #,) -$# #):+ , $$#S , $$# )(3# #$,#
#1#J.(+-$-#+"1##++#:(++4:#)1#'(##
116
$+,)$#+$"14-7#+)##(+###$,#"(#++
(++$#)$$+)1+,(+$##+#$,+#$+#J,+#)1 #+ (*#+SM) $ '( #++#:(++ +114 '( -7# )#+# )$#*# ,(# ,#($##4 $# +)#$# # +( #1"# ,3 $#+ $+ -,1$")##+("1##()(1$#J&'(#1##%%($4 '(#+##:#+(+:(++)##<$#<)L,4M#'()$###(#
)+#$'(#:#1+$:(1###+#75$4M)((-5,
$"1$+#J-#'(++?(*#+)##:#1#$+
:,1+4:#$+#+JMX%($(+Y$#"(#1##$$#
'()+)$7#4*'(<7#4(-)7##$,#4$+## 5$(#:#6,'(#+5$S$(#$'((+,#$#,$"1
M,#++M)##$M$#,(:(,1$#$#,#4##7*+(P$,# +(+##S,#((?#J+'()+1#:,1-## (,+,,$4$'(+#$$,$+##41$$#,+(-#$(*+$4 ##$"#J(+#$##(#$*#:(,##'(+$(,1#4)(#,S
#,##,(,6+$#+#*1$$#"$+#'($#++#*,###)#1$J 1$(,)$##:,1$'(#(#'('(+'(+4
#,#J,#4++,)+4-#$+,$+#"(+4'(+#P:###1#
#-7#,+()$#$3#+JH%E4+(1#-$14'(#
+"(+#4)+<#4#)#+:#:,1'(+#,#'($#'(
%($$4 '( ) 1(+ + '( )#"#+ "*+4 ?" '( #,6($#+"$+#471#3$1"1)#$+#$$+-'(
?#1#JX#1(#$'($-#$+'(+Y
,$:##:#(-#R##'($:5+4#(,1+$#
$##1*#4,+)#+#+#(#+1#(#$J+,+,7#@E-,1$
$("#,+,+#$*##3(#'(+-7##$#
,###,
$#$#4+#$*##:#14$("##)#$"###$#++)#$#+4L$#
,# #'($#M, '( #,)## )"4MU#+:"4 '( #<+ :#
$$#1#7#+,++4#$+:#$#,#4$#?#5$1M'(#P(#M#
+(+"#$+?#$+4'($+)7#,#$#:"#++$$*+J
$#+#$##$##+#$+4,)##'($+:5+4#+ $#+#+4,)#,6+'($#)(#'($("$#++(+#S?#$##$$
"+U#$$4?#$#,+,#%$+#4+$-###:#41(#)*##4$#
?"#'($:,1)?4#$$#-(+J&#+"+#,)+#+:#-#
,$$#+4,6+'(#-4#)#$)#$#+#(#J
&#1#$#+:1$$#+$+*#)#+4$#$#$##)#4+1##"#+,#$$#+
+(?"4+#,)#++#++(-#4"#+#+J&7#4
++#,#+)($+,#7#++4)#+(+#+$#+
"##+1-+#'($,)S'(#$)#+U#+:"4,-,6+(#-*# 117
($+ $6",#+4 + #$*#1# #+ '( 3#1# # +1 +(+ ++4 , $#$?#4(##$#($S+(17#+,)--#+,+$+)(+
'(+)$##'($:#17#$1##+1##$$#+S+-+7#+(+,3+
#3+$#+,##+$$#+)###"#?$+$#,$3?,$#"+$# )#*J
#,1+4+(,#$J
#($$++#4+(#"#$#$+:,1+
:(5+)$#)##J
#+ # #'($$+ 7#+ $#+ '($$#+ '( -7# # #$,# U#+:"J ++
-#+)++4(1#+)(,##+$#+-$(+4-7#"1#1#4
$,1$1#$+#-#*#+J+4()#+?(#$#$1#4$-#1#
:#1$# $$#J &+ #$+#+ :(7# ##+ # $#+ )+++ "$+#+4 --7#
#,#*#+7,+J
&#$1#$+#'(7#)(,+'($5##1*##$+#J$+ $1#$+++,'(+#1#)$,#+1#-(#$#$#4?7#$
:$+#$+#+#--$+($'(#)#+-J'(7# $+(+4"#+6#$$+,6+4'(#$++$$#,##$*#J
#)+$+1#-+$#"(#'(#(-+$(+(+:#*#<#+ )++#37#+,$(,+4,+:(1#)#"#"#$1,6+'(
$"*+(),(,)$$J$$##"#$:61,P3#$#$1#
-(#$4'()7#,#$+'(:(1##+?#$#4+#$-#+)(1$
+((#+#+?#+'($$#+'(,(-$+)(1$+#+$++(?#+ $++#+#)+4'("(#$"#(-4?(#+,3#+<#
++:,1+$:$'($+'(:+,+#+1#-7+)$
$#,#+#-#$##$#)L,#$$J$$3"#$$: $1##$+)(1$+$,$+#,1++J
(+ #:# ,+,4 $ )$" ,# +# "# #4 + $ (# ++
,#4'(#+)#+#+,#4:#+#<,##$##$"7#0)+
M+$$+53#$:"1'(###"1##S+$ $ #1# -$(# $#+ #+ +7 ,#+ $+ )$7+ ?4
,#$+)("#+4'($#++#+)P1$#+:##$+:,1+:#+$? '( # $+ + ++ :# :# $# )+# ( $# $+ #$#+J
X1#7+$+ 1# , # )+ #1++YM-# ?+#+4 )## $-## +S
+)$#$#+#+#-#)##'(#$$$+-+#-++S)+##$#+
,(:(,1+ ($#+4 $+ )$"+ -+ $# +# #?#$+ ,#++#1#+'()###:#$+:#1+4)$+#+"()##$("4+$+
)$"+##$+4,$#+#$#$#1?61#$#1#3#+#$#+J #$$#$'(+#1S#+#)###+"(#+(1+#++):,1+4$#< )P1$S ?" $# )# '( +MX+ 1# $+ :(1# ::4
,#:#7#,+$'(#:#,#:#Y$+1#<+4)'($#,#7#$+
:,1++,(-#P,###+4-#)$+$$-#$+)#++JX:4#1$#+4
118
"#7+,,#+Y5+4+#,6++##+#$(#1$'($#$#4)7#
+(?"($,###)$#*#)P1$#M)##'($+:,1++#-"*#+
+$+)#+#+74$'(,)*#6#+?$+J$"7+,#+3#$#
#1"#J7'(++##1$,4#P+4$#?#*#,$+##+J
5#+$#))(#-#4'(###:,1#+"(#+#?((#$),$+
+#?+'(+,)+#J96"#+)$$#$)$#4)'(+6$# #(#$*#'(-##+,)'($1#+4(##'($+,+4++
)#"#$("#'($J,)$$+,3+)$#,)$#(#4#('(+#
#<))#"(+#4+(+?(*#+#+$-###+(-$#$#",7,#4'(
+#1#,#J#+74)(#$#?$#(-+#$-#4+#+"(##-#$# ?$#))#J
#+#:#$+"+)P1$+,,+)#J&#+"+#(#+4'( --$#-#)1*#1##(###(#$#+(+?+4)##,)$#$+(#$+
#)(+'(+)-5)##$,1$"(#$+'(+#$-##+
+:#++(:##,#$#-#J.(7#+#$3#$)"#,#)+#$M'(
##,6+'()"#,#'(,#$#-*"$+#2+M$#(+
$##?#J$#(+$##?#+,)4,(""#$$)(++4$$#
$)"#,#J&+,##+,#7#$#6,##)+#+4
$#),#)($#$#$1##$$#'($1#)#$(#$##)##$# )+#$##+#4$#'($$#?(+1'(5?,6+,+17$#
)#$++#+$#
4+1'(5#:$#,6+-#+$# ?,#$+-)P1$S++1'(5-7#,6+)(#
$+)1$,#+$##?#J
+),+,##+#+)#1#4:#$(?4#$#)+#J?(
#:,+#4'($++4#,"+1(+4+:#7#-+#+#$+4
<7# # $# $(* $ +$4 ,# -+4 #,16$+ ) $# ))#
)#M+-5$+JL4'(:#)?(M,#$#+(--#
?##+7#M#+#)$#4:#1$##(+#,##S,#"#-#4#3-+#4#$##
#1(#4)#7#+(+(#+#,)#<#4$$+#,"+,+(,++'(
#-+4#1#$$,#4#$#:#+#$#1(#$+4#+(:
$+J
##$$4#(+#"4,6+#,"$+'(+-#'($+'(,)($+#4
)$+,6+,#1*#-+1$$)#4#1##,#4+"(+(
-#4$+-++(+)##$+J#$+$4?#$#4(##$#+++S3# ,(+#4,'(,#,(:4+#1#$$#4:#)#S1#?#,
#+S)#,+$$#+4,+##:3#+#:(,$5 ::#S#$+$4'()#'(+3(#$#++:+#+#$#)#*#)#
+(4:##1#3)#-3#4)##)$#(#$"#)#(-##
,#S #$+$ -7#J L + $1#,1+#4 -6 ,#<##J ##$$4 +
119
)+#4-#J#$+$'('(+-##+,+P1#4 ,##'($#+(+#+#?#$+$)#7+)(#))##+)##++$6+
$)+,#$$1#,1+#1'($++,+#(:
$#-4#+)#1$#$+3+$+:,1+)(+,$:#1+$(J :#4'()##'(#$#1+$($)#+4:#+#4
-4)4-#)#J
+,1#,++$#$#+()P1$#$"#-)$"J?(#
1+#(#4#$+$"+$##4$+-#++#+4$+#($$+
)#+-#+4)+(++-$+?4,#+(+)+#7$$#4
:,1 # :,1 +$4 - :# #, #(#$ # $# #6+?J &+
?#1#+#-+#+'(#P-$,#4'('(+ :+4$(:#$+##$+4$+#?#+L#3+$+ #1#3#+#)(#+4'('($#())(+1##+4#?(#4+
'(#6+$#1'(:#$#+?61#+#-#+41#6,++#$#)
'(-++$#-#,+)4+'()+-#'(1#3#$+ ++-#4M:#$+?#1#+'($+,)$#$+#*(*#$#+#$#+?(+ $35)+#J$##*4$,'(#,15$#+-4$$#+$+4
)1#1$#+(?4$#$#,"#M$-"),#-$'($1
3(+J$#1#3#$#$"#:(,##$+6,##$7,+)+)# )++J
$'(L'(*#4L6)1*#J&+)#7++'(), +##$+4$+#$"#+'($#+#)-:#M?$#'(+P1
$(",$+)+$$-#+JM$##,7#(-+#$,+#4$'(
##)###1(+#4)$#$("'(5(+#J&#+$#-('('(#$+
(<+4$+:##:"#$("+#"-+,3$+?(#:#1$+
+#"YM$)+,4'(::+1#+)###(#$+$#+#3#+$
)#7+4:#$#+##+J
$ #+ + +,)$J #$# +(J &# #?# )+# +(1 #$ , $+ :+(#$+#?#+L#3+4'($,##+$+
)(+L#3+$#++)+'(+$#1#1#$)#7+J$)#7++'(7#
) $# #1(## +(+ +:#+J (<+ L$(+-+ $ ,# )# 4 $
,)(+##$+)++(+)(+,)?+J$'(-$-7#$,(
)$L+$-#$$#++:#+'(1#$++#+
++1$
$+#?#+?(+'(-7##$$+4,#7#$,#)$#(#$+4) $'(+)##1#,+$+#$+)+J&+"#+)-:+#(,($#+
, # ++ ) $+ )(+ ##$+4 $+ :#1$# )## # ?7+,#+
?61#+4)##,#:P$+#$$+4)##)#:-$:#$#+'(
)#,+-#7+4-($++1+()#S)####,$$###+1+4)## )#"#$+(#+++#$#+4)###"#+,+-#+)++4)##+)##
120
$#-#(#+#+4+1+#+1#+++)(,##):4'(4(#$+ +###$)(#$$##?#4-7##+##J,#+$,#'(
++(7#$+(-+)(+41#,-$##+"$#$+)(+J
$,#+:#+##S$#+,)#+4$$$(3:#S$)#7+ +#,6+)(+#-+$+'(S$'(-##+#+6+,) ,(:,+$'($#+?61#+-##)(J
,$+,#(?#(+"##1##4)7#)#)#"#$+#$+:+
'(4)##'($##?#?(+$"#4+1#1#)$#,)#$#+,##+),#+4 ,##'($##+7#$#+,##+),#+4$#$)$++#$#+#$# 3#?61#++4+)$,((#+(#$++,#4$+ )(+##$+0"#)#1(+4)'(,+-7#+,+4
7#)'(5+?*#++,3+2(#$,#)#'($+
,)4)(+#$#$+,#+L#3+#,)$+)(+-#$+4 1##+)?+J$#?61#?#$+#4,#4+(+3+:"(#+(- :4,*##$-###$$+)###+(+,$$#+,#+J9#,#(?#(#+
'(+#S$#+'(3S)(1$+:#,6'(#+'(#)#"#+(+?#"(#+S #+#+1+S,)+#+'(+)#$+1+)?#$##1#3J+ #<)6:#?$+1?+#(,($#+$$#")7$++,#4#$ L+ $+ ++ $#+ ?61#+ +1 $ $# -# +(+ )(+J #
,*# # ) :# ?J ##?61# +#+ $+#$+ + ( )(1$
,$$#+-+'('(#$,+4-+'(#,#*#4#$,#+'("(<J
#$#++,,#35+J+#+""#+4)++,1$+
,$#(#,$+-+$##,+?#,$#++$#,#J
$#-#$+):,1++++##,$)++#$#<4+#,#J
)4-##+"#$##)*#1$$+1#$#+)#+J#:(1(-$4#<+:#4'(
(1 1$$+ 1# ( -+ -#J $ )1$,# +6 "(J $ )+,:##+(?(J:##($+#$)(1$(+#$'(
,#+$#+(+(+#+,)?#+J
+'(+:++):#,#<##+6$#,J&#'((,*#S$:4
+#1#3#$#+()?4+$#-7#J&#++4$#),4#(+#6,#$+
#"(+J6)+#4#,#"#4+,17#J)#++P1#+4#6"#+)6+J (#$##?#),-#47#$,+(J#1+P1$+)(+#
$+)(+L#3+4'(#7#+$)L+#$6"(#4$#+?61#+'(
)(+#?#$+"#++$)7#+?,#,#(?#(#'(,)#
)+#):++(,#?*+(#?#,)$4#,#(?#(#'(
+$##)+1#3+(,##1#+4#?#+)?+J$+++ ?#1$++#'(7#"#+4'(#$++P1+7#,)##1$#6+?J
#4)(+4+#,#####$+)(+L#3+#$#)#'(
+#-+#$)$"?:####$+)(+##$+4)##'($#+?61#+
121
"##$,++"($+(,$)#7+4,#+-+$,1$ $#-#$#-#1$4)?+(+#?#+,##'(4#(#$:
1#3#$#+,##+),#+,)##+4$++#$#+1#3+)$++$+
++(+(#$+$#-#4M-#3#+#,1#+'(-6(##?#$1#,1+#M
)(# #$ #1 + +# +#1$#4 #'($$+ +#$ # $(:# $+ )(+
,)+$+,#+L#3+J
(##'(7)#+#:4"#+1+J
$#)$(,#+"(4)+)#4$#>#'(#'(7)#S( ,+<#)$4,#"7?#*#S#:T$4$+$#"$5+'(1+-#$
)P1$S$#$++4(#-*4,(6"($#:###$#*##+($#(#$4 ,(S$##4#(###4+#$::#)$##S'(##+,4$#+
)$(,#J++)+#4-5$#S+#"7#J#+::##$#+4#$#+'( +(,1#"#+#,+(+4'(+"'(#,:##$+)+
,(+4 '( + #1 #:#,M, #'($$#+ ,+#+ ##+ '( 5
)#1#M3(#$+:,1+$(,1+SM'(#+1$#"#$$#7+,##1*#
#(#+#1(#+)$(,#+"#+++#+J(###$##&(7#4)# #$##4-($##$$Y#1#3#+3#+S+-1###+#-+4#
#,++$$#+(###JX+(<##):+##(#4)'($+:,1+
:#-($#+-#+#$$+Y
,#<##4 ,#<## :#1$#,+ #:T $4 #$ "$+# ?#,#S $
##$ 1$## $"(#4 ?$L1$ , +$ #)$#S $ # >#4 (
:,1J
>;
4
4%(++4@FCBBHJ
N?JO
U&&9&&
($"###,#JM(#)#JM(?$(#JM(#6JM
$,++(##JM($###,#$#1+$(JM()#JM
(+$J
(-#R4CC?1CBBHJ
<4
8
$#-#$#)$(,#$+::+,(+4'(++7#+?+#+(#
,1+##+$"+()+##,#+)$6#+J-#)+#$#
122
,,#4,+1#+#$$#4(#++'(+L:1S$#,(3(
1#'(##+4+)###<+'(?(,#-#$#+#,#+'(
,6+(#-*#1#-#++(+)+S$#,###'()(++,)+#$
,(4#:#1)$6"3$#+(1#+$+4##:)+#
(#+##4$-$-$+-++,+,+'(7#(#,##+(
#,")$#+)#$#4$#+#$#++#M-#+(#4,:3$$#+$#
#+)##+6"$+4+)(#+)$7+,+")-##SMU$$
:$$)+:#,(J'($-$(+$+)1+S#'($,#"6,1$$#1#$$
$#3(+#$#)#$#1#S#'($#?#,+'(#?(1#+"7+#+4$+3(#+(
+5'(4 (# #($$#1# 161##+4 $#+ +(3 ) $# "#"##S #'($ #1$+#
?#"#1$'(>:%":3'(7#)##,#+"$++)$#
$,)*#+(#*4)$#,#3+#+(+(+4)$#+#+(#6
M# :#1$#J $+ + )+ +( ,(4 :: (+(#$ +$$ '( 1
,+(#$##-#S +)#+#$,#1+(#J &+"#+
:,1+4#P#'($$+'($+-#+)'(($-#$#"#*#'(:#$$#+7$#
,)$#1?#34+,+-:7($+$#+"#+?(*#+J
#$#+-#4
#$#-J+#$##$+$+#3#+4$+,#++)$#+4$+
"()+)#$#1#++#+?$#,7"#+4$+,5+$#1++$+:,1+M,$#
+)(,#1$##'(+,)"#+#$+?$+$##++"##4+)#
:()$##$$####$#)$##J
$'((-#$+$#1+)(+#$#)#$+"+4$#3#+4
:###1#*$+++S$'(4#)-$#-#4'(+#
+(+)$1+4'(+$+'(+#,##+7,+,+4#$####+(#$,:##+(
,#71($#4M+(+1$+4'(+#'($$+#'(+,$#+#:#14+(
+#"##114+(#*##)#+#S+())$#$,#$#$6,)##
:(,##SM$'(4(#)#(-+#$,)$4'(,1#"#+#,$#+"7#+4
$##(,($#$#'(*#4M-#+$#+,#<#+$#,(4$#++7,+,SM
+ #, --S #,4 +,) $+S $ #" +#)#S # $+
+-(#+ #$*# +( +-(#S )## +7 " $ "* +,) #,#" ?$+4,P#,#-#$#SM$'($#"#$)-+$#+?(*#+
,#$+,#$+4:#$$#+7$#$"#'(+)$+#:#4$#$-###$
+)4,$-##(+#(#:+#SM$'(++(,1?#34
+<#(#+$$+-)##+7$#+?(*#+,#"#+'(5$)(+$#):
15-$$##(#$*#4:5+#)+$#:#4(#,#?7#:,1
:#1+4##(1+J
(##<+:#JM("7#4("7#$#,(:(,1J:#"4#"#4:#17#
$$#,##3(#4#$#"%+4)####$+#+++$1($3#:&-34
?+1#-$##1$$#+$#-(4'(,(#$)+(+)+#+MZ'(5
3'(:#17#),#(+#5)#[M
(+4))+#4"1#$
123
+#4$$#,#$+"+1+#+43+#++#+'($+'(+#1+#,+ :,1+$#3(#4##,+4-#1#?5#4:(+JMZ.(5+
$-##4)6$+[++)#4++$1+J($)S1##-3#S
$#+#$#)#,#+#L#<#4'(?(++("+++"##+-+#+
?#+MX:'(5"#"*4"(+#$$#+YM
'($3-#1"#$+
+$#-++:3$), * %+4,#$"##$$#JZ.(5+(4'(
(+)#$[#++$1+$#4+$$(-#)#+#+J?##+,#+
,++)(1$#$##,+?#J#$+(+#+4-"#+4-#4)(<#4#$
+$#-+#4$+)#+$#)###,##J#4#+?(*#+4$+("+J$#+
?("+3#4(#+?("4'(+6$$#$#+#$#JMVX9(#YX:(#YW$#+
"++#1#*#+,MVX9(#Y:(#YWM$#+"##+#+#$#+JV9(#+W+?
(U$$:$$)+:#:#1$#JMX:)#$#1#+)##M#$$#$#+Y
##$7#4%++#1#4$4,,##'($:##(:3JM
#+#$+)(1$++(+:,1+)(+4-$++#,#$+4$$"##
)$+)'($),,,1(##+(#$*##?#"#+$$"#
+$#,7#+$$#-(S):#"*,6+:4'($(*
,6+1$$#$(,$+++$#+"+4'($+'($$#+4$$#+4--(#
#(# L###JM&(" $ ,(4 $ $#)#4 $ +?"(#4 $ #1##J U$$ :$$)+4 +(+ # #<+ ))#"## #1$+# $ +#7#4 $
3(#1#)$#+#$$+4,+'(#?#,$$#1#J:#17#)+
?($+1$+$$+$++$#-+#+'(+$$#*#+#$###J
#:#4'(,(X##$+,+'(+YX#1#3$#+1##+YX$(4+$+
)P$)+YX1#4$$$+#(#YX+(1+41#3$#-$?74#-$
)#+#4#+$#+#1*#+Y
#(7,)(++1$$'($$-#1###'($$#))#"##4,#""#+
)(,+'(?#,#4#$$(7+,+7)($$#
-+#9#-#4(<
1(#?(#4$#'(-##+#:##-3#JZ'(5+#$+
:(1++##'($+1$($#1#$$4'($##(+#$"##$##*#
1(#$#(-#"$##4)#7#4,$4:#1+#'($####[
)1#$+)++4$+'(+#$7##$)#+$$+4Z'(5
)P1$+:+4'(5)"]+1?+4'(5-#+#+#1+#?#,#4'(5#,#"##-#
:(1#+?(#[
#$#"$#(#$#)+$4'()#$$##'($+#"*#$#4
:(1+,)$#*#+# ,6+ )+# )-:+#'( -+- ++
:,1+4 +)# +(+ + ?$#'(*#+4 ?$# N+1O $+ :,1+ $$+4 #,#+#$#++,#$+$++#+JU$$:$$)+#,#1#+()#$#1#4
)'($+#$7#-#$$#+#<#+4,#)#$#1#-##S-7#+7#+#+7
))4,$#+(+1(+#+,#+(#)##,6+3(+#"+#4$(,#
$("4$#$7,)#$(*+(+(+4$#+#(#+(+,#+S,#1##+$#+4+(1(?
124
#1"#3-S$#,)#"(##)##+",#$#+#"(#+#+$?M
1#-7#4($##4,++7(-++)7(+#$#+4'($,)(3###
+#,#:#J(7#4)#+##5$S##+##$#1$+##+)(#
(#'($:#17####$()4,(:(,1:,1+1-++4'(
+#7#"$)#1##+()+#J#1#5$4,#++(+,($+J&:#$#1#
+$##'($47#+(#"(+#J$*:$$)+$+)(<+#$+,#$-#+4
$+1#3(#J
+)+$#3(+#J$##,11$$#)+(+#$+4+#+(#$+4
M) $# ,6+ ?7$ "$# +#?#$+ )-: $+ '( $# 64 ,6$#,#'($+:#14$#6)#"#$"(J$+"#$+$##)#1$
-# 1+##4 )? + ,#"7? $ '( ,# , +1 #$#+ 16$+#,+4#$#+#$,#++#"##+#$+-$#3(+#)(#4'(+#$:,1J
M,+-+$4+$?#6+51$+4#(,:(,#(#,#$#
,+#4M+#4#+):+()#(#$?(*#-$4+#1#
,#"#4#++(+$##+"7#+4#'(4#$,)(3$#)"#4
$#++#4,)#1$#$-#(#,#<#JM+7$##4#$(,1#+
()(43#$$#+)-#++)#$+$("#+-+JM?(+U$$:$$)+4
#'($$#?,#1$?####<+(,'(##JM"+(+)7($#
+#+#)4+(+(#)#$#1##1$+#)+"(4(
#-+##)#*-##$++++($#+,P$)$+4)()#+#+
)6#+$"#$+$#,#,6+)+#$#
S:#17##(#$,)#'($$#
$#+#4-##4#$#4##1#-#1$+##+4'(-+$$#"
?7$$#+?($#+)1$,#+$#L+#4M+)+1$+M(#
$#++M#(#$,#$-###)$+)6($?+-(#
3(+##1,#1$#(#)#+-$##+")$#,###)$#$#
3(+#J
$
-+#'()##5$$#?,#("+$#-J$
-+:(1#
#,(+#?#-$#+$#-(4,#$#,(:(,1'(#)$#(7##(+
#($ 9#$$ :(1# :: ?S # +$(,1## $# ,##4 +)<## ?$#,#$#)#$#1#4#$
-+JM'($$#+#?(*#'(#)##)+
5L#$,#$L+)+43(+U$$:$$)+4)##)-#$++
#$+,+#,#4)'(<+#$+#,#"+'(##-*$"##'(
$#+"#+#$,#+4$+,$#-##$4+)+#1$)####
$#+$+'(:#"$#'(#-#$$"+$#++,,3$#
,#+:#1)(+$+3+$():(,#J
+7))47#U$$:$$)+L#$##,#$+#?4$#)?:(,##
$# )(*#J $# -# +$#4 '( ?( ""4 +# ( #, #1## ) $
L##J#+(#,)#<#:#4):#1(#,+#,#+#+(
)#)##--4M+#$+,$+1:(,#+(,4#+'($#
125
$#L+#$#?7$$:(1##+#,$#$#+#$(#1$$##'(
,)$#$#$,#+,"(#+(+,5+4$#<###+$,#)3$$+
,6+?#*?$(#J
$#L$(+-$+1:(,##$3##(#$,#$+)7($#++$(+
,#,:(,##+J.($L##+7+#$'($#<#$
L##$#9+#4 &#+ +4# +6 ,#$))##)##$"+$#$
#J
6"($####M+#+$#-#MX:##(6"($#Y
+74$'(-*)?5#4,+#$#'(#'($$+++$#+'(:#1#
)#$+,(+$#(#171$#4,+,#"7?#+,##-$$+#+4+#(7#$
)(1$ #,#4 -" # $#+ ?($#+4 (# "+ L)#+-3#1#5$+(-#,#-(#$4$:6$$$#"?#,#1(+S$
'()+7#'(?(++)#,+#4+7##-+4
$##+)+#1$+(#)##$1(5L+(#,)#<#4$+,,+
$+'(,-+#$,#,$:(,#)+1$4)7#,
#$#,+-$+,+),##$6?+$#-+J##U$$:$$)+
:#17#)#++$)?4,#L,J(#+,#1#4$)#7#
#+7#+(:4+$+$#-#1#$#?J,$#+($+
+#+
+)#7#M#$'(7##$:(+(++(#+4##$+(,$
M):3#$#+$#-(4),$#M+-#$#+,+$$#,#1#,#$#
$# +(J V - M7#M'( # ( )(1$ '( ## +# ##)#1$ (#
+('(##JWM,)##3+()?+#1"#:(1#
'(3(#?$##$#+(4'(7#(#43(?$#4+$#'(
)##5$:(1#)+#1$$###JM#$+)(+4'(#+?,#4
++#+S+$+,)#+'(+#(4+,+)++'(#'($$+4
)##+)($#$+3(++4#*$+"7+#+4'(#$+3(++,+,+#$
)#+JX),##+$#+#1*#++#$$#1##'($$6"?("Y
&'(17#+417#+J#+-#$#3(+##1+$(#4(#$+'(#
'(?(#$#++$#5)#,'($#:+##4$)#7#(,M
,#+ ,6+ #$ $ +-#4 ,# $ ,J ZU#+:" 7# +$#-+[ (+
U#+:"#V$"#+$#-+#$#&(+##WJ9$#4V("#)#WJ#$
U1+4j#(##+#?#+4(:3'(:#17##+#+(#1*#$#+$$#+
$##$$#$#+$#-(WJM+(,(+#$7#(#-$*#+$#-+#4,$+1+)+
,#+#$)#)#,+4$L:(,#1#4$+#1#+(+$$#S$+#1#J#'($
3(($##$4+($#"#+4$#,##-$$#'(),7#+(+("(+#4#
#,##-$$#-*L)#(#$"(+#4M(#)(<##(5
:(1#:#$#,##-$$##1#3J
#'($$#(,1$#)(*#+(+#,+4#'($#7++(,##1#,
+(+#?$(#$4#'($$#?#?#*#$#:#*+())+4#'($
)+()#$$:,14####$(#$#1#:#$:,1,+,M$
126
:#7##-+6+)#$3$#-$(##3#4(#+#4#(#$(+
+74+,)$#1#)#####$#$1#JM&##"##+(-(+($+,:#
)#+)+#$+:,1+,6+#,#+$#3(+#JM7#1##$#3(+#
U$$:$$)+:+$,#+J7#?#*#(#$$##7#$#-(JM
++,)($++,-4+$7#:#1$#:(#()(1$+:#1(##$#1+$(4
'(4++,)'(<$?((4+#(#$'(#+("#-+1$4+6)+(#,
)6#$J
"#+$$+)(1$+#'($+#1*#+#J>#,6+(:,1#$#
-(+#6#)(1$#$"(J#+65$$#:#$)$"4(*#6$,#
+(1##J#+$$"#+#$#$$#4#-($#)#+,)$#+4+#6(-#
'(,)##+(+)($#++(+-+J
&#:#P#(?U$$:$$)+?(#'($$#,,6#'($#+#*+
)$7#+#3#$?$#+$('(5$-7#)#$##*-(+#J#
?6$-+(#"#+*##$#-##1#<##,6#$#,#+(,#$#
"+()(1$JM#7##"(#,-#$#-###$)(+#$$"
$#?(#J$'(7#4$#1#J+-$-7##$$5V+6+##"##+
#$"JWV&#+,6'(#++#$-#YM#+)#++++##:#
,6++##'(:#(#+4)$-,()++JWMV#R$
+:#,)+(,7#+#$k1#_YWMV$-#6+$#$,#4
-5+#,)###YW
>#,6+43#,6+4#'($##1#$$$#"#:(,##S#'($$##,#1$#(#
+#"###$+,6+#$+13+4)(+$+L'(++"+S#'($#,#"4
?#"#1$?$(4M:#$#"4M)##:#(?#,,6#,+'(#+(+#+4
)#+#$"(#$#,(:(,1JM.($#)+$#3(+#:(1+#+#$#
#-$#+(+-##+4+$(7##+(+3+$###3(+#'(#
,##,6+-($"#:(1#'(#+(#)$#-$#,)$##-#$#J
L(+#$#3(+#$#-$#'(+,+(,14+#+-#$##*
#$'(+L+JM++(#,#$(+#$#L+)?#,$+
:(,#4M#'($#+($--7+,+$#"#$:,14'(#?+#
# + $ +##1# $# +#" #$ + , + :(1# + ::# # 5$SM+ +( ?## -:,+,)#7#4#+$#+#"()#++#1$#+)##$1$#$1#
$:(,#M)(:#$)###+(+4#-#+,++,#""
?#6M3#,6+43#,6+4)#)##(#,)+#+(#1*#4#+"(##)$#(+#+(+
)#$#1#+4#+(+))++-#43M,#)#$##1#$$)#$#1#?6$
#$,#(#M$#+)()#+-($"#+JX;$4(#+##$#$"#4+$
'(+)(+,##)?Y(++(1++$)"+#4M
JM#-$++$++#+$#,($($#+)#++)P1$#+,$+
'(1(+##,#+-+#)-#+#+J961$+)6+S)+
127
-$+#+4M#('(:##-#$#-#,#"#+?(*#+4)+#,
)'(-$$#+4#+#$+)7(:(,##$#)##J
Z3##$#,(:(,1[1-#'(3+J()#$#1#4#+#$#4
?$:#+4$,)#+4"(+#+(#+,#'($$#+'(#$#-#*+1$
+<#1##+(+:3+$++,#+J(##+"##+$?7#$$"(#34(#
+)#$+(##$,#"?#$4##+)7#+(+,#+--#+J
+(7#+#1$7#J#"]7#?$#"$#1#J7#$'(#-$4+7##
)1# '( $ #J ( ?#+ # +# $-## , +( +S , 5$4 $"# ,)#+1$J(+##,#+$+$#*#1#+"(##'($#,##J+3#1#4+
))7#4 #1## "(+# $ )(1$ #,# L++ )#+ '( ,)#J#($#+)##+)#7#()6#?U$$:$$)+$4+-##
#)#+4"#3(+(1+"#+#$#+4+)$1++
)?#+J & ,(+ $ 6 #+,#1# # ## )( +( $(#J &
"#+$##4$##1#$#+(4$#,+#$#?#+4$
#7+4+(,#4"P##,#$(-,#"#JV+(#
,6'(#?#$)(+#,P+#WM3($$(JMV$,(
#1#$$(#+#$#WJM$,6++($,4-*#4+##+:#)(#
3#1#$#-#++$+):++$#-+#+JM(#+,##'(#'($$#+##
'(7#+7,,4##4)#$+(++"$#(
+:#7#,+#-#,#+5$#4M##+($(#?
#4 + ,# +### ##)($#J ## # $4 ?## "(#J
,)$##1$#?4,+$+:,1++'(#,#$#3(+#J
>;
4
(%(++4@B,#*CBBHJ
N?JO
128
J
&9;&&
&# -($# $+ :5+ $ $JM+ ?(#$ $+ L)#+ $#
JM%#T# $(JM$ )P1$ $ +5'(JM-++ (#+JM&#
L)4$#+#$#S$#,#:#)$#-4$"()$#,(JM$#)64$#
$,54"(##JM&"4$3?S,1$4$(3#S$$+4$7?JM
$+,17J
(-#R4@B?1NCBBHOJ
J4
/
#$7##-+#U#+:"4@@?1J&#"+#$(*$+$4,
"#$# '( :#1$#4 + +)#7# ) $# $,)# #,+?#J + $ ? $
C($"#$(4#$#'($#%#7#4++#:4#"(##
,)$4 $+ ,"#+4 + +)7# #<+ :# +(+ $$++ ?#$+
U#+:"4M+,#+#:(,##J(1$##$$4'(##)#+ -#+:7+,#4)"+$#3)(+#+##J#+("#$64"$5+
1($#+4(-$(++41+)##"(#41#+)(<)$## ,#:##4#$(1$$,$+#"(++J###++-4$'(
1+##'(-##+#)$44++1(+4)+"(#+)3+
#-#+4,#1+?#*#+##1$$#M(++,)++,1$+
,#+,#$#+-#++,++,#1++#+,*#+$++$
(<4++?#*###,4'($#1()##$)+#+--4 '(:#,))##-+$+#)+#$",(:#::+(#$ (+1SM)#'($$#,#<##M#'($$#,#<##M$++:(7##,###+4
+)##+,+#-6"($#+J
#+#1#$:$"4##-*,6+),4<+(1+1$#+4,
+?(#1++#+#7+##1+#$#"$##'($7#4M?$$$#+
$+4#)+#+-$#+1$+?5+J#+#1#-($#+#+)$+4#,#+ -+1$#$(###+,)$#+#,#+4,+?(+#+4$#"$#J
9,1+++)#+#1#4"(+?$+43+#:,1+4#$+-#-#$+$# -#+4$#$#,#$$#4$#,##$#"#+#4-($#$#1#1#4$+)##$+ 1#3+ 7+4 $+ "#1#+ $+ + #1+4 $ +,1 ?$ #$4 +
-##+4 $# 1#4 ) #$#+ #$ -* $+ $#1+ ?7+ :#,14 (# ))# #J
129
&#+ #,)##+ $# -3# "$+# $# # # # ($J &# #+# 3# $
$5"#?4'($,6+$)$#+(1+:#*#?$6,($#$(4(,)( ,, $# $#1 $,# $+#$ +( ,$$### )#+J $# $ $5"#?,##4'(:#)+#<+-+4-##)#+#M"6,+$##$
?M$+ L)#+ $# 4 '( -($- ,(+ $ $J Z '(5 $+
+)($#$##4+#+)($(#$+#*+[&+:5++))#
:(,##4,+#$+#,+#4##+#?#,$#+J
&#)$7###1#$$,)(3#1(#$,+1$#+##+#$#,(:(,1'($$#
$$##$$:##$+?+#$+'(+#$,#<###,# )(+4+)#-##:##$#,#+#,)##'(,)(3#%#T#
#1#3J+1$#+#1*#+4(+#++(1#(%#(##3#:J#
-4#-4(1+#+4-($+$#1###,##4)+
",#1(+#"#-4$+#6-+'(+$:$6-($-#$# (#'($+#,$1('(4:##<+4#'($+$$-#+#1(+#$'(+ +#14$#,#<##$##(:3($+#$(+()####+4#$+ $+#<+?+#4$$#,$+#$?#+,-+4'(7##+
+(+ )#<($+ +(+ $6",#+ # #'($ :,+ 1('( $$ 1##+J #
-($-S + + '( )#+#4 ) $ '( +(? ) $ '( +<#4 ,#'(+#+4?"+4",#1#4,5416#)64(
?5-#7M$:))4#'(+:#:#$$#M+""#+J&+:,1+
$-###+(+:3++1+(+#1*#+4'(+'(-)++4$$-5#$,74$ $-#5+1,#1*#J:3+:#$$#J&#+,(3+4'()(1$#$#+-##+
$+:+$+$+#$+?+,4#'($7#+)(+4+#$(##$+
,(++(+)#<($+4#$++1--+"++(6$+4'($++"(4#
+(+,(3+)#+4'(-##(#3+J&+:,1+4,-+4+'(#$+
+,1+J#$#"$+#$##4##,-343(#$
?$C(#)#+)($3,)$#,#+#,(#J&#"$+#1$##+
$#+#1*#++6#$#?7$++#+$##+#$)4)+#4, ,+#$$#+4$#+?,#1$+)+#+$+#+?P1+)#+#+$+1
$#+(+$+,#(+$++6##,#+$+--+$+$$(##S)$ #4)6+$#"$+#4)#+#$#$,#JM$3+"((#+'(#$#
,#+#+?$#4,+#$(6$4(3$#"#+#'(-+$?
(#,(#?$S$+,(+(*#4,+)##1$+"#,+$
:(1+$#)##))##4$)(%R$M$)$#++$)(4
#$)#+$++(1$,+-+4$#+1##++1#3##,##+#JX++$,4+#
?#$##$(#Y
&#,4$#,4++:,1+'(+##$$#+)#$+:#1#+ 130
(#(#'(#,#$$$#4"*#4("J&+:,1+++#"#+#$+
'( $+ ,(-S # $+ '( $+ +)# $ +)7( #$#,# #( $#
"+#4$,)($+L)#+-4$#,($$
-+4$#1$*#
#$+#J$'(,(-4#"##J
#:#$)(4)-#4
#+$#S)P1$4+,($#+)1#1$#+)L,+7,+J&++)6($+
"#++4 ,)+# # $+ 1(+S :# (#4 (# -4 # $+
,#$-#+J#$+:,1+4#$+)(1$+41#:#+$$4'()(?#S$+
+)6($++$,+4'((#4-$#+#$-#J
&#,4$#,4++,-+)"+'(#,,6+$+
#+4(3(#4+1#7#+'(3#4,(+:#,1+1$:$4
) $ $M+,) )#M # $ +J (+ $ ) $
,+4'($+#"#(J#+<)#$$4$+)+$ $##4(,1+,+1$#+#+,#$##,#1#$<#$# :$###1$$#SM'(#$++(+-+)#++:,14$-6#+$#+
,#<#+'($#1"#4+##4,'(:#(,##$#4+(++)$#+4
$#*###$+,++1$+#,#++$++J
#'($$+?(1#-+4'($$,$+,+#1#$"#4--+ #<+ $ :$J #4 + + #J + +# :#4 ) #('( #S #
#"(#J&++#$$#$)#+S+,)$#*$J&+"+( $(*4$+$#+"#"##++(?74$$++"(##4##+$#+"#"##+ # "+J &+ ,) $ $ 1('( + :# X: ,##-$$#4 '( )+# #+,1+)Y#$:$1+JM&+$:$$)#+4#(-+15$4 $+1+##+#+#(+#+J$+#$+3+$+$#+#+$+ )+4#(-+1$+:(+++(+S,($#+::#++61$+J
(?#1#:$#1#J$#)61#$#4$,#)#$#1##$#+1#1#+ $,#1##+$##,J6+(:,1:,+4(,#$$ :P$41#5,)#+X:5+(+4?##'($$++(+4$+'(+
#)$#++$-#+6$#+4,)+Y6+$:5,7+4'(##1# +1 $+ :(++ $+ )+J 6+ + )+ ++4 :#$# $ #"# ,#+J6+4+'(+$-+$#+#$#+4)$#+#++1+4$
,5J#$)#1#$+#1$J#?$3#$#+$$#+4+1$#4)+##'($$#
,#:#$+$X:,#+:,14:,#+1#-#+'(+(-)(+#+
,)##+"##$##+)$$#4+1$#-$(#$,+YX.(534$
$##(#$*#)+"(#Y-($-:##$:,14,$"#$#*#4(
"$)"?$+?1##)$#+#J(<4J#-$#$$+,174
+#+?:#:(#<#4#((##$#$(*4,(,+1(#+43(# $+*-+J:#,1#4#)#+,+$#+4$(3(#$4
),$+,#+S$#)64+)(5+SM+)(5+4+#4$,5J#$
#S-+$#+)#++4$#)+$#$#)6$#,#4,
131
-$##+(+,)#<+,(+J##1#$###+,$$#+:#17#:*#+4X+
+:,14+,(Y+$,+,'(--4,34++:#::#$'(+ 1JL"(7#4,$$#,#+#)#"##+J$#)6$$-#1#(#4(#'(
:# (# '(3#J 9#+ #+ ,4 $$"## $# $ * )+#4 # #
,#+4#L:#(++4),+)$#$)6#4$+?+$($J7#
$#+#+J,7#(),(4+,+(+,+,+*#)#+4#$#)$
+(+#1"+J&+--++-+7#$#)#$+?(+J+#)#1#J$
16'(#"*#4$#)6'($#,#1#4,#+(#+1VJ$$++6 #"*#WM:#$#),#+(:,14+#($#4#+(-*
,(J:,1+4?#$,:$J$1('(+6#(1 -:#+#$+)+JX#'($#6-+,*##+#$$(*Y
#7($+)++(++4+'(+6#+M)+#J
$##:#$$-#(4:+"#+#$$+J&"4$#)64$:#
##+?$+#+$#+#+J'(#'()#+#4$+
:#$+"(##S,'(##(+$#4$+)(++1
$+#?#",#$$#+J9##7,+#3#,)$+4++#6-++$#+ -+1#$+4,#+Z#+6$++#)#"#+[
$5":#)##++
:,1+(#?#+:,+#4#('()($VX:++4$+'(#+$#"(#$#$#
#,#S#('(+#$#,#:$##$#,(YW
&##,#+(,P$J$14'($#43##$+:,1+J;$"(7#45$+#$-#4
5$ 1#+#J V)+# $# "$#WM ?#+ -3# $5"J )+# +
+)#Y++:,1++?(*#S++#(#$*#J:#-($4+4#$#
##$,#:(,##J
>;
4
(%(++4CF#1$CBBHJ
N?JO
132
& & & 9; & J &PI90I
BI09
I
RJ
#$7##-+#U#+:"4@@?1J&#"+#$(*$+$, "#$#'(:#1$#4++)#7#)$,)##,+?#J+$?$ C( $"#$(4#$)#'($#%#7#++#:#"(##,)$$+
,"#+4++)7##<+:#+(+$$++?#$+U#+:"4M+
,#+#:(,##J(1$##$$4'(##)#+-#+:7+,#4) "$#3)(+#+##J#+("#$64"$5+1($#+4(-
$(++41+)##"(#1#+)(<)$##4,#:#4#$(1$$
,$+#"(++J###++-4$'(1+##'(-##+#
)$4++1(+4)+"(#+)3+#-#+,#1+?#* #+##1$$#M(++,)++,1$+,#+,#$#+-#+
+,++,#1++#+,*#+$++$(<4++?#*##
#,4'($#1()##$)+#+--'(:#,))##-+
$+#)+#$",(:#::+(#$(+1M)#'($$# ,#<##M#'($$# ,#<##M$+ + :(7# # ,###+ +)##+ , + #
-6"($#+J
#+#1#$:$"##-*,6+),4<+(1+1$#+4,+
?(#1++#+#7+##1+#$#$#"$##'($7#4M?$$$#+ $+4#)+#+-$#+1$+?5+)#+#1#-($#+#+)$+4#,#+
-+1$#$(###+,)$#+#,#+4,+?(+#+4$#"$# 9,1+++)#+#1#4"(+?$+43+#:,1+4#$+-#-#$+$# -#+4$#$#,#$$#4$#,##$#"#+#4-($#$#1#1#4$+)##$+ 1#3+ 7+4 $+ "#1#+ $+ + #1+4 $ +,1 ?$ #$4 +
-##+4 $# 1#4 ) #$#+ #$ -* $+ $#1+ ?+ :#,14 (# ))# #J
&#+ #,)##+ $# -3# "$+# $# # # # ($J &# #+# 3# $
$5"#?4'($,6+$)$#+(1+:#*#?$6,($#$(4(,)( ,, $# $#1 $,# $+#$ +( ,$$### )#+J $# $ $5"#?,##'(:#)+#<+-+4-##)#+#M"6,+$##$ ?M$+ L)#+ $# 4 '( -($- ,(+ $ $J Z '(5 $+
+)($#$##4+#+)($(#$+#*+[&+:5++))#
:(,##4,+#$+#,+#4##+#?#,$#+J
&#)$7###1#$$,)(3#1(#$,+1$#+##+#$#,(:(,1'($$#
$$##$$:##$+?+#$+'(+#$,#<###,# )(+4+)#-##:##$#,#+#,)##'(,)(3#J%#T# 133
#1#3J+1$#+#1*#+4(+#++(1#(%#(##3#:J#
-4#-(1+#+4-($+$#1###,##4)+
",#1(+#"#-4$+#6-+'(+$:$6-($-#$#(#
'($+#,$1('(:##<+4#'($+$$-#+#1(+#$'(++#14
$#,#<##$##(B3($+#$(+()####+#$+#<+
?+#$$#,$+#$?#+,-+4'(7##++(+)#<($+
+(+$6",#+##'($:,+1('($$1##+J#-($-4++'( )#+#)$'(+(?)$'(+<#4,#'(+#+4?"+4"
,#1#4,5416#)64(?5-#74$:))4# '( + :# :#$$#4 + ""#+J &+ :,1+ $-## # +(+ :3+ +1 +(+
#1*#+S4'(+'(-)++4$$-5#$,74$$-#5+1,#1*#J:3 +:#$$#J&#+,(3+'()(1$#$#+-##+$+:+$+$+#$+ ?+,4#'($7#+)(+4+#$(##$+,(++(+)#<($+4#
$++1--+"++(6$+'($++"(4#+(+,(3+)#+4'(
-##(#3+J&+:,1+4,-+4+'(#$++,1+J#$#"$+# $####$,-343(#$##+#$C(#)#+)($
3,)$#,#+#,(#J&#"$+#1$#S#+$#+#1*#++6#$#?7$+ +#+ $# #+# $ )4 )+#4 , ,+ #$$#+4 $#+ ?,#1$+
)+#+$+#+?P1+)#+#+$+1$#+(+$+,#(+$++6 ##,#+$+--+$+$$(##S)$#4)6+$#"$+#4)#+#$#
$,#JM$3+"((#+'(#$#,#+#+?$#,
+#$(6$4(3$#"#+#'(-+#$?(#,(#?$$+,(+
(*#4,+)##1$+"#,+$:(1+$#)##))##4$)(
%R$M$)$#++$)(4#$)#+$++(1$,+-+4$#+ 1##++1#3##,##+#JX++$,4+#?#$##$(#Y
&#,4$#,4++:,1+'(+##$$#+)#$+:#1#+ (#(#'(#,#$$$#"*#("J&+:,1+++#"#+#$+
++ L##+4 # $+ '( $+ +)# $ +)7( #$#,# #( $#
"+#4$,)($+L)#+-4$#,($$
-+4$#1$*#
#$+#J$'(,(-4#"##J
#:#$)(4)-#4
#+$#)P1$4+,($#+)1#1$#+)L,+7,+J&++)6($+
"#++4 ,)+# # $+ 1(+ :# (#4 (# -4 # $+
,#$-#+J#$+:,1+#$+)(1$+1#:#+$$4'()(?#4$+ +)6($++$,+4'((#4-$#+#$-#J
&#,4$#,4++,-+)"+'(#,,6+$+
:#+4(3(#4+1#7#+'(3#4,(+:#,1+1$:$4
)$$X+,))#Y#$+J(+$)$,+4
'($+#"#(J#<)#$$4$+)+$#+#<#+$#
#4(,1+,+1$#+#+,#4$##,#1#$<#$#:$##
134
#1$$#4M'(#$++(+-+)#++:,14$-6#+$#+,#<#+ '($#1"#4+##,'(:#(,##$#+(++)$#+4$#*### $+,++1$+#,#+#-+J
#'($$+?(1#-+4'($$,$+,+#1#$"#--+ #<+ $:$J#4 ++ #J+ +#:#4 )4#('( #S# #"(#J\&++#$$#$)#+4+,)$#*$J&+"+( $(*$+$#+"#"##++(?74$$++"(##4##+$#+"#"##+
#"+J&+,)$$1('(+:#4,##-$$#4'()+##+,1
+)#$:$1+J&+$:$$#,4#(-+15$$+ 1+##+#+J$+#$+3+$+$#+#+$+)+4#(- +1$+:(+++(+S,($#+::#++61$+J(?#1#4:$
#1#J$#)61#$#4$,#)#$#1##$#+1#1#+$,#1# #+ $ ## ,J 6+ ( :,1 :,+4 ( ,#$$ :P$4
1#5,)#+S\X:5+(+4?##'($$++(+4$+'(+#
)$#++$-#+6$#+4,)+Y6+$:5,7+4'(##1#+1$+ :(++$+)+J6+4+)+++4:#$#$#"#,#+J
6+4+'(+$-+$#+#$#+)$#+#++1+4$,5J
#$)#1#$+#1$JX#?$3#$#+$$#+4+1$#4)+##'($$#,#:# $+$Y:,#+:,14:,#+1#-#+4'(+(-)(+#+4,)##
+"##$# #+ ) $$#4 +1 $# -$(# $ ,+Y X'(5 34 $ $# #(#$*#)+"(#Y-($-:##$:,14,$#"#$#*#4("$)
"?$+?1##)$#+#J(<J#-$#$$+,174+#+?:#
:(#<##((##+$#$(*4,(,+1(#+43(#$+* -+J:#,1#4#)#+,+$#+4$(3(#$4),$+
,#+S $ #)64 +)(5+S +)(5+4 +#4 $ ,5J # $ #4
-+$#+)#++4$#)+$#$#)6$#,#4,-$##+(+ ,)#<+,(+J##1#$###+,$$#+:#17#:*#+SX++:,14+
,(Y+$,+,'(--S,34++:#::#$'(+1J\
L"(7#4,$$#,#+#)#"##+J$#)6$$-#1#(#4'(:#(#'(3#J
9#+#+,4$$"##$#$*)+#4##,#+4#L:#(++4
),+)$#$)6#4$+?#$+$($J7#$#+#+J,7# (),(J,+(+,+,+*#)#+4#$#)$+(+#1"+J&+
--+ + -+7# $# )# $+ ?(+J + #)#1#J $ 164 '(
#"*#4 $ #)6 '( $ #,#1#4 ,# +( # +1 VJ $$+ +6
#"*#JWM:#$#),#+(:,14#($#4#+(-*
,(J:,1+4?#$,:$J$1('(+6#4(1
-:#+#$+)+J#'($#6-+4,*##+#$$(*Y
#7($+ )+ +(++4 + '( +6 #+ )+#J $##:#$$-#(4:+"#+4#$$+J&"4$#)64$:#
135
##+?$+#+$#+#+J'(#'()#+#4$+
:#4$+"(##4,'(##(+$#4$+)(++1
$+#?#",#$$#+J9##74,+#3#,)$+4++#6-++$#+
-+1#$+S,#+4Z+6$++#)#"#+[
$5":#)##++
:,1+(#?#+:,+#4#('()($V:++4$+'(#+$#"(#$#$#
?#,#4#('(+#$#,#:$##$#,(WJ
&#?#,#+(,P$J$14'($#43##$+:,1+J;$"(7#45$+#$-#5$ 1#+#J V)+# $# "$#W ?#+ -3# $5"J\ )+#\+
+)#J++:,1++?(*#4++#(#$*#J\:#-($4+4#
$###$,#:(,##J
>;
1@D
-02(4*0+S4
#,"4JC4E#1$CBBHJ
N)#O
136
&+#,+($,#+JM9+#$?$%+,#R$#6,##
)+#+$++#+
+JM(#&#+RJM(,+$?$$#
+$( $# 6,##4 $# +)(+# %+,#RJM#$ + $ +(+JM&+
#+JM)++ )## $# 1##$$# )+#$JM$ ) 1#3#$# #?#JM
:($JM
)?#JM+(#,+$#+-+,+:#,
+,#3#'(5J
(-#R4,#*GCBBHJ
<4
8
$+#,+++7#+:#(#3(#%+,#R4#$
?7#4#$++#+
+S$##"#'()$7+4)(#+,#+4
,(-$)1#3#$##?#$)(#,##+S$#$#14##
-*,6+#)##4$+)#+$#+4'(##3(#-$(#+$+
#)##+$-$++#+)##+(+):,1+?+S(,#'(5+'(:#
:: (# (#S $# &#"4 $7# :,+(#4 '( $"## 1::#
)+##((#,##(#1$7+,#4
'( # +( (+ :# ,6+ $l '( 14 I+ ?#,+#J $
##,#3$#)*#+?$3S)++"('(+(+)+'(#J#)#'($#+
,+,#"#+#,+(#$4))$(+4+##5$)-:4$
(#$+$"#+"(+##$#",4)-#$#:,+(#+("4
,1$$##(#'(#)#,##'(#,#J,)$#(#4$
#,15J,+)#+#)$,((#:3#4#+71)#+#+$+:,1+$#
$"#J
&#3(#%+,#R # $+ +#+ + :#+( 1(#$ :#1$7+,#
)$7J +7 + $ #$$4 (# "##4 '( :# ( ( # + $+ $$++(#*#4$+'(3#J9#?(#4#,###++J.(4
,+#$*##(,,$4#$*##$#$,##4?#(+#4
?#"$##4+1$###+1$##$#J9#1#+(,+$#J "(<4-'(###<+$-#$#+,#+,$:,1+#$++#+
+J $++#+
+#1$#)(1#--#'($:,1)(++)$"4 )-::(,#))4#*#,)#4+,)#+7S$,1$ -#$#1#$'(,6+17'($,##)((#)($+#$$+ #$,#+S#1$##+##+$4#4,1#<+'(++#$-#$$14 +#+()##4)##-##-"#$##3#4$'(,6+5)$"
137
$,7)1$,##JX.(5,1#+'(5-#$4$++#$#+'( $1#*+(+#1($+:#(*#7##+7#$#+#$$++(#$#4#++
#+##4,'(+##"#(61$4+$+$#*++(-#S)##+,)
+)+#'($$+##+++#+)(+4$#*#+#$#,##$## L#<#4+$+Y++4+:#+J#?(*#+$#:#,)$#J## :,1'(#4+()#+#$#J$'(--?(#$#)##4--$+)+ +1$,#S)#$#-"]*#--+$,)$:#+74$+#$,#+ )?$#)#(#1$#"(+#--?(#$#)##J&#$$#S) -($-J%+,#R4,)##,+4'(4#:#4#$#+)(#+# $+?("-+J#,+#)(+4'(#+(#,+#J.(7#
'($+#,#+$$"#+###$+#$,#+4)##'(++4#,#$'(++
$)#7+4$#1###4?(##3,)$5L)##$++(+J9#
1(+#,4$#(+$)(#,#4#'('(+##(#
-*$###4L#+,+#$+#$,#+J
9#?#$,+$++#+
+4#'(14+-7####
+(+ +(1#+ $ ,+4 '(:#1$# ,#$J (#1(+#1# ,
,##4$++#+
+41+-#'(),#+#$,##+4$-7#
+#1$?#)##$#$-$#+-7,#+$#+(#+J)
+##$#4 $# #J # (-# R &#+R4 $ ,)$##1$ #+( &#+R4 $
+#,$#)$7#%+,#R4:#$$#,"+$++#+ +4,,#$##$+#+#+$,)
?#,#J$+#,#+&#+R4'($+(-4(#$(+)+#)
L#+4$+'(+,6+'(,#4)$'()$7#+614+:#
,#,6+'(+4M$1(?"+,6+:$4?#,###$)
++#$#+4?($,6+?-J(&#+R$++#+
+:$4+
+)###+'(+())++7##)##4)(+'(+)L:#$+
)#+ )$7+ ?#++4 #P +6 ,#+ $# ,+ $# ))(+# $# $# 6,## )+#+4 )+ +#+ +$(+4 '( ) $
5+'(#'(7#:#)4?(4)$-##+##
?#-$-$))4#)##+)$#6,##J
+7))(+:$
V.(#+($'($#6,##:#+#1)?(#)#$##$#,(
$,:,1+##$,64(#&#+R
V.(+()5#1+ +$$#,##+()#7+ #-4 +(?,
+# L)+ $#+ #+ "+#+ $1#$+ +( - # $$#+ :#
#$##,##$,$#+#$4)$7#,##'($$+)(1$+4
+)$+#,#+$#$1#$(-+
V.((3,)$#+#++$(++#)+##$#?#,$#$?(S#+7
,#$+$++#+
++$##)#$$,)",64
138
)## '( +# ) 5$ ,(## ) $ ( 1 #$ )+ $ ()
$"+$#-#'()7#(#&#+RJW
,+#,4'($-$#+$($#6,##J$,##4
#4M$#+)#++)$7#+'(#++:#17#L#1##$#,(&#+RJ&+
#+$#$$$3(*"#1#+5(*#J&+#+$1#$+#"(*#1# $#?+#+(3(+#+(J:#7#)#4$++(#+$#$$4
:#1$#,,#+'(#+(-#$,(J$+:*"#$##++ # $+ ?(#$+ $1#+ :# &#+RJ #$ ,)$# $# -+#
-$-7#$#-#4$##4'(+:#17#+(#'(-#J4R +
4'($#$%+,#R--4,)##1#(#&#+R#
%#$#(":,:#17##$)#$#R.4'($#1"$5+
#+++#$+?(#$+$)(#1$4$:#17##,)'($$,## :(1+#++#$$)("#*J
+4$#+$($#6,##)+#+$$"#J$,+#"4
1##+(3?4$#+##,#4#+,(#)#$#+
+$(+#$:,#&#+R4##$9#*?$4$#+L#3#+4 +P)$#'($#)+#$#$#,,)#$(#+""(,#*J
'(74 #$ )L '($$# # ,) 1(+#4 - # (+ %+,#R $#
,?#)(*#-"$?##+(#-+#J,++(-#--4$
)(#,1##P4:###$6+)7)#+,(J,+$#+$(
$#6,##)+#+$++#+
+?(#(###?,#$$#
6,###,###$##$,##4$9#*?$,-:7($M(+#) ##$ +7#4 -$# %+,#R $# ##4 , :#+# 4 + )$" #$ L+-#,)(#4)7#?#$++#+
+S,#(#+'()(
+#"# )(# $$"# # +(14 ,#+ (# # "(#S -($- ) #$ ,+ #$,6 U#+:" )## '( $# "( #$ +# +#
#,#4$#+$($#6,##)+#+$#+)(+#'(+"(4
'()##,##,6++(+-7$,+#"$#?+#4)(+4,1#4 ,#+$,+,'(1$#+$(JM$#+)(+#
V , ( )#7+ L#3 $#+ (#$#+ )+#$+ (
#$,64+)#$,(#)-(()#,)#,$#6,##
)+#+4+#"##1$#(+++,+##$+J9(1##)#
,$#,(#::#)$,+#"4:#17#)#$
,)#'(,#(*#+)##)+#$##$:+#"4+$#+$(:(1#
(# ) +1 $ 13 ? $# #-# )$7# $ #1#$$
&#+R4 '( + )(+# # ,+ ))#+ -+J ?, # , L)# $
+-$-,)$7 ,$)(1$#$,64)('(+#)
+63(+?##)$+#,+'(:++"J,:(1+#-(# #),3(#$(()#$(+,$#6,##)+#++) 139
,6+##<+)#)##-#$#)$7##$,##4:(1#
1(#L)#'(,#:#+#,-#$,3(
(++ )$7# J )( ,#, # ) #$ ,)# $#
#(*# +## )## ,(# $# +$( #$ :+#"4 )'( 7# '(
)?+# ?#$, # $ ,)# (# ) '( )( ,
#WJ
+#,##(:,1+$)$#,#?7#,+1$#,3$$#(
)(1$ '( :# #1 +(+ )$##+4 +(+ +(+4 +(+ )(++ ,6+ #$+4 + ,6+
L)'($#+#$#)P1$#4#$+,)##+$3(#J(+ Z'(5+$#))-##(,++1(###(####'( #$#)+:#-+$#,#+(+,#+45$-$#4"#[(+
Z,:#1$#+()),1+(+))++,+)+#$+4,+$ )(+#(,)#?(+"(#$#$#(##4+##3(#
+$,+(#+#"1[
+7#'()-##$,)#)##)+#$#+$(#$:+#"4
Z,+#"#$#+)(+#$,)#4)+5$4+))5$4
,)'($$"(#+(+3+$'($+6+#[
( -$-4 ## , +##+,4 $# +$( # $# 6,## )+#+ $+ +#+ +4 $# #* '( )7# )+# $# +$(#$()$"+$#-'(&#+R#,,14)'(&#+R#$#
5)#+(,(,,1"P()$"+$#-J++-#?(
"#-L(+#1$$,)(+:$$#?6,##JM$#
)+#$#?+#,41#+#"#)##)(,#$+#4))##(#?((# +)## $+ + )#7++4 ) # '(4 ) 1(+# , :#+ +$#+)##$#?+#()#4?(+'(+##$+()#)##,1#+ ?(+"#(,"#,#J
(5#+'($##$#?+#4#('(#$#(6,,4)(
'(,($#,##4$-#4#'(3(+#$##$+#$,#+++4 $++,+##$+'(+:#1$"(#'(++))(,,#
1##$$#J7#,#$J:#17#L#3'(+$#"(#+"(#4)'( $+L#3+++#"#+#S,#+#?6$-'(:#17#,
'(##3+#$+(#:,1#)1##)-+)$7#,$#$$4
)$#-$((#+$(,)?##$#6,##)+#+)$ # ( 1 #,"4 )7# # ,6+ '( $# #(#$ 1*# $#+
,##+$#+J&+#+?(4+143,)$+)+)##(#
#"#4'(#-+4#$#,#+#J+1('($:)#+#(#
,5($##++1$'(#(#)+(#(1$6J,#+41#+S
)#+'(1#+4,#+JM&(+(-4+#$-((3,)$
),+)1#,6+"#+?#,#4(+$),+##+(+
140
))+#(#$+$'(#7#$$5"#?#1($#J6+(*#+:#:
#$7)#+(+11$+#+#$,#+'($+#,#+J$ C( -+#+#7+#)$)?$+"$,#+$+),+ +#+$+(+4,)##)#$#(L,$#$1#)+1$4
V?$##$%+,#R:$WJ$#6,##)+#+4
U#+:"4:(1$$+4$##(#$#"#J-$#+)(+#4?(
+$$#,#$#,+$#6,##)+#+4#'(##)
+1$$#J
1)(+'(+#:,+#?#4#('(,#$: #(+#+'(+#+$#4M)+#-*-"##+#+",#$+<#
+11'(+#-#+#$#$)#+4,)#(?#$4$:,1J$?'($
#$$$-##4$#+,#++$+6-#1#3J.(#6$'(+&(
:#17#4+,(##$,##J#$+:#1#+$##+(#
)#*#+-##+$+)#7++4)#+$+,+,+,#$+4#+#+#
"(#$+,+J
#)#$#1#(-+#$4,+#"##)#$#1#4(L,#
$:,1J#:#,6+'(+#,)+4+$#++$+)#7++S$
$+++#+4'(-#-#4$$+:,1+#,+74'( -##-#*##J
Z5#'(:,+,+)+#$#6,##)+#+,)##+#1 +:#+)(1##$$#)##$#+#$#?,#$1#,1+#4$)
'(+#:#))##$:#?$(,##4'(,##
)++6::4+[+:,1'())##4)-54##,##J(
+()4+1*#)#+?((#$"+$#,6+$1#$4#+$+#7($+'(:#
#$1+:+4$#14$#,##$#+#$#++$+,6+
)(+41#3##(-)$+:+##JM6+++
?#1#+:#:#)+##$#6,##(#)+##$) + '( # 3( #'($$+ '( :# #1#3# #,5# +,*'(#+#1#3#()#$1#,#J##$$43?
$#+)+#$#,##4'($)#7+##)+#) (1#'(-##)+"$#$)+#$4'(+#,++($#
(-# #?# #:#J $ '( ##$$ + "#<# )'( + $ # ,## +
$$#,##$)4$+6+$#,)##'(+#:#$,#(+(#+ #<+4'(+,$+6+$+)(1$#+#P-7+)#+$(?
$+M)#$,+M,##$+,##+S+)##'(#("(
,#(*+1#(++,#,'($+)(1$#+4:##,"+$+
"#+,#(?#(+4)#'()(#(##J
Z5M,#+$54)$)+#M'(:(4$)+#(#$4+
141
##+ '( ++ +#+ (# ,6+ )1#1$#+ + $ ) +(+
)##+)##$###(#)+#$)(1$##4M'($4$)?(
:61$###'(9#+4#$$+,##+41($(#?#$+#$$# )+#4 )(# +4 , # +7# #$ ,+4 ,1# ## $#
-'(:#"+#)+###$1#$+,##+[
$,#'(5+5+43--#$4'(?(#$#+$-#-+-#'(4
)$#(##4,##11+4$-#+1$$+$#(##:#1$#5 :M$#,$+#:,+(#$#$###,#"$+#'(4,'(3#
- ( # +( )) #,#4 )+#4 +# $"#7+, ##-74 $# ,#
I+J
()?#'(+,#'(7+,,##+:#1(+"+4$
'(1+#)##'("#'(+-#+'(-##$+:,1+'($
%:#-4$#$+6-4$:,1+)(5+,(--6,$
#<+M$(#$-+#(+#$$:$+((+$#.(#-#4
)$#,#+,)+#+##$+",#+)#+$#++'(#+$#(#?3#J
5+$'((#$$"(+#+-+,##+)(1$#+4$#+
+(#,+,(+#,-##+(+(,((+J
>;
4
4%(++4CG#1$CBBHJ
N?JO
142
n;&
U9
$#$'(JM::5*6JM$#$#$#(*J
++,,++'(1#3$-+,)##L###$
(+##$U#+:"*+(+#$'(4)#+(+::5
*64 #$#+4 #-+ +#"##+4 ?+##+ +#+4 )++ "(+J +5
:##$+:##7+(P$,-#3#,5#S+5:##4$L)$#
#?(#4#(+1($1'(##,#++$+#,#+#+4#,
,$+%#++(%(1("4),+#-'($++ 0* +TX(#+ :# #+4 (#+ ::#+ #+ )# #$$##4
##+1#3+$-#++)+#+41#3#)#+#(,+#$(#Y&+ +4,(,(4#$$#S+(+$+,-#,#1$J:#)
#,)##+(+:"#++(+,#+-#++(+):++(+4$+#,)##
+( +$J (# $+ +(1 (# (#4 $$#J ++ + $+ :#
,#3+(++4'(--+(+(#+,#($##+4-7"+#(:(,##1(*J VZ'(5+#(6+#-#$+?#++[W)"(#1#("#$,L#
$(+#(3?43#,6++,43#,6+-#+4$#?#JMVP+,+#$ 1$# P ,+ '( $ '( + :# +, )$ # ( $# +6$-# P $
1$#JWM,(#+$4+:($#+$-#J%$$#4++161#+$1+J
+5 :## -$- :# ) $# ,5# $ 4 ) #(-
L)$#(#+4#$##1*#(#L)+##)$+"1+##
$++#+
+4$#)#$+##,#&$$#M(#&$$#+
$$#,##(#)1$#(-#5LJ&$-#1##1#3#++(+4+$)+#1#
$1("15LJM"($$+-#
L,#$4#::5*64##$'(S # ::5 *6 L,#$4 +(+ ?+ )#+ $#1##+ #?(# +(+ ,(+
(1+?"(#+$+4(-#+L)+-#+4#S##$'(4+()#$#
,(,#$4 +(+ #$#+4 +(+ #1$#+ )# ?"(#+ -<#+ 1$$#+4 +(+
+#(#+4 +(+ #+ +(4 +(+ )++ "#+ $+#+ (###+4 +(+ #+#+
#"($#+4+#+,$#+""#+4$#+#1*#+$#+-"#+###+4$:
+(+#)$#"#+$"#+"#$7#+JX,:(1#)##1#4#:#1--
#1####+7))#4#*#'(:,+(#+#$+,*#1#Y+$,#$
)4:#)($#?#:###'($$#+#+#+'(+5$##4,(# +)###*#$1(,)4,(##'($$#++<#$++3#+#*#+J
#$'(::5*6:##7+5:##$+1#3$-+'(#:#
+"#$##$(+U#+:"J#:T#,##-$$++1(3+4
()(,+'(,##-$$++4$#$#>:&J):+4,6+'($###
143
$7$#+5)#+#$+4,6+'(?,()#L'(L)$$#$'($("4 ,6+'(%#++(,+,$7#J++$-+#:#4,'(+6,#++1$#
,+,#)#4+1$#+,+,#+##+4+1$+,+,+?++41#+#,+)+4
#(+#(#'(#+,3#*#4$"#+,)4$+1(3+#:TJ
Z.(5:#7:#1$#4'(,5#$#4$#$#$#(*4$#-# 1$+:$#+3"$7?+4'(###+3(#+:#,-#$+-+#+$ #$'([$#+(#+,+,#+)(-5+$#,)$,U#+:"+$ -6 #:#4 )'( U#+:" +#1# # + #+ $# #1$# ++ :$#+ 3"$7?+'():+#$($'(?#$#1##$#:#$#$#+5:##:#
#7$$-$#+?"(#+#$+4$$##1$#*'(#J+)#'(-,+
#-7#$##,++#J
#"#(*+#+#4#$7#+'(,##
#$",$##-$)##7+4+1(##:#)#4#$$##,##'(
)#$##1*#(""#+#,#$7?J($"#+1$#(*4,)(#
+1 $#+ +)#$#+ (###+ ( (# $#5+ (# #+($$#4 (# +## '( )#+
)+#+:#'()+#4*+1+###$###+#)+#+( (*#)#:"#J$##1*#$#(*$#+"##+1)(+#+(#- )$(,#3,)$##1*#?#6+#4)'()$#P#)$(,#+($#"#$#4
+( "?+ )$(,74 +( # +((++ #,+4 +( $5 #$#4 +(
),)(++1$#(*4++(#$#-$#)##4$+7,1$$##4
$'(*#$?4M$'(*#$4'(##4#$+,#)+4,$#$$#,#$
P#$+<#(*#4,(M+#+##+,5#,(1$$#+Y9#+#
:$$+)7(#-#,#J$4$"##J
# '( '( #)#"(# $# # $ #- ,#"# $ )+ +#4 (#
#"7#+(#,#<++)4+(#6$"+$#,+#+(-+
#$# ,#J # #))## )+)-# + $# ?"(#S ( $##$4 $ $+
+#?+##+4$(1$):(#:$#(#+4,,#$#1### $#),$#+)#$#4$#+,#+#+)+##$'(*#$#((
)63#4+7,1$##+()(1$-#$#+"#4()63#$#+#<#+)#$)#+J
#+)$(,#+4#1*#+#$-*#-+##+4)#'(,##+)$#$$+ '(?"(##($#$#(*,1##(#$4,)##, )+((+#+#?#$41+$#(*4$#+#+?#1##7"#+4
'(+-#$L$(+-#,$#+$7#+#+J$$#$#(*4)(+#$'( +($-#()()#$?#+#4(#,#",(:,6+)'(<#4 ,)###)+##"7#,6+1#3#'($#+##$4#('(#$##,15S
#3(*"#)+(#-+(##+)$(,#4++(##:#J$#+"##+$
#$# ,) $# "$+# $ +#$4 )(3# , $# #+# -#4 #
#$$#+4),$#"+)?(#+""46"$+1M$+$#+
+###$#(*4,6+)####+'($"+#4,6+:+#'($+6+#4
###+#1$#+)#$#1##+4'(+#$$-$#+?"(#+( 144
##$#(#4$##(3-4M,)##+<#'("(##1+# '(#4(#$'(*#$$#)##+6?Y
#$#,6+)'(<:#+,3##+4+$'(+-*(*:#( +$J
::5*6+#1#:##<+'($-+(+3+'($#:+# #'($$#+#+4)$+1+)+&##4P<*$#"#!(,6#"#4#*#+
:###$#+$$#,#+4+6+#3"$7?+#$$#+$#+)#+$+?+$
+###4+#+$#,7#+)+)##+$+,(+
)#$##$+JM##+#$#++"#+$##+##$),?#,$#3(#(# :,+# $$# ,*+ $ ##-7 '( )# )7)+ :,#+S $(" 1##$$#$+:,#+)7)+$#$$#$($("4$("$S +)(5+"#++5'(+4,#+,##$+4(?#:,+#4)#*9((#
#J
1###1*#(+7,1$4+1##(#4+($#-$#+)#J(# $#+)(#+##4#$$#("(())?$$#"#1#1#4M%#$(,
###+4$"+$#+#1)(4'($+?((1#JM#++)#$#+4$ )*+#"#4#$:$7'(+#3#1#)$1#$-($
)?(,#+:(,+4$#+-7,#+'(+?7##$#+-#+4,$#+)6$#+ $$#,#+",#+$+#+$+?+$6"(+$++JM+::5*6+
:# #7 +5 :##4 '( +#+ +#+ (#4 )'( +#+ +#+ $#+ :,+
#)++$#+#7#+::54M$-+(#)#+5+)+ #$,6+$#"4(1##):$#+?"(#+"(+4'(+6
#$$7+(##(#,,#1$1##$$#4#$#'(-# $#+,#+$$#+ ?$:#+ + $# ,#"#4 ) (# )*# L#<# '( #$$7 ## $$#,# (:$$ +##$4(#+)"(##:)+"$+#J
+##+ $(,#+4 )# ##+4 + *+ $+ U4$(,#+ "#+
)#++())(+#+'($#+#*#+7"#+#1#+(+#<+S?++#,#+
(++"()+4#1$#+3"$7?+4+($(#+"(++#+4
,##+ -#+#$$+S -#++4 $#*#+4 ?$:#+4 + + +6 ))## #:# )##
L:1$(+##$U#+:"J
4
4%(++4K,#CBBHJ
N)#O
+1##$$#+#)#$+JMX,#-#4),#-#YM$7#),#-#JM&#+#
$# #+# )+#+JM
JM,##+ )+#+ ,##+
$1#,1+#+JM+($#+#(+#+4#+#$#$?$#(#$$
145
# ,##4 $## $# )+#JM
# #3# $ ) ,L#
$#,$$#JM++)-#$#)(1$#$,##JM+#"#
(JM#*+)##$#),##$+)(1$#+$#+)#*#$+
,##+JM$#)$4$#:$JM<#+##<JM#$U1+J
M9 $#JM#$:(JM$ ?#,+ >: #$):JM&+ )###+ (-+JM
##$$ +JML #$#4 9T #- 9$,# )(JM+($# $
J
(-#R4,#*@FCBBHJ
<4
+6 $# )$7# #:#4 , $# #(#$*#4 ),#-#J $+ ,P$)$+
#,+4 $5"+ L)($+#+ ) +(+ ?$"++4 ,*+ 1(#+ #+#+ '(
)$##)(<#*+4(:31#'('(,(("$)1L("#
$"4(#-+"#)##+#1+$#++($#++'(#$++'($+# )##++#+1$#%:'(:###"4$+#%$#'( '('($###('(,$$+#$#<#$#++($#+)P1$#+S
#+4+#$+#$$+4+(",::+#)#$+4+1##$$#+$#$+,##+ )$#?,#$1#,1+#$##?#SM$#$+):,1+#,1+)#+)##
$#+ ##(#+ # $# )+#SM$# ( :# +# # $ ,)
++,#?#+)P1$#+$#(#(-#RJ
$+$(-$#"7#J+:#(+#$41#-(#
)+#J--#$#+#"$+($+#$+,#J$##+#)+#+$(:# 4 ,6+ '( )(1$#+ # ,##+4 $+ ,##+ )+#+
#$+$1#,1+#+J$#+#$$+++(J,%"<#1(4+
#$:$#*P#4+$#-"#+#+,#<##+,#J&#+#"4#$#J&# $"#4?$J11$#,($LJ$"7#-#)##$+++4 -#J#1$$#+$#+,(3+?#+J*#+'($-#-4 #:#'(+6:#+(++$+)63#+4$+(#J+<+#*#
$#+#$$+J1$$#*($++##4:(,$$#$+#,)##+)#+$+
,)$+4$#++1$##+3#+$#+#+#+(-#+\$:,1:##'(
+$#1()#$#J&+:+,+,+$#+(#+$?#$+1$+ $+4 )# # #-+J 9, + $# #4 #)#+ $+ :,1+J ,) -$(##,$+$#1+)#$#1#+J$+3+4+-+)$##$#+J
$+,##+$)#7+4:##:#+-,-,J#1#
+#$$+)(#+,##+(8?+,3(#"#$4(#
'($,1-(#+(++#+'(4+)(5+(##$-+#,1+#
$++$#+"$++#$+1$#'(#+%+4,*##$1#$+#$#?#+4
146
+(+#,"+4'("$5+$$#,#UJ
,#7+,#+$#+#$##+#)+#+S$#:?7#S#+$#+
)#++J)+#+,1#3#+$$#6$#+-#+#+1(#+$##$#1#+J
+#"+1#++6-$#,##4$+(#$++$,4
#('(,6+#"(4$1#)+#4#1(#5)$'(?#-$#
-+)"+-#$#(#$++,##$$1#,1J+(#$(:#$$,
(-#$$,(-,)(+$)#J
)#+7+(++#++(+)(#+4+(+#1#$$+#$-+
#++'(),4+(",*#'(#'(,)(3#:###$#J
7#4 '($#)$(,#'(++1+:#17#::)#$#1#4-##1#*#,("##+#
,L#443+)'(<+4+"#1#4?4$)1$#,$$#4(",(
,)(+$#+,#+(##3#'(:#17#1(3#)##,7,#+:#1$#1#J #,)L+$,)-7##-#)#"#(-#4(#$,#J%$$#1#
$+$$#$$+)#J+#$#4+(+4+$6+$$+*(+)#$$# ##4 ( :,1$$ :: 7# ( 1#7 $# ,# 6+ $#
$,#4#-+#$)$"Y+$+)#+4,$##3#$#,$$#4 +($,#+(+:,1+::+J
&#+$+-+P1#,1-+:#,+#$)#7+415-$ :#+# : )## $+ )(1$#+4 $ +"(+ '( + - +(+ $"#+ $#+
,)#<7#+##(#$##+4+(++#)"$#+)(##$##?#,)#+
#< $# # # '( $ + ,# $+ #7($+ $# )#"#S +( +, # '(3# )P1$#S +( )-+ ,)$+ $+ '( $+
,(#1(+#$+"#++$)#)##,"#
#$"P):,14+(+##$+#+1($L+##+,)+#+M
(#+<##+M7($#+4(#++$,)L#""#++?#(+J,
++#1'(+1####<,6+(#,$$+)++4$'()
1(+#+:+,)#+#(#4+6$+#+#+ )#++)P1$+#++$+1+$L+4$#,+,##+#
'(+#+#,+$#+'(#+#6-#+-+#+4$,+#1$$#+
$ 3??#MX#)#4 - #("#+ #"(+#4 ,+,1#+ $4 #'($$#+$#+##+Y
+#+###$#)(1$#4:#-#3(#+$#)$5#
)(+#7#?*+#,)$#?#$++,#)'($+
)(1$#++(+#1"#+,6+#+4$#?#$#(###$#)+#4
#+'($#3#4'(+51#+#$1,),+++"(#)4)## )##(#(#1+#)$7#?,#J
+#1#4)(+4?4$#)(1$##$#+$+$++
147
P$,+#<+4+(#)+(#)"#(++,#,'(+-#**1#4
+)-+ #($$+ )## $# P# )$7# +#, +$## : ) $#
#4M$#,##4),34)$::?#*+#$
"1S ?#- $+ + #<+ )#+#+ $+ -+ +(+#7+ $+
)(1$#+4"(#++(#+##,))$++)(#"#$4'(
:##5)#?7$)(1#'(+#1#,"7#,+(#$#?,#
$+#1(++,6+,)+"#-+J
#'(7-$#-+$#,##4++##)$+'(++
)$,#+ $ ,1# 7# # #+"(## $# $ $ ## +(
)##$#)L,#+#J
+3(*"#'(,1####$4
'(+,1$*#$#?,*#$##,+#4$#++#*$"14$#L)#
$+#1(++4+-7#+$+-#+$$#,##J+4'(#$"#
3(+#$#L+#()"#,#?,#++,3#4#,#+-)
$# #,+# 3(+# $ #( :(4 $# )$7# )(1$##S +4 '( +)#'(+#*+"#+4#)+#$#+#,#*#+)##$+$#+$+ +4+#$)#7+$#:#?-##,(#$+"1#+'($),
"+4 # '(+ +64 ) $-##+ "$#+4 1$"# :#1(#S +4
)-'(+$#-#"#(+?,#$+-)P1$)(+-#P )L)##$#$#$#+)L,#+$+4$#(+$#1#3#$##?#
-6#+-#1$,$#+#$,###$++)#+$##+ ?,#1$1##$$#4:#'(4#()$"))(,-,'(
)##:#))#$#+$+)L,#+4,#)(+)#)##$#+
,#,)##'(:#+"($4#()#7+'(-##1#'(7#)(
++,#(#$$1#,14:#+,#3(+"+)+#+
+++,#S#)#+#+"#)?$M(5L)1#1$4M"###+7$#
,##$+)(1$#+4'(#$,+#+$#1##?,#-$1$#
+)$"#$+,##+4)7##++$("$#$1#,1+##)#+-+'(
+$#+#1#$#-#J
$#$#$+$4$##6$P,4#$#)+#
$##+#)+#+4"##$+$1#,1+#++(),,1#J++
"5,#)+#4?,-$(#,#+?,#+4$$#$#?(#+ #3+$+3+"#-,$#$7#S#)#*,#1#4$1#,1+# $+$##+#4'($:,1##+(+,++4$",
+$#+1+#$$1#,1+#+J++4+
$+ "$)+ +1 $#+ #*#+ $+ ,1#+J ( ), #,# $+
)+#+,##+'($)+4'($($#,##4$#1
$:$+#7($+$1+1#3#)$#(@Ag$+:+## #(#$+$#+,)#+4M?(##)##+(+4M,++?(*:#
+J($("4$,##7#+$#5)#+(1#4)##-++#+++ 148
#1# + ) -* $ ) ?,# $# #?#4 $#+ $+ )+#$++:#7#+$$)"#,#$#?,#$+-)P1$J ,+#1#$+#*#,+4#1#$+)+#+##$#+-+'(
)#7#35)1$#4+##('(+#'(+:#+$
#+++$,+$(,)(++#-*$+)+#+,##+$
#$##+#4+,("+$)#S$'(+#)(1#4)
#)1#$)#+J
+71##$"#4$"+4:#+#1#$##'($#,##+
$###1"#$#1#3#,##+#1$$+:+,)#J
V163+$#+1(+,5+#+'(?(+#1$#+,,)(++
"(#4 +-"*##, + + +6 1#M $+ )+#+M
,))#*SM#+7+#$-#6#$)#7+4+#)#6$L+,'(:1#
$1),)(++WJ
V163+M $+ $1#,1+#+M$+ :+ ,)#4 '( ,
1("(#?(#,15#(,#+S#+74(1$+"#++$+
:+'(+3)4$+++#+,)(++,5+++1$#+11#+$ #1#4)"#+#$)#7++-##+,#$+4'(#$,?3*#4
#$1,)$+"(-#1###4#$+)(+,,)+(+ -#$+$+,#+L#3WJ
(::#+#++#++#1#+#+)+#+4)$#+)(#+$
#)$'(-(7#41##$$#+#+,+#+#:#4+<#+#)(<+# 1#$#*+4#1##+$++)#$(+)(#+(#$+$+++#1#$$+$#
-$(J7#+#'(+)+$##(#1#$#+)#$#1#++(+(+4
$+)(#+S'($+($#P+#1##(##$#)(<##-7#-($#S
'(U1++##1#+(+#+)(3#+-+)?#4#+,$$#,#+
+#+ , (+4 ) $# #-# +(+ -#+ 3+ #$(,1##+J $#
#,#1#4M#'($+"(7##4$#+()+#+(4
)#,##$##+#,1$#$+"+--#+4+",#+)$#4
,)$##1$+#,#+#$+-($++()#$#1##(#$+#4$(,7#)$"#*#J #$:(4"#:,14,$##-##,)(#$)4#1#4#+$#
#"7#4 $$-# $#+ ,#+ 5,($#+ (# --# 1(<# #?$##4 , $
(+< :#17# -$# # +( "#"##M $+ 3+ +4 $+ $#1+ )#$)#+4$++-++4$#+##++#+4+"(7#-($+)+1$
:,1$$$#,#:#-+#+(1(+#)$6#J#$+7#+'(>:
#$):+#1#)$#+)(#+$##+#$+)+#+4+,1#$+
$#,)<),($+)$#-+#(#"#)$+4#1"##:$- +$#-#4#$*#1#+,#4+#++)($#+)$##J$#,#
$$-#1#$$6"4'($#"#)7#+1+(,+$$#)(#4++#1#:(#<
+$+4#++(+)+J
149
(<##'($4)+#J(#'(7#4$(,#1#J$,P4"(<7#J
#17##4)$'(#+)#J+)#+#1##5$ (,"(,# #$"(#)#$#1#+,)(+#4#$#+,1#$6"($#14+),+$#
#1####,)#$$#)+#$4#17#)#*+$),+($6"$6
$,"?(#J$##+(1$$#S),6+'(#'($$#?#+
)(7+,##$):S,6+'()#$#1#+4#+(+(+?##+4,,#$$#
,(<#'($+)#+$#7##1#J$$6"+#1#,(:4
)(+'(:#1$#1#$#,#*#$,#'(-$#)$$#+#$#S+(+##'(+
,##1## +(+ #-+#+4 , )(<#$+ ,+#J (# +)##1#(#
()+)7#1#'(:#1#+15$4)$-:(,+-7#$#
+#$#4)#$J+7+?#,#'(?($,>:#$):J
#$$+#:#4#++)###+$#1(##,##4$+'()#+
6)4)?#$#+(-+##$##++#4#(7##$#+#$#
#"#7+,#4 (# (# )+#+ :#7# $"#+ -##+ )
,,#$#-#,6+)##++J##$$4)(+74)
1$"##+4#)###$+)+#+J+4'(##$)#+,##
3+$#+4,#+"(#4+()+#$+#"(-#4?,#$#
+#'($$-+()1#3##$1#$#,)##(#,#
)#J
,(+:#1$#+S#4L)#$+$4)###+3#)(#4
:#1$ ,6+ ,(+J $#+ +++ ?,#$+ $# #+# (# ,6+ $#+ #+$+)+#+4#+$#+$+,#"+$#)#$#1##'(++3# $#$1#+(++#(#:#4'($$++($15-$#,)# #+#,"+X)'()##)#$+4++#,#+Y
?#$#$)(#+#,###1$J$$7L4'((#
7#+)#+#++(#1##$##+#)$,#+#)$"+",$# +11##%+,#R$#+&#+R43+#+#$+1:#+4'(
5$++##+(+)7("+4-+($"(#3,(+#$($J$$7 9$,#4 $# #*# &$4 )+# 3(+ )$7 ,#($#S #$$7 1#,
9T4#?#,#4'(#:#'(+#<+'(*#+#?$3#$#1$)#+
)$+#+(+)P1$+4'(+"($#?(#+(#4++(+#+4)##'(
+5#+(+$#1+$(+4$$-#+(?#+$##J
&#+##,(*#(#)J+-S)+$##'($1$"##
$+)+#+#-#)$)#)1#J,'((?#$+'(,#
$#+#1#3#$##?#,)#+4$#+1(+,5+#+4 #$+$))4-?#-#1$4'(+$##$#-*+##$#($#+
1(+ ,5+#+ ?# ) $+ )+#+J #+ +# + $#
1$+-+,:(#<JJJ+($#'(6#$##+#,,#
$#,##$)'())$#1#3#(-)$+
150
#(#$+:+##J
$"#$+)+#+'($##$#,#'(+#-#$+,##+#(+4
$+)-#6$#-#'($#)L,#$#1#)+"(#J)+()#
$+$1#,1+#+'(#('(+?(#)+#-*4$#,##-# :#$#,(4+4$+3+)(++$?((4+#1$?(
)"#,# -+1$ ,#+ --#+ '( )(# #+# $# ?$(#4 ##" :#1$#$#)(1$#J%+))$7#$'(+)$$#$ '(-J
>;
4
(%(++4B,#CBBHJ
N?JO
TR,#+(?#+JM&+1#++(#"#(#,"#+JM
+($#,6'(#$#$JM6?-+JM#)##+1#<+JM,+
)-(-#R)(++)P1$+JM
,1(+7+,#JM&#"($#+
#$3#$#+(#+JM+$#)+#JM,)#$+*$#(#JM+
-7#+JM
-#3)$#+?#+)P1$#+4(##+(+,+JM6#+
$#+ 6$+JM#1#+ #$ ,() ?#'(#+ #$ +*JM)(#+JM&#+
?,#+'(+#$#'(++#J
(-#R4,#*@BCBBHJ
<4
U#+:"4)$)#7+4+#"##:#++#"(,++S$#
#)#$$+#(-#R(+#3-#+##4#(#)(# +(##+++43(#"(##$+(?#++",##?#+-+
'(+:$#(#()#(-#R$+,6+$-#+)(++)P1$+J
.(++)6#?+-##$-6$+()+#-#4$#+
,#+#$#1#4#+)(1$'()#4#)+#+$++"+$#"#*#
$##(,($#,#+#+($#+4+##+#$-#+JMX$#,5($#4$#,5($#
+6 $ -4 '( $# -# -# +# # ,6+ 13 '( $ #,#,$#?(#4'($)-#+$+'($#
#)## -#YM + 3(+ '( #$ ) ## $$#"#4 + - "( ( +#J (# )# '( + -# # - # # #6+? (,1#,4+("(:,1+$$4-+)#<$)#7+#$*#"(++
*#)#+4'()#$#1#,###(#(+#$,#$41$,J+7 151
#:#$++-"*#+,#3+$#+?#+)P1$#+J
+::S+#?#+)J,#(-#R$-$#5+'(+# )$,P#'($,)#4#:#$#"+#+(+)()#+4#),++
)## +#+ $7#+4 # +SM :# (>: `$$ $+ ,##+ (
>:%$+)(1$#+'(#,#+#+#$+-#++(+++
,#+(+)++#1+(S$+(#$+>:>:+#)##+
$+ )#+ $# )1$#4 ## ,6+ + ()# '( #+"(# )## +7 +(+
?#-+4#'(++(3##1(4$+)(++)P1$+$#(#4'(+$"
#'(7),#7#-+S+(###<'($%)+##$`$$(+(#+
,$$#+-#+)(1$#+)##'($+#'((?##$"+#'( `$$+(+)##"(#+4$`$$)+#$("#$+,$+-#+,##+
)##'('($#$#++$'(+1$"##)#%4
)(#$#(##+$4$+"#3+$?J
#,1+ )#+ ## + +(+ #+#+4 1+ # $+
)+#++)-+`$$%4(+)+#+$#+-7#+ --1(#)#$#<4#:#5+$#-$(#$-4'(+,#7#
'( +6 +,) # $# -#S # )$6#+ ++#+ $#+ )#++ ++$#"1#3#J.()#+#+)P1$+4+"($:614+# '()#)'(5+##-#3#4'((+#$##+##$"P)#4
#+#1'(:#1#$'($#'($+,#S$'()+7)+ 14$##+#+L)($+#J++(++,++#$+ ##+S+'(+-##"#+0)+$####$)#2
?#-$+'()$#,#$+#'(+J
#+74)$5+4)$#+(,14)$,)##*")$#-(,+,#$#
$#$#4$#+#+#+$+-#+$+++)#$++
% `$$S '(+ $+ #)##+ ,+,+ '( $+ #(# )# $+ ,)$+$#(#'()-#+()#4#,##$+'(
:#()#$+$#+1($#+)"]+"###+4)#"$#)+$+
++$#$+#$#'(+'(4#1###+(+?(*4#7#+$ $+-+(J
,)+(?#"+$"#$+,,1+$,()'(+$+'(+<#$#$+ 61+$#+?#+)P1$#+4+(+,)'($+,(7)+4'($+7#+$#
1-$#%`$$4#3(+#$#++#+$#,##'(#++)$#4+
#'($$#'(),+###+)-:+$#+?#+4'()(#(#) $$+ # :# ? )## $+ "#++ '( '( +# 1+# ,6'(#4 # #$
,#,$+,#+-+'(--$$#J1#'(# )+#1(#+#)((#(#,$+)++)##+##
(?#(#$(+#S$%$`$$$#$(")#"(? )P1$M'(#$#<(#,$+J
152
$7#4+#$()P1$#4:,+$#(#411(++6$
)(<%`$$J$))($#+,1#+$+#1*#+++ )##,+S ( #*# + ,6+ (< +(#7$$#'( %`$$ $# $))($#JM##$#",6+($##$#1(+##++#"))#$
4(#+$+(1$"(#-##$(?#$"P ##()$")##+(6??(#S1)$#(#$+)$###
+#'($$#+:,1##+-7#41)'($+,##$,$#,
$)-:))'('(##?$(+$)P1$4+$'(4
+#$-#$"(#$)+#$<#4'(#+)?$+,#+ ++4$#+$++6)$,P,#+$#"#1#MX+#
:#4,1#3##:##+#+4,(1-++()#+4$(#$
$#+,#+$(+'(+1+#+$7#+:#)(+-7#+$+(-#+ +# '(4 #,#"## $# #,+# #1 $ :#$4 ) +7 ,+, +##1# $
#1#$$+#?#+$##:#1##(##1#+(1(1YX+7#
$(1(##4,(:,1:+Y
1#117#117#4)#"#11#+$++#$+43#
+1$+,+#+#(+#1(+4-*5,+)$##4'(#(+,(:
)##+#+#+-*#+?#+4,#*+1$$+,#+MX#+ :#'($'(+#+1(+#YM++##$:$#+(1#+Y
#$*#++#"(3+)###+#$:#-++#"#*#?,#1$J&#
)+#,+,#,+#)+(?$(#)-:$#+,#+#+47#+#+ +#++,4)##'(+$)(++#$+'(#)##$+
++ $#+ -$(#+J # # # -+ - , 3# ++ )+ # $#
,(:(,1M$ :#$#"# +(+ "(++S $ +#?# $# ))# ($(#S + ?" )
,)$#$#-($"#+1(#$+S+:#,#)$#+)#*#$#))#4$#
+-$$#++#$+#$+$##+Y-)P1$+$"$+*$#(#
'( + #+ +,) ( ,# )4 $ (#$ #)# ,(# $
,1#, 1$"#+ '( #1# +( )#4 (# $ +$(+# $
4 ) $ +*4 '( +6 + #<+ ?4 :#$$# $+ ,)$+ "
+#4#'()(,(#4#('($)#*#,#$4$#(#$+()(+
))$#*,6+$#"'($+*$+(,1#)7#$+*#,)$##$"(
+ $ 1)$6 $ ,()4 '( ,)7# +,) $+ ##+ '( ) $+
#1$$#+$#+$+$+##+(-*,)(++J%(#4)(+4$+*S)
,6+'($:?,#$#+-$(#+$+,(7)+7#4#$#+,1#+( ("J$#+?#+$#(#4+"(#+$#+#$,()'()7#
P#,-$+)+(#<4+:#17#"#)6##1,#1$+
#1(++J
$+#$#4'(+(#+)-+#(,+4GAAA
)+++($4:#)"##(#,+)(#+-+"#+4'(
153
1#1#,):+#):++4:#,$4:#,$)++#$#<J
$#?#"++41$"####"#++(+?,+4)($($#,(:(,1
"-$(##4#'(+),$$("#+(,+#)$(,#+)##'(4
++#+,+?+#4L3##$+'(1(+##$"$"+(#"#1$#) :#$$6+$4'($++$#+)#"#,+$1#4$+,)$#+#,1($#+
)#$+'($++#(*#$,J+1$)##,
++4#$$#+,34)$'(++#1)+++)#<#:,+-+
,(#4+()#$$"(+#+"+4+(#:#4)$#+6$+
TR4(#+#+)#"#$#(#$#"(*#4++(?,+4)$
#)#$+,)$#+4'($+)+++)#<#J
()+1##$7#)$#,####1*#4(#$$#,4 $,6++"(##J#$)+'(+)#+4#?#+-+#+#+($#4 )6"($14+6$#+#6J:#"$#'(?"7#:4$#+ ?#++(#?#4,$+)#+4$'($#(143##6+$#"$#J .('(5#4--,7+J$+7#+-#4$+#$+4'(+ #"+ $+4 +#$ # -# $+ )++4 3# $# 6$ +$#J #(
15#,+ #'(7 $ "# ?, '( # $#"#*+ ,6+ '( # ?#++ (#
71$+ -$$#7#+ ()+ ++,#+ $# ,+ )(#+ )(1$#+ ,##+'(4,#+$+:,1+,6+)(+#,1#+)##$#+4-
$#+#,1$#$+##TR##++#+-$#+J-$(14$#
1$$#4$#?,J7$?):++#'(#7*##'($# ,(#+++#1$+Y
&#,+#$+$#+#,1$#+6(1#))++?,#J '()-##$,()4##$ +* $#?#($#,1#,-$+
,)$#+J
#4#+:#+)##,#+$,()$#?#($#,1#,)$#+
)##?+"###++#1#+J:#$+*$+,1#4'(++,))+#
,6+?#*#'($+,(7)+J+#,3#4#(+$#+,)$,##+
'(:#3#+#1$(++,#(-)-+$+,)$+4$+ ?++#+)##+()#"4:#'(###+$++`$$
%J##$1#4'(+$+$#+#,1$#4#++(+#"+J7#$
"$),7?4#(7##)##$J,$+ )+#+:#,+)##+ $+$##(*##)`$$%+(+++4### #,#*#?(4#L"$+)+#+4+)#+$+4'(
#7+#$?,4)<#::+4$#,+J)$#+#,1$#
$4$+#"++:#-($+J&#1?#)P1$#:(1#+"(#$+'(
,)+$#?+#$+,)$#+()++(+,)$+SM$::
,+,#+)##$#)+#))($#:##1$*#4'($3$# )+##4),#?#4#(#+"$)-:))4$#1?#
154
)P1$#J+P#+##$4(#-+(#)(#J,'(("J,'(
$-#J++#(:,14+(###$##J+$#)##4+,#$#,, ( -#+ +#"#J # + '( $+ )(#+ + - + ,)#S ) :#
#++'(+#-#-+J&#)+#4#(,+(+1#7#+4+6
$#J 0-+4+#1#+)##"(##$+-+#+$#+#+#+
,)#J&#)+#+$#"(##$##+#)##S+$+7+1 +#+,)$"+#$(#1$X0-+Y
+6+$'(#$+,(7)+)$ +* $#?#($#
,1#,)$#+$,$+,#$+'(-$+##6?-+J
#"#*#+ (-#+ +++6 $ ,S+,3#$#,#+# -#J##,++6'(,(#)#$"$+)7((#
,(:(,1'(#)++#1,6+'(#+4+#,#$"()(
)(1$'(++()##4$'(4+,1#"4"1#J$#$-,6+,#4 +6'($+(##+($+4'(::#"#$#,#+$3+$#+(#+4 -J+<#:$3+(:(<+46,#<####+
'()+#+#(#'($++#$-J1+$+(?#"4,:S$ '(?#$##$1-#41#+#+"#,)#'($'(#1##
+(#,##$,"Y
>;
4
4%(++4D,#CBBHJ
N?JO
155
()+(++JM+#+(-#RJM.(:#+(#:JM#
#,#+JM&+ #,#+JM$ )P1$JM$ :),JM+) JM
+) $ +)6($JM '(5 , $(:#JM$ 3("#4 $ ,54 $
#,#$#)+#JM###+#$#+#$#)P1$#JM
+$+)#+JM-+#,##+)(1$#+JM$##
$ $ #1"# $-$#JM>(#+ $##+JM- +#JM
-#$JM:(4%$##JML#,$#+(#)$7#4$7#+
$+ ##+ ),+JM$ +# ,(+JM$ ( ,##4 $ +
1$#4 $+(-JM,#,)6#$++#+
+JM$
:,1$+$'(JM&##*#)(##J
(-#R4@B#1$CBBHJ
<4
Z&$-#5),#$+$+ 4
#$:),$#)$#*##+
# #,#+4 6-#, +"(+ 3+4 )#$,#+ -+ ) (#
$+#$,(:(,14++)(#$),#(##$'(++7#+#
++#+-,$$#+SM$+$$-#5#$,($$###)##()#$
S #+ $$-## #$#+ ) $+ 1#-+ $ "7 '( ##1# 7$ ##
9++4#$#+(<#+1##$#4#$#'(#-(#+,$+)#<$ ##4#(#$+4#$##SM#$#+3(#+$##+$+$$-#54$#+
#+#+ 1# $ # )(1$# $"4 + "$)+ )(< #1*##+4 $+ $"#+ #$# -$ +# '( :#+" $+
+++$+-#+##+#$#)+#4#'($$+'($+#,1#)##
'($#-#$$)#:#"4$(#$+6#"+)L,4
-)#'($'($+)#*#,6+#))#)##+["+$$4"##
:34,)#6$$$#,#4'(#"(+###3##+$-##)$#4 #$#+,($(+($#+'($#,#4$+:(++$#+$"+,(#+S"+$$4
'($$##,##:#)(+#:-#"(,+-3+4:#1$#4,6+#)$#(++
'( )#$#1#+4 # $# (# '( $$# $# #,# P+#4 $1" +,#$##4'(+$$#)#,#?#,#TRS(#+
#$(,+ $# -+# 9#-#4 (+ ( 1#'(4 #(# ) #$
#'(7+,$"'(4-*$#7?$#,++'($+#+
)P1$+9#-#+(+#4+#$#$"(#,#*##-#4'(1(3$+-"
#,# #:# U#$ U:,# $#+4 $# $"(# "$+# +# $# ?#$ +# $
156
$"J⎯(#,+,#:+()#$-##1#$#$++##++?$+#$+
)+ $# # $SM $# ## #$#4 '( ,3 '( # # U#"
4##1##)+)#++$)VSM$#-"-+$#+)#+
$ P4#+,#1#)$+#$$+(?#*#:(++#4#
, )$" +( () 5"4 $## 3(4 # # "##+ # $# "
#,##'(:#$1#+#+#$+##'(+"++)(3#-$(#$# "$5+SM$++%#(,+<#1##(#))($+#(#($?#
1(#,#:#+ +##+ $#,)#4 $ '( + (# ) $ ,(4 #('($#+,1#3##++#,++$"#4'(+$?#+#$#,J-## $###9??,#4'(+,()#$#$#+117#+4)+(#+
1+)+-++?#,+#S#$(+#4+-+,)(
"()"#1+#4'(,#,(+6+"##+"(#$1+'(#(#?#+ '($++($+#(++:##7#$#-#4#:,+#+'(1#+#$
(#$$#4$L'(+)$$%("((4'(L'(+)#S,(#$#
117#9??,#4$"###)+(1(++)$##:-#:+#4
+<#$+)+#,#+4'(#)#+#('((#$# #(#$*#+(+6+)#+?"(#+4L#-#"#+)(+#++$4+)##1$+7#+ )+ # (1S # (#+ (##+ #$$+ $# #,# (#+4 $
#$#U$+4#(#("#++)4(##()P1$#) #(-,5#$S$#(#++"(#(-#
)#+##+"(#+1(##+#'(##1#?#$#(#(+(+
,#+(+)##$#+(+#,"+4)##(#+-##+$#+(#4++)##(+#4 $+ V+#$+#+ #-+WSM (# +<# #1$$# +)+ "++ '( ++1$#,+#?#$#$+P,+$92+'($&
$"4 #+# #,# $" #-7+,#4 (# $ '( +(+ ,#+
,+,#+4$#++(,(3'($#,)#<#1#-+#:,14:#####$#+
,##<#+'((1$#+(#+$#+(#+##+$+<7##)6
:--$##*#(##S$#+(-#++#++1?,+$#1#+
)$#+7#$#++#(#++(+:5+$+#)#+#+$++M,##$#
(#)($#?#+$14++#1##1#+74+7+#$7#4$1(3 7"#J
+1+++,+:4+1$#+)++,$$#+
:,1+4,(3+<+'(1#3(#$$(-##$#+#$$++##+
,P+#+)'(+(,)$#$#$'($,##::#+$#+$#1#3#
$+#+#+S+1$#$(:#,)<#7+,#$+)+$#,#<##'(#:
#-+#++++"(-##7#-#,5+'(#1##
+(+$+#$+#+-#$+4(+,5+$+1$"*# 1($#+1+#$)-#4)+$##?7-$#+)++'(#$#*# ,#7#$,P$+)P1$+SM+1$#)#(,(+?"(#+#4
157
(#+"+++6)+#+$+-++,+#,('($+
)(1$+(+#4$(#$+,)$$#"$##+#S+1$+3("+)$#4'(
#,)*#4$+)#++$#'(#$4'(+#:#$++4$+"()+
$#+,(3+)$#+#$$+'(#:##1$+)##$#++#+,#<##4M$'(#
+)()#,6++$#+)L,#+$+J##$#(#$7##(+#$
)4,+)+#$$#,#)##+4$'(#+*+$$#,#,)54
M#+,1#7#$'(+-(#)#+#$#$$#$1#$*#+4 +($+(++1$#$#$#+$+#(#$+#-"#
,4M$?$(3$##?##$#+1$#+#+$#+#+#+J(*#$74M
),#$#+-$#+)+#+#,7+,#$+)#$#+++)
'(+(#$+--4'(##$#+,#+$#+#1#3##+3-+4+(*#
$#+ )"(#+ $#+ +1 $+ ##+ # $# +#J ('( #:#4 $#+
#)(+#+#$#+#,##+'(+6#$#-($##$#)+#$9),#+4 +:#1$#,+$+##+)+#$+'($+'(:#)#+4##1##
$#+#?##4$++)#"#+)$#,)+"'(##+:#+
$7#$#:)$#$:),JM'(++#)?7#$+##+,
#'($#,++#""4#$")#+##$"+-+3(+#1#$#+ ?+#+)"##(##,#$#($$+1$$+3-+$?+S+?#"+## #-#+4'(#+(++)##1$+#"(+#+,1#()P1$?,*4'( #,#+$$#+-#7##$#)(#$$++##'(:#+1(+ +)(5+$+"##++J
:4'(#,"4,)#$#+$##,##J$#"'($$#1#
$#+#:#4:#17#)##:#$#)#()#7+M,#+4+# $#+"S'(1++6$+)#7+++$#-+(#$+'($+$1##:#
:#$+YM#+$$+(+:#1#+$%T4'(+T
R$1#$#?#7#"-#4+#1#$$+1(-S,(3+
+-++4(+)#$)#$(7##,++#+'(#)#+-($#+$+
,)++#1####$+):+$+#$#+'(+##1#$#$##
$#),#,$$#J
&+#,#++#"($$+S"$5+4#($(#4S$+
,6+4$#++#-#+S(4,,1$#<)#+#$,()S4(3-J
(L,$#)+#4##($+,)+4::#)+)#4+(
#1#<#)+J+,#+#$$#+4#6(+#+S)$#+#1#<#+,+,#+4$$#$#
)(#1##+4#+4+7,1$+(?S+)$+:,1+'(+(+
(,1#$+,#J$$7+64,$+"#$$+#+(+"#$$+4$+'((##$+ #:,1+4))##$+,3(3+'(:##-"?4#'(7#
(#+(##+:#+4#$+,,1+?#"#+$+#,#+#$$7+64,$+
:,#+$+)+++)#<$+4$+$#,)<4$3::#:+4$+
$#1+$#+1$?(+4$##1*##+#M++$+#3#(,#"4?3'(
158
++:,1++-4)$++1$+(+4,6+'()##:,1+4)##,#$$+YM
$$7+64$++#+++'()#+#4,?##+,#+4+,#$+4
$3("#+$4#,-+4'(:#)#"#(#(#<$+-+
+#+($+#,#+4)##+#+$("4+"P#+4 $#)#"###+'($###$'()#S#$$7+6$,54+,17,(# "(##<#4#"#,$+(<4))##$#$,4,#$)($+:## ##4,#+$+$##$#+#"$#+-#+4#$+'(#-7#+#+),#+:#+ +6#-($#+#$###4+,(+#+"##+#J
#+(##:#)#+#(++(#7#+4$+#+:##)#
$##,+-#::#$+)+*"#$$#*T$$4,+ -# :( $#+ ,3$$#+ ,#4 , ,1$#4 $$# 1#$1(# $ -3
#,)##S(##:#)+(1$$+1+(++(6$+()+$#$*
+#$$##,+#$#$$#+##'(4,$+#1#$$++( -+#4#$###S(##1#3$+-+++(+++$++<#$#$+
:,)$#+#"(+4$#+##++###+4$-+4M+++:(,#+$+
'("#,(#,($('(,#?(#+4#+#,#7+74+(+,
+)+++"#+4,15$-+#$#,##4#7$$#14$#$"#
-$4$#-*:$4#)#+#,1+1#*+#$+$#+$):4,$+(
,,1(J
###$#+$$#+,6+'($+)+$"4,6+5"4#,##+4
+$$-#$+3+$+#)$#(++4)$1#-+1$4'(+#,#1$++,)$#
"7#$#:,+(##(,$#,#1#1#S$+,6+4##,+ ?(#?#+4,++$$-####+#+#+7,+,+#,#++1$($$J -'(+(+(+?7S(#$<##1$#-#'($++#$,+#1$ ()J :# , :# , #)#+ :# 11J # # :#+S
(,,#$+##:()#(#+)3#$+1#<#$#+++#"(#S)#+#
3+#:$#+43##+)$"7$#+1##+4#)(#(##*# #$4+#+##(,("4(#+$$##J$#+,3$$#+$+ ($"#$#+"(3#++(+#+S+)4,L:#$#+(+P$,#+?(*#+J
),#$+)6($,4'(#'($$+#,7++#-($#++
+#(#$+++7#+$##)(+##$,+4$-###)$##?,#4+(
35:+)#++#+#'(7"#?+4+6+$+)+$#(#J
++"($#,$#(*$#*#,6+,(+#'($#+
#7#+4+,#+4$"++(<+4?"+1-+#)#+$###$+
#,#+J
,)$(,#-7-#4$##-$+#4+"#$#+"#+$4(#
$+3-+7+4'(#$$7-##:#)(1#+"4$+#,1+$+4$#+ $#+ $ ()4 $ )#+ )($# ## J $ Q '( +
)-3'(:##+#"(-#4:#1)(1$##
159
+(:3###$+#++$+1$+$#(#4-#1$+:3+,#+
-#'(+4$#+#+$#+,(3+,6+#$#4+#,#<##+#$#$# $(*1($++?$+#+$+3(+#+$:),J&#,($(4)$#+
#$$+4$6-#$+1$+L##+'(+(#:##:#$)"+
$#,)#S(#+'(#+#)(+#)$$#5+4#+'(#(,*$#
$-#4$#3("##$J
$C+1+(),6,$4M$,+,'(-+$(+-$#,#<##
,,#1$'()#+##+(+)($(#$+:5+$$4M$-###:#("#
(#$*44)##+##$#(+#$#"'(+#)<#$#+##+4 -# ( :,1 +1 "#+ ?#+ $#+ ,$$#+ '( $$-# ###+ ##
,1#J$,+,(#+#$*#6,#<##4)###(##$+#+P+(6+
-+1+##($+##+#$#+#J
'(#+6$#+?$#+#)##+4$,1#*#*#S$#+-+
#"+4'(:#,1#+$+##+)##-,14####J#$+
1#+43(#++P+$+#?$#+#$)#'($1#--4
,1# +(+ $"#+ # $# - $ +# '( +( $## ) '(5
##$(:#6+(+$+4+$"#+ )++4 #$#- +$+$+#4$+(#$+$"$+'(+,1#)##'($)+ +<#$)5$$###$#)+#$#)L,#-#$$)#
:#"J#+#$($#4$#-#"(#$#+)?7#+4$+-+'(:(4$ #(#$)+(#S$+'(?#-#+(,)%$#J$$#$+ ,##+4#+'(-#+#)#6$###(#4+)##$$#+$$"4$
##$S)'(<#+,1,##+,6+?#,#4+(")4
$)$+#,"+$4'($+$+-#$+'(+(+
))+)##+4$#+#:####(#$'(:"1#++ +5+$+#(-#R4$#1"#$-$#41+()4-$(,+
##4,#+"(#$,)#4#1#$:+#J
+6 $+ )(1$#+ ,##+ $# $(:# -+1$S + $+
)(1$#++7J+))+$#1##$$#4)'(#:#?(++$++(+ $#)(1$#4,)(+1#+1$+-++4$1##)#+
$#+,)+)$#,)$#$)-:)#+#+)#*#$- '(,#+##(#+(+,,1+'(+J+)+#+$#1##$$#
)(1$##S ) $+ )(++ + '( $#+ )+#+ # ,6+ '( ) $ '( ++
+"?#J$#+4)##'(+#1-4'($##$4'(+
# , )?(4 (6 # +(+ #,"+ ,## '( 1"# $# ##(#"($+,##+),+'($(":#1,#
CBFK'($:#17#+$9#+$:($#$4,))+#$ #,1CBBA$+"($#+#)$#,#(-#$##'(+1
++(+#,#<+)+#$+47#$+$#-7,#J
160
,#'($+(+-++4+6$(:#:(%$#S %$#4#$##1*##)#$+#+4(+#$+#,"+$##?##$#4"#,1+# #,#S:(4$)+"'(4#)+#+(?#,#)$7"#
,)#4 +?(# #:# ) $# :#1$7+,# ,## '(4 #*(*# ) +( 1#
)+#$-"$#4,)#":#,14)$1#%$#4:#+#1
,#3#$+"+$)#,'(:#3##$-($#1$4$+
$####$###,#$#-$(#)P1$#'(+#($#+(++,)#7#+
) $ )( ,###J ( ,+ '( ,#$ )#7# # ,(:+ (#4 ###P$#:#1#'(,(#?$4+(1#$#+#4-##4,6+'(
)$#1#$#(#(4)$++$+1#++$#)(1$#4
'(#*##'($,#$-#($)##+)#'($+,)+#7#$1# '(,$#1#:(4'(+(,+#$7#"##+J
#:#4 # $+ ,+,+ '( $ -7# +#"#4 )# :( ( +"(
#1#$$J7+4+6,6+#+()-:'(#$$)P1$S)+$+((#
+)+,1(4'(++##$+:,1+$'(+#4,
, +"( +,) $$# ?(#+ $# ,+#4 )(++ $ )- +#"#$+$#-#J.(#?##$+:,1+4$+:#,#+74+ #1## ) $+ :,1+4 + $#)# ?(#J ++ '( $+
:,1+4 '( $+ ),# -- +(+ #)+ -+S (#+
#,++4'(+$++#'(#$#?#*4)##'("#-"]*#$$+4'()(4M
+$+(J:(+)+#,()($#4$#+#,#+$1#4+,6+?#$#
$-+4$(#$+1+#$4'($(+1##+):#$$#+)+
'(($+J(#++3?(##4+1$$-#$#1##1$##"#J
%$# + )+# )(3# '(#4 #(+##4 #+, 3(+#4 )
+()($+#4 ,( +# ,#3# )#++ :,1+J +#+ ,#"#+ 4
#('(:#'($#-#3$#"#+'(-4+#$#$( )(#?7#,#$+)$#+,6++++(+#-+#+J5,+$4,#(
#1$+#1J,#)?("#J'(:#1$#,$+J+#+,#"#+
(#J+()#7+4+$(-#$#+,#+4$)7#1('(+)+)($#+( 35)#1#$$4$:#7#+'(+#)+$+6,1+$##J+ $+'(++#4#)##1($$,-J$+(,$#+#1 ##$4+$#+#$1$$))J *#4 -:,1+S$+4 #$"(#++L$+4,(:#+-+,1$+4"(#"#+#4#+$#+
:(,##+J
#4+$?+(+#("##+1#+#,)#<#4##P$,#:#,(+#+
'(#P3#+(,)<+,1#)#-*)##$3$#
+#J+(##+##4#?$4'(##6(#$)#*#'(1
##4::#)###)$#+#4#)$#+#6#'($#,#$+'()##++:## $"J$+-#4,(3?354#)##)?4$(#$
161
)(#+# $3#4 #$+#?(#4# )####$#4#+-($# $# ,(:(,1,#$#+3##4#$+#J$,#$)$#S##+$)
?$($$")+++++(+"#+L)#+$## #,###?,#,+-+(?$(#J
%$#4#:61$)###)###$+"#+(+#$+,#*+(++4 ###$)#+(<#++4)'($+'(-,+#+#"(#4 +#1,+'(+#1#)#$#4(<##$$##J #+6,(
##"(##$#+,1#4)##'($#+)+1$'()+(?#,##"(# #,"#1$)$71#4)$#:+$#%$#4?(+-:(4+4
+-)+()#4,)+#%$#+"($#+##,#7#$+-+
$#-4+(3##+#4+(+)+"+)#+#+$#)1#1$#5L'(
+,)#(##,#1+#4$###(#$"#$4#+'($+
$"#+:##,))####$#)$#,##$"PV#1#$$"W4
,#6$$#,#$#$)$7#$#)+#+(#,5#'(4) #$(?#(#-+#),4-#+?+(+-+$+1#+
-#$+J #$ + ,(+ +# -# :(#<4 1#1# 1$## -#1$
:+#4 # '( #(+# +$ #):+ ?,+4 #+ #+4 , $#+ $ ),$+#,+J
+,(:+)+#$###(#+:#1$#:61$#+4,##5)#
$+4 + #'($$+ '( ), ,## #$"P +#
)+$#
4#7#)+"(#$)#$+-++(+#J
#+)#41#+#+(+)++'($+$($?#-+(+-+4M$(#$+
,)#4)+$++#+$(1#$(#(+(#$),+'(L)("#1$
$#,##J+#?,#'(+($+"##7#$+-+$+4'(
"($$++(P,#(#$+4,(+#+)+###$++#+)#""+
,1$#+$+$"1$#)P1$#J
#'(7++#$#$#+)(#+$#)$(,#($+?,+#(#$+$#-#
##$ #,## + +6 :#4 , + :# $# $# #4 $# #)#
##$J$#$(-:##7#+)#+4:#:#+1$,+*U4$#
#?5$(-#J$#$")(##4$"1)(1$#,+,),-4
)1$(-L(1#4)$$"#+()#+4 )$##+"$#+J
7# +( #+ $ +4 $ '( -7# + #1*# ##$ $ +# #++#:(++4#'($#,##*#-3#4+1$-+4*#($##4 $#+1#+,#<+#+(4)-##,#+$"(#34#,")$+
#,1+)+)$#+$+)$#++(,+#4+#*##"(#,#7*4# (#)$6##,#+),)+#)$$#$++#$+)+#$+4#(1(+
,(,#$1#$#+$,#$#J
:#+(#+$+(-#R4#(##)##$ 162
#,#-34'()+(+#1(7##-++,)S)'()+$#+) )(+4 #-#$#:#+ $+ (-+ #,#+4 )( #1(# $#
,"# '( + :# , +"$ + +6 -## #6 # 1###+J ()#
)$#(1##+-("41$#+?,#4,)(3#J-(<+
+74,3#,6++-J$)$)+##4#$+)#'( ,#$#?(##J#,1#"(*#$",4114)#
)+J&#)++$+#?#4$-##'($##J&+'(++($#)$#,)+
($#+#-#(-#$##S#++#,#+$++#"(7+4 ++ $)+J )# '( L)$# ,#+ + '( $#+ # # (+#+J
#::+)###1#$+1P?#$+'(#P)(1$#$+1+'(+J&+'(+'(#
##+ ) $#+ (#+4 - ?(#+4 ,# ) +(1(1+4 +6+))($++#$$+4"#++R++"*#+4)#+
-#+#+4+*(4?$#+4-++4#,#$$+?,*+J
&+:,1+$++-,#4,#+4,+(+$+#(#$+4
(#+,+#+4,),$+161#+4#+#$#++$-#+J&+T
R?(,#+$1#4+)()#+4+7))+4$##$#-#4
+4$"7+,##"#+P)($+4##)##?(#4'(#$#:#,$# $+-4$"#,(#1#$$()+14('(:#?3(#:$"#4
-- ?+ + L"( #$"+4 , + $# "#+# -# (-+#$ + #+$?("+(:,#4$:(,+(#J++4+,1#"4 #:#,+,$(:#:,+#,)"(+#?#*#+4$(#$##+4,3##
$+,1($#,"#+"#4$##"(#:,+##*#)(##4#'(
+$:#?#$#+"+#)##"##)(+$#+,6++,)6#+"$+#+$# #J
>;
4
4%(++4K3(CBBHJ
N?JO
163
," 3(JMT R -#JM&+ 1#+ )1JM$ )6
?#JM&+ 1#+ +(+) N)#"+O4 $# ,(:(,1 -# $#+ #$$+JM
#+#+#+'(1#JM&+++$"#$#JM#U#+(#+#JM
$ 3(" %$+#JM&# -# ,# $# '(#JM(+#+ 1#+ +#+JM
$,+$#6#,#JM&+"+#U#JM&+#+
$ "1JM$+#$+ +#?#+JM&# - )(1$##JM##+ )## $#
)+#$#-)+#J
(-#R43(FCBBHJ
<4
,"++1+###S(+?#,"-#J&+)(1$+
#,)$#+)$##+-#+:,6+?$+'($#+"$+#+1+#$++
)#+#3+##$#+'(-##-$#+"##+$+,#++$#+1###+$ ($S$+-#)+)#+#)$+7+4$(1##+#+$#+#+4#
,($(+#+##+"*+#+J#1$++$#,)$#,$#+#$,#+J
+)#3#+$++$+1+4$#++#$#+$#++#+$
?#$$-#4)$#+##+#:#+$#+#$$+J$$+$(1##1$##
)'(54:#$1$#$$#+4-+#+$#+$"#+,#$#+4)#+#4,(
1('("#$#+(+)#1$$+4+(+#3+)+#++##+#*($+J*#
4#P+-7#4$#+#7#+$+,)$++)1$#+41#1(+#1#$$+ ,)(+#+#,#++( E, +($1#+)$#(#+6#:#
-4+6$#,J$#$#(,+>P)4'(1+#$#1## +-##J#$#,3($##J$-+(?5S$#+#$,#+4
$#+),#+$(+$-#4+-+#,+4,$+)#'(+#,+
$$#+J $+ 1#+ ,7++ '( :# +(+ "+ +?##+ # $#+ "#+ #-#+4
)#)$#+$$#++(+,#+4,++)+61$+4$+<($+
?,+4++)1+<($++##+L#"]+'(+#+"#+(#++
? + ++"4 4 , ?$+ $4 ,(3+ 1(#$+ $+ #1#3#+
++#(+M++<+4#)#++##$+$#$##4+,)*##
+#4"+-#4,$+)##+$+,++#+J1(+##$#+ ?#+$+1+'(+1(+#$#+4-$#+4+14$#+#<#+(1#++#+ (#+)($#+J
&+<+'((-#R"(+#,6+)$#+)+$#+'($1+4)'(
$#++($#+$#+,#+#+'(-$#+<#*#+(##?-#4$+
+<# , '( $ +( $+ () #,4M $#+ #+#+4 $+ )#+
164
#+(,1# ?#, ,)(3#$+4 , )## '( + 3 +(+ #-+(#+ +4#$#+#$$+SM$+<+4X-6$"#++Y+$#++'(#+4$'( +$,#$4##'(7#+#,+$$$#+)*)#+*#<+'(
,###,(3-#+$#+S+##$##$$##4#+#+$#)$7#4 ()##3("##$#)$#S+#$$#+"#7#+4'()+#,#$#1#+ #)##+$"##4+#$+$#1++1*+)$$+J
++-#)$+1#+)1+4+(+(#$-,$#+1#1#+$"#,4'(+($
,(+"(+1+(+)+4(+:($++#$*+,)#)((#1$$#
-*#4:#1($##(*#<+4'()#+#1#,1#$#4,#$
+(3$1#*)(#$$1#$1(JMX6$"#++4,+YZ+#7#
,3$+?$+$#+"$+#+$-##+#+#$,#+4#$*##+++(+4 #)## +#+ 1$$#+ $+ $#1+4 '( ,#+ +1 $# 1+# $
)#$)++4"36+$+)#*+'(+#$+)#++$+,)$+
-#$+$+[Z.($-##,)$+[.(:#"##+#+)##$+)1+JZ#$-# #$,#+'([(+163+#+?4$,+#+'(-$4+$#+
#+$3,)$4)(+'($##(#$*#:(,##4+#$,1(#4#)#+-3(
#+7,$1$4+$-##:#+#5$J
-7+-+#+#$,#+##)++1#+1#3+S"6$+$+)+
#,+4'($+3)$6#++,##+-(+#+,#$+4+'(
$$-$#-(-+1$-($#$#++#+'(#$)(1$+#4,##'(
-# '( +6 #$$74 ++): '( + $# '( ,)4 )'( + $#
#)#6J(#$#+$$#"#+$):4+(#+++(1(1+$#+(#+J $+#++:#1$#,(:)"+++"+4$+#$+$+#+S )+-'(++6:##+#+)#+$)###$$-#(# "+J++1+)$"+M)#7++4,+4$",##J+74
$#+ )P1$#+ -# # $+ #+J .( #(# # $-## $ +)7( $# ,#+# "#,4(#-$(##,#+($1#J
MV+)#'($1+)4+($)#$#"%#T#4$$
#$#+-##+-+$+4:#,(1(1+)W4M3(#+7+#,#<##4
)*#$+++,6,$'($#$,)$)+##"(### '($++(1##,)$#$##$7+,#'($#"$+##,##'(#$+#
$###$#$#J
'(3
MV$,31+):#+)WJM#'((#1$#+(+
,#+#+4+7#)##$+:##$+J
+#1#4)4##$"#,:(-#R4$#,#<##'(
(#+1#4:#6(+(#+7#+4-##4,#)+?$#4(#+ ,)(3# $ ),4 #+ "#+ ?,#+ ,#$+4 '( # ,#+ #+#+ 3("4+)L,)#-#+S#$+(+))#"+4-(
165
+(+++##$++4#$"(+%#+##$+4'(6++'($+)+##
$+#)##,-6$++(+:'(+($+4+$##'(1#J&+)(1$++
#*##,#4,#S+($#,###3(+#,#-+
#J+)+4)+#$$#+#$:$#+#+'(
(#$$'()4(#$+$?"S#+)+#
##'(+#?#()(1$#'($:#$$-##$#-#4)+# +#$(#1$+(+##$#+#++(+"#+:,1+)P1$+4'(+#$
'(++$+:$+)#'(+$$#+$#+:#+S#+)+#1#
1$*#:(,##+4M+1#7#$"#$#$#-"]*#'(#:###J
+(+)###'($#(<##$$#4+$:#$#+)##$#+,#+J +(,1?$(#)##'($$+"#+$##+#,#+
'(+##1#5$+(+:3+#)#"#7+,1?4:#'(1#$##+#$ "#$#4+<#'(4+'(5$)(#+$#,3# ++):#$4 -7# #<+ #6+ ,#5+ ) , # 71$+ "#<+4
,#+#+,1+#+4$+#$+?#(+J
#U#+$$#,#1#$##+#,JU#$#$$-#1#+(#1*#4#
$$+"+4#,"1(--4"#$#4,#+)$+4 )#+#+)+#1$+1)1$#+J#++(+:3+##+#+$# #+#JU#)#+#1#))+##+(#'(-7#$)-:#)+#4+#+7#5$4 (#)(#"#$#,#$#:3#(#$,)$#$%###$$#
##4$#?#*#4#$#14$%#4'($$"#+,))+(4)(+$
)+4'(#(,#"#R4:*+(,)$J
+$"7,$6?-#$+4:#:#1($("#$'(+-# +1#)#)$+'($)+#-#4,)$'('(#$#+(+
?+J::#$#+#+#)+'(+6$#+(+7"+ -#$ )+ )1#1$S ,) # )#)$+ ($+ ( -#$ ?S ?*#4 +##,(*#+#++%$+#4'(++7,6+'(-$(##++()++4 ($#+ ($)#1$+ +###+ ,#+4 #$*#+ 1#3#+ '( ) $+
#,1+#$+$-#$)+#4M+(#+#?#"#'($#+"+:##+
)"#+($"#"#*#$#4+($,)#?(#,#$#,-,
5J
9# :# ) #,+ $# L+# ,#4 '( $# +# $ 6,4 $#
$##$$#-#$"7,#-#+,)+1$+J$+P1#++$+ :,1+#$#"(#$#)$7#:#"#(+'($1#+,+'(
#+$#+)#+$,(+#S#+7,$#+P1#($(#4$#+##
$$#4$+:#)(++"(#$#$+,+#$+ +#+?#S'( ###)*,$+#)+J$#+#+#$#-#++,*4
+,6+$,$#+,##+(##,#4$##,+#(:,14'($
#(,# $#+ ##+S + -- $ #, #$(+ $# )##4 $# $ 166
,)$#+(++:#+4$)#"$#+$($+#?+4$+#1+
"###+$+)7(4$+)6($+#?#(##(#$*#)-#
#,"#4+-#+$#+?(*#+#(+$13'($#+#1+1:)?#S
+'(++#1#$##S,'(+1)$#$#+#,#+$#$,#4
+)#$#-$(#$#?##4#+(#'(*#+$#(#$+#P)+1$$#
-(#J
+#+#+$#(,($#,,+,:,1+-+$#
#1# +)#++4 +$ (# ) +#+# $+ '( # $ )#7+ +
+)+5$)+(+)#+#1($+4)+#)#,++#$
+)7($:,1$$)(1$'(-#$#-#S$+,+,+:3+$
)#7+++#+4,6+'(#(#)####$'()()##$$+ (#+,##$+4#,###+$#+(+)#+L#3+'(-+,)-##
$:"#4,#(#,(####S#$:#,##)###$"(#S +)(1$<+(#+$#"##?(+#)$#'(*#'(++(<
+ 7# ?+# ?3# $# #S :,1+ +-#$+ (# L+# #4
#1#,$#(#'(#,$#6(+#4)#+#$,1#)#+"(#+$
1+#4'()##$("$+#+(+)$4$-+(#1$
##$4M+)(1$-($4+((+,4$#-#+ ,6+ '( $#
'(+#$#?(#+#+$#?,#+("#*#J&#$$-#+1$:7"#+
$:##)#+$#+#<#+$+6#+#4#?#?,#J&+
'(,#+)(1$"#+4(#$$#J#*#1$)+)#4
$#-#4)##$,P$#+"+4+#,#"#S)+(6+$+"+$ +)7(J
#$+7#$#"###$+:,1+)-+++)(1$S#$?(4,+$ :(1+ -- (# +$$# $ ):4 $# ## ,+ +)(#$*#$J $#
#(#$*# +)(#$4 , $# ?7+#4 , $# :+#4 $ "# #,#*# $ +#$+-$+)#+-1++S(:37$##+$(4#?$3#-#)#S
+-$#+#?"$#4,(,#$4,#++#,#S+)(1$#1##4'(
?#$-*$+)6($,6+#,#1$'(:##)+#3#,6+$+:,1+ +1$##4M+)(1$1+#++6-J
#(#$,4 ## ?#"#4 $ +:61 $ 1( , $# #,+#
$"4$+,$+)$#+$#++()+'(-$#
)++3+$+#?+4M$+:,1++-##"3+#+$+J, '($#+(<#+$++)$#)#+$),4)$# $($4$"##$$+#$4+$+-#)$++4)($#-+ ,$#(<4$#-#J+#1#(-##$#:,+(#$#+P#+#,#+'($#
4$#,)#$#,##$'($$'(+#,#+#(#:#$ 6$#,J&#,(34'(#1,#+,)#'($#)#"#4++7#($#
41(+#?("J9##+#-+4,#$"+:#,)$#4+
167
,)$#4#1+#,#,#+)#+4+(+3#+-++S )#+++)?(#-($'()#(?J#(+(-4
+,(#$$#"#$#+)+#,#1#J
$:"#+((#:$4(#+)#++(#$#'($$#+(+#+#+#+4#
$#+'(+#,#-+#4,#++--+4'(++#)##$#$,#+
+"##,4#$,$61$$##'(+(+#7+(#:$+$
:"#4$)--##,4#'($-#+($(34$#,(34,
(#(,1#4:(JM&#+?#,$#++,#4)#$:,14(#,)?# +#,)#<7#4(#L"##?7+#S$$#$#,(34$
" # # +) ,6+ #,)$ )($J , $#+ "###+ +($ + L###+4#,$#+)5#+4$#-#$$"##+?,*#-$#,$# $+ 3("#+J 7# + ( ) '( - "#$ $+ 1#*+ $ #, "##+()#,#$$:"4$$#)$##S+4$+7#+ )5#4 $ ) - $ #,J , $ %$+# )?# # +#
"#?5##,##4+($#'()#$+##+"#$+$#
-##++#+#"#(#:,+-S+,6+'(#(#$#+$7#+)##
)$#+$-4#+1$#-##U#J
Z#(#3+[%(":#,+:#17#)4 ,* $"4 %+4
%%)##$+<+4+4,#1,#1$M)'(+
7#4$+,3+TR4$#:#U#JZ$+[##1#+1$$#+4
+#1#$$#+-+#+$#+)#+4+$+##)5+4)$+4$"#+(4
$+ +J Z#$$+4 1+ )(3#+4 $+ ,#++4 7$+ 3#)++4
,)#+-$(#:#1#4#"(#?(+4+#($$#+1#$#$+
+5L4#1#+>#-#4)+#1++(+#+++(+
#,+#7#&(+#$)#+#3[4+'()(1$#:#+#$+1+ $:$#++#$#+#,##+4+#1#$$#+4,(#$#$'(#+4$#+)#+
U#J7#+#+'(1#4,)(#?61#$#.(#-#4?#,+# )'(:#)($##1#,(1$+,$+$#5)#$#-$(4,+ (##,$)++++#+#S$+,+#+??#4+)#)##+(
,(3(#*(+-,$J
Z'(5$:#17#L#<#4++?#,#$++#+
+'(:#"
'( )(*# ,6+ )"]+ "###+ '( $+ #+ $ "1S U#
#+"(#1##+(+)+#+4$"#$#$3#1#1#3+(?,###
)(1$##4+)#(#)"(#?#$#++#4'()$)+"
#4'(:#++,)+#,,47#$#?,##+"(#+#+
L$+$"1[$#?,#,)#1#(7#,$$#+#+S)+#1##
( ?#$ + ,$$+ )++S )#"#1# ,++4 +1 (## ,$ #)#$4++,$)-:+S$%###$$###4()+#
#,15+U#4)#"61#+#$7##-+)+(,+++ 168
,$)++J(,(61#+$L+$5+)#"##$+)+#+4)'(##$
$#,##-$$#4'($'()7#:)++$##+#4$+17#,#<##1$#+S ,#+#$L#<#1#S)(+)#++()7#+"(+$+#+'(#1#)##
#MX:#+#'(+:#-#+#1'(3#,6+:#17#$#?,###$"(4
::##+4#+$+),+'(#(+#+(#$#)5#4"#$"'( ?(+$1##,?#(($Y
Z(+,)#"#1##'($$+++,+[$++,$$++(1
'(+<#$#'(1#$#)#$$+)+#+(-+)#"#1#$+),+
++$,+,#)#$4#)$4$+$+)++#+4+(,+# #+(-*$,+,,)##)#"#$+),+)++#P,6+#"(+J #1# # "#+ $+ (-+ 1(+ +(+ #(#$+S + '( + :#7# ?,# #$
"#$+((,'(+$+"##*#1#)##()$#*(#"### +##$+#J&#++):##$$#1##$#,#"($1?J+(:#:#1'(4
++$#+4:#+##++4)5+#,+1$#+4(#+(#-++(
#)#$JM+-#'()+#1#(#-*+,$$+)++#(?#$S
)$,#1#)+#+),6+41:#17#+:#$#,#
U#$)++#+?:$#,:4###1##"+L(+#+)$#
#$$$-##)5+#,+1$#+#+)+?##+4)##,(:
,#'($'(+##1#1#)+#4$(#$,+$"#1#)$,,(+
,$+ )++'(1## (1 $+ ,),++,6+ ("+4 #$+ "#++ $+
#+#+4##($+(#$+4#<#4,#1#4)##,#$--4(+(##
,$ )++J 1# #$ )+ $ %# '( #)#1#4 + )+ U# #$"(4
:'(+U#)$+#$++(,#+4(+"$)++#,)##1#,# $#+#)##+(1$+#(+'(+,$)++)#<J1##$++'( #7#(-4($+(#$+4'(--##+#,6,$4)#"$#?,#)
+++-++$(,+4++,$)++J
$-7#+()5+#,$?#$4#(+7+,)4:#17#'(1(+#
)$#*#+1$'($?#$-$-7#4)##1#$#++"(#+$#,
:'(U#:#17#1#,(+#,$5+#"##$?#$ # ,(: , '( $# ?# $ )+# # 5$ $ ,# +1 +(+
+"(#+4:#17#'(#(4$#+,#+$$#+4#(#"'(1(+#+ )+#+(-+'(#$,$#"$+#+J(7#4:(1'(
)#"#@CEAAA4+:#$$)+#J7#U#(%#4'(#$N$#O
##4(++,$)++4"#5$)$+@CEAAA4#?#-$%#$# ##4'(#)$+:'(+S#'(?(##+#$#,#<##+"(
(#4#$:#+$,)(:'(+$##(7#%#+##$+S$+
:'(++-#$?()(++#$#"$%#4'(-#$)('(+$
)7##+(#(@CEAAA(#(#(:#1+(17##+,$J&$#,#$#+ )(#+ $ $# ##S +4 '( 1(+#1# -# # U#4 (- '( +(+ 169
)+##+:+(+)+(+)#"+J
&#+)#+#)+#S),6+'($#(##'($$#(-#$#+'($ +"(J
<++:#7#'(##1#4$)+##$##1*#4$#?,##$+
,#3+4'(+3(+#'(#$$5$"#1#4#('(4,+#1## ( +( #+#4 # (# +)# +)7# ##+ ++#+ #?,#-#+4#$+'($)"(#1#+#'($#?,###1##+$ "1S++#?#+$)(4)#(#$++)+4#(+#4+"$($)#1$+74 )*#L)#11$+4)'(<*"#,#+4)'('(
++#,#+()(1$4#+#))#+($"#$4$##-#$#
@EAAAA)++'($(+(+#,"+4$##+#)P##"#$#(# +1#+)+#M)1)+#:#+++()##,#,6++J1
'(:3+4##+)$$+#+(,1S'($1()#4)+(+:3+:#+#
$#:#)+"J+#<+:#4$)"(#+$,,+#-#
'($#?,#+##1#)-:+(+##+4++#+L+7#S5$4)'($#+
##+ :(1 1 + 1#+ +#17# ) # '( $#+ :#17#4 +)+4,17##$#,6+,P:#*4+#$##$*#+(,14
+1 #,14 V'( #(*#1# 1(# -$(# '( $# ?,# (+#+ +(
?$(#+(,1$,'($)#+)-:+WJ(#+#$+
+#+4)#'(+-##(:,1(##$(#J+$-,(4#('(+$ -###J
$7#+"(4#U#-7#4"#+5)#1#3X:#17#+)(+
#+$#++"(#+'($+3##)+YX$)+$%#$###
:#17#,##<,(,$$)++)-:+YX#<++:#17#
$$-# U# (# (# ?#$+# #+Y X&+ :,1+ ,6+ $(++ $#(# :#17#)(+#'($$#+#Y,$#+#++#)##+4:#17#
"#P,,)+#+?#$#+4(#+#,#)+#+-$#1#
+4#$##"#$+"#+#$$%#+(+)+$##+#
U#4+"(4$#1#3#$#+#+$#+,)+#+,),#+4"#+5)
$#%$+#+(,'(4#+'($##*4#(#+,)$)$"J#-7#) $#+#$$+$##'(($$#(#4#+#"#4'(#($+
+(%#L$?#,#4:#17#:#$$#,##+)(#
,$$+)++$+?+$%#4)$+$#%$+#J#-7###1#1# #(#++#$++'(#($$#1#("7#4,?#+)+#+4#) %#T#+)#1##?(+#-#$%#)$#4(?$6)
,$$#?#,+#$##1*#4:#17#3("##,15#$#%$+#$'( ?#1##+(:#*$+)+#+J
$)(4:(1%#+"(S4$#+#$$+"+4(#'(7++(
:,1J 9#+# $+ )++ #$+ #$$+ $3##+ +(17# $ (, $#
170
,(:(,1J + $+ :,1+ $#+#(# U#+:",#1# ( )$$($ #
#'($$#,,#+#J,)$#+#$$+U#$$%#4)%#T#+6$+
%#+4#$$7$#"+#)#1#4)6$+,3("#+)4$#+"(3#+
#1$$+(+#7#++1$#+++4$-++(#4$#+,#+"#(<+#+
$#$1#$%#J,+-#3#+)#7+4#$$7+)(-J(+#4+ -##+1TR$+)(1$+-+4'(#'(7+(+#:+47#
##+#1(+#$+J(3+:#17#,6+'(:,1+S#"(#,(3+-$$#4
#:,1++7J$$*#1#(+-(#?61#,+(+#1#1#$#"#4,+$
:(1# ### $ ): $#+ #<#+J 4 *4 - #+#+4 # # (
,)#+$#+'(+(7#$+%#+#+4#+$#+'(--7#4#,
$#1#$+%#+4'(#)#1#$+:'(++(+)+#+)##+ ,#+ '( +(+ )++4 #'($$# :# #+#$ #6+? + "# #
#)#$+J#7#'(+-7##1#3S)+-)'(##'($$#
(# #6+? ##$4 + $ +P1 (,1 $+ '( + #(#$ 4 ) L)+,#$)+4-7#3("#4,+1$#++)(,#+4#$+#*#+
%$+#J
$ )# $ $# (# ,$$+4 $+ )(+ $ $# +6 )+ $+
+$%#)$#+(#)#$)##+()$$)%$+#) $?$6)+:+4$%#-$-#+(+)#"+4##'($#$+)+#+
#,)++J&#+'(*#+U#:##7,#+$+#$"(#$+$#)$$6
#-##$#6$4U#+6#:#SU#+:"+#)(1#4,)## $1##$##$#,"(#++):#++(:54$#))+'("## #$)"]+($#$>?J&#"+:##+,#4,#(#
1#?5#4#$#%$+#J
Z) '(54 # #$ )( # +# +)#4 (# $#+ #$$+ $+
-#+)+4+$-##+$+#1#3#++(+1#+1(?+4 $+ "+ + +(+) ( ,,4 $#+ #$$+ + #,# $$#[ + '( +
#(#'($#-$"#+$#)(1$#4:#)$#,##
,$+)#++$#(#L#-74'(#:(4'(
?( #)# )#+,+#,4 # ,(+4 +# #+ )#7?#+
+(,1+4+%$#$#,4%$##,1+41$$#(1($4%$#4(
%#+?$+-($,1$4$'($#)(1$#$")##### $#)L,#)+#4)##-)+4#$"#$&"#4#'(#,#$35J &(+7#4)##+)#7+)##$#3(+#4$()###$"(#+#+(+#,5# '( $#+ $$#+ ?$3#+4 $( )## $# ,+,# $1# :(,## '( -+ # $#
)+#$++#+
+4+:,15)4#"(+,1##*#4'(
$#+"#*#++()##+$$#+"#+)()#+J9#$#"#+S 1(+#$#,##1$#$+:,1+4+$+3#$+)##'($+"#
171
1(#-$(#J+#+7,6+'(+()(1$S-#$#4)L+:)#+ ?+#+4$$-#$#$##'(#$##-(#J+)+#,-$)#$#S$$#,## +)+(,1)$#S#)#$,##+$:,1#$#",4'('(#
#S?$#"$##$+:+$'(:#$#"##$+,"#+#(#$*#+S#,
#$$1#,14$'(+()##$+#1#3#+"#+#$+
,#(?#(+J)$7#4$'(+-4+6+-JMX'(5#"7#+4#7#+
:(,$$#,++6::##-+$#-#YX'(5,#$'()+6#$+:,1+
'(+6'(+7Y'((#+#$-($"#,1#)$#(+)(+41
+,(#1?##4$#+<#$$++,+1$$-#++,)$# ,3$$#J
$)+#$"$+,##+J#$-$#4$"1#:#
TRJ#%3#,%($4V$#,"$'(#1#3$#)$#WJM9,+
7-(#+"#+##,)#<#)$"+##J
>;
4
4%(++4CK3($CBBHJ
N)#O
&# )+ ,#JM
# $(,# @A AAA #1#3#+JM1$,#+ "#-+ )#+#3+ (-+JM&+ )$#+JM&+ $#++ +( ?$(3JM$ ,$$# >#
($JM$ ,)$JM+?$ ,)JM&#+ ,6'(#+ #$"+JM&# )+# #R$JM$ : $$JM)"#?+ +#++JM"#+ #+JM&+
:,++"+JM&+#$,#++$++JM$"7#+##(#+JM&#-$(
$+"$ aaJM?##$#$1#JM&+#1#3#+$##$$$+)#$#+JM
++1$#+JMV##1#3WJ
(-#R4+),1ECBBHJ
<4
9# $+ #+#+ $+ +#+ + '( $ ), $(+ ##
+),1+#(,+7#?+-)##+$+#1#3#+$##X,#$$+
#1#3YX#$,#+#1#YX$+<+4##1#$$+1+(+)#+Y&+'(?#$,(4 '(+<#+(#-*#$#<#5$#+74#$+)6($+$,4+6#
1#3(+#$+#1(+#+4#6,$+5+)#+,#$$64#$'( '(#+#++1+++:,1+J
X.(5354'(535$'($@+),1+#<)#++(+?,#1$+ 172
+(##+)$#+#$$+,6+(#+(-#RYX.(5:,+(#4'(5#+4'(5
"#*#Y,$#4:,1+,(3+JM#<4)($#,#+1
$:,1(#$#:+,+)#$#4(#:,1+4("(##
$#)(#)#1##1#)$#+$##3+#4#$:#7##1#$$"#<4
- # +#+ "+ :(,$+4 # ++ )1+ #$"+4 # ++ -3+ :#+4 # +#+
,(3+ ?,*#+4 # ++ #+ +7 ))+4 + , 1 ( 7($ ,6+ +$,)1$*#V9,1:#"W43$#$)(+$+$#1+
$#)#$#1#4$#1$$$+3+($$$(*++4+('(4
,#'(5+44-*41#4++,6+'(:,1Z,$'(:#
(#?(#:#+,6+1$'($'($#?,#[Z,$'(--#+)#$#+
$+ +(+4#$ #,)##+#+ ?#-#+4 :# ,,6++)'($ '( ?3# ) #1+ )#+ $# # ?7$4 $# )+#(,1 $ +5 :(,# ,#4 #1## # +(+ +?(*+ ))+[ (+#+ , )# + ++
+)#+$+)1+++$+$-##$+,P+($+$):4+,#1#34
+"('(+-$"(+#JM(#$)1L#"#+(+:+416+$+(+
)++ 1(#:#4 '(#(:'($#+,$S )
)(# , # #(#+ '( ,#:# #-"]*#4 # #'($$+ (#+ -(+
)#+#,#1$+)(+$7#+7##)#+,#$+'($#+)(#4M
+(#-$*#"#(#+")P1$J
+#<4:(1#P#'($7#"#$#+("3'($+#1#3#+
'('(+###$(+),+),1J&##+(-#44#('( )4$+(<+?61#+:##+#-7##$#,##$+1+4
+++)(4)#$#?+#4)-#+$+#$#$7#'(:#17#)
,'(+"#*(#)+++##'($#+)#+,6+(+#+#+
#+#(,#+#4#+-#4,#$#?+##,)+'(?4
#+)+#+J
$#+#$$+)$#*#+):#17#)#+#$#)+4#+)$#
,#<##4$#+)#+$+61$+4$+1+1$(?,"#$#
$+)$7#+4$+-++#$"+$#+?#,$#+'(1##-,#:##+(+)#+4
$+)#1$$+'("#$##1#,(:+$++#1$,+$###4#+
#'($$#+#$,#+##,(#"3##+4#+$J
$ :(1# :#14 #('( $ $ $+ :(1# $# '(# '( $
:,1 + #?,#4 $ +$ 1$$#JM#+ +$ #-+#1# ) $# ?++#
,(:(,1'($$#1#$#+#$$+$#,#<##$#)+$+#1#3#+J
$++)+(1+$+<+$+)1+4+#$7#$+#++$4(::#
-$#J +)$#7#4 , ),+4 +1 $+ ,#$$+ $+ #+#+J
(17#4,(+4)$+)++$#$(*$5#J#1#+1$#+-##+4,
-##$#+"+,#+#'(+$-##+$#+#1+4)##-)#+##$+
:5+:(,$+4'((#$$+:P+#$#+)$##+$$?#1$#4+#(+#$#
173
# )##'($# :(,##)#+ , ##+ +$+ #1#3#+4 '(-#3#$
,(J+'(1#1#$+#++$+1$+#$#,1+$$5"#?4+7##
-)#+#$#)+4,)$$($+4#1#$"#$$+JM##+(#$#+'(
:##7#1(,#$4)+7#1###+<#1$$#'(:+:#)5$$S) #"*-'($##(#$*#(+(+"#$#+#$#+$+)7(4+)?+#(#
$ +6 5$S $ (#$ #"# $ #$,#4 '( + )$# $ 1$$ 3(4 , + $#
#(#$*#:(1#1(#5$#$,J
#-4#-$#)+JM&#"+6#)##$#+##+J&,)7+,
+6 %#T#4 , $#+ #$$+ ,# (# 1# # # $+ (?#+J &+
)$#+4'(+$+)$#++,#$+)$7+4+$+)$7+(#$#
'(#1#3#$+1#++$#"1#)P1$#)$"7#?4($1#
)$#(1#4,+)+#:-+34#,#+4"#+
,7,+4$#):#$##,+#,)$##1(<#1$$#$##,+#++
(?#+$#+#+#++,)'($+'()+(#(#$#4+$+'(
) ,6+ ,)< #)##$# (# ,(: +( $,)*# L ++
)$#+J-#"+4,#*+4++4$(+4,'(--:$"#*#
)-:+#+)#"#7+,#,#$+#"+##<S+$'(++*#
+(+9#+$#$$+(?#"(-+#$J&#$"$#$1#4,#+$#+ $"+4+(+#("(+S$#$6,)##$+)7(4,#+$#+$6,)##+4+(+
-#,)+J$,(#,#$+64##+#)+#:(,##
##:,1$$-#+7$,(#,#$4'(#-+$$"(<4$#
)#$,##($$#4$:#SM#$#-(+6:#'($$$
(?$#)#$,#J++)$#+4-7#++'(#+4++?#$+#+$#
) )P1$#4 ++ + -+4 + , $+ + $#+ +(+
)$7#++$$3-($"#)(?($+$$4'(?($,##,4
$# )#$,# '( $ +( )) $ #34 +()$#4 ,(JMZ $#
)+[X#-4#-Y
(+##1#3),$#+#+(#$+$+)$4$+#1#3#+,#:#4 $,(+::#J#'(+-$#(#1##(-#4+$#+"(J(#
+-+("$)#1$$'("(7##$#:(,##4$:,14,(,#'(
$+1#43###+(+)+$#-###,P4'($:#+,)(+#,(
(?,+)'($,#+##($#4M$(4+(+#+1##$$#4
$#1$$#,(#+J
&+)$#+4"1#3+4'(#$#*##-$'(+($#+#$(#+4 P# +( #, ) $# ,(:(,14 #"(*# $#+ )#++ $# "
($#43##+(+7+4,6+)+4+()++'(#'($$+):+
$#+,#+ +$$+4 + - $(" +)+ $$#,#+4 '( #+##+ ,$$):'($#+#)+#4$+$#$"(#$+1#*+4+ +#$$$+)+$+)+4+3(#+$+'(+(?$$#,#4 174
'(,#-#+#4(#:#,#$4'($,)#)'(##$,(J
&+)$#+,#$"#-##+$#+"#+1##$$#+$+)7(J,#$+
)P1$++++#$(,#+?J,#:#:#(###+#$# )+# $+ +#+ +4 $+ (# #) $ - $+ 1+4 $+
)$#++6,(()#+(+4'()?#%$#)'($+$$-##,#$
+( , #1#3# )$7# +## )-: $$#S #(+# # $-$#4 $
##$+,##+4'(#$#+$#,4,#++7)+,#*+4::+#
:$$##1(++S+'(+'(1#%$#+-#$+'(,#+
#?+ $1#,1+#+ $-$#4 4 ,+ # %($4 '( (+#
#:#+#+#,#+4$++$#"#1#3#$#+4$+$+
$#++#(#$*#+#"$##M$#-#+'($++$+$#++4
,'(++)+#(,#1$+-+$#:#$#+$+4-+'( $+##+",+#,3#4?$(,##$#+,+#$#)$7#
#,##4#+(+"#-7+,+$#"X+$#,+,#(#)#+#4)$#
(#$4,(#+#"+#4+-#L4$,##$+)7($+ $#++ )$#+ '( 1##$$# ) $#+ $1#+ +( #4 + # #$,#
:##)# ##4 '( # +"4 #1(3## +(+ ##3+4 $# ,(:(,1
)6()#$##Y
#,-,+##$,#+##4##(#JZ.(+1 ,)$+['($$++)'($4$#$##4-5"#+#1#31(
:#)Z,)$+[#:#++#,6+'((#4,)$+#,:(,## '(+#$'($:,1:#"++(3$'(5$4
(-$J+6)$"(#-($#,J+#+(#+"#+4 ::#++(+)(1$+#+$5+4$$4(#+L:#$#
"-"#*#4+)?#"7+,S+#+(#+))($+#+4::#+ #*+#+4$+,)$+:#"+##)+#J1###+-$
()##1###+:#'(:#+15$$#,1#$+6,J
:#+7'(-$#)+4#:#+7'(-$#+##++$4+$#+ -##++#+#$7+,#+#+#+1+#$#"S#+$$##+++<7#+4#+,##+
#$+1#$+)#$#+$$4+(+-++#$$$#",#"#+$"#+4 #-)#+#45,($$#*#,#+$+3+4$+?(+#1#$$+'(-#4
+("#,#+#$#*#"#4#,$#"(#+,*+,*#+41$(+#+ $##$+#1#34'(+:#$-##(,,+(+,6'(#+:$#4
+4 #4 )$"#4 ",#4 #"(3#4 $#4 +14 (##4)##$#+4)###+#$(#+(+)#<($+#$+'()$#(# )#+#)+4,+##+(-#+4+(+,5++(+$+J
+7,+,++-$+'()#+#4+$+$$##,:,#$):4
$+3+$6",#+$6+,#)+7))+4)+(,5+4+++"+ 175
#1(##4)+(+$#"#++()#+++#$#++($4)+(+<++(+ -3+4+,)$5++#+S)$##,+?#+6##$P#4$+
)+#+$$-##1(##)##4##$+:(#+##$-$+$#"4'($#+
$6",#++$++#$+3+#$+1+#+,#+#$#+-##+4+-($-#+(+
,6'(#++$#+,$##+)(5+(#$"#$$(-#J
)$5"#+ $# ,(:(,1 +1 $#+ ##+J )#4 #1 $ #,)4 $+
)$7#+?+##1#$$S#+1$#$(4,#++##4+?$)#4$
'(#'(+,)+##('($+-3+:#+#)##-7#J#$+
#)$#(++-($#)$+#+S#++(:#$+)7?#+#$"+$+##,1+S)$ '(-##1#$$4,(1,#4#$##1*#$+5'(+4,#+4$
,)#+-+(#+4+(,)#1#71#4#1#$$#,#$
)4 +((++ )##,+S $ #,1$ :()# 3# #$* 4
##,# $ #* $# ,(#4 $"6$ $#+ )#+ ) #,1+
#,1$+4,#+#"(#+#,+7#$($#$#(*
$##1#$"#(#"#,#+#$$+#1#3#++$'(#1$#,#:#4#+5$4,
) # $+ -++ ",+ '( - $ +5'(4 ,) #+
,P+#+(#1##$#,$#-$(##M$#,P+#$#+1##++,(:##
-+1$$#+(#+-##$##$"7#4#$)#$,-,#,)#<#4)
$#+ #,#+ ,#+ $+ ,1#+JM+( + S ) ##1(+
,6+$++-4)$#*#++$#+$#*#+$#"(#(-#4$#+:,#+
$"##+$#+)'(<#+,6'(#+-#)'()$#+,#<##+41,)$7#4 ,*##+(1)$#+#$(#+4#)##:#+#$+1+$#+(1+4$+,##$+ '( ?#1# T R +(+ #+#+ ""#+#+J $ $ + +6 # $+ :,1+%#1$+$###+$'(#+?($#+$"(#+J
(+4##$+#,)##+:#$$#,#:#+##:#$+:,1+#$#1#3S#:#
$+ $$#,# $ ) -#)4 '( + ) , #'($$+ $ 4 ## ##-+#$4+'($:,#4#,,#5)$#J$'(+4
++7,1$$##:(,##$#1#3#+:#,54+1$#
#"##$#-*'($$#,##$:,1#$#1#34#'(++6+"('(+
:#1$#J(#$)-#),)+)$:,1+)
)44,+:(1+++1$:,1(#,#$(*J
#$#)+-#+#+$#+,6'(#+#$"##$,#+)#4'(+6
:?+#4M#$,#+,1###+($#-##4,$$-##+
+,)#7#S+"(+)$+-7+$#,($(4)#1+#,(#)#+#) $##$"(#+$#+#+"#$###+:$+#1#3#+4+$1##
+$1 (# (*# ) $# )(# ( +#1$, '( + #(# $
,4#(+#)#"#,#$##+11##+(+1+J)#'(+# +#+,6'(#+$-##)#+4'(+-###)$+S+$-###$,#+Y
176
\'(7-4M#:#+7'(:#,+,6+'(-)#+#$#)+4+)(5+
))#(++$+)$++#+$#,-$+#4M#'(7-4
#$##1*#4$+)"#?+J"()+,#:#4##),)#,)# :#,##$+(+(+1##+#$):4+#1##4+(1###$?$#
$9"###)$#(++4'(+,(1$$#?1$#4(+$+("4?#$ ,#++"#4+,#<#+J%##+4,#+SZ+6$#+#,#+[
+-4)$#+$$-#YX'(5,)#<7#++#+$++$#+'()##?(+$+4+ $#+YZ+6$#+6"($#+'(:#$)##'()#++#)+1#3
$$#+[&#,)#<7#$C$$-#CEA:,1+$#$9CCESCEA$#$+S$#
$ Q4C@AS$#$ 4$#(-#(#-4::+)(,$$#
,( -4 $$-# DA :,1+J + ,$ )"#?+ ,#:# + V# #$
,W4$++##+JV##$,W4+,)#*#$++#
#1#3#+ +)+ $ # ) ,# +( 1( :4 + $+ ,6+
+##+ $# )+J V# $+ +# + , +,+ FAA AAA
#1#3#+'(-#WS)(#-*,#$4(+++"#+#$,#+
,#$#++(,1+4-++"#++4,$#1#1#$#"#+?$#4+(+,+
-"#*#"(#4)#'($$#$(,###JZ.(5+(4'($--#
+#4+$+$#1+$##(,)-##+#$$4$#"++#$ $#+ ##+ )## - ,3[ + '( ( # - $# )+# '( ,* +(+
"+,)+%3#,#R$4(1(-3'(+$)#,(:4-# ,),$$##$)#+$#)+$#+)6"#+(#+$#++6)###$$#
-3:##<+4)##9#$JX:Y4X,#)$#($#"Y X, #-# $+ )(1$+4 ),# #$ ? # $+ '( $+ #,#Y -# +($
,##$+4,#$)Z##+#$+-#++##1#,#+$#?##+(+ 1#+(#[#$$#+1+(+$#+)$,$-3)##9#$J
Z.(5+ - #:#4 # "#$#+ :$"## #)##4 +,1 #$
,(:+4 + )#+ 1(#+[ ?+# +4 '( , # #:#+
,#71($#+$'()#"##$#$#"#1#3##"+)#6+#++4'(--
L)+4)#$'(++$+$#$$#+TR4'(
+##$):$$##$1$#+(?45$)#(1#*-"+4'( ,)(<# (# (:## #$1#<$J ## :# ) (# 1##$$# 3(+# # +(+
,)$#+4#:##1$+,#+$+#)$#($#")$$##+4#-7#:+
#)$#(7# #$+'( -7# ,##++ -#1#,+4 ")+4
##,#+S + '(+# ( :J #:#4 ,)#+ ++J +()#+4 )#'(+$-##)$#4#1#3#)#+#'($$#+(:##+'(#,#4(
$+#$)#$#J##$+$#$$#+4+#(#34'(-(## 1#1#,($#"#4#++(++4++$#,6+)'(<#$$-#( +##'(VX##,6+'((-:#+#1#3)##$#1($)##
$$YWM'( #'(7 $+ <+ #1#3# X: ?#,# +,1Y # :#+ # 177
-+J+74++"++4+7#,$7#'(++#)#++(+3#($#+$#+
?#+M#-#$$?$+4'($:#$#+#1#3##+4$:$$J
&+'(,#:#6++$+#,#+#+#+4$+)+4$+1#*#+4$+
#3+4'((#-#:##3+#,#4+<##$#,($(+
::+#,6'(#4)##'(-#'($+,#+,3+JMZ.(5(#)$#(++
++[)$#((##$"7#'(-#)##$*$#$+#,#+J
9,+-$#(#4'(+6$$#,#,(:$##J
#1#3#$$-##
(+#+4,#"#'($#1(,#4#$,)$4)+#$###(#># ($4"#+#5")#+%$+#+4'(+(+,#+$#+1#+ ,)+#+(,#1$+4($#$#+"(7#"?7,#$"M'(4,6+
'($#)++$#?(#'($4$-"##)-+#+(##
(#+$+)(#+()#1-6"+4$-##,#<#+4+##5#+43(#
+##-#-#$+43("#,(#)$#$#%$+#J(#-*4:# +("(?#$$:(#+'()((,,4:#+#'(
$ )#"( $ '( $ )$#4 + $+ $5"#?+ $+ +#+ +J +( )
L##4)$#)#+,+#:#1$#'($,#4)$+,+(++
'(+-#$++P)($4)$#?#$#+(#*4#+$#$(?#$# ?+#))#4>#($+#,#)'(<7+4,(#)7#(#)#
,#(#$,)#,6+'($+$++4$+,)($++$$++$+
:,1+J (# ( 7# $# +$* +(+ '(*#+ +<# # $+ + )4 (# ,$$+ )++ #+JM( #+# + ,+# +( $
S (# $ #, L+- # $# '(*# + #)# $ +)7(4 )( +
?$3+ ,6$+J ># ($ :# -$# :4 +(+ '(*#+ +$+ +5$+4 , ( ( :#,1 (# (-# X: #$,#+ ?$+4 #'($$#+
L$(+-#, +#"##+ #$ $"4 #,#, (#+ $ Y :#
1#++$#1$4,++(-###+(#+)($(#JM>#($
+"#,)$*#4+1$#+)#$#$#1#3#$##$"7#-#)+#$
)$M5$$)+#14'(:##$*#,+,)#<7#+,)+#+
,P$)$+4$#+(#$+,)+(#(#'(*#$)+#$'($$#+ #+"(#4$#,(#$'(##,)#<7#+("54"#-#)+
#):++4+($#,1#+?#$+#,+(+4$+#(#$$+
7($+ )#+ +##+ #$ ,J ( +,1#4 #$$6 $ +4
+,1#(#,)4$,)$+$,)##$#?(*#$#(#+-1###+(
+:#$+,1#4$,)$4'("#+?+#$#,#4#$#+(# 1#$ + $ +,1# $(:#4 #$ #< ,( :#,14 ,#+ '( $ ,)$)(+"(--+"###,(:+#<+J$,)$+6+#4
,(""#,)$##1$4#$#)(#+$+)1+J#'($$'(+ )(,)+6,#+)#+-1$+4?,##+)$##+#
#)#$++()#+4#(?$(3++#)(+)#+1)+$
178
:(,$(+#$'(,)<#$#1##$$#+("7#P$(+(#+,$$#+ )++J$,)$+(""#"J$#+(+)+1$##1*#J&+
(+$+6*(,1#$+7+J1#3$+)+$#-$#+J&##7#4 ##$##$)$74#)#$,#$J+)#7+(+#$(#
(+#$J+)1$,#4#)(##'(7)#+##4+(#'($$+"#-++,17+
'(##+)#*)(#+4:#+#'(7+)$##4#+ #$-*'(,$+"$J
$#$1#?($#-$($+"$ aS)$#)+)#+6$#+J>#
($-#$###(#+1$#+)#$#$#1#3#4+4-#1#3+()+ # # )( '( :# #1#3 # +( 3JM# # +( #$ , 1(+#
+3J+1+(#1*#($V:#,6+'(+,+WJ#$$7
+6$+,+#+($#(#,(31$:,+(#-+#34)(#
##$##$#1#3#4'($-($-$#+)#$#+$#-$(4(+'(
+$:##+(#+$+,6+:#?##+#$$#)(+4#,(34 1$$*#+#4+<#$#(#$-#$#1#3#4'($,)$,#+
-#:##$$#X:Y$#)##+?6$#$+)++S)(6,6+,#+
$+?(#+Y+++$+:5+#:#$+'(,#+(+)#++J
Z+# # ##(# '( $+ #,#+ #,15 #4 + +#$(## -+
#)1##+"#++#+[$*+4-##J+$+"((# #,)#(#)#$+#+(,#"7?#,#4'($$-#+#+$#+)#$#1#+V#W4
V:##W4#+,$$#+4+("#$#+,##"#-($)$#4+ '()(##$#*#$#4 ,)1'( ,) (#1#$$ ##+4 $# ,$$#+:##'(+#$$##,)#(#1#3#$$-#+4
$#+?$##+:#,1#+4$#)#$#1#V+#$#+WSM),6+'($#1#3##4$+
+#$#+$$"##$)$#:##$##J
#1#1#)#+)+##$+#$,#+4'(,#:##+$+#3+J$+
,$+)#+#$$+4)#'(-####1#(#)#+#J##)#+4,
)##?+,3S+$++4,)##)+#,3S"+4,+?(+ )++##$J+#++4)(+'(+:,1+J+$$#+:#$ $4:,1+$##Y
#+)($#)+4$#"+#,$##)#Z'(5+$$"# #:#4'($,(+#()$#+(++,1+4#+(+)#<($+$#+ ,(3+4$+<+1#)#$,#+[Z'(5+$$"#4'((##4,6+)+(+ #1$$+1$#+'()+(?(#4###+(1#$+1##+#,##+4
+#$(#(###,##$+'()#+#[++"+$$"#4:,++
,(#1J
"#$+4,6+)$#"#,#$'(
)$ ) $$+4 '( ) $# $1# '( 5$ "*#J ,(- -$+4 -#
,-+J&##*#"#+#$,#1$J++++?,#$#+# U$$:$$)+4-#6+(1#7'(V:###+#+WJ$3P1$$#+
179
#$,#++$++1#)$+'(:#-+$(*#$,#4#'(7$#-#J#'(
##($$++$$-##$+$#1++)(+#,$##)#&$4$#1+#J+
##+(+3+4+"(+)$#+$6",#+J$+:(#+?(+)#$,#+4#+ ##+()#+#$++"+4'(+-7#$$J
(#,$#$+)"#?+$+$#$$#+,$+,$$+#,#+$+
#$,#+4+(++'(,+#:#$#+:,$"#+4)6$+
$"#+4,+$#,)(+(+(#3+#$$+++?+,#+#
?6$+,#+,)#$+:,1+?,#)1*#J(:+$$++
,(3+X,+"3#-+#$+$4$$#+'($-(#Y##+,(
$,)#+ ,( )*)#+4 +( '(#+$ (- $4 #,)#6+ $#+ +)#$#+
3(#+Y ,:,"#+ )#4 ) + ##+4 ) $,"(# +(+ ()+J
(:+$$++<+4<+'(#1#3#$#$1##$#)(+#4:#,)*###
?(4#$#$$##(#$*#4#+#1+?$JX+4)4#
"##$+3+(:,1'($7#"#$$+,$'($#1#$##4"$)#$
:Y&$-##$+"#+4-#:#:##$#,($()(<#+ "#+J##+#)#$+:($+4)##"$+##1#:#+4
)+:#*#4'(:#"#'((<+##+)#Y
:#+"($+,)#'(#+4'(+CAASCAA(:$$+SCAA#$$#+
,##J&+(+-#+($$++)(<+41#+'()#,(,+4
$-#+$#,(#+-#,()($+#$+#+4+(+($$+)(<+
$#-#+)$+:+4'(+#'(7?#-+$#-#+$-+,6+$(++ ##1#*$)$#3,6+(J($"#+-#$++#++46+$$+
(#,1##4'((+#+-##)*#+4+:$-#6$#+
,#6$#+JZ.(5$#+#+4'((##?#[#+,6+"## (?4,6+:##1#$$#$#+#J$+#3+#+-5#+4'(###+4+
,#,+#"#+4++)#4+,6+--#,'(+#+#+
#3(#4,++:##$##:(,##,+,#4'($$+?,#,#3#J ?#+$+$+"(++4#$"6*#+$+$#?+,7####1$*#+
'($+)+#,+4,$+#"#4("4(##)(?#J+7$+#+4
##)#+4'(+$+#,+#$+$#:,+(#41#:)
$?+#"$#4+$-#++1$,4)+$#1$*##"+#4
+1$$'(+1$$J
X(6$#"#4(6$#"#-#$#)+Y+$#,#4#,#$1#JZ
,'($+#1#3#++#(1#<(1($+(+4+(35 #1#$$+[)$#X(61#7Y1#$#+-#(*#+4+)#$#1#+
+)#*#J
V&#3(##(+(#3(##+WJV+$+ ,+:#+1,+(++:+WJV$#1#3++#WJ
$V53(+,#+WJ(1#7##L#"#+S) (#$#+#+#+)-$"##++(+"#+4'(#'(7:##'($$#+++,
180
#+)#+4$+"#$'(:(,##$+)4)$+6+(#$"P7#4 Z,:#+'(+L#+)$+#1#3#+4+$-*(#,6+
$'(+3(+[+#)+'(-#)#+#4(+-,$:,1+4$+ #+,$+#'(+)+#4+:#++##1$#1##)$7#
#$"(#4 # +- ++ ##+4 # )#+# , #7$$# -$# #,#*##S+#"'(###$,#$1#4'(##)(#,#4
'(###++(+#*(*#,++#4'(##1#-(##$+
(++ ?(*#4 '( # ##, )#+# ) $#+ #$$+ ::#+4 ,(#
+) ::# $+4 Z'(5 +4 + )(1# --# '(4 # )+# + $+
"(+#+'($#+(+$$#"#+4$#&1#)--?#4'($?+#4
+##$(,#["#$:,1#+7+6#$##J(+-($++
-'($:,1:#+#P,)$#,)(+)+++7,+,4
+ ,## ,6+ ,#$ '( ?-#J + '( $# $1# $(+## +
,#4 +'(# $#+ -3#+ $#+ ##$+ )( :# $ #$*# ,)+#4+'(+?(+:#4,(,#+(:'($+$J$
$$#&1##1#+J
X.(514'(51,#:#$#P$,#$(,#Y#$+:#+<##,#:#S) $#1#3+)$#JX,+(#$+)#++++:,1++#+4$+$'( #-++(#$+--#+Y#(1$$#,1+-+1$+4'($$-##$#
1##$$#$##*4+#$#*#6(#-#++#"J
Z '(5 - #:#4 (# + )+#,+4 (# ,$ #+[ (
1(+++4,((+#+#+4#1#$$+:,++-#+(+3?+J$##$+1$#+ $+(1$):J+$##,+##*($+($#+(?J&$-#$"$$"#+
'(+(1$##1*#4)##?$#$#+:(,#+$##(#+$#
:#(+#+J(1-#4(#$$-#(1(4"(##$#++'(#+ )(#,++)$#+$##$+S#4"(##"(#$4
(#+-3#+J(1-#4#$+#$",P+#4$+#+$$-#+V##
-- ,##,+WJM4 -#4 :$"## ,+ 3+ - ++ ?+ #7#J>#,6+-4#6$#+,#<##+4#(#1#3#,#+(#+'(3##
+(+:3($+$#$1#4-##,+(#$$4,#+#$#4$#,#$
,7# +( $$# $##4 + '( $#+ ,#:#+ +( -+ , )#*#
#+4++3-4,++#1#*#$4++-341+#$$# ,#J,#+,6+$+-4$+'(,6+J#++#++,#$#+ ::+4'(--(##"##4$#"#4$+ $#+,#++#+(#-#)#++#(1#$#+#"#$S,#"(+#
+,#1$+)+#+4,+#"##-$+J&'(?(#+#<#1#,#+4$'(
1##+($##$#+#"4#((#)#*#$$(1$X'(##+$+#Y +#-+)("#$#-#X1$#*##$+7"#+,5#4'(
,#+,7#Y
181
X9(#4:(##$+P$,+'()#+#Y#-#)$#+#$$+?61#+4+)$#
#$$$+)#$#+4)$#.(#-#J#*#*#+$(#3++6#:#
)T)&"%#:4$++$#.(#S),(:#+-##++-"
#+(#+##+,(3+$+#+,##3-#+"#+4####+,6#+4#
1#$+?$+4##$?5*#+,(+J
#$#<#4(1#$)#1$##4
)#+#$#,#+1(#+?")?J-+$##$$$+3#+)+$+1+J
,#:#J+(+#"(#+(#?((##*##$+#MX) (#)#$#1##)+("#'($$+:,1+,(3+4'(:#1##
,(?5#+-#:#+Y-'(,#:#+)#+#(+)$#+
,##+$+)++$+1#+51$+6)+###+4##+
)$-##+#+"(#$+4:#$#+#1#3$+:#+1#-+41##$$#1
+($#+)##+(+:3+JX#+,+$#+###-7#$+(<+
++)#$#+Y7#+$+$#1#$$+1$$##$$4,+
$#+)#+,6,$:(1+'(:(41$$#+1$+#1#3#+J
Z
1[ X $ :(1 - ,$ :,1+Y & 1# $ #$,#4 '(
,1#"#,6+($,'(#$"(JZ
+##[9#+#,(##$#:+ +(-#)#*()#'(-4,)(+(####
,$$#4+$+)++#+4++)(6+$),#$?$4
#$#?$:#4+##)#4$"+,""+4)##"##+(#,#$$# J
X(6-+1$#4<#+#+4)'(-7#7##+(+)#+Y&#+
+)+#+X'(5#+4+(+,#++1+?(+#+($#Y&+:,1+4, +J&##$"7#4#)?(#J$4,5+$+)(<+##J
V#7## + + $ 7# ##1#3W4 3 + (# )$##?,# ,##(+#-34,6$+$$#J
>;
4
4%(++4@K(1CBBHJ
N)#O
&/&
&&
%&&
"P)#)$7(-#,,6+"$+'($#)(1$#
$++#+
+4)'("(+?,#,1+,6+++##+
+)#*#+,6+1$+J
&#+(+)#7++#1#,#:##)(-"#$:#17##+"
$#+$#-( (# #*#J $ #)(1$#+ ?(-##, )##
$,)#$#+#,#:#J+,)7#+$$+,3+$+--+J( 182
+'(+,)7##,15$+,(+$(++J&#++,1#+U#+:"4
>??+4#R$49#,$)+7#+(++++4$+"#+#)#+#+ $#$1##,##,#1#)#+)7($#1#?('($ )(1##+)##+$#+#J
,$#(:+#$:,+,-,4$#++,$$#+$#+$#-(
$#$1###(,)$+($+JCK@A$ B * #3$+ #$,(:4CK@A(1('(:$#5+#3#"#
-+$#-+#?#+J>#,6++:#-+)##$$+,,6+L##J$",
$# +)$# +#$ '( "?# $# 1# $+ (##+4 )'( )-# # $#
#(# )P1$# # ?(*# (#4M 3( # +4 "## $ #1#34
-$$#))#4$#$#)#7#$#++(+?(#,#$+$
)#7+4⎯$###$+"+J+7,)*##--$++#+
+J
&# $## )# :#17# : +#+ )#$#1#+ ,,#1$+
V+#,+,$#-#,+,#'(+$+:,1++"(#$+WJ$#
$##)#?($#L)+"(#$"#+)7('(#,#1##
$+:5+#$+)#+$#$1#4M$'(1##$$%(R9$$4$'(
(?RTJ&#+()$7#?(#,1+()#S( 2(:#17#$$#,#$#,6+#U$$:$$)+J
$ ,)< +#1$ $# 4 $ ,)<4 +)(5+4 ,#$#4 ?(
+()+#$"+'($++#+$$++,#1#$#
+( ?#,J # $# )(# + )#+,4M'( )7# $# )
,# #+ $#+ #+ + $+ +,+4M(- '( )4 ,1#4$+'(#$,#)4#(+())#+#"4'(7#1#$#,#:#
,+#J,#$+$+$$#,#1#$(?#6+$S#$$6$+$$-#1##$+
1(#$+$+1(#$+#$##$+$+))#++$#-+S#64$+"#+
$++#+#+4$+7#)"(1($#)$"+#'(#)+##$$#'( +#1# +)(++ # ? , -7,# ))## # $#+ -"#*#+ $ (J &#
4-+##+74+"?#1#+$$"#,,##$$+"#++,1#+
#$"4 $+ "#+ #,)+ #<#4 $#+ "#+ -"#+ #1#4 $+ #$#,1'(+
""#++J##'($#
?(#+$#,+4M(#:?7#-+#4$#
$++CBG@4:,1+1(#-$(#+((#"$+#
%+ ?,# $# +( $ )# #+$#-+#S # # )1+ #
:(,$+,#'($$+$##$$#4$-#"$'(1##+,1#+()#$#1#
$?7#*+(+(##+#$,+,+(#4'(+(+#1($+4$+
)(#+4-#$$1,++($-"$#,5#J##$-##$
+1$##1*#$+$#-+<#$#,)#4+1$$6"$+"+,
##,# #4 : $# ,#"7?# #,)#<#4 ) (# )$#,#
(+#+#4#+4+(3?4?(##+#)$#+#$$+$,#+($+S)'(
:#17# ,# $+ $#($+ +1("4 $# )$#,# ,#)## 183
&$4 $# # $ :(, )+ $ ) 6 '( :#17#
#$,#$#+#"$+"+4$#,#5,#$#+(
#,##4M'( U#+:" :(1# '( ?,#4 ## $1# ,$$+ $#+ ## :#1$# $,)*# # ,$$+ (##+J
7#+#+"(:#$#:+#+#))#"##4+$##(#$*#+ #1#3)7+$),#J7#1#)#3(+#3#?$+$# )#(,($#4\#$#-7#+##$+"#+(+:(,#+4'("(##
$++)3+$+,6+$+:5+4M)$+#++(1$,+$+1(+ $+)#+'(L)+,-##$+$$*$++"##+#$#
"# $+ 1(+4 '( $#+ +?#+ )6#+ U:4 $ #
,#3+(+%#4$++(++,+#+U$$:$$)+4$#-$#
$-#1$4 '( $(, $ $# +$#-(4 $#+ $(,#+ #'($$+
)+'(+17#$#)$(,#($4#$)#'($$+)P$)+'(
+#1#$#-*(%:(:#"4M#'($$#++++$"+$#-#+ '( ( #,+ ( (, #3#1# +1 $+ 1#+ ,#$+ "++
+(+$++)$++5++("#)#$#1#$?$3+(#SM
# +# 1#4 ?4 ?##+7# )+# , )(7+,#4 1$$# $#
:,+(#$6+#4'((#?#$#$#-$#+#(+#+#$+#$+ :(,#+J
&#1##$$#(-'(#+#+)#+$+4$#)+#4$$14$
,)$ , $ #)$4 $ (,($ $#+ #$$+ $ ,+, '( $#+ -+#+$:"#J++)7(+,"+4++##+#+
#"#1# + ,+ )#7+4 +#(7# -$# +(+ +(+ )("# )
,#$#+)##+,)J&#+),#+)#$#1#+#$#
?(####+)$ $ $# -"]*# #$ 1# "+J $ * 4 '( #+7 + $$#,#1#
+#6+#, # $# +$#-(4 )#7# + ,#+# ?( )## +<# +#$,#$$#*JV(+'($#
+$#?#,#4L0J
M$#,#1#U$$:$$)+M"##+#$$'(:#,(:,)'(,
+ (## $+ +#+ +WJ &+ ,6+ #)#+#+ (#4 ?4#,*$#+$#-#)$7#$#)P1$#J),+:#$4\7#4+
3(# '( ?,+ $# +(4 + 3(#, + +#7$"JM '(,+
$+"+J+#,##+(:#+(+6#$$,(J ##)(?#+$#"##'(#3#+1+++1(++:3+4+
)+'(,)#,+##$#*#$,S: *I:,J
(# $# ))#"## 4 ## ,6+ ?( '( $ :'( $5 $#+
)+4$,+,$#-#)P1$#'($#)-##J$++#$+$:$, $++#<+$"+#7+$$#,$#+)(+#+)#++$$"(#3 184
#14?$#,#:'(+)$#1#$+#-+#+J&#+$#-((-
+(++#+4#+7,,6+#:#17#+(+,6+S(-+(++#$,+4+(+
#++(+)#+$#E,J$))4$+,+,+:,1+$($#
$$#,# ( V,#$ +#WS ##+#+4 +)(5+4 ) $ -5" $# )$5,#4
$-#+#",#$#3(+?#$###J$##'(#$#+$#-(?()##$+(+# $##,#*##+())#4$+,+(:4$))+(#
#7#?#$4 )P$,4 (($#34MX#+,1#$YM(($#3#+(#
$"+#J$:,1$(7#$#+$#-(,7#+J
#+ "#*#+ ?+ ?#",##+4 '( ?( , +(+ +#+4
?,+4#$?4$#)(1$#J9,1+#$,#4+)7(+4# )$74 1( + '( ##1# $#+ #$(#+ $ "4 -4 +"( $# $(,# ?(" $+ ,)+(++ )(++4 # ## $# #$# # ,)$##$+($$)+#,$++<#+$+)?#+J+7++#
)##'($#3(+#$#1$$*#(?$,(J1(,),,#
"#7+,#)##$+'($#+#$,)$+,$+'($#+#+ )( -- #$ ) $$#+ $#+ ?1$+ ,#+ #"##+ ) $# +)# $
(+#+,S)1"#,+$#$$##(#$*#'(:#::#3(#$$+4M
,6+1#3'($$+4##+4$+:,1+#)#+##(4#('(+#
# $# ,#"( +(+ #"(#+4 $ ?#"+ )## '( 11# 5$ $#+
,(:(,1+J#+U$$:$$)+:#17#'(+##$#
1#:#,
&$-#+$#$#J
$#)(1$#+)$"$#1##$##1$J9#17###+$#
##,1$7+,#)+##$##$)(1$$###S $+#)+$+$+)#+$#:#17#)"#V+,+),6+,)4
7#U:4,#"7?+-++4++",+#-*1#3#4, ,(,($$+ 1#+4 $# -#S :#1$,+ $"(#+#4 , $# $ $#7WJ
,)(#+##+(1$,J$+:,1+'(1##$(:#$#+(#+4'(
)?7#$#-#$##$##:#4'(7#$#-#$#+?#($#+$
,1#)$74:(1$"#+#,#+)##$($?-J
$+#$#))P1$#4#+$+(++$#+(#+)-#$+
1#+'(-7#$)#7+4$##1$,)"#,#)$7##1+(#,)+#J
&,+ $ # )(1$# # :#*# $+ ,),++ + '( $ 4 ,#+)$#"7#$(4:#17##75$J++,),++:#7#
,+$#1+,#1)$#+(J)#+'($##$11# #$#++1$-#+$#+$#-(J##(-"+4)$#
"7#$($+,+,#$+$4#17#(-+1#*#+#$6?(4 ,#:#1#((-)#*$$#+,1#-+#$#+-(,1J
&+,),++),7#$'(+,)+:#17#"#)$$#L+
$#"#"#J)4#+1#$$#)(1$#4#)7# 185
)+$#+)#$#1#+#$U1+:#1$#$:V&##*#CFBF ,),$+($,+,4(#+#1##-7#(1)$#+$-#4$#,)+1$#
'($)+##+$#-+WJ
CBKA41#:#,&$4$,6+)+#+,"$#+$#-(4( :,1$+'(+$$#,#)-#$+4)'(+)##+$#+L"#+$
,+'($+#4+(1#$))+,$$+-+4$$-+"#$#
?#,+##+#%$##4$#1##$#)(1$#J+#+#$## $ (S $ ,), $ )#4 $# ,+#1$ (# %(:##4 $ 3P1$ ()#)$#,($#$$+4$#+-+(+(,+#+L###+$#
"(#J $ CJ CBKG4 (+# (# ?#($# '( $# ,6+ #(*##
)# $ : +(#$ $ 7#4 $ + $+ +#+
+4#+"1$+)$##(#+(),#$#"(#4)$#,$1+
$++$#-+$(J&#)(#4$#)+7#4$#$(#+:#+-#$#,#"
++3#1'(&$)$#+(+,++$#)$#,#4+# )5$,+,++$'($#9+#'(#$#4'($#+#++"#1# (# -*J\V* -(+#+ ,)##+4 #<#4 :(1# '( '( + +
:##+S)+)#1#$,,)(WS\+)(5+4-*#1#3#'(
#)#+)7#+7#4MV(#&?(#3##$#4),7#,+4$#
,#)#$++-+WJ#1+'($+#1$+#++#$(#
+(1#5$1++$#+$+$#++(+)#+<#*#'(
)(#$-###$,6+#$-$)+1$#$##*##1##J$"(+#<++)(5+
$#"(#4(+"($#?'((#"####+#1##$$##$##$$4
3(#(#+($#)(1$##$(S)"(6$'(5:#7##$$7V+,(#)## '(W4M+MV)+#)$+'(:#?(#+##+#'(
,++)(#)WJ
$# ),# 5)# +( L+#4 $ # )(1$#4 )(+4 +#1 $
+346$#"(#4?("#$#)#$#1#$##4$$-##1 (#$#+3##+:#+$#:(,##4:*($$#:+#J$#1## $# )## ++# -$, ) 5$4 # :#17# (1+ +1 $#+ ,)##1$+
+$$#+4 ,#+ '( 1#3 +(+ #:+ )$"(+ $# P# #*# +## $#
-$*#+("7##$#-#$:4)7##+1+4,"#)(#1$4 $#),#)6"#$#&+(#$4$$,#:,+($(1(
#,#V
$1#4(#++)##1$+4#:#)##+,)WJ
>;
4
(%(++4K-,1CBBHJ
N)#O
&
186
&&
(-#R4-,1CJCBBHJ
,$++(#+#,+#+#-#*#+1$#+()?$#1#:7#$+
,($$+ + :,+ )( (-# RJ 1 $$+ + #$*# +)$5+
?+ '( # #1" # )#+#3+ #"#4 # +( +# + , #'($+ +"(+4,<++(+(#+4$+1#+'((*#$5#'(+#?7#$# ,)+#J'(7)+#S)?(#+)$#$-#-#$$#++)##+$#+$#,#
,)+#'($++))#$##-##-'(+(#+(+(1($S,#+ $#1#:7#+#'(#$#+#+)(S(#,(:++)#$+)3$7'(
,(#+#+43("(+$,+('(,#4)#*+1+(+#$#+4
,#$#++'(#+$#?###$+$$+,,1+?#"#+4$+#-7+ #,#$##)##$,($$()#)+#+(<)##J
+7#)##S##1$#+#+1($$4?(+)+#J 1#+$#+#:#++$$#+4)#+##1$+#1+,+'(++#-#4+
$,#+3#,6+S$#+"P#+",1#3$##1(##"#4#$:#$+#1$++ ,*$#$#-*$,)$#'((,#$'()#+#J+#++$+,,+4)(+#
+6+$+:$$+$#+#$#+:,#+++#)#$#+1$##++)#$+
:(,4+)#-+1$$64'(:#,)(3#$1###-5+,$$"(#+
,-1$++$#+J$+#$+,#+$+#"($$++#$-'($+### $+ )+ $+ +#+ + "$##4 '( + $+ )#7++ (+ +$#1-+1$)$#-7'(-##*#)#J
#+#P,#$#?(+#$$7+6$+'(+-#$+'(+'(#J$ ,)$#+##-'(#+,(:#1#6+(:(,###"###+#+
"+4+(#$",$#+#$-#3#(4,$+$,6+#$$6
$,(?7+4+'(4$,#$4+(*#$:,1J'($$+)## '(++)##$#1(,+#$$#'()#6+##-4+(#:#)+#
$+:,++7#+$3#++(?##)#+#+$##$-##()?$#
+1+(#1*#J
,1#*+:)-++$"#4)++"#?+#"##?#+
#+ $#++ #,#<+4 $+ #+)# #$ ,($$ $+ +)($# $#+ +$$#+4
-$-1(+#(-#)+#J&+P$,+#+#+#$3#-#7+4# ##+#)+:,++#,#$+3##+(1++)(,#4$'(#$+
'()#3+$+)#+#3+S+6#$$7#,#+(++1+4++++#1
+,4-$##$"#-#'($14+#+41#P$+4?+ + #,#<+4?,#+$+J $"(++6(-+4?+$ '(#
+#$$#?61#4#+$,##+(#'(#'(#+(+$
187
,1 $ 1('( '( ) ),# -* + $#*# # #-(#+J + :#
#,1#$"(?34-#+$+-#3+,$+$#"(#
+(+:#+4+#$$+'(#+,($$+)(+#+(#++1#+4'(*#$+
,1+ #+ $#+ (#+ )#7++ $ "$1S #$$7 +6 $+ ,# #
+1("4%#*+S+(,)$#$#7##()?+""#?7#4
++)#7##'("(+-#3##,$#-##'($#4+#(+#+(#
$+)#+$#+J
+# ?(+# ,(:(,1 + ?,# "()+ '( + # ),# -+# +
+"(4 ) # ) + ? #$ 3 $ 1+-# , #'( ?,# $#+
+$#+4)##'(#,#$)$-$(*'($9#(),
"$++)#+?+J##+#+(#)#3#'(##3$ +$,-#,#+)##+,)4-1)$+##+"(#)
$#J-($-+7S+61+:#S$,(?(#+(#,$+
+ ?S - $#+ $6",#+ $+ ++ '( # $+ :# #,# '( # ,)*# # )$# +( ## #(+#4 $ "7+, $# ?$#4 '(
+)($#+$#+#+(#:(,##'($+(#$+
$$"##$#$,#J+"():#?$+++#+S#-7#+6?++$+#*#:#+$#
#$#-#)(#+$#+$(++++):+<+J$$7"()4( +6(?,4'(:,()$:$+(###$4-##,"#
(+7#+,6+-#+*##$#+1#+#(#+#$##+#$#$$$#$'( 13#$#+,##+###+$7#J##"():#(,()'(<$#
:+#$#:(,##+(#(#$'(#$$+S"(+##+$#+ ++#+ '(+ -# (#$6",#4#P#'($$+# '(+$#+,1#$# +*#+(4(#$(*4#$"'(,"(+()#J
-$+#,#+$+'(+-#+(1$+'(+'(#S$1#+()#$#S
$,++#$'(+-,#+)#+#3+4+6#+#?$+4 :,++(+'(#+,(:#+:#+4,#:#++:3##+4+6#3##+
#$,#J'(7#($$64)#+::#++)(,+:#,)#<#4#$"(+#,"++ +)#$"#*##+1($$J#$?#-+4,#$#+,1#4(#,#(#
:,##4+$$*+,),+4,(,(#$+P$,++3+4)$#++#1#+
,#+4#<+#+,#++:#$#+$'(+#$3#J
+)#+(#$)JX#Y+$"J
)+#1#*4(#),#4
(#?#+6)#4+$+'(+:#+#$#)+(++#$,($$J
# + +($# $#+ #,##+4 $ 1# +6 $14 # $# :5$ +( ), "$)
)+S,1+$'(+)$#"(3$#+)($#4++,
5$4)#),#3+(+,+)##$#-#4#-#*#S$#)#,)$ #"(#:$+#"##+)(,#4###+"('()#+#45++( $,4$##-+#$#,#$#+#+#(,#-$#J
+$+)#+#3++6$+#$1('('(,##$,($$4+
188
#"$,#$#,(:(,1'('(##J(##)#+(*#?#++
'(+4+1#)#<($+4$+3+'(+#$'(?(#,)(
"##-*($$J
#$1#+6$#,#$##$4+#$3#4+#$3#4+?($#+,$ ,1##+4+)-+#J+##+$$1$#)#::(,'(-($# :###6+V,(#+WJ$#1($$+#+#)+,,+#+)#( +(<JX+$$-1#$+-#3+Y
>;
4
4%(++4CA,1CBBHJ
N)#O
!!.
-,1CJCBBHJ
V!"*#"+WM$##)$#$#)#$#1#+(+#)P+$#(+M:#+# +++#1,+M(+"(+(1#4#?#$J:64#(#$,
+$##)#$$,1#J+#$$7()41#3$,1
V!"*#"+W'(3#,+#)(#4)(1$#$#+,6++#+-+#+'(+,)+1$
,#"#(#+(M:#+#(#+(M%"6JV*"*#"W
$#+##$##13#$#,#)+#4+(+)7(#1##(#+(4$("4
,$$#+$+$+:,++$#,$4#5$$)()#$)#4)#+#+"(+(
#,J++$"$#)#$#1#+"#,+#$#J
#$$"$<4+"P5*%#$V$#+#,$#$#'($#+:3#+$#+
#-++-#WS+$$$#++<#$+'(7-#+J#++-#'(#1"+(-
#$))4)'(#)4#$+#4'(5#4+(##
#$(+##$+)#4'()?#$)##'(++J#$##,+?#+6
+)#1$$,,:#1#3#$#+#$(#+)$(#+M)?#$+M#
?#+#$,6+$#(+#,#J-*(#++$
##$",$#$#:P,#(#-'($?+#4+$#+),#+1+#+:#$+
$-4'(#+)(+,#:#)##:#++(-+##(#$J:###$+
189
7#+4#-#+($(*$+$##-*-,6+#+#,6+,)#J#+
1+'(+41#?$$#34,*##)$#?+#+,#$#+(+$+J
&#,#$+61$+##7##,#+#+)S#$)#'($#+
:3#+4#$,*##)$#+#-#-+(?#4:(1+'(##-#+ $#$(*'(11(#$+6$+,+++-#$+4)+##(#+#))#
($$61$)#4#"#)$#1+#4()+,#)#$)#4(+,(,(# $$+(+(+J$#+#,#+,*##+(#+4##7#+,#$P, :3#+'()##3#$-J4:#(#4#$$"$<4+#'($+ #,#+$$#,#B(NO+#4#7#$#+:3#+J
+$#,)J&#(#+))###$##-#,#+$##(#$*#+#)+# )##$)+J++:#'(#$+,++:$+$#$$+,+#$#
$$# $,#S # $ ,(,($$ $#+#+ +?(6$ (?#++ #,+#+4)#+$+(+)#++#$,#+#$#$(#4$###+
-$#+:($$#+,(+)+<+41#$#,##$+#+$$+?61#+
(##4'($#)$##$-##,#+?#$+J$+#1$+6"(##$ )+##'()$#+-#+$#,#<###+#(##1#$$+3##+4
$(#$("():(,#$#*#1##$#+(+#++(++#+$#+#$"+L(++
-#"#+JJJ+)#+4,$<+#$#-6"$,$:#-($++ ++ # $# (#4 # $# ?##4 # $#+ #$$+ $##+4 #$ 1$$ $#+ $(+ $5#+J X$+$+'(,$#+:3#+#7#+$+61$+4:##+-#(#+'(#
$#$(*$+,++6$+4$#+4#*($#$'(#)#+#Y
-+$#+#$$+#,#-#4)$#+:++$,#"+++
'(,#+)$+$4$++#(#+4$+:$+4$+#+J#+:#1$#$+1#$+
'(:#16$#+###4$+#+#+'(-+#6$#(#J$?#$# 1##1$##()#+(+:+4-*)##+)+#4L(++
#(6#+4+:#1$#$#-#-"4$"#6""$5+4M$#+?(+$#
:54?$$-#)#++4M$#/)#$,##'(+#6#U#"4M
#4'()(#,1#6$$7,)##,7#'(1#+( "#"##J )+1+4+$($##"#)$7#S#$#-($# ## +'(# + :#$$# $# ?# ( ,54 # ,##4 # )(1$#4 $+
)1+##+4##+#$),#,+#+$#+4 )(-+(?"
$"###+$#+#$$+4,1###$#*#)##+(+)##+J
++4+(#:#+4+?#+)#7?+(##+4'(+$#*#)
+#+#$$++4+P1(#+,)-+##+4#)$#(#"#+ '("#,$+4#$#,#<##+"(##+($#1##( +,#6$"#$$+$#'(-($-$#?"#J'($$#($-7#
1+1+(+++4$?+(#$,#)$#$'(+#-($"#+# 190
)(#+V$)#(+##7#W$+,)#$$#+(,+:5+4)##$# (#$++#+(#,#:#1#+"(#$?,#)$#+#$$+$# (#4 ## $+ #+ +(+ -7+ ,## $ )#+M #1+$(#
)#+(+#,###+M#$+$#,P+#4++,)$##(#+,##$4$#
1###$,##'(,#(+(#+,U+3+(:#+#$)(
#1##+()(++,)$#-7#+(,14)$+#*#+)$"+ (#)+$##J)(+"(+(-#4-*+:5++
)+##$#$$JX,+63(+#+$$$,(Y
>(++7#+,1#"$,#+$#,1#3+#+)4+#+,#?+#+
))($#+S+$$#+,(:#+##$#+##,+'($#+:##)#)($+
7($#+)#4)+3#+$#))P1$#)#$)#+$
+, '( #,# # "#+ ,#+#+ $# +#J #+# ) #$ $+ #+
,##$+,)-+#+4$#?#'(,##$"(+$+-(+$#
,#:# #+ ,(:#+ ,#+ '( +7# $#" #$$#4 +,) :# #$" ,#3+(+4 ,)4 +$# )## $ +)7( )(1$# +#+
,#?+#+))($#+J,#$###$#-7#$)"+)(+#+
$##4)##$#+$(+(+(++$##+4+$+,)$#
$# "(# $+ )7?#+4 ##,1+4 1##+ ),)# ,$#4 + '(4 , #
+"###,#P+(:#$"(#+(+#+)P1$#+4##(-#$
,)$'($#,#,+#"4?(+$,+#++"##+J
&+#+:##1+(+)(#+4#++,)*#+($#14+(##4 $#(#$+$6+#+(#-($-#$#$J$#+7+$+)+# $#"+,++#1#3++#-#+(+(##+J#?(##,$ )P1$'(,###+1#:4),-+(+"(++?6$
J #+ +#+ -$#+ #$ ))4 ( ,#$ #*4 ( + -(
,#($##S?(#4:#4)+)#1(5L)##$),:#+#$#)P$,#
+#$P$,#4#,#"(#4+"##+"#<+)##$+"(4:#+#:#
)P$,# +#4 #:7 (#$'( ,## ,)# ,4 #P -$# #
#)## -+,$(4 $ ,, 7 '( # +((,1 $# -(4 +
#,1# $# 4 $# # (?#4 $ , + #+"#4 (4 + ,6+
,#,+4+"P$+'(+)(#:#$P,)+#+'(:##$#+
#1$#+4#$$,#)$#(++"#$+4$+1(+,'(+
+#+#+?:+#+(:"#J
,)#,+$$"(#$?4)(+$)P1$#"#$'(+$ # + #(,# + :# :,1+ -++ #,+#+ 3#+ 1#+ #$#+4 '( +#, $# ,# ( ,+ (:$$4 '( ) 6#, +#+ )#3#+
191
+)#:##()3,)##$##4)3,'($#(++-#$:M
-($+$1+?#++4+##++#($$+M-$-#
$#-#4,:*+&6*#4+'(#$)P1$+$(#:#$#,6+$- 134)(#$),$#"+$#,#(")##+(#,(+4 (##+7$-"#)##$#(?$#-(J1#1$,+##+(
#$"7# -$-$ # -4 '( )#+# ) #$ (# +# # +"?# , (# +(J
# )+# $ (?, +#+ #,#+4 # -+ :# $ +#$$ $$#+
+(#+ #,6#+ +#+ ,,+ '( ?#+# :# $-# $#
,)+1$#$'(+)+#4)$$"'(+7#+"P$'(-,+$#
-##$J
>;
4
(%(++4CB,1CBBHJ
N)#O
&
`
&#:#JM(#$+"#$+$+)#+4$'(+:#$$+JM&#+
#)(+#+J⎯)##-+ $"#$+JMG AAA #+$$#+ ) 1$#JM
# #+$$#4 +(+
#$+JM&+ )#)$+4$+V#1#3#+W$+(#+JM&#'(+#$+
$+JM#+#)++JM$7#$#+#+$$#+JM
-#)+JM
#-##$##JM#$#+$#++1##$$##,)#$#+,JM
#$
,(7)(1#1#3JMVWV#+#*WJM&#+#1#+($+J
M6? -+JM?$(3 +- $+ :,1+ "+JM(+#+
$#$+JM&#+(#$##4)$#+?"##+JM&#(#)$#:JM&#+
#$$+4$#+##+4$+#$,#+4$#++#*#+$#+#+4$+:$+JM&###
9??,#+(+1+4,6,$+(#+JM&(#)P1$#$#+),#+#+JM
$#+)$#*#+#-#+JM#"#1(+ +<+JM
#-+#(#JM&#
)$#*#$+)+JM&#,(:(,1#"(##$#$$(-#$+1$+JM$$($+4
)#+#+4$(+JM$ 94$ Q4$ C $ ,JM9(#+4+$1+4?#+4
+JM&#,##-$$#$+(?#"J
TR4K-,1CBBHJ
192
<4
#,+#)#+#)(-#R:'(+7#$+S#-'(5+-#4
,4'(5+:#+)(5+-#S#7$'(+#,#4-?# (::#S#)#+(7#+1#7##+)(1$)(3#,)$3S#)#$)#$4 #:# '( $#+ ,-#+4 $#+ ""#+#+ #<#+J &+ <+ + )()#
"#,41,)*##)+#4$#,##'(+6$+$4 '(5$64,+)7#$$"##5$(+(,"(#-# $+#$++#$#++"($#$(*+$),,-,))1$$5# $#4$,#+$<4$#:$$:,1:(+$$#J(+#
"(#$###$+)+#+:##$+,++?,#+-$-,+ )(1$4 +) ,(+#4 #Y $ '( )( $$"# # + (# #
)()##+74+#4+())",)$#4$#+,##-$$#+ $+$+$(-+:(,#J
(#-,1+-#$++#+
+)##$+#$#)+#4
)##+?+$+#$#(#4'(+($##$,+,,)S)$ 7#$#-#4$("'(#+6#)#"##+$#+#:#+$#+)++4$+
(?,+4#++1#+,1#($#+4#$#)##?#$#$(+#+,)(+#4
+)#(-##+4+"(#$7$#)$$$#S$7#$#-#4"4 ,*# $# : '( $ )J ## )# 4 ) +()(+4 +( (#$ "#$(#$$$+,+-++)(+4+""#$+#"+$
)#4++1((,+4+#3(+##,#+4++)$)$#$#
1##$$#J++(#$+++#$+)P1$+4'($+)#+,#+#(+4
$+'(+($+))#+4#+#+)#($#+4'()##++,++$#
?###$'($#$("#+-+++5++#+#+#++#134,*4
)("(+##+4#$#+(?4#+#$$#+)#+1#3#+4+3(#$#" ,4+"$#,++4)+,)#1$+4)#+$$+++4 1$+)(#+$#+)#+,6+#$#++#+4$+)###+$1#+(+ #(+4 1 # $#+ )+#+ (#4 -+# #)##+ + $+
"#,#$+'(+()(<#$+#+++4?)(+++# $+ #+ #$'($+ ( ?$(3 )#$#1# +#4 (# ,# $
,#)($# $ $5"#?4 $# 1# $ $5? $# #4 ,##4 #$'()+(##:#:#+4(#1#$#
J&(3++)+#+#+#+4++,+++:$#)#$+
+),$$+$+)#-,+:##$?,1#$#+$(+"#++6#,
'(,#$#++$$#++,##3$$#)14#+?+#$(#
"# ,+#4 "+ , #$+#?? #+++ , #1:4 +6 $+ +#+ 193
)+#+,5($#'(#1*#$##,)#<#4+'(+##:#$$##++#1#$$+
$:#$#1,#"#+#,+#J(+,#$#++1(#+J"++4
)#J(+(+++#)##++-($"#+J&'(,6+(+#4$,6+(,+
#,#<(4+$'($+)#,6+?#*J)1(#$,J(#$## #+(+4++)+'()#+J+#+#+#+++#$,(,#$)#+J
$++#$+1#3+4+1(#,+##$4+6:#+$+#+$)#S#)*# $#+)#+4)#3#+4#+$+##+)##$#)+#-)+#S
##$++4+1,#'(7+4,$+$#+#)#+:($4#*#+)#)$ #++$#4'()###)$#+#$$+$+)+#+J$#:'()#
$#+$+4:###$$74+,#+#+:(,##+$#+"#+117#+$#(#4 +(+ ,+#+ #1#4 +(+ +#(#+ ,(3+ +(#+4 +(+ #)+ (+#+#+4+(+(#+#+$1++4+6)$#+4#)(
3#)#+4"#-?#'(114+#?7#4"+($##)(+#J&+:'(+ 1$#+$$#+1$#++)#$#+$-$:($#,#S(#+" $6)* '(# #)+#+ #$ (? ( ##4 , #$ ( #1#$$ $#+
##+4 *4 -4 (# ,$ )++ ( #$?# :# #)+# #$ (? $-$#4 # +( :##J +( ?# $ ?+#$ $ +#4 # ,## $+ +)+ $ '( :#+(1 ?,#$#+ #1(++ $#+ $+#+ "+4?,#)#+$+,##,+)+'($#-#+:#
#$ 7# +"( # $+ '( :# )(# -$# $#+ $+ #*#+
$#$+4-#+:4-#+-+4:##$"P,"#<
?#(++#$?+#$)(+#?,#+#+4+#1
3(#,#$+-"$#++)#$+'()##+7#(#-,1,)$#$ +#4 # '( ( $#+ #+$$#+ -# '( $#+ $+ +# (,)$#+4 #+#$+'($#++*#$#+(*#+$'(,+)(1$#$'(
,1#4,1#:#?#-1$"#4)(1$#++$+-"$#++)#$+4
'(,6+'()##-"$#4)##,-?*##$+$+#'(-)$)#
)(1$#4+,)$#+)$(#$4$+,##+--#+$"#(#)+# 1(+3+4)##'(###+$$#-"$#++,#$+-"$#+J(##+6#$ #1$#,#<##43P#+$#?+#$7#4)##+#)+#+$-+($#+#$## (#+4$+#1"#+?+#$+#(L$#+4#(+3#(#1###+(#$7# $+$+#)(+S+)'($+)(#$-4#'($)'((11-+(
,1)$)###$+($3#-##:#4+)'()(+
$#$+#"+'(-#$P,+(#+#$#(+#?($$4+)'(
-###$#+(#4'(+$#:#'(+#$#+#+$$#+45$+,##4
,$+-"$#++)(1$#+$:#,-()L)##,)$'(#(#
,)45$-+#$##'($?+#$'($1#+(-M#$++ $+,)$+$+#1"#+#(L$#+J#:#'(4#$#++(#1"#4+## (#,$$#(,(J
194
$7#(#,)*#4#'($$$(-+JM,),#"#4+:#$-##
$#+##+$#(#,6+GAAA#+$$#+)1$#4(1#+#$+J
:#?###$("#-#)++(+####+$$##$)#'($#
"j'(7+3(#$+#,"+$+)(1$#+WSM$)(#(#$
"#SMV'(7 %($jSM # + $$#,#, $#,+ # #(SMV'(7
#,,#9#$$W4'(+$##+$$#$#"#*#$#$,6+1$(,+#
$+,##++(+#+$$#++7'(+6#,##+J
+ $#+ ++ $#,#<##4 '( ,)*#$-4 ,#4 ?(,#4 ,#+#4 )++:+1$#+?,#$+(?#+'(4#,,#+4)(#
)$+1#+#,1+)#+?####+$$#+#$#$)#+###$'(
$$"#4+6+(1$+$*#$+#4$$,#*+)#)$#+-#4$
)#)$##)#S#+(#$4,##+6-#+4#+"(41(#
$+V#1#3#+W$+1#++4'(#+7+$$#,#$#)#$#)$7##$#+ )+#+1$#:#1$#1(-+'(4)$+,5+)++'($+# ) +# $#14 + 1$"# # )(# - # $+ $+ '( + $ #-#)$1#'()#"##++1$#7$(+J
+$$+4$$+3+$+-++4)'()#'(-)$++
)$#++)#$#+4($1#$+(#+'(##1#("#*#,)#
,)$#4#?'(3'(:##"#<$#+)#)$#+4#)##+ )(1$#(,#*,##4#$-5+4'()(::##$+-#+
$(#$'(#'($$#,,(:$##4,$1#*$#,#+
#'($'($$"##)##(4(+#1#$$+$(+++1)(++4,( 1(#+)#++,1)$4'(+<+6"($1(+$$-#$#+'(# $#1#(1(+#1#44#,-#46"($'()($$#,#+
4+#$1$+$$L$:#'(5(,#*1$$+1#4M'(#$#+ (#$##MX--#$+)##$+(-+$#1$$##"(#,#7*YM
+6#+1$+$$+J("4-+)"#3+4#(+,1$$
:+4$+)+(#+1#+'(-#$6+,#4+(5$"#+)$#+'(#(
"##)#+#4(-#"#1(?$*4#*3#1#1#:+(#4'(: ##++$$"#+"(#4$(#$)#-#$$#++)#$#+4$
+<$#1#$+1$$+MX(6'($'(YX'(51'($"#$#$#
##$#+#7#+YX,:#$$#,##4+'($(#$-#4)$
$#+,#+4$,#*)#)$#++()#4(1$$+)++4
+"P+#,##3+#$-#"#1(YM(#+(#)+#1(-$#
'(+###$#+#+$$#+4(#+#+((##7#4'(+:#:# ,#4)##-#-#4+(+-++,3+4$+)#)$++$#$##4$+ V#1#3#+W$#S)5$+-#:#,#$##+$$#+()#4#$$7) #$$1$+$,#*)#)$#+4$#+,#(##(#)##'($"#<, +($4-#)#*,#3+##:#$#+$#+(#+J+5'(5$+'(#+7 195
#,#)+($#-$+4)#+J
$7#++#)##4+3#4++(4+#(+#+(+#+ ()+ $#+4 + ) , $+ '( )# ,( +"(+4 + +)(#$-#$+'($,+$*:#)(++"+(:4
+$$-#)++#$#)+#$+#$$+#4+(+)+#+4#(#+) :#1+ "+# ,#$#, + :4 #+ # '( $+ -"$#+ +
)-+#,#,##,)+#$$+J1#*4,
+#?#-4(+*#1#$$+,##+S)#'(($
#1#3#)(1$#4'($#1#$$-#$##+(-S$#1#3#$+"(
)#$#,#4'($$"##+##'(-$,##S,#++'(+
$ :## #+ L" $# ?,#$# +(+## $ 3(#,4 '( ## +( ? :##+(:-#4+L)#)#?(#+)3(4M)##
-$#$(#$(-"$#+$$-#)+#$#?+#$7##$#1#$$,##4+"( "#,(:(,14'(3(##$#):+$,##'(5$1##+(#(-S
,+($#'(+(-+$4+#$$14$+#)$#(++$#"JM "()+#$#+L$+4'(-1#<#+$#)##*'(:#,# +(+-+S),$#)#"#?(::##?(#4)1#$#:#,4#('($ #$1'(+,(-+"#4$++$$+#$#++(1()+$#1$+#4
),4:#$#+(#+$,#*'($+,#+++(1#,) '(($$+3'(--7##$#+#4--4#('(+()$#$$#4$+
$#+++75$#"#,#71($#4$-"$#+$$$-#)#J$#++
#$#++'(1S#$,#+$#++J
&+$##"(+##$#,)4$#'(*#+,6+?6$)(#4$ #6+??#1$+'(#+$#(#4(#+?+4
:*#+,##-3###,##+$#(,1$#+#+4,)$#++-+ (+4#+)#4(#,6+,$$4#'($)##-#$++#'(( )(+)$7#4++,*++1$+4+3+##$J
$+#$##,)+-##$#,)4#)+"#)"###$+(4'("(+# --$#+,#+-+#+$+$+'(:#1$#4<,###+("(+#4 #)+)+#+"#+++4#+)##,6+'(##$$"#(#+#+ )++4'(+,#,,(,+4"##:#?1#+4
,(+#+4-+?(#4,#+-3+++4()(+
-($-$("#$",#+($("##-J,##'(,$#$##+,(:
$##$#+,4$+$+:#+(1#'(:#7#+#4)#$*# )##$#+$#++J+7#$+4$#,+,7+,#)$#*#$
(#,4#))+$#$,(7)4#(+#:#1+)(+
,(:+ -+ #$#+4 ##1# # # )(<+ )(<#$+ $+ :,1+ 3+ #+$+#*,#"##++#($#4,6+++
4$##,(:#S)$,(7)#(+#4)+#"#)$#"1#3#4
196
+#$#$#+"##+$##+#,()#$4#14#$#+-+4$#+#+,#+ V+,#),7434#$#+$#++4)'(,7$$-$#+++#"+, )##$#5+4,,#4#$##WS$'(4,6+34-##$+
+$#++)##+J
++7'(+-4#$$6-#,+4#'(:+:#4#,6+$#$
)+4$#+#$"(+,(7)+$+1#++-#+#+?#:##
)##?#$41##$$+$,)#++)#+#+##+4+-+,(,#$
-4#+(+,("+#,##4$#$$+)#74'(##,1+$#+
+:#+#$$3#+4)#+##++7#+(#+J$$7$#+ ?5+)+$#+#+#+4$,#+S$,#(?64$S##,(34(#$##S
##)(#4(#117#J#'($$+,#+'()7#)#S$#,)<+,
$$+S,$$+4,+#1$+?+J##,#<##4"1#3#$"P,+#
(:,1,(#)(<#$##+#1#$#*+J:4+#((#(+(
$##$$4+P+$#++$#+4#$(3#4#)#$+'(
)#+#4+#-+'(,)#-*#)##$3#4(#-4)'(
++$+?#$#(+$'()#+#$4+$+#4,(4(#$$-#+1
+74+,1##$+4-##(1$()$+(?#+4+'($#)$7#+
#-(#+:#+#+,1$+(#$$#+4)'(,$1#++(3#*4
5$$+)"##S+$$"##),##$"(+$$+4#+6$ -$)$7+'(#4 (+ -+ +# $3(*)##+ $4 +#$3(*:#+#'(3#$1+#$+)++4(-,#$+)$7+4
)$'(++(,1'(+1$"(#+-++#++#)(#+#$+'(#+( -*$#+$+$++-M$+###$+3(+4M'(++($+,#$+
'( $+ 3(+ +# $+ ) -#+ ))($#+J #$+ + $#+ :+ $+'(:#,(7)#$-4##+#*$- #Y #+ ,6+ -*#4 ,6+ -+J &# 117# # : -*# #
1##):,1J;$4+(+4+#(1#$4#--##+("J+(#"
-#7#,#1$$#4(4+1#+(-4$#1##)(<##+S( ##4+3(#)#####$"(+4$+,6++1$$+S)#+
114+#+$##+1##+7$+'(:#-#4$+'(-##-# $("J#+#*4$$#,##$##4##(:)$##$$4+"(
#+:($+###)(+-##$$"#4:##$#)(<#+
#-+#$++1N$+O'(+$#*#$+:'($$+4#'(5$##1#, #+(+#1#3#+1$$+#)+'(,)-+4'(5$#)+)#"#J$$7+74
:# (#+4 ,6+ '( $+ S )$7#+4 + - #$ ,+J $
(##+#-#+"+4"$)+43(++'(#$#,+,##+#?( 1(+#(-#'($+?#$#$+#1#3#+$+#+#*4#$
-+?#*#?#*$#+#$#4#)+#$+)(<+4'(+#$+'(+($,)
6+4(#++4#1#*#+,5+4:#+#$###J#+#*+ 197
$,(7)J&#"4,#:#+3#+4+$#117#J
(#+$#+#$+1#+,6+($+J&+$("#+114)# +6$$+4#('(,##$#$'($+#+#$+)(++-#+5#+J
&+'(--$6?-+4$+))##+)##++7#+4'(+
,(:+4+'(#+4-7#++4,)$#+(+#++"##"S)
) #+ # $# (# X'(5 4 $,)*#4 +)YM6 #"# # ( "4
)'(,)++(+(S)#"#+#,(#'(5$## #,"+#$4'($'()++#<#7#+(#,+#4$+()$# )'(+#?#+)5$+(+?,+-+)$7#+4'($(+74
#$#"#3#+($J(($("#4##$##7#$##4$# $#$$#L#$7#4+($+('(#,1)(<+4#)+#+( #1#$$+##)##4$+#1#3#+$+)#+-#$+4()#)$#$-+
$ $ ,#$:(,# '( :# 1 5$ ( ,#* )#)$#+ ?#(($#+M
)'(:#()+)$7+$#(#'(,6+$#$,#
###()(+$#$'($(?$##+()##$#)+#4
#"$#,#*+)#)$#+$#$)+-#$#$##1*#4+$"##$#+
,6+$#$##))(#-#$+ ,)#S $'(# $("## ,
#1$+"#,#$+)(1$#+$+,##+4#'(,(:+++4
+#+:#"TR#(#+)#$)+#4:#### +#$'(+(++(#+-)$##)(1$##$#)+#4#$
'( $+ +(#+ $ "#,#$ )(1$# - ) $ ## ,## # $#
"(7#J ++ #+ ?( - 9#R4 ,##4 $# $
)+#$'($$-#$1##?$CBBAS)++#+:#+##
)( + - $-$#J $ '( $+ :,1+ "+4 +#,
+#+$(?+:,1:#+$$4+)(+(()#$
(#+$#+#+$$#+4#+$+++#+:(14#$$#
-+##+)$$+$#+)#)$#+4'($6?+#-*4+4:#$$"##
,(:J+:#)+##'($$+)(1$+'('(#+-#$#$1#'( "*#+$$#+?(#6,#+$#-"$4$#)64,#'(7,+,4+# ,+,##+##$#&1#4:#+##)()$#4#),$#
#1#J
####$#+(#4+:#'(4,()+#4#,+$#+(#+J+#+
$+#1#3#++X'(5$3#Y+,(3+#P3-+$$-##$):$##
1$## #*($4 +- $+ )##+ $ ## $#+ #+ ,)##4$#)(+?-J>:J>#,6++-:#+#:,(3+$#+ ##+4 )# )#)$#+ #1#3#4 $(# )+(#+ #$+4 )
-#$+-#++?#,#'(4#'($$##+$$#:(11(P,-+
)J>:J
#+#+$$#+-##("#$+4$)?(#,($$4'(
198
)(+##$+11+$+#TR'(+'($,#1#-$7#
(("14,#+$#)+#$#)P1$##'(?($CBFK4'( $ :(# $+ )(1$#+JM #$ )+ :( -# #,15
#$(+7+,#,4)+45+"$4#+(+#$#$)(+$#$
:#3#+(-)$-#$'($-$###(##$#$$)#
)###+)##$#$)+#$4+(-#$%$#J
Z'(5)#+##'($$#+#+(#+4'($#"+#"$)#3(#(##'(
L)#[$##7#:#++#<++#$#-#+(:3:(+()#$#
?$#$)(+'($7#$+'($$"##+'(5$44#++(: :,14#,(#$)$#+(#+J
1 # $#+ (#4 $#+ (#+ + #4 ,*# $+ +)+4
"(##+)$+)$7#+4##$+-+?(#+$#+<#+,(:#:+ ,*+4#-+:,1++4)-'(5+$$-#$#+#+$$#+J:#+1
$$#+4$#++$#-#$#+,#+J+-#'(6+$#+4)#$+)#+J ,(:#:++3(#(1#4$-J&#)$7#+($#(4"$)#$+
'(:(+4'(S$$+4$###+#"##4:##
#$$#1#4$#+#1$#+#$:,1J##:##$##+$#+'(4$'(
+(+#"('($#",$1#'(7$#+$+J7#+#6+4:# '(#1#$$#+##+'($+,(:#:++14#31#P$-3$+ +-#+'(+#$+#S(#$#,##+#+#4$#+#+$+ +$#+$#+####('($:+6+4+#)#+#,#?( $#+#+$$#+J,+-##-#$#:4#('($$(-4+34$
$-#)+$:4$#1-#$$J##+'(#4?### )(#4$$#,#(#?"##J$#:#::<+1(-+4+($$$"#(+ "#?+4)"+$3+)(?#+#$$(+4"()+:+$+1#+1#3+4
1$#+?,# 1#-#4 '( :# 1##+ $# ?"##4 +(+ "#?+
#1##$+1#$++4"+(?+$+$$-##(#+'(# ###$'(+,P'(+)"#$+<+1(-+4+(+)#+4
)'(+$#4<,#(1#*##$"($+,#$#+4#
+1$"#<#$#+,#+#,##+,#)$#+4)(<+#?(+'(#
,+$?(#4$+(?#+'($#+,#+$+1$+$$+:#+#?$#$#
##4(#$1(5L$1##$#+++4("$)?##$'(
$$++#146+$#3#J<+:#4:,1+#,154'(+$-###,
+#+#+J4)$,P4$#?"##+#+(+#+,+#+J$"(#+
:##$#+4,(#$(,#4)(+11#$+-#7+)$#$$#,#
#1#3S$:(,"4,(#1$+#)#4+#$)$##$#1#S#+5$4,$#+ :3#+(#)#$,#41#$"(#+$#$$#,#J(+#+$"))#$#+
#$$+4+$++#$++(+#+#++4$#+)#+4$+-+'(
+ $$#+ ,#4 $ # ,+,4 (#+ $##+ #,#$$4 #+ --#, 199
#*#?##J##+#:#$#:Z'(54#('($#$$(-#+#$46#$#
)#1#3#$#(#4#$#+"#+)$#*#+$#
#+4#-4$#
,(:(,1 #"$,## $$#+4 $ '( -# #(#4 # "#+ $*+
$#++1(:$#?#:##(,(4#$+'(#,##$#+)(#+
+(+?#+4$+#+,6+#1$+$#(#[M%R$4TR4
T>+4+6$#+#$$+J
:#+#$11#'(:-#J$++(1(14#$+$#+#,1+7+4
+#)(+#1#$1(#:##)4+)'($+(++#)##$+
+11-#+6+J+#+7$++#$+"#$,##4'(-
,(,)#4#+(+#+#+:#-($4+#7)#+4'(,#+(+))#+4
11+(+3#$$+1#1#<#4+1$#+#$::##R?$1#
)#++&,1("4$9(1,#:"4$&1+:##+)##+#"
$,##+1(-S+()#41(#S+(#+):#S+(#$"7#4?$L-# 1#:#S+($#$##*S+(3($))S#$,6:#()
&(M)(1$#+:#+)$,P4)+#-*4:#-#,#,
$+ ,##+4 ##+ )'(4 ),+#+ )#$# ),)+#4 $+ #,"+ %$#
: # $# #-# $#+# '( $ #($$ )(1$# ,-7# '($$# #
"$##)$##4$'(+"#,(:#)#$-$#5+4(# ))##$#(#$#)$7#$)#7+-$+#$,#+1("#
M -#4 $+ #$,#+ :# +)1$# +$-#+4 ?(# +#+4 #1 -7#+
?5#+$$6#$#7?S$,3,TR4#$,#+$:#S
,#+'($##4?(#+#'($:3$"4#+(-#$+4:##7
,6+'(")()####4#,"#)(++)P1$+?+(+J$:3
$#$,6+($4+)(+4?(##+(#1#3J$$$#5++)*+4 )J1'($##:#+#*#+$#(#)$"4#* #"($<#41#1#)1$###$,#$##:#S$##)$34#$$##$-4
1#,6L,#$#1+#+4#$,$$##$:($#4+?##4#-#+#J .( '(# - )#,(, #*#+4 : , +# $+ '(
+#,+1-#TR4'(#++,*$#:,"(#J$#+)$#*#+
#+$#
-#$#"4)'($$#+$ C $ Q4+(+
1$+S#$$#++6$+(#$+"#$++((+#$+#,1+)#+4
$+:$+"#+?#,++4$$#.(#-#4:#)+#%$#4$$
)(1$#+S$9??,#4'(?()+##$-$#4$$$+,##+
,6+(#7#J-*#++#1+#+#+##+4+:#,)#<#+$#+J %#'(+++"#4?(#+74)+1$#+,+#+J%$+#+
$+#+++:$+11++((++#)#4$###
200
9??,#4 (1# #)+ (#+ -#$++4 $ #(+ , ( )
+)#<$4(?+?$+#$$#'()#(##$#<4#$
+ -($ # #4 (#$ + '(++ - ,4 ++ +(##+ -$6#+4(*#$$$64#,##6?#"#4+)##+$7-#+4+$+
#1#+ $ +4 ( , ,*#+ (15,#+ +1$#+S ( )$# )$##+?3##S'((#,(33-4#$#?#,$+++,##-$$++
$"(#,#$.(*##4+#1###$#1#4-+1$$+(4$$, (,+(?#S:#+#:4#)<###$+#'(
)"$+(++$#1##4#'($$##-#,++$+'(##:#
+(<# $#+ 1$$*#+ $#+ ?#+ #(+#+ 6?##+ %("(#(4 '(4 )++'(#++1###,#+<74'(#-##$#$#
##)##$P1#+4-##(?#(,+#'(+:(#
$$#+$#+#"(#+#+(#$#,,##'(74,(#$#$#$41#3
(+$)$?$+4#+1$$*($(*4'($#+ #+3#+$+$#+#"4#$(#S3#+5-+4#
,( #+ +7,1$+ #,++ )$## )$##+ -##+4 +6 +,)
(1# +( #,# $+ ++4 "#+ ,#*+ +#+J ) $#+ +'(#+4 1###+1J(+)(#+,6,$1$#4(#1##+###'(4 $+1#*+)6++(#1*#4+,##)$#$+4#1#*#$##1*# (+6?4'(,##$)+'(+#)#J
+#1$3#)5+($"#(
$#(##1*##4$+(+,1(+*#?+)#+4+63(#
(#)(#3(##4(#$#:4S(,+'($+,)+
5++<#+(+(+#+6#4#)##(#"###:4#
$$##(#+?,#1$+4'()#,6'(#-+#4+$,)1#3(# $6,)## +#$ #4 ( # 14 ($"# ( $ ( 1 %#14(3R##1#$$4)+(#+'(#$,+#S#4#-($#+
(##3##,#S$##+'(#4-++#4:#,(#+(,+#+4
$#+##+$#(#4$#,6+#4?(##?#,+#J
#:#X'(5-7Y$#+#$$+:#1$#$+)$7#+#+$,+#
9??,#4:#)(+--#+#$3+4+"##1#34
-++#+$#,#+#:,1+)#+"#+'($$#$+#$4#'($$+6"$+,*+4
"# $##$ )($4 +,3#+4 $#+ 1$$#+ )#+ $+ '( $+
+)$#$#+,#+4#($+#$"(+#1$#)#+#,#$$#+4)##+
3#+4)#4+#6+$?$,+##1#1(<#4)$
+#$+ #$$#+ ?#++ #7++4 ( 35 + #+4 + , +
,#$+#,:1$#(*'($+$("#+?5+(1#$+61$+#7+4+#+
?$+-+#+4'(4$##1*#+)##$++4-+("4(,+
"4$+11+#33J#+#1$'(114$'()#"#)$$J+
$P7#$#<'($+:,1++:#1$#+#(#4++J$
201
'(+4#+4#)1+4+"()#+?(++4)(<##+J
+ :#17# -+ #+ 3#,6+ ( ,,4 , (# + #++ # $# )+#(#1$1##,6#4+:#1$##<#1##$"7#4
+3(#4+,)+1(#)#4#,"+M#,+'(+#+()#4 #,#(#4,"$##+1+4#('(+4$+1(+$("#+4
++#4:#)+#+'(+?(J+'(:#1$#4+'(#$ $"J&#+*$#:+#+1#P,6+'(-#"#+#+J)4
9??,#4 #(# ( :(# $ #4 $+ -#++ + $#+ ,#+ $+
11+(#"#($"#,#)+1+(#1*#$-$#,#7#
$#(#TR)(1$#'(#1$4'(#+(#$+,$$+4
:##cCEAAAA)###(##$+"#++$$-$#J:(##:#4
)###,#R4(#,+%$+#'(+,#$##)1#1$4
,$$+#P'(,#+4#$+,##+(#,$)++J
:,14)
?4,#$-4$"##$*#+S-##"#$+,14+1$+:,1+
(+(#+#,"+$$-#($1:'(+$#,#V)(+(,$$)++
M"#$+()$,(M#'($-$#+6$)+WJ ((,+4,++($#+$+(+)###)#$##)(+#$+
#)+#+ ?4 $+ '( $$-# $1+ #)(+#+4 , $#+ ##+ #1#$$+4+#1)#+##*+$#,($(4)##+#1+$#?#$+#$++#J V(::)(,$$)+++1(j4+)#$?(VZP'(5+[W V(+#'(7?,4$:,1+1$6)*+1$#)#+(+,14 )-,$'()5+$$,$$+1(JW##$# #)(+#4$:,1+#$4,((?#4$###4$1#*+(+#,"+4'(
7 ,(: $ #+4 )'( $ $# #)(+# + ,$$#4 ) 1( :(, #-,J ( (# #$ $ :$4 ,#"#+ #,+#4 ## $# ? #"#++(4(+#4(+#+3)+()4
$4,("()#4$+),+(+J#-#$+,##++
?+7+#'($$4(+#+,++#$#+,#+4+#1#*#J%$$#(
)$# ?#$ $+ ++ #)#"#+J ++# $# ? $+ -3+4 $#+ ##+ #-+#++$++#$#$)#4,'(,*#+4-$-#+(" ,#)###+"#-+4'(3($###+#$#,#+()# )##$#)+#41+3P1$4:##:#+(++,1+#$#4$+-($-# :#+()#,6+$$+J1#,9T4$)4#((
,#"+#$ +(+ +1 $ : +(+ #)$#+4 )+ -# $+
,##+4"#$,)*#,#$4+L#"#,$$#4:#1$#,-$,4$-##
$+1#*+#$$4+#+:,+#+4:($+:+$:,1(
#,"J
$#+#$$+41#3$#$$(-#+(+#4$?7:P,4##$1#*:,1+
,(3+4$+'()##"(#+4$-#+#1$+S$#+,(3+-($#++(+ 202
#)#+",#J)4,+?#+4#'(+#1)#+$6+,#4#+,#4)
(#+'(#45$#+(#3-3-#4$$#1#,5$4(1#( +,1)#3#4#1"##(#,###4+-#"#1(+3-+'()# ##1#+$-##$$J$$#$$$-###+#+4+$(,1####$(*4#+# $,)#4-+4,(#-)###'(+:#+#-$#)),#
-*(#,#"#J$?+#)#4:((#(#3$"'(#4
,(""#'($$-##+)#$#+(<4+#1#$$++#"431##$$#4
): -(4 - +#+ #<#+ ?#+ + 5 #+#+4 #)+
,),#1$+4 7 $ #(#3 '( $$# "(7#S $( +( #)(: $ + --##:-*(#+#$)#)(#"#$$(-#4,,#<##$((#
+#4'()#'(##1#+)++(#,#4+:##1#+(+1++4+$
'(#$,(M:#+#$4+(,(1,#$$+ 1)(3#4#$:#3#+$$7###$$#4#-#(-#R$+J+ #(#4:#5$$#"'(1+#J++(1#$?#$$-#4#+
#$+-#3+-+##$#-*4$'(:#3#,6+J(#+'(#$-#"4 (:1$#"##*4'(:##*#+(++)3($+4#$#$
- $ )(< )$## +( 1#+ 51#4 + 7 # ( 3-
,##+),)+'(-#,,#9#$$4+6(+$+
,##+ ,$$#+4 ,P+#4 +(++ #+4 '( #$$7 + +#1 '(
$-$# :# (?# $ +# (-# R4 + 3#,6+ '(
(?#7#JX+(#+#5$Y,#$:(,#$#)*($#$-#"$ (4'(+)(1$#4,)(++:+J$#:#)(+
$7#$)#4'(+++(:#JVX$-$#+(+)+YW
#$?,+##'($$#:#?(#)+1$+#1$JVX+,*'(#*+YW"(< +(-$-5++("#16:P,(#,"%$#J$#"
+:##74$)#J$-#7#+(#"##$+)+$)(%R$J# +-+$#+#$#4#)+#$1+$#:4$,+"7'($$#$# )$#*#$#+,)#+4+6$+"#+)+4$#$+#$4
'(+##1*#+4)'($$#+6$ Q4'(?#,#)(1$##+
?$+$-#+$*4##$+#+$+##+,##+4'(
#+()(#4)+##$$+-##$C4(),6,$+6#,#
+$7##$+$$#)###1$#+(#+4(#+$*
# ( ,4 (,#+4 -# +1 "#+ $#+ "#+4 $#+ #+4
$(,##+4,$(#%("(#(4)(+$$(+J?#+###S
:,+##)+#J$)$#+#$#$#+#4Z'(5++## #$(1+[4()$7#<+4,)#)#$#$$(-#4+#$#$)#+?
+()MXL#4)#YM(:#+,(3+-#+$#+#6+4)##'(
$+'($#,#7#J$,(+$#,)##5$4$#")?+1(#
(#$(+##1#3+$JVX:4)#4-,(:+#:,$+,)#
203
,1(<($+#$+YWX1,#$$#<+YZ+#1#$$
'(-$#$##$C4)#)$+#4(+)#++,6+#$#[+6##1#$$
($,####4'(+$#,(+#(##,+7#J$+3#+$$
$($"#+1#+#1#3#4'(#17#:$"##,$#1#$$J$+,1 +(#+#"(3#('($?('(+#$#+J$#+#$#++$-#$ #$#$$,)$+3+4'($$#,)#"(#,#++$#4,(
3++(#1#$"#(#4#?+(+#$#+#$+#+P+4'(7-$#$$7 ##,#4#5$##(#$+$#$(*$5#+1(##)$$#+?$##4:($ #*($4$#+'((+##6$#+)###+$+$+)+#+#$'($J
#++6$+"#+#+$94),4'($5##$#"
)+(,1*##?+#%$#+(+##,)#<##$-$#4)'( #:#1#-$(#+4#)'(+6"#$#'(+?7$)$$# #?4#)'(+(1$74'(#,15"*#?#,##1$4#)+#'($#+ #+'(+$#+*$#:+6$$"##$##?#-#
%$#4 5$ #+7 $ 4 #('( :# )1# '( # # $-$# # (:$$S
,#+'($ ,4#$7+,#?+((+4P#(-#
R4#($+)(1$#+4'(#%$#:#?#1#,4:##+:#
)#+#4+$,#$'(+#+,#$#,(:(,1)(1$##4'(#"(##
+(+(-#+4+#,6+'($#+'(1?##%$#4'(4,+)#+4##
#JX.(5++-#$+:,1+-+Y#++-4,
$$+JX(6#"Y#+-#,(:+#?$((#+(3##$+'(- : $$(-+# "# +4 ) $#+ #$,#+ )# ,#<## $#+ $(+ $5#+4 #$*##+ # #$"(#+ -##+ $ )#-,4 )# +( :-4 $## $$4 )#$#1#+-#++)7(+-+$#$##,+#3+)?(+#$+:,1+
(#+'(:#4'(+,),P$)$+#+4,(#,##$+$4)# +(+ ++4 $"#+ $ # )## #$(,1#4 (#$ +$ +#4 $# ?"#
:(,##J1P3#+#$$3+4)($+$#+,##+"74$? '(+,),$,6+++($+#+#$,#+(-#RJ+(?#:##
,+$1$$#+$(+4##$+1+$:4'(+,3#4"#+3#+4$+
3+ ( ""#4 " "(#6 #,#<# ,(:(,1J X:# +7 '( + #
($-4$:(4$#4$##$$(#Y(-#R4(#"##
+7,+,#4)?(#1$,#$-$#4#+7J+"(<+14
+1 $# $+ #+ ,##+4 $#+ #+ -#3+#+ )## %$# #-7#+6$+#+4,#+$$"#'(:#$#$#$#)##4$#
(-#'($+###:##+(-#$+,##+S'(T>+4
$+)(1$#++1(4$++7#+#+#$$#$4,6+ cEAA AAA4 -# #,15 ) $-$#S '( $#4 $ +# ( - ?(
+#,#)$+)(1$#+$#+$+CBFK4+,##)1(#
,#7#S(:(#4?,#1$,(##,##1#$$7#4(:(#'((# 204
#$$#$$4#+7,+,4+#4+-#:#+#$#+P$,#+
:#+ $# ,#("##4 ( :(# -1#+ #$#+4 "#+ , )## 13# (
354::#++,1+4+$-#1(+4)$#J$'(#$#++1#
-$-7##$#(#4#1#-1#$,+,-7J
1$#+#41$#:#$+
,,#7#+43(4,(?+#4$(",()+$5"#?4+#1##
+$#+(-(#,#$1$+$$$"#164$###$#+( +,14+#6+$#"#"###--#+#%$#4#V(+#+)#*#(+ "($$W4#$#1#$$$#V$(,#%$##W4,$$#,#%$#:##$"(+#<+$
##"+$$4'(#:#++(,"#,()#+##$#,#:4#-7#
+#1#?#$,4#-+$+3+4)6$#+$#+++4+#)##+$#+,3$$#+4
#$#-*4(#,#$"#16$##$+,1)$#4$#*#
"+4 '( )#7# $+ P$,+ $#,+ ( #"*# -(+4 :# $
#1#$$$#V$(,#%$##WJ
Z,4#+#,)#<####4:#$#:##++#+(,#4##)#*[
# '( $# #+# + $# #$"7#J $ (+#+, , # $+ :,1+4 $+ ,1$$J#"#+$++(+"7+#+(#+$#-###4+-+$
+)7(?+#4$##$+4++7#+'(),P+,
,## $# $4 + $+ #1#3#+ 3# )+ $+ #)++ $#14 3#4(#-*#$?4+(:+<+J$:,1+1#4+3(-J +(<+()##45$4$+$#-(,#$$4(#,+#+14( #)##*:(#<4(#(#J,#+,6+"#-#+()(1$4,6+"#+-4
,6+++)#4)+#'(#(##:#$J+-+#)#*'(#
$+ $ ) # '(4 , $ 3(1$ :1#4 $ '( $+ #<+
,#$++?(+#(4##(##<+4+7#3(1$4+-($#+($("#
#'(4$##3#+#$'(+:#$#+)#)$#+$#,+# )'(+(#4#)+#$#)#)$#$+:(4'(-)$+
)(1$#+4,$#$#1#3#$#5+'(-+)(5+5$4#($+(-4
)(+'(-4$+#)$#(++$#"4)$+,##+J
$ '( $ +(?#" + ,)# )( +# $ )$" $+ )#7++ '( +
"1#)$+(?#"#$$7:#()+()#4+'(:# :,1'("#4#('($(?$"#*#$++#(#$+$:,+4 ),#'(:,1#$$7$#1$(+#(#+$#$1#<$)(#
,$#$-#))+#$,#4,$##+##$)($),4,$
(?, "#$#$ "#$4 ,$# P# ,## $ #*1+)S #$$7 '(#
"($$ 1#3#4 : +4 ) +7#4 "# 1($## 205
+#?## #$$7 ( 35 )#)$$$+ 1$#+ + $"# -#+ ,6+
6)#+,)$#+'($#+'($"3#,6+35$#*#+#$$74#+'()#+ $,)+#)##'($#+#++#)+#$$4+$+##:##(#$ +#$#4,'(,+##"($#+#*'($#+)-##$$7
##(##<+4$+'(?#1#,#$##4'(++(+P+(<+
$"7,+#(#$+4++##L#,#$,#3+(:##4#3(+1
$#1#$+#,+#+4$+?,#,)$#*#S#$$74$##+$
1MZ,:#)-#++#+1##$$#+$1$##4 )+1$++$)(1$+(#+4$,#$+,)$+[MZ+#+#+
$#++4(##$#1(##<+$#$#+?#)(?#$++,#+$#
'($#+#?7#[\Z++++++#"++1+,)##4(##+
#(,($#$#+$#,+)#+#+?#+[X-#4$+'()(1$+ ?+#,+4#,1($#,+)+#,(:(,1+4#-($+
$6",#+ "*4 - # $+ :,1+ ,+4 ++ +)$#+4 # $6",#+'(+#$#$#+,3$$#+4$6",#+'(,(:#+#$:(+4,#+
-+1$+4$#,##$+$+4$6",#+++)#-"]*#Y
:Y ,(:+ -+ + -S ) :# ,6+ '( + -J &#+ )#++
#+#4$5+#+3#-$$#7#+S)$#3(+#-$#J&#+"(##)#
$+)(1$+'(+"1#)$+(?#"-+(,)#4++(
,)+#$#,($)$#J+)(#)(#-*+$#4)#(+
-#$#4)'(,$$#+-+4'(+$+P(#-*4##(##<+
#,#1$ + ,#J #$#4 , '( +#+?# (# ?(
#(#$4 ) + )(1$4 # $+ #,1++4 ,) # $+ :#+4 L)+# +(
-$(#4+($-3(+#4+#$4+,#$#$$(-#4#-$+1$+$+
)++(+1#44(?#$'(##)$+#+4-($-#+(
#+# $,)#4 $+ :3+ (, :,1 # :,14 # $# #3# :#,#++(+)#+S$($#%$##$):4$$# $-$#J#+#4#?(#4$#+#*#++?(S$+"()+## $+?#+$##,)#<#S+$-##)$#)++41?#
%$#4'(+1#$+##+'(:(1"#+)(5+4$6",#+,4'(
$#+'(,#+S+-#$#+#7#+4$#"%$#4'())#)(+#+S #$#+(-#+#$"+4$#",##4'(#$?4#+-#<+)$#4:#
"##$#1##$$#J$+#+$)(+-($-$+1R$#+#+(%R$S )$+-#)+-##+(+#+#+$+>+M#+#-#$$##$$#$7
+$)(-+$+-#)$$+#$(,1#+?#$+$+'($
(*#$#+#"(#+#"##+,-1$+4#$)#4#(#)$+#):+?#6++
$#1$#4'($?$7+$-##4##7#)$+(+#,,#1$
:4 $# -" $+#$ $# &1#4 '( (, #$,#4 #+,# $# #1*# +<$#4'(-#$$##$$#4#$#'($#$)(4+,1##:+ 206
$(+$5#+4+-#,#J
>;
4
(%(++4FCBBEJ
N)#O
$7###+JM,#$+$+4,?(+(+:3+4,+:J
M(-#R?+#?#,$#J+(,1+4)++4+)6($+JM9,#3#
$##JM&++-#+JM&#+?+#++-JM&+#+J9
-"9#,$JM$TR(-JM
#+#$2%,JM&+$"+$+
3+?7++JM
#$(#+++?#,++JM"#1$4$-$+#
$ (JM#R T#4 $ ), :(,+# #,#JM(+ #+4 +(
#64+(#6$#4+(+-#3+4+(+$1+J
(-#R4@F-,1NCBBHOJ
<4
8
+7##"##+J&+)"+)(#+4'(+#(#+1$$("#
,+,'(+,1##1#:#1))(#+(+:3+4#3$#+#"## 9$##4#*$#$1#4$##:(,##+#$-4$#+(,1#,#1$
(+ ( 7# ## ,++ #$ $# ,+# ?#,$#4 # # "##+ #$
)+4 $ (:$$ $-## +1 $+ ,#3#+ ,5++4 ) $+
1?+ +(++ $ #<J $ +6#$ # $# "$+#4 '( :* +##)##,#$'($1$+)7($##$#++#)(##4
)(3(*"#+#-7#)$##(+#4,##-+)(L+-#4'($+
++$+)"+:(#?+#)6#,(##,(:1
#$#+#,#++#1$4(#4,:#*#'($$#+$-##+4$#+#,#+ (6'(#++++#P:##$#,#J
'($$#",)$###(+#+3(#1#$7###+4,++ (+#:1(#4#?+3#"3#+$3"+#$"$3#*($++J
7#$#1$$#+#<4,$1$46+)+$+-++4,$#6$+ :(+(4,$#++(,1+J3(#1#$+-3+$+41#3$:'(:#17#
$-##+(+,+,#+,#+4##$#1##$+"#'(3#,$#-(
$+:,1+4#)$#+)#$,#+#$$+#++1$+:3+$++4#7$# ,#"##,6,#+1$#?:(,$$##$#:,$7#?-+#
$)#$##+#4##)$++#)#+$#-#4+1$#%1$#(#+
207
)6"#+ +<#$# +(+ ,1+ (# $7# "#J $# ,)$# + (-+
(-4$#+,+$#"(#)#4$#+)$6#+#$#"
?#+#'($+#(#$(?4$#$3#,$#5)#+$(#'("$# )+#)(##4M+?(#1$##$#,+#?#,$#4'(-#+#$#1,#
#+ 3(#+ $+ )#-+ ,(,#$+4 )+# )+7#4 '(*#+$#+)+#?#,$#4'(+7#$#<,+#1#"#"($$#+(
)#$#$#+#1($#+:#+#+J $7##,)##$+#(4)$$
:-+#$+#1$##4)#$#+4)#+$#$#1#*#4#++#)##$# ,#$,7#4'(#$#,,+#4X'(5)#-4'(5#+YX'(5)#+$
?,#1$4+)+4,#*#($YX'(5)(+)#+#+4$#+)#+#"+4
$+,$++),14$+,,1$$+'($+"(41"(##+
?#++-)$#+#,#+(#+#+)##'(?+#+?+#++(+#+ #+#+Y:#$#+(+$#+,#*##+43("++4(-$# +#J
:#4:#1+-##$)(1$"$5+4$#":#,1#4+7#
?++#$##()#4+$7###+4TR#$,+4$#?+#
#+#S + ( +(#- , '( $+ #,#+ + P#4 $#+ ,+#+ + "#$#4 ,))+$+:($+4+#1##$+#+4,#$+)1+
$,+#4+#++J
Z.(5+:#)$#,1[
7#?+#+(1?)P1$J&+7#+
?+#)$#+?(*#++(#-*#$#+#+J
$ P$, 3(-+ -,1 + $ (+(#$, +<#$# ) $+ $#
)P1$#$+1#+$++#+)##'($#+$#1++(,)#4+#$
)#-,4$#)$#)#*)+)#$#)P1$#$1(<J#$
,5$+#4$+,#+1+#:#1#*++#5#+(-#"4
+(#$"7#S+$$-#+#+S#'($4"#+S$4)$$J$#+
,#+:+#+4'(+'(-#$+($+4$+)'(<($+7)7#J&++++
+(#-*#J&++++:#1$#+7J&+,#++#$,)#++(+
,(3+J&+#,#+(::#+#)#J$,($$-##$"#+(+#+#+J $,(+1(J:3(-+4#,5$#,4'(+"#4+
?+#J &#+ (#$$#+ 3("#+ )$# - $+ $"+ $ # +)(#+(+)P1$$),(+3("##6#$#)$#)++#$$6# $#,#+4#$+1$+4#$+3("+)#3#7'()-#$+"$++J
&+ )##,#+4 $$+ 1##+4 -# # $+ #+P+ # - $# 1##$$# RT4'($"$5++#U#+:"4$#(641$$$+
6#1+,?#,+J&+#+4#?("#$#4+,#:#$$+S,
+)#<# :# 7# ?(+ 1( + 4 :# #6 -#
'(#'(+#1'(#+$#$$-#+(-$7###+#7
$ 3(1$ #+?6 #+4 ,)+# 1(?+4 '( +(+ :#*#+4
208
#++#++##+,)#$($#++#+)P1$#+4$+-+,#7#+1"#
$+"1#+$"1JMX.(5?,#1$+#(#+7#$#+##4+
#$"(# -* '(++ #1#$"# $$# ( #Y X#7# , + + $-##+4
+),)+#+$#,)#4$(,,#+$+$,$$+4($?#
'( (1+ + $# 1#:7# $ 9(+ :#+# $# ##"#Y + 3(-+ -,14 :# , '( $ # #+,4M'( +6 $$#+ $#+ #$$+ +$#+J&#+#$$+)#)6"#+:#R#J+#+7'(+"$+$#+#JX.(5
1#--$#)64+(+#1$:3#$##+#$:,141## $+1#,+#1$###$S#:(:$$#1$##4)$##+(Y$'(
$$-#$#,1)+#S),6+'($#,1Y$+-:($+$#(##4 '()(+#+(+,#+#+4+:)##:+(?,4$'(-#
#$$ #$$4 :#+ $+ 1#*+ ) $+ :,1+4 #,)#<#+ )7?#+ ,)#+S+"(+$&$)($1#4'(,)+#$,+#?$#4 ,#:##)#+$"#-6+$+-(++$(?,Y#:#- #,)#<7#4'(+#P,3J&#1$##,#4#(#$+<+($+)(+Z# '(5:#::$#)6$#?#+#[&$-#(#+?$)#$##4"#16'($$"#
#$+($4)$##++#,134#$:,1$+#1$+(-##4(+), +(4)'(+(+)#+$,#(#45$4'(+7)( 4+#<+J%(+##1##'(7$(+#?+#X3#$6##1##
(<Y
# )+:(1#:J?( )$-$#4'(:# ()##$#?+#
#+##+(+:,##+4$#+'((#X'(5:,+(#Y"##+()))##$#++ :+#M)+$:,+-##$+#,#+S4-#4
,+'(-#$+-(#$"(#)+,L#:#--4'(?(#$*#
+(,)4:##,+)$("4$##$$5L,6+:,+#4(# #,(#+:$#5$-7#4+(,(3$(+$#(#1#J
?($#)+)%$#4#-+#,4'(1+#4+#$#$ 1#$+(#+##+)#+(+-+'($+#$(#4(1$)"#,#
1##$$#4'(#)(#(-:#1$7+,#,#$##$((?##,##+#
U#+:"4)'($#+(#+((+#$##$'($###""##+(+#,"+4:#
+4 )## '( $# )L,# $ )+#$ $ +3# (- , +(
#1##$#)(1$#J
?($#)+)##$1#4,+#<+4$7#'($+"$++-+
#1###TR4M)'(+#<4$$##1#$++-#+'(
#(#$#,#4:(1$$#,6+'($++(#1###,1+4 $+ (#$+4 )## )1# # $# " #$,# ?7#4 ,)$# ,#:# %#T#
#1#4+?(#"(+#+$$#,#$$##(#?#)1$$#1#)$
#,$,6+-3$++-#+VX'(#+7$-TR47#4+(+"$#+YW
&#)+#:+#15?##,+##(#4'(,#-,+#3# 209
$#-#?((#4:##$#+(+#+$##J#<+:#'(4<#
#P4#)),#-*)#4+,+,#(#4'($#,#1#,
"#$#+(#J#44#,#$#"J
+ : # )*)# $"#4 + +( -* # #1## ?$L1$4 ,
+J###:S#$##1#$#4+$-#$#(#4+#1#
'( + ))##1# ( :,#3 (?, $(3 -7#4 + $ ? $
+#4)$#+#$##+$4$#1##$",$+),+ ")4'(+$+5),,$#+4'(-+"+1$#+"#$#,#+ ,)7#$#1##(#,#:#$##,+,#4#"#1#)#$+1(##+#,+
?$+)#<($+:,1+,(3+4#17#+$$$?$#4+1$
,1$##4$#+#+4#)#(#$+#$6"($#$(*J$#+)(#+
$ #4 )#?#1# $+ (# #1#$$+ 1$#+ ( : "#$# 5+
#+ #:#+ :7*+ )+ +)$5# ) ,6+ ,# $"(# $#
#,)#<##)4+#+:(#+4#,#+#3#4#1#$$+?#4
$#"#:$#:+-#7+,#"#"#$#+##(#'(+:$#+#+#$,#+
<#+4#(#"$4::##$#+)63#J
##?+#+4+-TRJ+#+$#+#$+#+41#$+
$(#+J )#4 :# + #+#+ (#4 )# #$## #4 #$,##4 #7+$-+?$##()P1$<($#+?"(#+4+)$#+-#"#+
,$#+1($+#+4$#+$#+U#")#(#:"(+
)$##4 '( +(1 ) ( $ +( $ $, ( ,+ +J ,#4
(-#+(+$#($+4'(,*#"##:#++##<+4(U#$$#R?#,+4'(:#
#P"#$61#1$,$#,#+4+'($)+$#-*$"+4'(
+4 ) 4 $# +# +#$#4 #-7# )?(,## $#+ "(#+ +<$+"##+$#&#"J#,#4#'(7+69-"$$J
$(+:,$#?$+(#"$###,1+L#"#+#"($++4
,#+"#++#,1+J;$####+4:#1$##+#(#+J#$$##
-+-#$1#-(#J4#$+(#+(#++(4(#,1+$-
,4'(*#+##,(++1($#4'(,#$#$,#4++#$$$#4
'(+#$#+#$,#+J3#-"#-+#+()P1$3##+(+4,+$# (## :(1#L),#$#+ #"(+#+ '((##$ )+#3
+#J
:#:#C+4$(-+C+J$:#,%:4'($#1#
+?(,#S+,++4'($$#,##J#'($C+#,#"4,##<+
-#4$#$#*#++)#$-#)+4#$?$#$4#$-"#4#$:(,#4$#$*# ,## '( )# '( +6 #P --4 6+ $+ 1#++4 +)# # # $#
:#1(# # +( # ?#-4 $ 6 :#R+)#M () $ #$,#
:(,##J)#+4##$,##"$##S,#+,5+#+4 210
'(+,#4#,#++1(#+4$+##+-#+4+(,# )#"++4'(:#+1+)#7+$,(#++J
&#,+,#,#+:##(,)#$,6"$5+J+#+-#$+ )#1$#+#+#$$#$P$,1#$$54,#++#'($+#$1#$##+4
'($$# ,$#+)(,# $ :#,)64 +#'($ ?)$- $+
#+#7+4'(:##,#1$$#-#J($##'($$4+)+#J$)$#+#$$6(
#4#'(7(#?##J&##*##(#+:##'(7#?#4+#)#J$#+ -#+#+'($###$#$#,)$#*#4#(#,##(1P?#"J#"#4
)"#J##++#+$)(<)####)##4)##+)#4)#####J.(
-##$-#$'("##$-J()$#,#4##++()$#
P4+'($-#J##-#4+$#?(#J-4'(+,)#J (#+#4(-+,(#$,#4$)#"#J?(#4$#"$$##+
$+)(1$+$##+1(#4#$$$,#-4+(#-*#1(<4$#
$#(#$#,P+#J
#'(7##$"P,)4+(6'(+#"1-#6-"]*#+$#$#
+,1# ## #+# 1$$#4 #$+ 3+ ##,(3 ($#4$#+-##+ ## $17#+((+#S++6,##4"#6##$$#+(+#1$$+J&#+#+4'(
+$$,?,$+)7(4+#+($,)$#+#$,#+?*(#+$+
:,1+4 $#+ )+#J #+$$+ ?(#$+4 )#$#+ +#+4 ,#++ )?4++6##(-#R#)+#4,,(3'(##$"#,(
#$####<+4,#+#"#),#++#+,(##+4'(
$"# '(#$ +P1 #'($$# (+'(* #$#, '( $## # $+
#-*+J+$#($(#+($,$#4,6++-#)+#'(-+1$4+,(
)?(,J#++<#$$$#$+#$#4TR##+J&+#+4,6+
'( -4 ?#"#4 )'( ?#$# $+ (+ #'($$# ,)# #$,#+'(:#$-#1$+?#$+$+"+$#+#J###$,#+'(#
+74+-(#"#+$###)+#S(##,+?#+#+)(#$4 '($#+,#+:#'(,)(3#,#4,(-$)$,4)###)#+#$
)+#,'('(+#$#4#1$#1(+#4'(1##+#$,($#++
#$#+J
+#1(#"TR4$##*##-#4,6+#+(#'()"#4'(:#
"#$#+(,#+##4$$#1##,+,(+#$?#+
#)#7###$*++(+1#++$+++,6+?#,++$+ +#+
+J#RT#+$,1)$(,#($$+4'()+##$
+$$#,##,($$,+J"#1$#$4(5*#$+$#5+4,5$
,(+4 #1#3# , 5$4 , 5$ )#5J + :3+ $1+4 + $# #(#$*#J++$#+$17#+,$++"(+$#$#(#4,$#
$(*$++)3+J++#'(1#3$#+$#++#"(#$,#J
211
1#3,+-##+)#+##:#4(##,1($##4*+4(+#)#+) (+6,#4$#)6($+1#+3("#+)$#)+J '($3(":#++#:1$J####1#4,,#J&(:#1#4,
L?#,1""$##4$++$"+#?#,#+4#$J(3+4
#1"##+)$+?#4#+)7#4:(1#,$$#+J##3##$$
#$4$#*($S##:,1$$-#1#+($$3#$$#$-#4## ,(3(###$($$J#1#$$+#,#+4+#L-++4,#+++#
4+#)#1##$#+(#+'(#1#$###J6+$$+4#+ "41$?$#:+4,$#+#+#1#$$+J$$+,174, '(-J&+""#+#$4$#,($+3+J&$-#$
#3$3(":#'(##<#,#*4#$*4*#)#$$#+($#",#X +#1##$+)+,,+$#+#"))#$##3#Y
$#++,*$3("#$#+++##P,#J&+(1#+
))##)(#)5+$#1$#$#,):+$$++1++$4
-$-$#1$##$#,)-J+)"##'($#(#,)'($#1$#+
+3(##?*#$#+#(#:#*#$#(+:#+1$#1$#4)##,)
'(+(#,)$+*4$+-4+$+$3("4*#+$+,,1+
,$+$(:#+$41##$$##)(<4#)4#$$#4#J#+)$#+
'(3##+ + ), $#+ "#"##+ + 1(+# $#+ #<#+4 , )## +#6+$#+ $
()S +(#4 ,($#+ #3# #4 $+ :(++ $+ ):+J )##4 +
#4++"##J(#+#)##$,4$?$*#)6#$4#7#$# ,#71($#4#)#+$++4$7-:4+##+#)$###::#$4
,(#?#:#"#+1+(#1*#4#)#(#$#<#$4$() ,1#S + -($# +1 +( +,#"S ,( $# #S + ,+# $ ):4 , + '(+###6+$##3##+S$"$+($4(1$$3($#1#1#J
"*#$###4$+##1#*+J$3("+"(4$-74$#)$#(
$#+ ,(3+J $($"#$1#*+$#J+ $+ $#+#") $+
++J)(3#4#,4+-($-(+1$#1$#4(+'(# L6,4 (# $ , $##4 $+ 1#*+ +4 $# -# -$J +
3("#+ + #$$# # +( $#4 $ +#( $ ):4 $ "$)# +1 $ #*S
#,1#5$#$+#+6)4#,1#$#J&#+,(3+$+#$(#-#
$#+)#<($J,#+($("#4+"($3("J\$7###1#+4
+#7#J#$-J+)"()$+,1+$+,1#+4,(:+ $$+#+#+?#,+#+J$$(,,#$++<#4+#)$17$,P+($J $+$"+1?##$+#)$#+4#,#"#$##$+?(+J$#,#+4 ,*#+#<$+$"+#)#++#$#+?7++J#:#16+#< 9#-#)$#)+J(+$+<+%+4+$)P"$($$-#4Z
:#,)*###$,##)P1$4#11#*#++#"4)'(#($$+4
'()")-(#)$#$)P"$4$3+'()##+?(117#+#"[
212
+ +#)# $#+ +($#+4 -##-4 +( #1#4 $$# (#+ $#+-+4 #$
1+5+?,#1$'((#)(<###1#(6J(##+3#?,4,
( 1($1J (# )#+# ) $+ )(1$+4 # # ?+#+ 1L#4 $# " +#$ # $+ #,+4$1)(#4$#$#,#J#$,6+'(-$-#,+$+3+#$#
#+#,34'(,#+#$-$#:#*$##4'(?($#'(,$#
$$-$#4'(?$($#)$##?,#$"#$$#+#"##4'(#(#
7##RT##"#1$J
#+$+++L)+-+$#+#1*#+#+$#+#$$+S$+-++
+#+1#$"#S$(*$+++S$#+#1*#+4#'($#,#<4+"(#$#
#6'(#$#+-##+()#+$)+#,J&,3TR:#
#$+#$J+)$#:'(+)+#)P1$$:(,+#5$14
$-$+#)+)#*$(JM#RT#+1$1+74::++6#4
$,-)+#"+1$L+-#4+)$#4
#)#7#4$#+#+4(#+:)+7#+$#"
,P4#+#4#+(,4$'(+#?#)+#+4$'(+)+# +J$:##+($#,##4#)#,4'($#"+ 7+7,+,#4#$-++)#+(4,<#'(#$)(:(# ?+#+$#+#4#$#*##-$#,##<+#J(+#+$-#,$#
-#S#('(1+-+(+$1+$#,#<#$$#4+#'($$+'() )#($4,#43##+(+#+4,+#,##$"(#1#$
?(#,6+1$$#'($#(+$J
Z'(5#4++###'(7#4+#$$#+?"(#$'(+-) +7))4$#?6,+#'(++6(#$'(+3[%(+
+#1$#)-:#$S)+(7+(,)4+)#+#6#$+-+J ##()+74+1#)+74+7)$(*4)#$)+7+($# #(#$*#J
,)++ -- $#+ $#+4 ,6+ '( L)++J X+,14 +,1Y
#+ +#+ ?#++ $$#+4 + ++ #1#$+ :++4 + ++ )##,+
$#+4Z'(53#'($4+$#)+('($+++#1:[
#++:#+$#+$#+S+,+J+:#+1)##:# ,(+#+74#1##,$)#-$#,$#S+)##$1$)3,4
)?(#$+$#1+4,()+'(+"#4$'($##(#$*#:#)(+
$$##$$+J&+,-+4$+#1,#1$+(++,-+4+:#)(+
,#$#$#(#,$#,P+#J
+?#+#$#+)##'($4$#$(4$#?$#4$##J#)$#$#+
#+ $ +"$4 )'( ## +"$ +( #,+?# #+ + $#+ " (#
(:#$$#$##+$#+)+#4,+),)+#+4+#'($174$?$(3
'($#+#+--#+4+("#+4,(#-$+)4###3$ ):4:$14'(#$("$#$(*J?#+:##:#$#+ 213
$#+("'(+:#"#?,J&#+,#+($,6+S)++##4$#+ ,#+ ?(+4 ,#$ )(J 1# $+ 3(#+ $+ #,+#+J + #R
T#4#)+#+(?#,#4$,($#+$#+4$(*,#S)1$$#$#+(#4 '(+:(#$###4,+(,14'(+,(:4()#,5#J
$#3#--$#,#4$,(3:,+#1(#4$)(+#+#
:4,#(+#+#+"#$#+(+41+#$7#$#($#4$#,(#
####,#$$#4$#1#$$3-$##+#J
,)*,)+J&#+#-(#+$:#1$#1##$74+:*:,1,#$
$$-##P$+++#?+J$++++)),+(,1+14
)'($"#$$#(-#1#JV#RT#W47#$#-*,#,(:#+-+ V+1#*#+W\1,)*4+(1($+,1##*##$'(:#17# -+)$,(4#+##$:,1-+1$4$:,1-#4$?,
$"$++++))V#RT#WJ&("#(-4+#(:,#4
)#+,#+4$#"+#(+#+1(#-#4++)#
()(<#$#$):J
9#+#$+#$$++4$)#7++?#"(#$+'(#4 $+'(#,#4$+'(1#4$+'(--+$#$#)(1$#S$+
'(+(J$-#"#$)$#7#4$("'(:#17#-+#$:,1($("#4+1# 5$4"#+1+-#$J$:61"(<#$+3+4,)##-
,34)##'($#-$#,##+(+)+#,+J#$+:,1+4
$,)<'()($#+?#*#+(+?+S+-#$#++#+
,##'($:,1#$4:)#4+-$41#4$#+-4#"#$#P$,#?#+
+((4,$#+,#+()##+$)$:$#'(3("#J+#+,##
+(?#+#-$#J
1(3# #14 ) $7#+ 6)#+ ?,+J $ ) $+ #3-+4$+#3-+'(#:#?#++4$+#)$#+1(#6,##'($ :,1+:####4,++(-#--J$#)6#-$:#-
$#+"(#+1J9#+)7(+5($+#+4'(-4#$#$(*+(+
))#+$$#,#++(+))#+(1+4+)###4,?,4?#$+?(+
:# + +)7(+4 , $ #R T#4 5($+ )( L),#+4 #'(#+4?(*###+$)#,++$-+(#,#<#(#$4 ),6+'(#-+4,$?+((#$#4$++##1$#-#$#+#$#+ $#++#+J&:##?#,#4(#+,$)++)-:4+(+$1+-#3+J
+(+:++,'($+'(4$+)(+#(+#
,#$J
$"(+#+<#+4)##'($+:,1++#5$4$+#$
#6'(5$#1(#*#4$+L#+)7#J14'(4
$#,$#$7#(#1$+$+'(#$+:,1+)?(#,J#+
,(3 #4 :# +# $#+ +$#+ #T:4 ) # ()#4 ) ")4 ) $#
214
#$+#J&++#$:)#$,(--#1$,$#)$(,#J(:+
+())#-#$#"#$#$#1(*J&:#3#,(:,)" $,#$45$:#1+#$#-#$$+4)$'(#++(+)6"#+#+,#
$-($"J6+`R'(:#,?J+1$$+(L'(++
$# #(#$*#4 '( # +# +- ,6+ $#+ )$+4 :#17# "#
)#+"$+#+J ())# )+#4:+#1($#4 ,)'(<+(+ -7-#+
)(#+J
-###-##+:4+'(4$'($#$(#'(#R T#$#)#4'(+#$4'(+$#--###$#+6,+#,$#,4 +#$)(#$$#+4#)+($+"(7#+'(1#3#7##$$7+(17##$#
(,1$#)6,)L,#4$$#-$-7##$#(,1'(+#1#4*
,(+J:##$6#1-$*S$)#1#3###+S$+($#$#$$#(# ##$-,()#$-,(#)#$,##$-,(#,+#
$-#-()("#,)#)6,#1#+(1$$"#+#$(#1#3#:##
(-###$#1#+$#)6,#-($-,$-#+6#
-* $ ) :# "## $# #)(+# :# )#+# #P * ,(+J -
"$+#)#+(##RT#+4#('($+1:$#:$4+-
$#+$#,#"7?#4$+$'(,#4$#)6,"#4$#+##'($#++)##4$#
###,$##4$#$1*'(?$#J
+1-$#+4#-7#1(#3##+J#4,,#$#"##4
+ +( -# )++ +(+ 1#+ +#$ 1#++ , 3# #1(+((#$)P1$,)(##+(+))+:3+)##$+ -+ $1 $$+J +#+ #+4 #$ :+ $ )+#, #<# $ '(
++1$,)($#++(+(#+,+L#"##++)+
$,#$:(,#4#+#$,)(1#1$'($#+#J$"#? :+++4+'($+$(L)$#,#+#4)'(+()+6$# ?$#$#L)+4'(+($+-$#(#$#1(+#$##S+$#
3(+# +( 7#4 $# ,## '( #) $#+ #)##+ $+
+,+J3#+#-#"#1(#$:#,)$#+-+,)4$+ 7($++(+,3+$1++-$#+,5#++(+4 -3S4D-,-34'($$-#)#(#1'(
"+7+,J
-+4+1(6,4#$*#:##*#4)"+'($1+#4(#,1#
:++JB#7++"#$#+(+$1+4$#($1#)$#?*# +$NO+4'(5$#+()(1$4+'(?4+)$#+($*#$# 1+-#J#,$###$+3+#(+#L)#4)?(#)#7#$#
#*4#"($<#$("#4)+(,+#:,##$$+$+4$+#4
$$$-#$#,)<:#$##1*#:###$#4,'(+(<#++(1 +)#$#+4,+:(1#"+)##+,):,1+J
+7+#RT#4#,($$,+4$),:(,+##,#J
>;
4
/%(++4CCCBBEJ
N)#O
215
Otros textos
N#",+$##+$+(++1%$7-#4$@H3($CBBGO
NCO
$+6+'(+$-###+("$#[Z.(5'($-+("4$#:#+)#+#
$,###+4$#+"#+:(,#+$#"$+#+,##
#>#4+)$#5$$+$$'(#'($$#:#?#$$$4M
+($):1$4+<##$##(#$*#4+#(##<$#)P1$#
+(+)(<+#+4$-##$,#1#+'(4+$+,+$+#-+4
#)#7##,)+#$4+1$#+(#+4,+:(1#++#4)##(
:3#$$##4'(+#1#$+++,##$+#,?#"+
,J Z.(5 )7# $-#4 #('( , +$# (-# $ +)#
,#1$$##+7+(?"(#),#(++3+4##'($'((,
&,#$7#'(#,####+4M-#M#$#+$$#+$#7?$#
'(+#$#-##$$64)#+4,#:(,##)+1-$#+4
(,1+4+4#+4(*)$##,6"$,)#4$<
)+,+#34+##$(*4$"$)+(,#4#$#+-+#1##+
+)#$),+(+)##4$+):+'(:#$-#$#,##
+)#$#*#$#"#$+:,1+[Z'(5)(#$-#$'($:#-+4
#$ , # +( ,#" (*# #:# ) $# # +( ?#,$# )(1$+
+(,+4\#$#$#,#"7?##1*#4#)#4,'(#)#(,(4$+
3#+ +( #1#$$4 +#$#4 , + +)<6+ -# +1## #$(#4
-($4,(1,)+#+(#)#?$#1##$$#[
&+#,#+$#+?$+4$$)#$#++$-#+4$(,#3+(+$+
7+4$#$+#$)#*$+-#$$+4$#$#"#"5,+$$4$+?$(-+
,1#"#+)++4,"#*$##3-S$#+((+##4$#+
,#+#+$+7+,#+'(3(,1+'(,##$#+#$,#+-+1$+$#+#*#+
,(#+4)#+)$+#+4#1(#+4#"##++)7(+1$#+4M$++"$+
$##(#$*#,##++##%$7-#J
&+:,1++,#$+$##(#$*#+-#7#JM&+$+)+4?$#4
1(+#JM##,(4#JM#'(+#"##:#4#61$++#"Y
$#+$,+)$*,#3+#$$,##<#$#+#+,5##$#-#
'((++)#++$"#4?("#<#-$6'(+$(,1#+(,4
#+#,)+#+,#+,$#:(,1#*($'(+13#$+5#+'(4
,#)+#,#1$4-#,#(+#+)$##+S7,)(+'(,$$#,#+
,)#++,(#1#+#$):4"#+++#$#4,:3+$$4
'((1+($(*#,##$+:,#+$#-#+##4(#$(+4,4
,#"7?4?-"##,:(,#J
?(4)(+4$#-,%$7-#4,#+)$7'($4'(+,#$
?("44'(#$#P$,#1##$$#JM+'($#+,#<#+"+(
+"#+(,#$##)(#$#$-##S#+7-$##
:,1+,#<++4,6+)#"#+$5+:(,#'($+(4'(,#,
,#(#,6++7'($++4'(+1+(?$$-#4)+#,+
,#4$+("+'(+1$#+?++$+,6+:,1+)+#4'(+
#$):4,:(5+)+))+4$+$+:(,#+4'("
+( +4 , $# # $ $$# # $# ,#<#4 $#+ :#$"#+ #+4 $#+ +?#+
:(,$$#+4$#+"+#+$#+4$+1:+++(?,+$+?(#+
$##JM+'(++$+$#$#1#+#(#1?##(#+
-#$+:,1+-#+4)(+#$#?4(,1#$$4+#$#+)$##+(
<S+'((#$+,)+$+)(1$+):61+#'(:#
217
:,1+4$##(#$*#)+(,1+##+$+,##$'($+:#"#J
$##(#$*#,##)(++(+)##(-#,#+%$7-#JM
&#+)##$+)(1$+$1+Y&#+)##$+#Y$#+)##7"#'(
-###3+)+#+,)4#$$#$+#++)($(#+S+1$#+)##'(4
,6+'(#,1##(,"4+#++(#13)###$,#+-#$7#4-
##(##$##4,+#3+#(#"5$4$#-,#$#+
+#+ $,(4$ :#6 ?("$:,1#*4 (#
#(#$+#,#<'(?$3##$$4$,#*#+J
4#+:#4-($"#?((+)(++1$#+)#$#
%$7-##'($,#$$#,#+'()##+,)$-#$+:,1+$#+"(#+
,+,#+4'(+,-,6+'(:(,#4)(+'($'(+$#-#4
+$#,##-#$#+S$#+"(#+,+,#+4J+#)+)(:#$#+4
:#:#+,'($(",)),),$+-++#+4
)(#+#+#,)#*$,+,)#4$+,"+43("6+(#
+(+$6",#+:,#+JM
%$7-#4+#$,($:,1#,#4L)#+-4)(3#+((+
,(+##(#$*#J
?(+,7,+$+'(+###$(*#$:5""4+$#,#(#
)(3#*#4+#*###$#$+#+)#,$,(#,#J,
,#'(++1#+(#((#$$-+(+#++$#$#+74,
+#3#$):$?(":#+#++$#+#<#+$#
#4++1%$7-#)$#,5#J+?3#+$#'('(#+
++4)()5+$#+1$#++(#+4$#<#$#?$+)(1$+4+(+:3+J
#$#$,#+4+'(,#1##(##)+#,)$+(+?1$+
#++(+$"#(#+J
218
N#",@O
)4)-'(5$6,#,#1#4?#"##P--++7,($134+#'(54
,#'(#+:($,#4NhO1#'($$#,#"+$,#(#
+,1#:+(,+#)#4,6##4'(#(,(4#
(++3+4#+#$#+,)+#'($1#$#?$#-($-4,+
#$#+6"($##$*#+$##$#$,#+,###4$#$-#+$##$#$,#
+4$#$$-#?##$(),#J
+7#$#?+#4#-+#"$#+)#4#$'((#$")$++#$# ?+#$(#'(#?("+#$$#4#,#"7?+)#,'((#$#6"($#+("
$"#(:)(##(+#
,1,5##1#$$"#$#+#4
219
N#",GO
$#+"(#+,+,#+4'(+,-,6+'(:(,#4)(+'J$'J+
$#-#+$#,##-#$#+M$#+"(#+,+,#+4(#+#)+
)(:#$#+4:#:#+,'($(",##$#1##$$#4)(#
+#+#,)#*$,+,)#S3("#+(+$6",#+:,#+4$+'(
+)#++:##,1#,,"+J
220
N#",HO
#+#%$7-##+7))+
'(+$-$#)6#1$#+,#"1--)+7
)## $+ +4 + ), '( "$#+ :(#+4 ,+#+ )+#+ $+
+#"#\ #+ +6 # %$7-#4 #$ +$ )) # +# L)#+-#4 1+#
#(#$*##,##J
221
N#",EO
( 7"# $ 1 + :,1+ $1+4 $# +(1$,4 "+#4 )(3#4
#,#4,+#$+$+4,#"7?#1$4+)$,#
#++4$1#:(,##JM
-#$(-M+6+(-#$+1$##JM
MMM
+('(("+)##$#+?+$+$#($+>(7"+(#4M
MMM
$:,1#,#J
222
N#",KO
( ,1 )# +)## #3#M(# $# 1#3 +1 $# #4 +(" (
"+SM(# $# #$*#1#4 ( )(1$S (# $# 1$#7#4 $ ),#S (# $#
-##1#4$#+JMX(+4,:#+"($#+-($#+$#+)#$#1#+
$+$#1+4+++'(:#1$+$#1+,5#4#'($:,1'()#
#$$#$(+$$+("4,$#$,#(()4$#,#[
, $#+ $ ,# :# +)#+4 , )$(,#3+ 1# "(+ +)$#4
223
N#",FO
(1$ (-4 + :# # '( , (+# -#J ,*#6 $#
(,#(++$,+L+#JM+,+#1+$(#,##$'(5#,+
(# $ 5L #-#1# $ #$+ #$?5* %$7-#S + $3# $# $1#4(:,1L#<,1$J7#+(+3+1$$#(#,)?(*#L###4
+#17#'(#'($$+3+$$#1#'(#?(+#$#$1#(M
X:Y##,#4#'(:31)+#+4##,#+
+)4$##,YX#(#$*#,#<+#4'(#$-+,U#+:"($#?(#5+#
$5)+)7(71#$YX9,1+$,4#+,1$##'($)(3Y
)#+++(#$#+#+:,5#+###++(#-,4+(+)$
+(+-(+J
(#5$#1#$+(+$+)(1$+,$+:,1+#$#+:#4$+(+ $+)+#,+4#+)7#,#<#+,++#+),+1+6($++(<+S(#
+7# -"# ?P$" +1 $#+ ###+ )#+ +)#<$#+S (# :#*#1# -*
"## ))++ (# ,15$ ,#'(7#S (# +(,7# +( 1$ () $
#?(",+6+(+)7(S(#4$#+1$:,1#*4,6+$+-7#
#('()#S(#4(<(,(4(17#$6",#+$##,#"#(-#$#,(
(#,"'(J
224
N#",BO
-#1(+#$+$#1+46-++,)'(#?,#J
MMM
1#'($$#,#"+$,#(#+,1#:+(,+4#)#,6
## '( #( ,( (,4 # (++ 3+4 # ,)+# # $# ?4
-++-($#+$6,)#"+(*#)(1$+$+1#*+$###,+?#4
+)5#+$):4"#+#,#+435+)(3#++)$#+4+
,++1$###++P14,#+'(+(-++$+$$4 #+$#+##+$+:,1+4)#,'((#$#6"($#+)$#,1(
"##$#$,##-"*##+4 ,1("#1$#?##'($)#)(1$+4
-+#(+((?,1##$$#4?3++1$##+(+3+#1+$#?4,
)6$#$$#,#'(#$(,1##$#+4##'($)#)(1$+JM
225
N#",DO
##-#+##,::#)##)#:,1+,+S3(,+)7(
)(+4,:,1#$S$#1+"(++#+1$?(+4,:,1::
#,#)#$#1#+:-#+4?'(?7##:#)$#*##$#$(*4+(##
226
/&N
9pO
++ + ,)+ # L#-74 '( + - 1#,1$# $ # , (
,+?'(+(#3###1(+##+4#$#+,(:(,1+'( ##<"*#,##$##4##$*#++##+$+)(<+#+4,+
+(+($$+7+)(#$"#)#$#:(,#'(+4
##(#M,"+'(1(+#$?$7#3#$#,$'( +(+#$#()(M##3(+#$#+#<3#++(++#(-#'( ##$##4#+#1$?(+#4-($##P+,1#+:1(,#
#$1#4$(,###-+M(#$+($$(,#$##$1M)6?#"#+'(#+4
,:$+)##++($#$-4$(*+##3#J&#+?,#+4,$:,1
,+,4#<#+3(+#4-$#+?#J&3(+4#-+4)$,
?$4)#3(+S$+#$)$7#4,$#+'($$#+ ",#+(1(14'($)(<#$#:#:3#'(,+(+#+
:#4##+#++,3#*#$J
+$+)1$,#+'()#+#:)#)#$+4+$$+(S#,
,'(,)$?(#)+)##3(#$$#"##$#+$#++ '(+($#$#3(+#J&#,:(,##4#7+##+6#+(4
:#*##$#$#"#+"#,#4#)'(+$#($-4(##?,#
$,+ 1(#$+ 3(++J &# (# +(#-*# ,6+ '( $# )+)# +#
(#,#,?,#$4+#+#+$#+4P,+7"++#+4
'(+#+($#+,#+#$1##+-#+5$+4+#'($$##,6+ +##?(#4###)#+)$+:,1+4'(-$##++$+++ +(+)#++4$+$,++(+,#$+4$#$#?*+#$+,+'(:#
(#$+#$,)#(#$*###$$+$+'(+(?4$#1#"#-#
###$##4$#1#+"(##+#1$$#)##$"J
(#+:#-$#,#+(4)))#"#$#
($(#4$#,)?#,+#+<#*#,+$+1J
)
,6+,)$$#(#)7###+$+#+#,6'(##:(,#
'(#-(")$#+$-#4,'(#+(+#<#+$+$+#$+4
+#+ 3(++ ,$$+ :,1+J +7# + ,+#3# -#
#'($$#'(X"(6++Y+-,#4#+#,14+$+
#++#$-#3+$#"(#J
?++#$-#J#$:,1#+$#++",+,S3#$$74 +$(,+#3$+4+(+))+)+#,+S+#+(+3+
,#)#+#$#+(+,$#$#+4$+$#"++#"4$1++#+4$ ##,$1#4'(#+"#$##*(-+#$#$+,)#+'( '( -$# +( ?, )"+- +#$$S -#+ +1 $# +$$# '(
,#4+()#"+(#*($#1#$#+,#+4#+(,(3
#?##,#+(+:3++-++,+#4#L)$#$'($#
#?,#,$,+$#(1#$#:##$##+#M'($#-#4(#-*
+)#4-($-#,+M'($+)7(4,6+-#+'($,#4++#+
-#)#4+#'(43#$'('(4)(+#$#'(+#(:4
,#,$#$#+#$##$,#,#$#+#+4++:+-?#$+
) $+ +"$+4 ##*#+ ) ):+ '( $ #, #$ $(3 $ +,
,#$$+$+#3+)?#SL)$#$'(4+'(+(#1#3($5##+
#+,)$4+(+$#-$4+(#$4+6
)$$-#+##-#$35'(:#,#<+1-++( ,$#$#+(##'($$+:3($+#1##+'(5$,-#+##
)6$+#,+S,+#$4,'(,(+##$1#?,#1$4$$##1##+
1##$$#+)7(+#$"+4$#::,1+"++4("+$$1$#
$#+ +##+ "(#+4 $-##+ # (#4 + # 7,)(:(,# '()#
-4#$$"3(+(#-#+)(#$4?$*++##'(#$$#1#$
-+$#,($#?#$(?$#$#S+(1$X:'(5#*"($$ )#+)#*#Y#++?-+#1#3#+$#,4#(,)(3)+4
227
, #'($ ) $ B $#+ #7#+ $# $# $# ?+#4 1#,1$#4
+#1# $# # +#)# "+ #1$+ $+ #$#+ $ #$,#4 "*#+++,#'(*#S+<#$+X:'(5+)6($+114"
#+#+++(-+Y++##$*#+$()+#$4+(1+$+
(-+#$+4+<#$#+,+?#++M#('(#$))?
-+1$4-$#+$##(#$*#,)$##$+)(1$+4-#+'(+("
$#,#:#+,($6#+(+$,+-++4+##3(+##$$#+M)##'(
,(#4,?+##$+,#M$#+?,#+,6+("+S-$#4
+(,#4 $# $ $(1$4 $# #* (?#4 $ )- +"(4 $# +$# $#
))#4$##'(###$#1$($#4$(??-$##$,#
#-#4M++#1#$$$+:,1+41$,(?((4##$1#4
+#$#"$+#(-#J
$#+354?#+#"$+#4+$#(+$1$1+#4 $1"+4$1P$J?(#"+4+7#P$J+$+61$+$##
+#6#$#1(4'(#6$+(#-7+,#,#$61$$#,
M#1(+#+)+#+#,#+4'(#+(+,1#+13#6++)#*
+$+:,1+Y#+$+++$#+$#+4'($1#6$#+#7#+
$$$+:#1#++#?,#1$##Y
+4++4)()#+4 ?(+#$3($++#,+
#($+0)**+5($1'(-($"#?,##,#$#+#*+
)#$#+-##++$(++#$+J1$)#:#-+$#(+
$14$#?#("##4$+)(<++,)#+4$,($5$+
#1#3#+4+(+:3+$+)++(+4$#+#1#+#:"#+(4 $+("(++)##?J$#3(:#)#$#+#(+#+ ,)$##+#<3#+47#7#1$##+4,#++P1#,-$#1$+4'(+
($)#$++#,)#+(?$+)1+4:##7#L+3(+)#$#+ .(#-#4#,#+4#+#+-##)##+?5#+4#(#+
)(#+1+#+))(#,$"#+(,#:P,$#)+J#-*
"+#:#$7$'(+##4+#+?,#4+#1:?S(*#4?$*
)+#1#4%(+:$S$,##4'(?,#6$#,7#)P1$#,?,$#
"$+#4S"$##4'(#?,#6$(?$+?,#+4,#?,$ $+$(#+49$#RJ?$#+###$#L#<#-#-#"#?$+
,(+#+-#+#,#+4#$+,#+#+(#+$1##+4'()#
-+,:3+)#4#'($$+ +++ '(--?+P$+4
,(:++"$+:#4#$#$$#$#(S#$+($+++#,"+$ 1#+ )$4 ,(+#+ $"#+ #$#+4 '( # # $# ,,# # $+
V9,#+$##,PW'(#+"(7#'(+#<+:#)$#+#+
"$+#+$##S#$+?+#+#1,#1$+#4'(+#'($$+
,+,+#"(+#)##++#+4'(:#17#$"#+?#+(+#$,#++#
L$1$7+,#4+(,#"#)##+###$,#$+$+
MX)#$#,(34(#+)#'(:#1+,##4#'(#,#:##$#
,(3'(#,#,+YM+"($#$(*4#?(#(-,4?6$--
6$"4)+#,(+)4L)+$$##4?$+#4"##1$
3(L)$##$+#1#3#+M)'(:#:,1:'($+#4#+
(-$4$+#1#3#M$#+#7++(+,#$+S$#-#+$($##
$#3(+#S$#+#$+$,+()1$,#)##)+$-$S
$#+ ?$#'(*#+ $+ 1$+ ++,#+ $"+ +(+ )## - '($1# #+#+11#++,++"(#+4($++))##+$#-#:(,##S$#+
#-#+-##+'(,1#)##+#-7+,#4+##$#+*#+
#+ )#+##+ ?,#+ ,6+ -:,+ '( #?(#+S $+ ,5+ -#"+ ?(++4,(1+#(#4####$7#4'(#$,#+-#"5$#+4,-#+
$#+#:#$#4)(#+$-#,#4)+#+#$(#1$'(
#(#+)$#4)1$,#+,#+##,#)##'($+))-$(##$"(#
#+$##JX4'($#+$+:+#+$#+(4$+)6($$#)+$#4
$#+'($$#++"###+$,#4$+?1$+7,)(+$"YX,##4
228
++##,+YX4'((#(#?(#+,)4:#'(3#$#,)
(4)##'(+(+#++(+#1$##4+#$"#$$#?(#+## (-#YX4'($+)(1$++,#+#+,+4'(+7))++,(-41$$# ,$6,)#"+4+)5+,#-#$#:#4+6#+#,$#4
(#3##+(#$,##+(+)+4,#+'(#+-#+$+$$-##$+
$#1+)#+::#+,$+$6"#+43+,)$#+$+$$#$()
?,$3#+4+(##+,*#+$+#?$+4$#L#1++4X)+#
#Y$+)(1$+4,#+4,#6-+Y
&+)1$,#+4#+74+$+7))+++($-J#(#4,$#+?(#+S
-#$#)+(#+(,#(*#?+J&+)1$,#+'("##,1+4+1
4++($-+,,+7+L,+4'(#+4##+
+)#+ ?P$+4 ) 1(+ $- $+ #<+ '( :# +## $#
#+?,#SL#1#))#4#"#+$(4$#+$#+#+
)#$+#,#(,($#+4+)#+P1#$:54,+,)
$?$:,1J
,()+'((#)()$#$#4#+7$#+#+3(+#+
)+11+6($-#$$#4$$"##$"J6#))#
+1# +( $$"##S ,)$#4 3#,6+JM
# # 3(+# '( #)#4
-J &+ :,1+ ,+,+ '( $# +## +( 14 $#
?(#+(+$+4$##$,#$("'($###$(*4 )(#)#"#+(+$$#,#+'(-($#,#$#+4#1#+##'('(
$#+JZ.(54'(5:#,#4'($,1:,1
'(#+"4##++(-#4,+()$(S'(5
:#,#$+-+1$+#?$"+$+$+:,1+S$#+
+"(#$#+ 3(+#+ +(4 ?(##+ +"(#$#+
#6$"#++(+#)(+S$#+$74'('(,#$+3+4
+#+L+#+'(+,#+4,)#)##+3("+?$+4
++$P1#+?#,+#+##++#"#+#,#+4+#+#+
1+#$+L+#+4#+,##'($#+#1*#+$+:,1+
+ $$#+ ,#+ #1*#+ ,#$$[ Z.(54 ,* ?+ "(4-#++,#1+#3#+-$+$$#+
#+4:#,#"#,###($#$#:#4'(+,($##$#
:$"#*#4#$"7+,#$-S$#4'($$-#,$#,#$#
+-(# $# ,(3 $ 1#3#, $ :,1[ Z.(54 1$+,)<+4:##*##+(++$#+(#++1(
$+)(+4,'($(<:$"#'(#(),+4
$ #)(# 1 # ( ) ,6+[ Z.(5 :# +4 (# -* #$
,+$#-#4$1+$#)+$$#?4$#,#$#+)##
1##$$#[ Z.(5 + :# $-## ,)(+4 +,#4-(6#1###$)#+#$+'(+,6+#(#$
'((#+$$#$#?(:,$+$#1+4'($#*#+#
$#,#)"#$#)#$##[Z.(5
:# +( +( 1 $# D 4 $# 9#"[
#)'(+,#4+'($#+(#?#$-$#$+ )(1$+:##(#3(+#$#-##$#(#$)(#)#4+4#)$#1$ +P1$#3(+##1+$(##)'(+-$+6(?#"+$+?#,5$+4,
#$#$#,(#+'(,#$#-#$#,+,#+(,##$,'(#$:,1
+##,#?#$#)'(+-'($#+-++($#+:##
:+-#$+'((+$#3)(#+4+'(:##1+
$$+$#+:#+#$,5'(+?#$#(#:#+#'(+5(##(#
$###)'(+#1##$#+#+:#4)##'(+(,1
"##<+5))""#)"+-#$'())"+-##""#+:#
?,#4M,#)+#'($$#+#+#5#+S?#$-($4'((+$
"$)#$#'(+#1($#$,)$##1$4##1$+)#S+)()($+
229
3+ ?(# $ ,- +)6($ '( $+ ### $6",#+4 #:"# $# +##
"#'($#+'($1+#$$-##4,#+(#*:+## #* )(#1$ $"7,#4 :# :(,$, ) -7#+ $#+ :(,##+ $ '(
#,$+?(#4#+"(+$#+5$#("(+#)$#+#1###+-7#+
#)+$#+M'('('((?#$##4#Y:#--#$$JM
&#-#+6::#++J
+ $1 ))($#*# $ , :(,# '( :# + +$- ++
)1$,#+,#,:(,#+4M++++($-,4)'(
+##+,(#1$+4++#4#<#+3J&'(+<#+$1
$+<#,#"+#4,)##,##4+-+#4$$#$"(#3J
1($4 )+?#+ L#"##+ #,#+ '( ), #$ #( $#
#6)#?$*(#+#()-#$4$+$+#$+4$#+'(3#+
-$#+4$+):+3(++4$#+$#,#+L+-#+4$+,+"++4$#+
$#,#+ ,(+4 $#+ #+)#+ "+#+ (,##+4 $# )
-($"#$+++,#++#$+J$+1($4++#4+-#4)#++
,+4,'(#,#,6+'(,4'(+$#,6+'($$#"#41(+#
,6+ $ #3 1 '( $ ))4 + + ## $ '( ) #++#+ ##(#+#)(++)P1$+#?#,#J+,#'((#+4#*+S
#)#++$#4+#6+J$#+(1##$"7#++#$+
$#+#+#)#+4?7#$)#7?##,?-+
$+++'(:+(+$#1+-#+$"+)()#:+$++
+ :# ?( #4 + )'( + :# # #P $# ?,($#J #
+(+#4+3(4#$++#($#$#(+$14#$+)1+
)###'($$+($#$#("####$:$:,1#(#-#
,(##1$4#+++(67##,##+#"#$#
#-#,)#(#,#+##?(4+$(+?(+#+#:(,##+4#
$#+'(++)##-+4,$3#'(1#-'(++1$$,#(
*#"#$4(6)+#$4-$#+1##$#,#1$+)7($:,1J
+ +6 $+ 61$+ +$ $# # $ $ )#-, $+ :,1+4 '( (#6$+)7(:(,##+(+)$#+#4#1##,$++)7(+
#3+4)+'(+#$+43),##$-+7))Y$#
#$$"###+(#,(#,+#4:#17#61$,6+(#3#?(#+4'(
1$+"$++$)#71($JJJ
&L+-4+6)$3(+4+6J$L+-#+,1##$)+#3(+4
'(+,)4)$?7+#,)($+'($+)(#$+(#6$"#4,#+
,6+#6+,#-($$+#$#4,6+$3++#$#J&##+L,#+,)$
,+,"#'(+L,#$##'($#)-###3(+#4#($#S#
#,##,3(+#4#$#1$##S##L,##,3(+#4 #?1$L#"##J&("4$#)(1#)6#4$##1#3#,6+,6+4 #$ -$ $# # 3(+#J &# -$( '( #$#+S $+ "1+ )+J X :##
,)#: , 1 # ++ +)7(+ 1+#+ #, $(,++4
#+ ,)#+ ++,#+ )$++ +(+4 (# ,#
"#*#1###+,+)+(,#L#-#"##Y(++++$+-#+
)#+(-+4+4,#+#+$##+?,$+-$7#+Y(+
+++$ #>(#$ $1'(#-#*#4 $+ :,1+,$#$+ #1++ '( ) +,)4 # -+ +,)6#+ L#<#+4 # + $+
,#"7?++#(,+'($#$,#:(,##4,+$$#'(##$$
(,1##++4+1$(-+(#5)#(-#Y
&#+$(4)(+4-+(J(#$+#41(++($#)$#4+-#J&#
'(1#++6J#$?,#)::#4+7#?,#$#J,##)+#,#
+(,$4##:(,###+(L)+))#J&'(,)#+#$#
$#+$('(-$'(,)#+##$#J
&# ?,# +#$ ,6+ '( ( ,"4 ?,#1$ )
J V)+(5,+4 7# &T # $+ "$++4 #)+(5,+ #
230
+<# # $ # $+ 161#+ '( +6 ,#<## (++ (<+WJ
MV)+(5,+4M:,+#,$#(+$14'(
5$ #$-#6 :#+4 +)#6 -#+ #$,#6 +)7(+4M
#)+(5,+ # $,)# 1+6($+ $ #, ++ :,#+
(++$5+4'()(#$$"##+4)L+?#$+)
3(+#4(++(<+"+4+(+,#+,"+WJ
1$##:#,6+'(()?-$#$"#:(,##J$:
,+,43#)"+($#+4+)##$,J&+:,1+?(+'(+
+ )+4 + #1#*# # $#+ $$#+ $+ :,1+ $"+4 , 95($+
,(+ # $#+ $$#+ ,1#+ ,):#$#J &# $"# # 1#4 3(+# :,+(#,(#$#4$-##$+)7(S,(##4:#,###$'($#
+#S,(+$43##$"$##*##(+?$*#$#+6"($#+#$#+ )#$,#+J$)(<#$:#+)##S$#L#+)#4:S$"145LS$
$3#4#7#J$)1$,#,4$(?($+:,1+'(
+($#$#,#)#$#3(+#4+7##)$##)$"##$+:,1+
$"+'(#-7#1(#)#$#3(+#+($#J$+)$#$ :4$#1(+3#4,("#$##$3(##,#)(#J#++$ :+:#,#,##4$+,+,+'($:4+#$*#6 #5$+,4,)#'(###+(:3$J
.(#(?#4+),S'(##(?##$
++-##,#*#J'(#"1#4:6"#+
"$"14)'(+4#5$4+$-#$#+#+$#,#4
+#1'(5:#$$#+4$'(4$#++#(,$6"+
+1$#++)#$#+$+"1#+4?3'(+$#+#1##4,(
3(+#,4+'(#+$$#+)+"$++J:Y+5)#+7"#+
(#,#+#,:,1+$"+'(+++#(#
,3# 3(+#4 )6 #+# # (# ,#+# ,# :,1+
$"+'(#$#?,#(#$#?,#+##M(#
,#+#,:,1+$#L+)$"4)6++#(#,#+#
,# :,1+ 5"+4 ,)$#+ $# )-# $#
#,#"(#J&#-#+6+$$#3(+#4+$,,
,)$#$#+(,##,#+$#,#4+$P,
+$$#+$#?J
+$1'(+<#+4+,6+'((1($1M+(#1(##J &+$1+'(?4#$,#J#)#$#1#4:#-($(#J&#)#$#1#+ (#'(##1,#1$4(#+)#$+-$:$#,J
>;
231
-7#,+(#(#$$,##?7#41(,+#4##$4+<##J#$$+
#"+#+(+#+4?+"+)$,:$,)S#$+:+$$+-##+
(1#+++,##+S-(+)#+#3+,+++)$$#+#+#+4)'(<#+
)$#*($#+?,##+)?+##+-###++((#+4(*#'(#
#+<$#+)#"#,+,1#+?##+,#+J)+#+#$$+1#3++
:+ ) '(# + $("#4 + # ( +# )+#1# $+ ,)+
?(#$+4--7#(#,(:(,1#-#4+$##1#4,$,($-?74(#
"# #$ #$ $# # $ #4 '( , '(+#+ + :#17# #(<# #'($$+$("#+47#+(#$#4)(+'($#(#'(--7#,+#(#(-+## ,#?(15?##(#$$#$+++##+)#+$,(J
++?(,+1(+#$+#1$#?(+#3(-(#11+#+?(+ -7#,+ $#+ $3##+ ,##+ #,##+4 $# :(,## + (-# $# #
+#+#J+)(5+(++,+(1+)$1+'(),-4(++7+)*++4
'(++$*#+1$#)#,)#)#$?$3#$#+)#$,#+,$#$#+4#)#,
(+(+(<#34$+$$#+#$(#+4##+)$#+(#+"+?,#+
?(#$#+$$4$#+#"(#+,#+#+4'(+(+#+?$3#$#"##"(3#$#"(,)$J
?((#-$#S+,(,((#++#,#+#7#(++#1#$$
#4(+#-#++7#+#"#:,+#J7#,+(++3+$?$3 )+$++$+:(+4$#?$7#-S+$++$)P+($4#+$#+
$(+$##(#J
$$#7#,+?$#$##J1##,+$#+#-#+)$##+1(+# (++#$+4'(7,+:#$$#$+($'(-##:#:$$4#9(,1$#
&++"J
,++?+++"(7#$+'(?,#1#$#(-+#4#$#+#*
#)7#+$+#,+$+#1:(,#4,6++,$+(#+J#,15+:#$$#1#
$3+ $$+ $ +-# ,P+#4 (+ +7)($+ :#17# $$-# $ # '( #$$7 #)4 # + $+ ?+ $ ,(4 # $ 7, $+ #*+ #+ $#+
$#(+$"$14$#+,$7#+:(14*#%:-J
,#+(#1#,P+#4+(+(,#$)#4$,6+"#+J7#?+(# ,(:++#?+$"#1##+($3##)##4)(+###$#,5#$4 )## # +(#$$+ "#+ ,#++J 7# +(+ -#+ +#" #$,##4 #+7 '( +( +)7(++#$-#-*#+(+)+,,:#17##4(#+(+3+ -$#:,+##4#"###+4-*$+($$$("#+(#,(*#
?#$+4(1?+,++(,+,J##$$###'($$#(#
232
-($##$#)##4#$)(+:#$$+(4+(,#(#$J,)#),#-+# #+#'($$#++)+,1##+4+$#)+7##+#'($$#+,#+$$#+ 1)?#1+(J
L)$$+7,$#+1#$##+$#+4,)745$+(+$#1+4$
#$#+#$&$4$#,#$$#
:$#4$+,$#$+#+$ -3-#,)#<"J#+#)+7#$#))#4"*#1#$#,)$# (# ##$ "# +#1# -# '( ):+ )7# +#$ 6+ #'($ $ ,+$##1#(1#:4,7#,+$+7#+'(:#17#(+(#+,6+'(
(+#*#4(+#+1$+#+J
# # + $+ +(#+ )# $ +-#4 + #,#1# +(
#$4$,+,R4)#+(+#$#1#*#+4$:#17#:'(+##4)7#
:#+(+$+$#($+(1+4&+*4$#5J
(,#7#$#+$#+,(#++$*##++#$#++1+($:
##J,#1#$+#+,$#$+$++:4$++$#$,#:(14$#,P+#
*#4#($,$##$##4#)?(#,$##$,##J1#3+(?$(#$#+
)1$#1# #+ #*#+ ,#+#+ #+ 7, ,-, ,6"# ##4 '( $$"#1##$#*4+#)#1#$+)7()+#$#-+1$$$$-#1##$,(#$ $++(<+$#+#+)#+?#+J
#+#1#$7#+((?J1##)+#$P$,L#,4(#,#?,($#4'($#
# # # +(#4 # )+ ,+# )P1$ # $+ 3(+ $# :#1$# '( $$+
7#4)##'($++()$,#4$#$+(-#4$?(+(++?(*++(+$(:#+J &$+#1#+(#*#$"7#S#(#,#<##?7#-4$##)#$##,+?#
:#7#+ 1$,$#:# $#-# $ #$ $#+#" $#+ -#+J )(+'(
?(5+,+#)##J
$,++)3:$#-#1###7#4+15$+$#*#,+4#)4,)+#$
-5"4 +1#$61#,+ +1 5$ 6)+ , #-+ $ +)#J ) )*#4 ## +++4)(#(#$#4)+$$"#$$#J&-#,#$)(4#$$###$*#4 5'(+:#17#+,##J7+4-(,5#)+(1'(:#17##7 +1+(,#:#+$#:#17#?#(#J
$-$-+7#,-$#,#4#$-'($)7#:#)(,)($$# +$+J,)'(+(#+$1#'(#$#$),+$+#)#1#+#)#7#J
\+#1#+4,3+"##J
(?4 $#($+4 +#1# )4 $ +(< +::4 +7# $# ?$* $# :+#
,)#$)4$,6++#6($$+,+:(,#+J#)#5+($#4#$
-$-)#+:#++)(5+4:#$$5'($#)1,#:#17#,(J
233
9(1'(:#1$##$6(#-J#Y+,((#+)$+(<
##4$#$(+$#L+#J'($$#)1<#)7##+(+,$7#+#$,(?(#
?#$#+#$$J
>JJ
(-#R4-,1CBBHJ
4
4%(++4@A,1CBBH
444&#9#1##4@@?1CBBE
234
1882-1884
Cartas
&&
JR4@A3($CBB@
J#$J#
J#,"
&#+P1#+#$#,#,"$,1,3#,))##L)$##J $# $## ,(+# '( + $# ,)## +# #(#$ $+ #1#3+
,,)+)##:#$#+?(*#+-$(##+4,-(1#
(,(6,+"($+6,+(++4))##$L4$#
(#<+#(#3(+#$+1#-+1(+'(+#P?(1#4
(#"(#6)#1$$#'()(#++,)#,(:4,(
$4)$+'(,)#$$#JM*4#$#4+$#,6+
1#-(1#,6+#*'(JM,)7#'(+##+:#4M, #:#####++4M1##$"(#+#$#++#+(1#4'(
?"(#+J$#+)#$),,###'($#:+(+,,+J
)(#4,#$'(,)+4)?#$#,)4#L)$##J,+?*+4
M#'(#+):(++:##(1#+)(5+$#"(#$,+'( +(++M#$+:61$,#(+$#4)J'(#:#,(+#++
-S#)-:#+$$+4#'()+?(#4+13(+4,)+1$JM
)(##L)$#$,4'(#(-$)#7+4-($++(+3+#$+'( :##++(++#$-#+41(+##-*#+(++#+?++4'(##:
?(#:#1$#4#"#+,+$++4#)##+4#+$#+4)+,)+J #+$$#,#1#$)#7+4)#7#(#++#*-$#?*#$#-
(#+#"'(+"#1##-J(#$)#7+$$#,#4++#+)$4+ )#'($-M3(+#M#$+'($+)4$$#,#+'($
)#*#,3+JM",)L)$#$,#+P++?(*#$
"()-$(##-4$+-$(#+#)+4$+(-+:,1+
(1#'('()7#)+$#-$(J",)$4
#$4,#,+3++6$)1$,#(1#$#+$()$7#4+$# +#$4,+#)($"#++#'($#,),((+(## #*#4#'($$#)(#+,)"#+,)"+#'(+5'(+(#$-
1$#*+6#,#J##,7+(,#$$'(),(-#(1#+4+
#)-:$+'(L+J,#$$'()#+?#$#+#+)#+
$"7,#+#$#-#(##*#1(#)('(:#+#1#+#+"###JM
)(J,#"#4$#+)#$7+,#(#'()+++,#$+4$#
,##4 -?##4 ++1$4M+ #$$##4 #-#4 #,+#4 -#"5$# 236
,#$+J7#4#$#4)$#--7+,'(4-*+1$ +#++#+?7#+4$#+:#1$6+,+J+,+(+L###++4#-J
(:,1#)#*'(+#(#"$#-##,(#1$4"#+#+$#J
##+"($L)$#5$'($$-#,+::4)+#,+:#4'("#
+1+'($$$-:4+)(+##$(#$4#$'($,1 #"L)$#$4+)'(,"#+#)$#(,)#+#+#+4+#
#)# ,## +# ##4M + $+ :,1+ ,)#+4 -##,?$+4(+##(+#4+##$(+#,(+4++#
3(#1#"##("()#+$##(:,1+$4)###)-:#
(#+,#$+$,+ #:-+4 ##7#,6+,)+4$# "(#(1#J(:-##::J(:++#+##)#?,#$)P1$#J
:-4),)#4#1#3#+$#)'(<'(
+)##$#1#"#+#'(+)#++J9+:,+)#4)(+
'(+'(:+J+-,#,#<'(#'($'(+)#-+
M++6,#+,(JM#++,$"#$)+#4),(:'($#
+$$##)4,#?+##$"(#-$(##4'($$-$#+,4
-###+3##"#4$+:,1+-#$++1(+'(:##'(+
+)#$:+(+,5+J,#"J+#"(##5,)##4M
'(?##$+,)#+4#$+'('(#$$#+)#,)
)+4M$# +)(+# J ## ++ )+#,+ '( $ ,(+4 +(
)+1+#(-#?,#(+#1#4#,##: #))###-# ##$,4#$#?,*#4M:#1$#'('()1$,##"#-+#
#L###4$,#4)(#"(#)#(?)+1$4()#7+
'(4 # )+# +# ,(#1#3#+4 ++( ?(## "*# -#+ :+4 -##+ + $#"# '(# -#4 + +(+
-++$,+JM+5'(+6J#+#:#+#+?7$+J'(+(
3($#+?(+#,$$#"-($"#4#1###$#,#"((+# ##4(+#+)+#1$#JM
#$-*4),#$#)(1$#P$4"J'(5$+1+###J$ ,1+$6J$"'(+$#+1(:,1'(+#1(6J-#$4
$#J
,)##+)#+(+)(+#4'(##?(+#,#+(++J
(#,"+-
>;
G@H$#++-(
%R$
&JJ
N+JO
237
&&ba/!
JR4@A3($CBB@
J#$J6L,,*JM
J#,"
$#1,'("$#+)#$#1#+'(-##,)#<##+#+4$ ,)#(#"#-($"#4:#16::4+(#4'(J"$,1
'()$##?$+1+###J%6+,$'(4#('(3-4$$- ,(:+#<+)#,#$#++#+,)##S'(#+)(5+(#
JR$#+"(#"(#4-#)+4,6+)##+#$-#(#,#$#,,#(++
#+)++'()'((-+?#'($$+4$,5JRS'(+
+,:()#:#*###-##$#+?++)($+4
# ,+# 7($# ( ) (+#+, ?+4 #"(## #$,#
#)#$++(++'(:#17###)+#+4'(#+#+)## )(#$#1(1#4$,+(-+4#($+)1$,#+(-+4
(# -$( +#4 ,)## ,)4 "# '( )"# ,# $$# $+
:,1+:#+J&#:#*J4#$4,)#"(#$#+(+#+( 1#-(#J+L)$#+###J
.(7#+1$,(,(+#,+1$+#1#3+'($$-,)+4$#
#(#$*#?$$+4$+$,+-#+)++'(##)3(4 $#+,)##+#+$##+41($$+#+)3(#$+'(:#")J'(J +#14#$J4'(,-()#7+4))'(<'(+#4+1#""#+J'(+ +# ""# #,4 -#$4 )+#,4 )##4 1
,)$#JM , 1( #," $ ,1 +#$ J R +)##,4
#+$'(7#,+)+#'(+#$+$+14#+)$-#)4
++"$+)##)$,$,)4)##)$+(
(+34)##+#1+$#1##)-:#,$#+?(*#+ (-#+'((1#+("#:#4+$#)$#+(#$++,)+1$(#-$(
?(7?#4$#+(#$++6)+1$)4M)+#J,+(+#,"+4$+,7+4
$+(+#+#+)+#:JM'($$-#,+#,(:#+#7#+)#### +###(-#J$)#7+-($-#P$+3+?#+##'($"()+#+
:,1+'(:#,+(+)#+,1)+($#$#+(-#$,)# ,(:'($)#7+-#3(+4++#+4#:#++#"P$4)-+$+
)1$,#+ -+4# $+ '( #+##$+('(4 )$+1'( (-JM , )#4 #$4 : :#*# # L# # -# #'($$#+
)+#+#,#$$#+"()$#+"(#+)#+##+4#'($$#+3?#(#++)6#+4
238
##+##+#-#$#+++$#+)#'(?,#(()-+1$
#)#4#)#*#(+)(,+,+"#-3(+##(1#$1#
-##(#1$4+#'($$+:,1+#1"#+?(+4#)#+),+(
,)###'("#,,#(1#(#-#)1#1$
$+,#$+(#"(#6)#4(6,"#+#4M#,1#$#:#)+#$#
)#$#1#)$#+)##J
+#1#+)#4<#,",74##3(+$#,##$"(+
$+ $,+ +# (-# ,)+#J $ -#3 ,1 # 9(#+4 #('(
))##:#4+(#)#(++#1#3+4)134,5$L)$#6 #J$#"#,4$$'($$-#,+::4$#?#*#'(J+)##+(+#"(+
?#$+4$+)(++'(+6$$+M#($+'()#7#,6+#+M#,#)#
(#$'(#-#-$(##4#((#?(#$#4$+#+'(+#,+
#+)(,71$-+1$#$#)"(#'(#$+$,+,6+
#,++(1#4$+(#$+,(:++-7#++,#4#:#+###
+1(+#J+#:#4#$J4(#L#-$(##:(1#)#(# )+7($#4##+,#$4:,1++4#)#+#+,)+:4
$# #)# ?,# +# 3(+# + $+ $,+ (+ $ 1#
-$(#4+(#+)(+##$#)"(#$)#7+J+)#+(#,##-J
9#1+)#+4M+#+##+4+#-#3#J'(:#,# )(1# -" '( ), $ -"J , )#4 " +# ,# , (
-#(?J
#+7,$#$$#:#+#::#+(4$#$$#+:+7#,)(J
+7##,15,)()+#+#$)#7+#,##'(#'($$#,##4
##$-##,#'(+)#++J#$$"(1#4+(#(#$
+# )1$,#+4 #$ )( (- $# #)## (# )$7#
$##4$#+#(#+$(-$#J+7#+()#(+)#7+
()#7+$+4L"$'(+$#*#+#$#"(#)+$'(#:#+,+)##
(+)#7+M)+(?##+,#JM++#,#(),#$)4#$
,++)#'((+()+#J(+)#7+#1(#")+#,4M
++#+<#$+'($#-$(+#(,+#$$4$#
+#+?#(#+(,1)$#,##4+(#1##$$##)-+# )+#,J (+)#7+--,(#)"## +(+ ++4M++#'($ ,+,+:61$1$$#,'($#-$(+$#+$(P#)##+(+,(
#,#*#+++J(+)#7+++#P?()##$#"(#4M+3(+4
)(4#++,+,+P$4:#$#"#+##+(#4+)#+,
+-4 #(#$ '( #,+ $$-#$ # +( -$(# (# "(#
),#(#4+$+)(+)##(#5$++##?(*#+)##$#
"(#J#4#$J4'()#,+,+)-##(#$,
+##J$#$)#7++7#P$J))#$+7#(#,#$##J(+
239
'(-#++4$'(:,+:#+)+))##1$JM
-$-#+#+J
#P:#)$",#4,##$-*'(+$+,6+)$"+J(1#
:#:#1+,)("(),)#:,1+#($++41#+#+11+)##
#1,#$#,#+)#<$#4)1#+#7,+)##L)+(1+#
)+#$,1#$#J+#$#+:,1+4#(#+)+$+'('(+# "*#$+1?+$#$1#+)#"#$++(+#")4?#- -:,,$##L(1##$++#+
+J+$+7,+4+$+
+$(+4 + $+ 1+-#+ $"+4 + $+ #)"#+ # $# '(*#4 +
#+,###+#)#+#+$(4'()++#?6$J+7:#$#"#
+(#)##+4+(,+$-##,J,+#+$# #(#$*#:(,##4:,+-+5++(+#+4+##3#$#+J
Z'(5+-($-(1#4$+#?-4##4'()##+
$#+(-#++)#*#+'($5,$#"(#4$#+),+#++)#<#4$#)$7#
$+ $1#$+ $ :# :: 1[ -($- # + $+ '( $ :#1$ (# +$(?(#+)#<#J++6)4$(4"(4,#4)?(4
()#-$(#'(+)4)$#:+,+#+(+:,1+4$#
++#*+(+)+4(#?#*#+(?)####$$#$#:$$)#7+MZ#
'(5:#-$-+4+#$+:,1+$)##L+#'(+("6+[
Z,-#'(+-###+$$++$+#?#+#(#$1#,#4'(
'(+#+$(+#$-##$#)#+(?(#+(#[++$+"
"#-J++$$"##$#:#)+)J
+1#4-#4$,1#9(#+J.(7#:#$)#+6#$41#+
)#+7($#+J;$1$#*43(+#4'()+#, )+J + -#4 + ,) +)# #$ + ,+# '( " ++
+#+&#9#1##4,*##33(+$+:$+'(##+($+J
'('(7#4#$J4-##J,6++#+::#+J
#,1#$$'(:#-+4'(+)$)+-+1$4,(:,6+ $-+1$$?((J#,1$+:,1+3(++&#9#1##$ 7)$JJ++4,,14#)"(#$+J'(+#+
'($$-))##,+#+1+$#+#+#)#$+$##)#4
?,#+,3#$#+#+4#(###(+#++#+)6#+4$ )#-$(#J##7J+'(++'($#)(+$+)$"+
#$+(+##+(+1(++-+J##+#1)-#,4#+ :# ,#?+# #$"(# )P1$#M'( )(# )# $(" )+((+#4 +,#)$++(++M+J)(("'($)#7+-#+(",(
"(),)#4(4#-#$#)#'()+#4#+#'($$+:,1+
(# -( ? #-7#J # # +#1 J + )+# '( +# + $# +(#
-##4+#$#+##,##4+4#+"+"#$+4$))+'(
240
)(#$*#4#$#+-$#4##(-43#,#+(+"(7#+ #(#$+"(+$#-$(JM1+##)#7+4#$J4#:,1+'(
$##),#$"#4$#,),#)))#$#4$##))##,)$#4
)###)-:#$#1?("()(#+$#+$#J
#+-#$4"'($-##$#)$(,#'(:3#-$#:#+##'(7J
)#4#$4)$'($+,4'($*+:#,(:,)4'( #,15,+,#J'($,*4+5'()"(:,1,P,
#?J7-#+$-#'(+),)##+(+)(+#4)'(:#+#1$#
$,4$##"(#4)##:##,#$$#4++#+"(# +4,)*###?,#-+1$#++#1#3+4##,#+4#+
?((++J>#,6+1+#:#$)'(<))#1+()#SM
)1)+,):#$"#J
Z,)(+'(J4'(+6::#:#$4-"##+(-#$7##+#
(-#1#[#,)#7$#+)(+#+(+$#1+"++++J#4
'(#+)##$'(:#+#1+"#$#"(#"$#)#*J\
(#,"+,#
>;
G@H$#++-(
%R$
&JJ
N+JO
241
>
!
N#",O
(-#R4@B3($NCBB@O
J">("#,7*
,",7
#$0#+)##,4'(-#+#1+(+#$#+(#$#
-#(##4,+#$7##()J#+-#'($$+7#+
(#?##("(#4'(,:*--#(#+,##,+:(1#+(
+$7#J+,1#"#$-#,74$L+#1#3J.(#+)(5+5$(
+(#-"($$4M,#4#,",74'($'(,#(+#:#1###,+ -++#+#,++++#+($#J6#$)(#,:34
'(#6$+$#+$##+#J--+#++#++4)#$#+J ",+))#L#-#"#4M)'($$1("(+:#)+#
+$+#$+4+"(+1(#$#+1#))#$#?#$#
+1# $+ ,6+S ) # J )( $4M)'( :# #$$#$4 +,6,$J
$$4'(,#J4--#"#,,74 #(#+# (#4'(#,+#1#JX(6,($#:"##'($$#-*4::###-##+
$+1(+#$+):+'(#P+)##$#+?#$#+$b-$#YX.(5)$##)##,74 ),6+'(,#+#+(#1#34+1#+#'($$#++#+####+YM
#<#7##,)$#$#(#$$#4#(:,1'(-7#+4?(+$
)),#,"$#$J$:#(#+#,)##1$#$)$#:#$$#(#,"$ $)$J
NJJJO(:,($:#1)(##,##1(#JM#,?+%J
+4)## 4HS#)## 4 >, 5L4M,#+('(
#, +#+ (-#+4M#('( "#*+)#$ )## #,# $# 5L4M,
#,#1##$####+J
NJJJOX(5#,#'(#$"P7#+J#,:3$+(1$##4#+(+
-++Y+6$3+###+4:+#,#$#(#J3(+++:(1#
+#$-#(#(#+#"##M+#(#+#"##:#,6+3(++JJ+ (M$$$-#,,##*+(#,"#"#
>;
1##7++J
N4JF4)J@F@@FGOJ
242
%&!;
TR@B3($NCBB@O
J#1$J!5"(JM
#,"#1$JM
(#"(##)'(,#"#+'(-#+#"#$$##)+#
,$ 1()# >(#5* %#$4)'( '(+ +#1 ,7J $
L(+4'(4)#$$,#(#?(+$7# '(:,)+M
)'($#"#),3'($,6+'($$-::4+)'(,$#+##$#+ ,#+4$#:#$$5+,3##$+*+(1+,:3J#$+6+4#('(+
1(+$+,)+)##$$4M-6+,$#-#+?(#6+)#4'(,)$+$#1+
M$+:3++(#+16$+#,JM+5+:####?,##7+##$)$ -++#$##+'((#)+5$,#*#$#?JM++# -*4'(,7#$,:##+#+4)($-#,#1*#$##$,:##)#
'((+(#$,(,JM$+,6+-++'(:#"4'()('(+#+,)
P,,'("51#+4+M)+#'($$M)##-#+4
+-++#1*#::##,#$,:##)#JM&(#$+,#$+ ?#,#'($+1(+)#+#+#)##$#:J
+5##?(#,?4#,7M,6+?'(#'($$#'(++#)##
"$#?(#J
:7-#$$1J#,$)#4-,$-#M#4#(+$ #$1(+-++
(#,"
>;
+),##-$$#,+1++
#($#$$#4G@H$#++-(
%R$4&JJ
N)#O
243
.
>;
J'(>J##
,",7
&1+)(+#4+$#)#")$##<J%-'(:*(#()
)3#)#+(+7##,#,"%#$J;$?(#5$4+#1'(
J$1(+4)$'($'(##"#JM
: :#$$# , $ $ , '( )(1$ J4 '( ## 3(#+ +(+
02J&'(J:#"3#(1+'($#,:#1$#P
-+J+($-,74)(+' J#:#1,#,6+41)(-6,$M
,-"#:#4,#$#-"#*#4-6$4#'(##)&#9#1##+'( $:##,##4($1$$-++#,:34'(++#'(+#'(5#$#$(*)
,)<#34'(-7#$+'(+,4,#+)"#$#-#4)'(,)#
'(+'(#+()?(,#+#?$-#"#J:##(#"#7+,#-"]*#,
$14$("'($:-+,)+J+#?,#:(,$##'($)$ ,#)+#+'(4$+7#+'($+174,##1##-($#+)$#?J( ,(#-+##++$J#+#Y.($("'($+-)(++)#)$4-'($#
$(*##Y,4"##$,)<'(#1#3+#+,6++#+4+
)#JM
&+#$(##?(+#,+(#,"
>;
N(-#RO@B3($JMNCBB@O
#+,$,-7+(3,)$#J
iG@H$#++-(
%R$
&JJ
N+JO
244
&J
TR4@B3($NCBB@O
JJJ
,",7
.($-#4)'(+5'(,'(4'(,:##,-3
+#, $# ##'($+17#))+#<J& :#7#$$#()'(< #"'(?(4M)?(#\+"##M+#4)(+'(#,-J
,-##J4#+:#,)#<7#4,#'($$#+#+'(
1(+61#,+$+4,6+#$#$(*$#:'(#$#$7#4+#+$#+$+#+ ,6,$$1(?Z'(5$:::)##'(,$-[
4:#'(7$'(,#,##JM+,#$-7JM
##CJ3($MV+'($+1#+#4)(++:#
+"(+#,"J&,#5)#'($$#++(#+'(#)6#+)#+)##-+
#'(7+)7#1##$"417+)(+#+(#J-+#+$-5(###
#($4 $ ,5 # + + $# $$-##4 , -## $#+ +(#+ '( $
+()$#1##$"##J#'(#($$,$+,(:4$+1(#
###$",-6$$#++(#+J'(P$,#+'(##$
"##++)#)$+S)'(-+#,++#4)##'(+)##,#$+( ++#4$#+-#1#JM#-'(+$'(:#17#1,Co
##4$-5$#@o4)'("#1#'(P$:(1#+#+#+71$4)(+4
$'(##:'(?$JWM
,+5,6+$#+4)$'(J-4'($'(#:##,,4
)# +( ## + $ ,3 , +#+?# # JM # , (<#4 '( $ :+"#7#+$)'(5$+#1$,)<L,'()")$6# +##$"(#$)##,JM),#,74'(#(#(+
+5,6+'(#$3+J",6+'(#"#$+(+$(M#('(J +#1 '( ++ )#)$+ + '(# +,) , -4 + :(1# +# +
1#4)+()#"4#<+,($("+JM
#++#)##'(J,)4+$1$$'($,#4?((#:# )#*4L#<#,-#J$)#14##,"#S,#++7+$)#,#$4)## ,#$4#(#,#$-#,,J9#:$#9#1 #J'(+$
,+-++J+#1'(+,+)7(,(##++)#7?++(#+
'(:#+J++7\$,),7M)+(#,#)+$$#4'(:5#-$#4)##'(+ )+#N+O$:,1,:3J
245
,+1+#-*4-#+,3J%+$#,##9+##?7#4
$#+,3$$#+#>($##'($3(#J'(##+(#,"1$"#'($'(J
>JJ
Z+#J+4&$#4+(+$#$+#,"+$1(?'($+,##'(7 ,,#+,7#+[
N+JO
246
&
JJCC#"+NCBB@O
:,#'(7+,JM
#)###<+'(-J$#,7#4+,1#"4,#$,#,)#<,6+ #-4?,6+#,#'(J\+$+($4:#"+#+1
)#$#1#+)+#+$+7##"##1$+$#-+J(-#+'(+#$"
,7#'(:#17#+#"###JM$:#7#?3J+,( ##4)")$####4'(-##+"(4+1##-#4+(#)$#(+SM
+)#4)'(+)#4):(,#4M+(($"#J+,,+
($J+#"#,,#$,##J'(,$#'(4,++#1+J(#+#+ (:"#)##,+)7(J+$+7#+,+#+(,+#4+(7+,'(J )(+#4),+$#)#43#,"S'(,17#J?(J
,)#'(":#JM)$'(#J+#,
+1,7JM+'(,#(J,###:#$7#J+'(+5'(J
+$#7#,++*#+4+$#+-##4#P+'($#++($#+(#?
$3#S+1$#:(,##4##+?#$*#4)+#$'(,$$#$
)('($$++(?J++)+#+#,JM,
-#3?#"#)(4+#)##4#,##,#'($"#<#
#'($$#'($"#<(#5$$##,#1#J$"(#-*:-+#++#+
+#+4)'(-++614+-+$$#+,+,#+J:#4M)'(+ $$)#+47#,)#)#$6",#+JM"#$#+1#+'(
+#1##J#$#"##-7#++$#?##$'(+1J>,7#+ +'(3#14'(-#$'(3#++)(5+$#++(#+JM++1M#,
,#4 # J4 )## ,7 ,+,4M)'( )+# $#+ )#+ '(# ?(*# )##
+(?$#+4 )7# +1$ + 6+$#+4 )'( , )#7# +$#$#4 +1$)##6+$#+4)#1,#'($$#+?,$+4),'(
,+)+#++4:#1$#$$$+JM#,6+4)'(+:#+#<+"
(?#-'()$4'($-#)#:#4)'(+?(+#)7+$4$ +17#M,$#+,#P$4#(("4,+'(4$:#1$#1#5$
$#+##+'($+17#4,:#)#,#$,)*##+1$#+ +#,7#4:3#+-#S+6#:##,74(##+##+$:+J
(# $ :#7# (# , -# ++ #<+4 $ L)$#1# ) '(5 #* )(#+#$:#17##?("#,5L4,##7+,##$)7#
+3+1(#$#+-++1$+L#<+4'(+($:##:#4) ))+ ,4 + )'( #+74 +($+ #1#+M X'(# + '( #
247
#++YM,$+#1#$$+$+4,+#$$#$,#SM#+-##1#J
$#$,##J(+)7(+)#+)#+,??##,)#<#JM
#$+174'(#,)?(4(#,+##$I+$#+,#+4$
)(+ )+#J , +# " #,## :# ,++ # $# SM
)'(,$#-#,:##:#+##:##++(?)##,+#'(+
)##+4",'(4),+-++#++#+'(,+ #+4-##$#+"+#'(+$+4,#++4)#-++JM )'(+#-"*#,$14#('(-+'(5$(#$#4 ,)##:##+,#+#)*,(+#4##$#-(#($)#J $'(-6J'(+$$1),+#4+)+11#JM
#++#+##+1#?$#$+#+,7#+)$##-##+#4##4,1$ -+1$'(+)(1$,##5LX(6#+-+4))#(+'( '(7#"##?#,#?6$4:3#$#)$(,##'(,-1#1#,$#*#)$# $#,#Y
#:#+()4)##$?$7+,914'(##*#:#,(J#$#$+ $#1+4-++'($-74$#,,,#$,#J:,##4J4+(
#+#4+(#$$#++-++'(+:#1$#$$+J\X+###'( $+:#"#Y++$+:4+'(-::+J.()#7M:7+$
,)#'(,1#1##$",74,-$-7#$$#J#--#1(#
#(#4'(#,$'(#,,'(##$,+$+($:#$JM, (#+-#$#$"4##-#$4++1,+(+$#?##+7#4
+(+##4$+-++'($,#J,$++174(,)(#1#3
),+'(,$$-#1##()#4$1?$#,#47#+:+4M$ )( ,+, '( 17 $# ## 91M+ $+ -7J $ )# 14
)(1$7'($+JM#"#5*#,$#,'($+:4"6<,),1#(J
MX(6#1#"#*#+$$-$'(:#,(YX.(5##1$$## J,,#,#,"%#$YX'(5+(#,#:##'($1+'(3 +( $ 1+'( :#)($)4 '( :# )#+# ) (#+ #+ #+ , ?$#4$,5$,6+"#$4#-$"#$+)+,L#+YM
Z.(5:#16+4#4#'($1+'(3(),:,+##'( (#-*-+((#[Z'(5,#+6##4++#$#+J4'(+##1 +,#,$#+,7#+[7"#,'(5+$(#4+)7#$JX.(5 "#$)##,+3+4+)(#-+#,#$$+#'($$#+1$##,#
?"(#Y)#7#'(#1#)++"#'(*#J
# -# #)+(##, :4 , ,+# ,)$# ,\'( +
)?+(-#'(4)#$#-$$+#+()#4#(#
#$##,#"#($-#$#++)#<$#+M$'(,6+,)##7#:'(
$JM4M'(#P,###$)?(,#'($$#+?$#+#>(#'(
,-#1#+(,#)#+##,(#?,JM#($4'(++"((
248
<:#$"4(#1#*#)#J#$#"$&(+#4#+(+:,##+4(1+$# ,#JMJ\#$#$,#+(:,#
>J
Z'(5$'(:#1$,7#4#6:*$7+[M#(#+,:## $-#[\
>JJ
G@H$#++-JM
%R$
&JJM
N+JO
249
&
TR4CK+,1NCBB@O
#,"'(7+,
X.(5$#"###$7#))###)##:Y#$-#1#,P$,#V##J
RW4)##'(,$#+(##4,3#+$)#7#1SM#((# $,1#4,)+,:4'(:#1$#,7,(#<+#,SM#(
(#(-#++#+,7#+4,6++)##+1$+'((#:+##, ,#$)#)$4(#++#+1##-#$4$-#54)'(J:#"#3(*+4
,:,#+(:,#4,"#+'(::#$$##$?$,$#(#$4
+,1##*#,)4)##)-+,+-($+?+)+#,+JM
.(#'(-*$#(#$+"(+:#1$#,+<##+4,?+#J+ (1)$#,4MJ1)#"#,+#P$4)7+,#4)##<4
:#:(+(+'(:#+)###'($'(4#('(+$3++$4
,6+?$#'(#$"($#,)#<#JM+-##$?(#+)4(#+##
#'(7 (-:#+# :# (#7#+ #4'()+#1#-#$ #++#+
,#+4M)(+'(#5#$#+#+,#)+#+,#+7:#+#'(,
"#J+$)#'($$-#1#"##+)$-4?#$*#$#+#$#+4M #)#+",))##,##$(#1#*JM+5+::##J'(--#:#
#1#3+,4'(4,,?#$#+4#('(,?#$#7#,+4 )##:#$))4M+-$#34$'('(-#$JR##+4$
$$#41+#)+1X)'(5#$"-($-#,#+###7#4M"(##
+"$4)'(#$+-#4$++$#$,#SM#"##$#+)#$#$+"#+ '(:##1#+$L"("#$##+#Y('(+##+#(1(4 (1?,#+#$#14'(,#1+1,,)43#,:
,,4+6#:#,"4+(7)4#,+4)
-++(#$3#,,?(*###(1#4#,:3JM+
'( :#1$#$4 )'( '( :#1$#, # ,7 ,+,J (#+) $ ,# ,
I+4(+*3,)$#+4)##'(J$+)"#,#+$##+J7'( '($*#4),:3J*-$?#,+4'($:#"#-++4'(
$(*#,#1#$$,)##4)7)-#+4#+-+#+JM
3,)$#+$$-#5L91J:#-7##6:*$7+4# #+#4'(+:###,74>,J#'(,(#JZ.(5
:#5J'(+5'(,#,#[
(#+)+5'(+J#:#+1#4$(#$,L#<#4)'(
J++#4+6++,)4+#((#$+#J>#,6+- (#:+#6##$,##:,+#4#)+)#*+#$"#JMJ 250
+6?$*4+5)'(5JM#$+54)'(#$,*###4+,'(1
$3$#-#JM
#,15'(7#:#1$##J$#"#,(+,74'(+:#(#<"4
'($##?+)-:4##++#P$#+#$#)#'(#,7JM,# -"]*#:#1$#+#'()(#)-:#,J#-*+6JM
+5+1J4##,7##4,,,###($##*#J
$-#5+($#,++#+(-#+J,'(J,:##$-#JM.(
#,(3+1(S)##++,3'(#:,1JM+:#1$#4S'(
+$#4+,(3J+$+,"+-#'(7#&(+#4'($()(+
:4$#'(:*$$###*#4$#$##+#,#,"%#$JM
Z,+'(+65L4++6##,7[3#$6,)#"(1$'($+ '(Y#,))##,6++(:,#
>J
N+JO
251
&b9!&
N(-#R4$C@#$$CK+,1CBB@O
J$)6:*$7+\
#,",('(J
++:#17(##?(+###+(#J,"##,#$'(+$#:##
+):#+##:#4M'(:#+?#$##<4-:,#"#,4
+($)#,++*#+4'($#+,)##+,#(,#4,'(##-+ #?(*#$#,$#,#J
-#J#-$-#5LS'(+#,-##$:3#(+#'(-($-# #$+$#))4)(+Z+#1J'('(#5L#$-:,#(#'(
)# +'(?(#,-## )##[$$7 ,+ ,3+ #,"+S #$$74 ,+
$#7+,#+4#*+))#$+4$++(+4#(#$*##"#+(#4
-# ?#6+# ,6"#J $$7 J4 (# ,,# , "3#4 ( 3,)$ , #
?(*#+4(##,+#,"($$J
##+)#+::#1$#JJ:#1$#4)##,74$"(#+"$+J+5+
+6J#:#+#4))+J+,),+$?(+4++(+ +#+:4+#'($$++$$+,#3+(++$#L#$#JZ.(5:#+
+(#+#[Z'(5+(+(#+[Z.(5$#15-$#(+##4+(#"#:3#
,#4#'($$#)'(<($#3++($+--#+4+(++L$+:3+[
&#+(#+#+#)###$4:3#'(:#1$$$#4+'(,
,)<M)##"##:#1(#$##'($#,M##$#+1#+4
,,+?##+$,(1$#1#$$4$+-#1$$)
:#($#JJ'(##$-J
()+#+#:#4)L+#1#34)#P,'(#,))## $'(","4$#-#7##('($#(-+4#'($$#1"#?7#+(# '( $ +1 $$#+<S + '(4 ##+ '( 6 6+ +#4 $#+ '(
:#"#,++1#$$#$#4##,+$,'()"#4#+'(
#$$6,43('(+#'(,74$#1"#?7#'(#L+$#
,#J+1$#+6)##,7(-#"#$J
$#1#$$(#+)4'($$-#+###4$-7()'(<$1-++'(
##1)(1$#4,+#)-##4)##+##$)$-$#+#$$+#$# -#M)+5$?##,:3J+(#+$$*4)$#-7"(+M#J4 #'('(J
252
-)$#7#1)+)(+#+(#+(#,"#<+#"#4
'(1'(+#4,#+)(4,)#:#$#,+(##JM
>;
G@H$#++-(4
N%R$J&JJO
+4#,4@A,#CDBHJ
04&#9#1##4JB4CDBE4)J@K@FJ
253
%&!;
TR4(1CH4CBB@
'(#1$J
1 ( ,, # ,+ '(:#+ ?# )## +# ( ## $ @F +,14'(17#'(74,#+$#1#$$&(+4+7#+:#JM#"*4 )'(+(#4,#(#'(-+M,+)4)'(,:#1$#+$$# ?#+#+(#+'J,+##+4##'(:14)(+:# $$"##,7,6+$#+(,#'($#++####'(+4M,3#4 #('( +(#-,4 )'( , +()+ #)#* ,# # )'( :##
)# $ I+ +# ,##-$$+#JM, '( + 1(4 '( --
#,#$1$+:,1+4,3#54)'(+7#3(+#S)(#
+14,(#)#*#4P$#,74'(+5'(,'(+4+ +4,:#614,3#5J
)#+,#$#*#$,))##+)1-7+,#,4#'(1
#$,:#$$#$#),###(#4M#$'($$##,,)"(#+J
MP+#1+"$5+4##+$:#1$#+P+1#-:#J#++#+4+7#?7$
:#$$##'(7#1#3#$"(4)'(:#+#+#,##4M+#,((4,#$#+ ,#+4,#+)1+4M$#++)#<$#+JM:#1$,'(:#1+-#
+#,+#?(#4)'(,:#)#(#)(?#*),
+###)?+#$##+$$#JM(#$'(#$#+,P$)$+ +#+#,#+,'(#'(7)-#4(#$'(#1(#?#JR4M
)(:#$$#++"#?($#4+,5+#$#++#1#3$#(#4
'(:#:((?(,P4M(+'()(*#$'(P+#+M
+14+$'($1(+#4)(4,P4+)##$"P,))##:#$$#$JM
6+4 6 (++ $+ '( + +# ,)+1$J 1# ) ( (#
+)$+#(+'(1(+#,)$#+'(:#1$"$5++)#<$)(1$#
?(,$+#+,1(#+#+#+#,##+S-+),
#$)(+:#$$#)(+4M$'(4#('(,6+"#4+,6+?7$M#$"(#
$#+#+#+(+##*#'(:#+#+P,MJRJM#+@,++
+)+(#$#,$#'(+#+4#('('(+)+#7# ##++$+),+7#++)+J
+#$#1'(:#1$4P#'(#'(7?6$:#$$#4$1+(++
,+#+4+$#1#+,6#4#$,,6#4,6++1'( +4ML"+#$#+#)$#+,#<##+?7$#$$#++61##+4 ##+##1#)#$+-$+$#:JM$#$,#--)#*4$+ 3+-,6+",#+'($#+,(+:(,##+JM
254
%)(+'(,"#<4)"$'(:-+4#)),))#
L)#J
,)<4#1$4'(,"#+'(5,-#+(Co##4
,)(:#$$#$#SM'(,)"(+(#)(#+P$4M'(-($-#+#
$+#,$'(:##+)+#I+JM,+,#"#+4($)#1$
+'(,$#+)#$+3+M),,-##$#+$)#)$4+ ($)#1$JM
-)$#6-41,6+#+(#+4(#,"
>J#7
,#+####2M)'((@#J##4P#'J:14,#
(")J-#$J&(+M
#($#$$#
G@H$#++-J
%R$
&JJM
N)#O
255
%&!;
TR4@C(1NCBB@O
'(#1$JM
)-:$),7#)+'(:+,+)##+1J'( '('(?7#,74:##)+(?#*#J4)(+'('(4)(+ )*+#'($$'(-##J
('(+17$#+,##)#+###-($#)$(,#S'()+,+,3
,3$'(+7##+#-$-#J"7#'($$####24M
#$$7:#+#++6#(+,#+J
&'(+#++#1+)(+:#$$#JR,--J,3(4 + ) +$ +#+ '( +()" '( ,#+M$# $"(# $# #4 (
-$(#4M)'(+#'($$#+)(,+'(,)+1$$"##'(7,+-#4
#-#-#(#$"++)#7++4M$#-$(#++##4 )####$$#+#-#1#<'(:##'(7$+#1#3#+(#
M+$'(+(1#<+J
'(,#$"('(+#+#$,#1+$($#$"(#
)##):#$$#$#M)'($#,)+,4#('( $#+1+)*4$#:#1$,#,SM::#$$#,)#)##,#1#3J
M(##+#$"41#+#7#'(++$'(:#1$#+4'(
+$$+#4M)'((+##)*)+)##$#1#34'(L4
) +1 $ '( )+ $+ ($##"($+#+4 # $#+ $#+ "+ $# #4 ,)+#7#(,,)?$#)6#$$"(#34+#'( #'(7+,(+,#+$+)+'(:#1$#+)#<$?#5+JM"
+4),#)(#4)'(+5'(P+1(#"$+?4##:#+:#$$#
#'(7(-JM#$+'(:#+,4'(+#(#+
,*'(+4M'()##(3)#4-$+++,#+$$+JM
"#+4)##,)+)#$"(#+#+##+JM(#-"#+4
#$#+,#+$$#+)#)$+(1#JM:#$$$+4'(,
,(#"#4):#1)(1$#+5'(5+#,7#4$'(:$"#
-(+$P,JM,,:#$$#5(),###4) #(#$$#,
)"(#+S"#<##"(+74)'(,:#'(:#,+3#:4'(+$#
P#'(#3(+#61#,4+#$(###7#4'('(
>J
N)#O
256
%&;
TRCD,1NCBB@O
J%#$,5#
<#,"J
+#:#4,-##+),(#++(##4+$$(#"(#$#$
"+#4@K+,1P$,J)#(#,))+$4)#$#1#$
#$,#SM , )# #:# '( +1 # #,+# (-#4 + # #," #"(4 #*#$,#$#J:#1,$+,#4M##++#+:,
P)$#.(#4)(+4:'($7-#"*+(+1+-#+##
$##(#$*#$#+##+'(+(1(#-$(#),'(,,)<4'($ "*?(#)'(-,+)+#,+$++(+4(#)'()J$+
,7+J:#+#'(#1,#,$#)#+J'(,)#'(
+#1(##7*)(1$4+#,L$(+-4-:,+#++"#$#?(#
,##$'(,#$"##'(74M)($+$($#4$#+"+4M$+##$#)##+
$++<+J'((P,($)+#+#-#++:-#+#+
'(+)###"##4#'($*#4#$#+#+,6+3-+4,6+"+#,
'(#+(+#,5#J'(,)#7#+#$+7+,#-,(#
$# # ,#+ ("J $# #(#$*# :(,## + $ # ( '( $# +(*#1,#$#+$"#+,#,##$+S$'()+(6($
($##"($+#++$)+#()(1$:"54#1#3#4+-#4
+74)+(+,+,#+?(*#+-##+4'($1#4#1(#+(##+ )$(,##+)+#+#3(#1#$(##'(+:###4#$$#,
$# $1#4 , + $+ :,1+4 + $+ )1$,#+JM # +)6($+
,#"7?+4#)++#$(#1$?$(#+$1+4+(+$:
:(,#M#'(7,+,#-+M#$#"#4M(,)$#(-?$#$+3+4#
($#$,+$#+,##-$$#+'(+6-J94+14'(
#+,##+(+#,5#4'(##"+)#<#,6+:#,'(
#+4 + #)##4 1#3 1## $## #, )5 $# #4 (# ,#$#
,)+# -($# # $+ +##+ ,)+ -3+4M(" +## # $(* #+ +(+ ,#"?#+4)$-#++(+?(*#+4+#+)$5#$#$+
:,1+JM
+#,,##)+#41:*J4)(+4,,#,),###4
M)(#)(1$##?(+#($'(#"#4M$'()(##$
M)+),#++##+4#)-##,#J+,#$,7
)1###*+4'(#"#+#$+)'(<+,$+4:# 257
$+#7($+#,+?(#$1+4M)$(#$+1++"4 ,-#,+14+(#+'(+1)##"+'(:#
#,#,4(#)(4)'(<#+1#++(+-#+4#++1$,
$L$#1#)-#::##,7J+'(+$3##4#$ -#$,+)#4#(+#,"1-$7+,$J##*#4$"(5
'()##J))$$JM:##+5'(#"+#$,#1$4
'(,+#1(?+74"+3#+#$$#$,#4$#'("?JM?7
'($#::#+4)#<+#):(,$JM,)#?-#++
$#+'(+#+$#,#+(,1J
J'(,3#$1#)##+(#$'(4#$+1+1$#++#+ +##4:#$$$#)$(,#"+(#+JM+#+)##,7$#?##,6+)+#J
## ,74 $# 7# :# + (# ,6+ '( $ , 3 $ J (#
+17#3(+#,#+4#$$#+1$+,#$+#,P#,##'($ #JM(+'($#)$#(++$#?,#$##)1#4,)#'($+$+ ?,#+#)1#+1##J,#J$##1(##,++(#+4'(+
+-#$# ,)$(,#4,$+#1$+ $# $#(*J+5'(+
?$#'(*#,7#S))(,#$J($+#$(+$##$#1#*#4:#+# '(,"(+,'(#$#1#SM)$#++(#+4)(+14))
($J(#:##+#++(#1$+4$$#+++(#6)+7,+,#+SM'(:#5
,+##+M)(+-#:+$'(#)$:+1$#+) #J4
4
M+)+#$#++#+,+#4'(+++,#('(4)+$# #4,)+#+###,4#,#,#+#4,#+#)J
,5)##$#+##+TR'((#(#<:-+14:#+#+
,++:#'(+5$$#+4:#+)$+3+$,)+)3(++$+ #,)+4$7#$+-++-+4$("41::$3()#+
++,)++43#$+:-4#+7$#+#SM(##$##
3(,"+'(:##+#+)(#)1#$##4M)'(
)#*#,1#,##SM#$##+()+'($+#+41#+$
"+4 -+#+ + :## #,# #$##J ,74 )",6+'(,#,#$#L)#+M,:#$#$#,M$+)7(
:(,#J 1 + 34 #'($$ "#JMZ $ )$# +# ,## *( ,+
##+[M#$#+-6+#+4M$'(JM'($+#M,$#+6#,#$J
M
:#4##$#$"#'(-##)#$##+-$?(+4,,"#$ -SM)(+#)$#,#$"7#:#$$####+##(#*-SM
$)5)):#1#)-:#$#)##+)+(##4
) ,*# , +)# : $# + ?-# $#+ ,7#+ )## $
)JM+)(5++#<+-#,,(3:34,:#- ++ ,+,+ 7#+4 , + (7+, ,14 # #$"# , #+#5 258
::#4'(+#JM),$#+#+#+#"(##$+4$+,+'(
-+4$("$#+?##+$+#1$,4$#+?,#+#$,##M,
:# '(# $ ++" +)7( $## , +#+ )## +1 :#*+#+#+'(:#$"+++##+J$#:#'(4)+4#
?,#$#+"+$##+4'(+?((#4'(+4"
$#+JM##$$+)7(4'(,3#+?(*#+)##1#+,+(#, $+$##1#,#J:#,+,$+14+)#)$#)#+'(
3# # ++ "$+4 ,( ## # $# : ?7#4 ?#"# ( 7# ,(
$#1+4$(#$$)L(+#JM#1(#)#$+,7+#,$#4
#$,#$#?6-$+-4,+##*##,(-#+#1+###JM## ,+4,+J1#+#,,$)4,*#)$)L,4
)$-#)4$),'($,++#$"#4M$-#5,###4 '()(#5:#-##4:##,##4(#,)#)+(#6
"#$4+)#$,+#)##+()#7+4+(+J&)+#$"#6 $"#-S$$#M#$"#6$)$7J(#:#1$$#(#4:#1$
#$##,#"#4$#(#,7#4+#(#?$$+)(+$#
#3#J('(#:#,(,+&"?$$T4U:9$,++6)##
,J)++#+4:#,(:(,14)"(:##$J9#(3- -$+#'(+#?#+#49>#,+J '(#("#7+,)# 1$4 )(3#4U#$U:,#4#)(#(71(4$#,#JM+##+
,:#+#$$#)$(,#4,#(1("(+#+-#:#,4,)
+4(#"$+#J
5+#,+$4)+4#,-$(#4,)))(#+###4#,
$+)##1+:#1:#$$#,#,#(#1#$$1($#+$#+4'(
?3$+1(#+$#++#+$#-#J+15)##4
T?(#+
$++)++++##+'(+#$#$)P1$M,++1##, ))#?#,$#J:#,,#'(+1#$#$,#4+$$#JM$# "+#4M1+5(6-#$+#:+)#$#'(4
-#1$,1#4M
"$#+,#+$$#+"##+J&#+,--#,4 :#5))#"#$#JMX3#$6
+#J+###$#<?(+'(+$#+1+(#,"+-
#?(+
>;
N+JO
259
!%!
N#",O
N(-#R4CBB@O
NJJJO+#$$#$#+)+(+'($)#+)#<$4#+(+#&#9#1##$+
NJJJO$+#(,+#+#+,1*S4Z'(5-$-6#,NJJJO-#$#$1#
'()()[Z'(5#,)##6#,:3#,+)#+NJJJOZ'(5++#$"+#$-4
,)##6$+#<+,)$#+(###+?(4'(1###$,*#[Z'(5
:#16"#,'(+#++#+)(+([Z'(5$1#,$+,#$+'(, -"##+([Z'(5)6"##*#,'(+(6[:#"##7#)+1$4 1+$$#,)-#3+,3#JZ+,6+)1#1$'(+(#+4
'(3+([(++,#4+"(#$4++,)$,#$"(#$#
)1#1$# '( +(#S 1 L), # ,#$+ '( ,4
#$#)+1$#'(+(#43#(#+(#(+,#$+++
,#1$+J⎯:#,7(#(#S(+$+#-#$#J,#,# +#,J ?(# (< , ?(#4 $ #7# ) +( 1? $ #7#J#+4+(<4#)#"+$4'(1$#$###6"($#J (#,,,4-)'(51$+)#+#:"4'(5--#+)#++(?+4 ,#++*#J 94+1$$-)#)##+,)$##$,:##'( )+5'()7#$#,#1*#S"$$,+#,#$(##(#
##$#'()(#-$-J+'(-##S+),#$$$"#4#7##$"
$#-#Y "4)(+4'(-$#,)##S+)##J$+4+6 1JZ'(5::#[⎯.($+,#+4#$+5J⎯:,$#
3(+# ) '( +,+ (# "#*# ,#, +)(#$4 +# ,)(-#J
N#(+J+#$+$+?#",+(),#O
260
&;!%
N#",O
N(-#R4#"+ ,1CBB@JO
&#+(,+#,#,(:+(+,)+#+JM:#()$#3(+#(-+#$4
'(+$+'($1##$?#$$+,(+4)$'(+($#3(+$'(#)# 3(++4M$#-#:(,##+$#1#($,#$"4$'(+)+1$'(
+#+###("(+#,##-$$+#4##"+)(+$+)?(+JM
'(+$#3(+#+$,###$#-#$##4:#17##*)##4#3(*"#) $#)#),+'(,#4'(+("#,#$-#JM
N+JO
261
9%
!
N#",+O
N(-#R4)+##"+CBB@JO
MV)$$#+(#'(4-,+(,1+1##+J
+14+$#-#6"($#+X+#:,+"#$#+4-$#+-$#YM&,3'(
+1()#4+#'($$'(+1JWM
MV+ $ ,1# $# ? $,)# # $#+ ,#+ '( $# ,#:#J $$#+4 #
+(5,$#S4#'(1#$#+JWM
MV , ,+,# +(# ,"# '( )( $$"# # + + ,
,"(#+,+,$#+,6+"#+-(+JWM
MV#J'(#$"(:#1?(*#+$+:,1+'(-#+$#+
+(#+1?$++JWM
N+JO
262
&;!
N(-#RO1J@BNCBBGO
,('(#,$#J
P,$'(6+4)+++,7+4+,)+4#)$
)#)$$#++#+7,#+$#$,#S)$7#'(+()(+1#+4,7:+#4
,+7?+#J9-+#+4#5()4:#1$5#$",6+#JM'(
, + -$- +$+JM( ,# , )# 1$ )+#4 , +)#
?#*#JM P + ##+ # +$#+ -(+4 :#+ +#$ #$ +($# #1"#41+$##(#$*##$+)#+#$#*1#
'(4+"(4M(#$+'(#'(+#(+$+#(#$+4M+6+:+#JM9#
+(?4+7#,+(3#,#+1(#$+($JM6+:+#4)'(N)##O
+$++$+#M#(,$#+,#+,6+#+$#?(#M++
#,#4#$#4#,)#<#41(#41-($)#$"(JM+
1++#+#+,3#JM#+#63#,6+M+#'(+
5#5$JM++1$,4(#(##(#++$#($(<*#4+
-($-#$$#4,#+(,#4(#$$(--#4M+?("#$$#JM
P+#1#4+#4#$#*4##-#4)(#4"+#JM.($+4
M++4(#$+'(#'(+#+(+"#$#+$"#:,+(#JM+$#
?#$##++#+1(#+(#$#++$#,#1$$:,14M$#,(34'(
,+(#:"##(#$$$#+4+#1,#1$JM#+7,$#$,#+#)##
+"(+$+#*?74,#$($##+-##4#+7+"#
3P1$+1*#$++)7(+$$#4,#####4)+#,
#1J+$#(#$?#$1$'($+'(+#4M+"#SM'($+'(+ #4"#+JM5'((,#+,#4'(P+,$#$(*$+$4
'(,#+,6++$#"*#4+$#"(+#,6+JM+#++#$,#'(P#1(#+
)(#4'(#('((-##$"P7#,+$'(P-#$+4-$-7## (-4#?$"$'(:(1+-+4,6+#,#+)(5+$#L)#$ #+4(#$,#$(,+#+#JM)(:#4,+"#+)1*#+4
"#$,3'(+#)?7#(,+1#+J,#,6::#1$##:#JM
++:#'("#)+#4:4$'(:#J#)6-6#,$#4
,,#"'(5$$+#4#)#+#$+?7+4'(+6)##,#4)##?+
#1$JM:)(+?#$##(($1&"#4'(,:#)#M#
)+# ) ,##-$$+#, P$+ ##+ "$#+ )($+M)+7+,
$14)(+'($)(+(#()(##,)##,$#J#)6 +4 +$$#,4 ( :,1 #,#1$J ( :#4 (# # # $ +J :#
$$-#$#:#*$#,5($#4,$$-#$)?(,(#?$4$#(*#(##J 263
9#+,6+'(:#:#+#+JM#"-+1$4,:##7$#$,#
#+J,7:#(#+)#++#45'(5+#$#++J
##,:#::-##+#",$#+,6"+$+,+)#+,
#+#JM:#4#"(+J
++)+#J#,6+'(#1#3#J#)6)(-
#+#+#J#?$"+$'(,#,6"#'(--#+#L#<#J+$,+
#1$164,+),+4@A@EJ+4$)(,##,6+'(CA4'(##+
-##4 + :#$$ , ,6+ +"(4 +# ,+,# ##4 ( 1$$
#,#4'((1(>+5,:#6$?#-#,1#)##,#,6JM+#*+:#
'( , ,) )+#4M, , :(1# + -#$# +($4M'(
,#,6#-+#,15#,$#J&#,6+,)#+M'(##6#
#4'(+#:#+#$?$4+7#,#$#$#(#+$$-J
,#,64#)4+(+)#7##*)-$-#$##+6+(+:3#+4+(+
#,"#+4(#:#$#"#,#--$#*4'(#'(7M+$?(*#:#+
+ ,*4 :#1 +($ #4 ) ,#, ) :#1 -- 1#+#4 $+
)1$,#+$#L+#4M'(#--J
#"(,,J:+1(#$7###,4)(+#
:#>+5J+###+#)##5$$+61#$+15$#+(#JM
P,)+,(:#+##+4PM?$*M+71,++#41$7"#,#$$#+JM
,,+,#:,##$3#4+,#)#(,+,()JM
>J
"$#?#$#++<#+NO#,:#*$$"##$$###J
N+JO
264
&
TRGA#"JCBBG
:,#,('(
X.( $ +1# , 4 (# :# +# ,6+ + '( +1$Y )(+ ,
(#'($"4(#,6+1,:#7#$YM
+#4'(,#3+(##$J$+4:#+#+#,#<##$GA4'(- #1(+#,+)(+#4M#)#+:,))###+#,?#"#S$-##,
#*#$#3+##$#)(#S$++++#+)(++4+)#,)$(,#J
$$+ $ +14 , #$+S $ 4 "#<S +$+ $ + :(#<J\$#$'($,#4M()$"(+P,+4+M'(+
#'(7+?,+$+:3+6$JM
J , )"(## '(5 +4 $ 7#4 $ ?(" ( + --#,
###4+,),#$#-$S+)#M,+$7##'($$##,+?#
+#4)+##"+#S+#,#+(+,#$++,)1$#+J#+(#+#
J+#$,:##--++(<+#+J$$+(#4$+(+#$,#+4 , :# ?#$#J # J ++ ,+,+ #+"+ +($+4 )6#?+ ,)$+ ))#+4+4'(5?(#+,+#$4-($+,)##+4
$,15L$+$#1+JM)(4M#,+'((#()$#
#,#<4'(##+?(#+#1$$#J,)#'(,()#'(
:(#,#:#4(#:#1$#$"+,+##+J#+#1'()
("'(:#1$#$4'(,(:4+(-++1$(#<JM
,(+#)#M)X,'(+#4,'(#1$#+#$#+4+##$#+
+#1(,#4)+#,+(#+#YM
7+(-#'(74#+?(4
-'($-7-6,$(-#
,$#4$:+1-++4(1#'(J;$-7##'(#+4$'(, +)#54#$'(#17#,)#<#4'(+(+++4"+)-#+4$ +(+#,"+(#6,#(#JM36++7($$1'($,),4
+1$(#$,:1$"##+1M4(1($1-++JM+
,$#+$#+))#+#45$)#+#(,++)(,#+JM,"4(:,1
"'(,"'(+#?$*4'()(+JP#-(#4$ )-7+<4+6'((#+(##+#$,#+1$+,*#'(#4M
##$##$'($#34:)#$#-7#4M)$'(,,
+"(+4,+?(#("#7+,,#$-#JM
#,+6#:##,14#('(?,#+#,#J#)6
#$"#,-#4-$+##$,#4)(4#$?)+J:34(1($ 1$$#4+(##(#))#$JM#$+<#'($'(#4#,3VZ+#
265
+##(#[WM#J)+$'(4?,#?,##$+ "+43$#)$(,#)##,74'(16$+#,+,3+4$+,#$,#J
($1-++-+4'(+5++##5#$(*4##+
(+++J
+71#,+,)4'((#$+(+##+4,)#'(,'(3+#*4
'(#-7#)(--4,??J\
,:#'(,##"P+1*##*#)##,(#$-M
X1)(#4++'(-#'(-4$'(#J#$-#'($ ##YM
###14)'($"#<$+J7174,()+7#+:#43P1$4
,#7#+)(+##,6+(#,7#4+(###%R$JM
,:#'($#+
##++,+)#73#,$#+#$#?#
i##*#qJ
JJ%JCFCF
JRJ
#14,'(##1#7#JM%+$#,##&$#4#+(,#4'(
'(+#-#S#+(+<#+4'()#7##(#35-$#+4#,#+: #:##J
5$#+"##+# 4>,4'(+#(#,7J+V)W?((#
,7+# +)# ,7#4 +# )4 )## 4 %(+ +4 ,)*##'(,JM
7"#,47"#,,(#,('(,$-#4+5:,#+(#*J$
,7$,#J
(:,#
>J
N+JO
266
>;
b
K+1NCBBGO
>+5((6+
(J,7JM
,'((P,$$$,+#"+4X
M ( )+(, + '( +1 J ##+ )## $ 4M#+#
+)#,7M$"*#?#,$##+"($#+M(#L#(JM
&#+ ?#+ )$7#+ # :4 :,1+ ++ $#$+4 # $# -4#,++#4)(1$#-$(##4#+?#$+#+J
("#J4$'(##+()$:3(*"#,+#+)P1$+4
(# L+#4 ( , )P1$M'( #?, $ +(+- +) ,7
#'($$'(4,$'(:##,L()(-+#(#4+ L#J
+J+-
>J
N+JO
267
&
JJD?1CBBH
J#($#JM
:,#,('(
"'()+#$##$JJ#$+##*#$::#1$##+5$4 +5'(+$+)#-$)##+-$JM;$+#1'(J+M#,5:,1)
+)+#+)P1$#+4M$,L#,6++1-$MJ+#1),74
# $ +#6 - ) 5$4 '( ##*# + ( 3,)$ +"($# , )(
+-#+4,$#+#+$,$+,#$++3+$#1(#?(#4 $"4$?+#*$#:#$"(7#JM
.('(4+5$$+#4$$$-J$#,#,(#<+#,4$)"#
#,+#1$'(+4$:#"##(##+)+#+#J'()(# +$#"##1$+P$+JM##*#-##5L,6+)#+'("S)+ #$"P"$(+4$#?,M)$'(+5$++(+'(#1#3M'(
:# :,1 , ,6+ +()($+ ?"4 # )( '( # -+ ## 71$J
####*#,+,-+S,$$1#*S$$5-$#+#$(#,,1#
&$#S),#'(?7J,+(,3#,"5LJM
+4J6)$#:#$SM$#1#$$'($-74+,6+$SM4 #"#5+$JM
1##+J
>;
N+JO
268
&
N(-#R4D?1CBBHO
:,#,('(
7(+#+#,#<##)##+1$+(#<+,+#3:#$$"#
#+'(,$1#4+$)###?,74)##"#$'(,##'(##$ #1#$$##*#4)###1$#$'($$#)'(,$-#M,+#$"(
,,,+(#+-###+?#J
&-74)++$:,###+4()$"($$)##(+#,+
(#1(#)+#\$P$,P,4+J4+-#'(
:#1$#$M#-+)(:#$$#$'(+J
Z'(5J'()+,(#,([#($4+(,#4'(,+(3
+,))+((#+7#JM#+(#+#4#7+#:+#J
,'(,##((###*#JM+6+-#7$$("#'($ "(#J
:#+#'($-#41+$#,##&$#4+#6+(:,#4'(
+(1"*#J
>J
N+JO
269
&%&
4$#$##4$#)$(-+#
#<##4-1$$#(+1#
b1$$(*?$4MX#Y((1#
$#$4M#-)#,#1(,+#J
+(+#,#+)+54,+)+#4
&$(*:#,1-#4
-3$174+)$(,##
1$##,#(3#*,7+#J
X#+)#4$#$#+Y(*$74
:#$$#,)##(#*4##+)3
##+-#$4?,?7
+#$"#$$(-#Z,3
#4$#$##4?("#$,74
?("+$$#*$-3[
N(-#R4Z ,#*[OCBBHJ
N4JCK4)JGHFO
270
&
N(-#R4$D?1#"+CBBHO
:,#'(7+,
,#,)-+4?##+'(,#+#,$5)$+5$+4 $#-+#+(#-#J&,#7#$1#*4,7##-$4##$#J4 ,##,6+$,($#7#4$'()##$,1+#JM
"+#,)#'($4#('()##J4)'(+#+$
7#S)+)##+##)+#JM+'(#,-'(##$-4"
,+#$$#-#+:#1#+(,)$,1JM'(+
##$'($'(?(*#+)##$$-##$#+)#$#('(#$4+#,)$# +###"(#4(1#$+?4()*-#7JM+7##,14++ '(:#$$+,JM9,+*#$J
+#-*$),-###)$?#$X+,?(##(,+ $1#Y
'(7##14)'($P'('(+#$?,74M#1#*#$4#<
##7#,6+--JM#$+(J
(:,#
>J
N+JO
271
&
N(-#R4#+$CG-,1CBBHO
:,#,('(
##,6+'()##+#$(#$$+14#)-:#$#+#$#+(1(,+#34
'( - # -, + -# :JM)#+ )(4 , $ ('( +)#<$4 ,- $
)+#,$#)$(,#M##1,#4+)L'($#L#$$,
:#7#,#+##<4+V"#+7W)##+##,($#+4'(,:#3##+#J $)+#$'(,'(4$)$#$,+$)#"4,-($- ,7J
Z(6)5#-$[-5,(##*-#3JM1+$#,##&$#J
(:,#
>J
N+JO
272
&
N(-#R4#+#"+CBBHO
:,#,('(J
'(7:#+#+(+?$+,+#3+4+$$+)#+#:#"+###45 #$$-6+$#S)'($'(,+($##$#4)$$"###,#$,#4
+$$#,6+#,#"#'($#<JMZ.(5$'()##+ 7# (# +#4)##,7,)#7+,#4'( $4 #$?#$#14,
+,)4))("###:#1$#,7()#,$'()(##,1+#4M
)?#$##$,)4+$"[#:#1$#,++$###)L,#JM+
'('(-,,-($-#,7,+,4,)"+#1#3#
$#1+,6+P$++#+'(+#+'(#:##JM(+4)(+'(:#7
#<$):4+)##-##$J+$:#"4?#$#,1:##$+,6+4 '(+,#'(,1:##,7JM#-6,$#+'(,#(4
,+#$-++1:+'()$+5$,-#4)#+#:##,7,+,JM
J4-"#*#4:#(#$#)##,7M)J---##
+14#'(4#$M4+1--$$+)#++4'(4+ +(-5#,+ #4 $ #7#4\+ 4 # ++ $+ #$,# #+#4
-##$+$4#$#,#$#,(J++,7++#*+)+'( -J'($1#4+,6+'(,"#3#+,#$,#4,)+#,+4(#$+
"'(+##,74'(+()##7+?JM+6-#:#1$#+7JM
Z&$#4+(+3+6#1+[#+(1$$#7+,##-#[Z#'($$#,+#
?#,$#1$###,#1$4'(++)#1#+,)###$##4+)(+##<
)#+[MJ+#'($$+'(4#($+,6++?#+4,#--$#,
#$+:,1+MJ(#$#JM
+#:#+#$(#+(#($JM
(:,#
>;
N+JO
273
&
N(-#R4#+$CG-,1CBBHO
#,",('(
#+$7#+?,)-$)((#$,+#3'(,#+(+,,#+4
#,+,3J:#+7'(4)?4-#'(+1$+#+,7#+4)## '(J4(",4,$#+:#"#,))#+J+6)S):JM#,+#
-,4#1#3#()$#'("14,#(#J#--#'($$# *###1##+$#(#$,+7#1:+#$#L+#4(),6+ $1#4)#?(#4+)7(4'($#'(++P$,+#<+: "*#JM
##$7#+4#-#$#"#++1(#1($#1($#4+'JJ+5(#
$$4 -# # )## ,++ '( - $# +(#JM , '( J ,##4 )##
-$-5+$+4$+5LJM
%+$#,##&$#4##+(#+#6#1+J'(5#,J\
(:,#
>J
N+JO
274
&>Q&b
(-#R4CD+),14CBBH
J#($>J#$-6
<#,"
#1+,,$+(:J+()$#++'(#15
5$,4'(#,+##,"+4'(+$:)+##$
,(4)##'(,$#$#1)3#4,+?(++#,7#S$(#$+4)+
,+6(#+$*#4+##(+#,5#J
+)(1$#$+,5+$$1S)#"(##+)###
J(6 "*:+($(#J&#:+#++4+-7+,####
,##+1(+#:+##,##J$$"(#34X'(5#+#4)(# +(#Y$#+1+-#+'(+,#$#4,#,#+"+(#+3#4
$####,#4X'(5$+##4#)#41+-4(#+)+#+Y
$# )+# $+ ##+4 X'(5 ,#+7#4 "##4 3(+*#4 ##1#,Y
Z,:#::
J)##((+$$1-$#4),#:+#[
:#"#J#+#4$("'($(#+(##4'(+1(+,+4 '($#+L$#++##+,$#+)#$#1#+4$##+#"(#$#$##,7#4
$#,#,)##1$+$#$#L,#1$$*#4#(+#,(:$$#J
X.(5'($$4'()#(>+P+YX.(57#4#+##,6+)?#'($#
?#&(+Y
4 X'(5 ) :,+(#YS X'(5 #+)## $#+ +#+YS X'(5
)?(#$#YSX'(5#$3(4'(1#3##$$(#+
,+4+$-##$("++?(*4,#+?##(#$4#$##"#$#
))#Y#++#+#$#,##+1$),##,#J
(:#1::$,
J4'()##+<#$##
-#$7#:#'((+#+$#+4$+#$(#'(##+(+-J
(+,###,"
>;
4JF4)J@DDGAAJ
275
&
TR4CA(1CBBHJ
J#$+#4
##"#$#&"#$
("(#
J
<#,"M
"#3#,#+J4'(##(#$,4$#"+($#$
$# )P1$# $ ("(# '(4 :#5, )+-# :#4 '(+
+"(,4#$#(+#+)#$"(+,+++#(#4,#,"$J'(
#J+6*($#+J
#7#+)#7+)$#+-($#+)$7#+'($#$(:#)$#)#:#
#(+#$#+$#(1#4,)##4)(#)##"#,"3$ +($#(#1$)P1$#4(#:#17##*)##'("(
,+#+)+#$+$#,),+M:4'(#$#++)#*#+,)#7+
,)* # #$#$#+ )P1$#,4 #7# ,#$# )(1# , #< ) $ ("(#
L)5$4,)#)#+<#$##$+#+(+,#4#(#$#
+#"##1$$##'(:+"1#4++(#,"#JM
+$3#5-?#,,+#+1$)#1$$#*($1$#S)
:4$P,'("+-$+#1##$J
$#(,1'('(#,#+(#+#+4,+(+1J
J#?,4+-J
>;
N)#O
276
&&ba!
J#$J6L,,*
JJ
+"(#$#,"
#$7$#,#<##$+61#$##+#J(#,)+#)+#4'(:
'(3#$#)+#+7#+4)##'($#+$('($$#4(###+#+4
,+)#+4?(#+($#(#?(+#)#+#3#4L+-$$#?+# +#+'('(+#-3#,6+####+4M+1#,#,#(#MX'(5
)#,#'(+#++#+#(:,1#'(+1(4
'(L+(#$#+#1$+)##$$"##+-##,"#YM:#
#$"'(+6),##$#+,)#7#)+#$'(J)(#+)#,4:#+#
##*)(##)#+,,#1((
6)4)#,"#(##'(,+6$#-#4###,##( 5",+)+,)+#$4'(+7#,6+-"*+?(+'($+)+,
)$7'(#:#+)#4,6+"#-?7$+##"#4)'(-7#L(+#
)#$"(#+-(+4,1$$)$#####5$4$",#)$(?J
)(1$+?(#4#$4,+,##(#,)#,M(#$+ #1#3+))##+(#-$(,6+$##,)$3#'(##$"(#4+
,(+#$++$##+$#+$#1+4-$(#+$,+ '(:#:#)+1$$#$(:##,##4,#?,#$+)7()#4+
$#41(+#,L)+#####)#+4,#$+,($##4:#+-+
$+(++?"(#'($-#++)7(#$+))++#($++ )+#$+$+3?+3(+#,#?#,#+'(+)+###)##$#"(#4Z'(5 "##7#+)(:#1'($#+$1#+)P1$#+4P13"$#*#()#7+ # $# $(:#4 +# ,3 +)##+ ,#<##[ Z.(5 +,+4 #$[ Z$+ +-+
:+,++(##'(+#$#$#*4$+#,"+$#$+( )(1$+-(#4$+#($$+-#$+#?(#+'($$6"$#,#
$#+)($#$#++)#$$-#$#"(##()(1$)##+<#+ +)(5+5$[Z&#?#,#'("##+J(#,)+#4$#?#,#-#$4$#$# )(#4-##)$##[M$#"(#+)+1$4$+1$+$"7,+
)+"+ '( - $$#4 + )'( #+ L+4 #1#3# ,(: $4 $
+)7( '( $# $#,# :# +##M # + +)7( :#'( #4 # +
+)7(:#'(,+#4#)P1$)-#4$,6+)?(+)SM
)'(#$,+#,#1$$'(#+(-#)+-#(#"##4+#1,#1$
$'(+-#$(#"##)##+-#+(++)#*#+)+#$+"$#
277
)4#('() $$#+ L)"# $# -#JM$#$#-# +$+( (: (#+$##++##,J
#$-#J#?$"4)'('(J)1(#?$'(
,)4-#+'($'(:#4,'(+++)#(,- )(4+$P,1(:#'(:#+(+,)+#+J$#,# +#+)(,$+,6+"#++S+)+'(4#+):
#+#+(#4$#-##(+#4'(1#,"+4
+#$"##$)#+$'(+()$"4)"#+()(+$#++#+"#-+4 #+'($$-#(#,##$##'("#,JM,J4
#$J4 +# )#4 , ,5 $ +61# $ #+,1 +"(+ '( 7 (
)(##'(J4(#(+#-+#'()-#))+5$$
#$J #4 $# '( '(+MX$(# ,#YM#, # '( 17#,+
+#$#"(#(1#,(#))#L$(+-#J4$#'(#
)())+#,1#+,)?##4$#(#$:#3#+4++$#
'(#(#4+-$"#,+(+,#+JM)+YMX)+?#
$)+#,4#(#+-+4,+-6+J,#<##4#$?()(1$ (+#+,##"#4+$+#+$#-#[&#)##+# + + #$"(4 +64 + +$ +)7(4 '( $# +-# ,#
+),$"#J
(#"(#4,)#1##$+,##+$)#7+4+($#$+ )+#++(+++4($#,###$,+#,"+'(
)(#$"#+SM#(#"(##+74'(-7#M)'(#+7+$#)5(#
##,7#:#+#<+'((-J:,+#+)(+#M'(#$#'(J#:#
+?7##"SM#(#"(##+7$#$,##:#4)'($$#+#$-#6#,
)(1$SM)#$'(#'($$#-+#+,#S#(##-(#
)+#$4,)#:61$,(#:#)(#4'($+))++)#($#+
$+#($$+)(?(+$#+#+"$+#+'($+:#)+1$+S#(# #,)#<# ,)# , (# ,)+# )-##4 + ,+# ,6+ +) #$ +)7(
)#'($#),4'(#'($+)+#1$4#('(,(+(,+#-+4'($#
#+(##+3#4)####+$#+)+#+$+$,+'()(+($# (+(S#(####,#+4),6+'(?(+1$$#"#+#4:## +##$5L4M+#)+#$,:#\$'($##)#SM#(#
#,)#<# '( 5 + +( ), # --4 + +(+ ),+ ,-,+ ))##4,(+#+ '(+ $##,(+-#$ )#7+4 ,(# -#++)#SM#(##-##,##'(-##)P1$#4$###4+# P#,,-#$))+)#+(,#,#+$)#7+4#"#
#,##+(++-+4$#+$1#+)P1$#+S#(#"(#1#3##7*,1$+
?+4(#$+'(#'(+#+(,#"(+5LM+,($#'( 7#:,(:#+M)+#53#,6+,#)JM#$"#,#)$'(-#$"#4M
278
+5'(5$4'(-(#+,#1$+#1+$(#,:#4-#$)
+)(4M+$)+#53#,6+J
Z,4#$4,),++4##,#?+4#)-:#$+'(#"4
-#:,1+,+4+:$#-$(#+4++,+(#+$ #$,#[M++4)(+4+$+#1#3+#-+'(:#17#,*##:#+1
,+:,1+J
,"##,#$4#$4'($:##++#+#*+J&"):,1 1$4,J'(+$:#"#)+#J("#)($$"##+J4M)( $$"##+$J+)##()(1$'(+#,#+)#++4+$#,# "#*#J -+ +(+ $+ (+#+,+ )-: ))4 +7# $# ,#
",#JM+-#4#$J4'(+9(#+,:#17#:'(#$J
+,-7###+"#+4'(-#1#4+'(J$++4+(#*+$$S
'(+#)-:#1#+(+1#+4+(+,)+++(+:61+)###)###J
(#+ :#$$#+ +( #, '( $ #,)#<#+ +(+ $#1+ #<4 $ #(###$1#+$+1+6($+'(+?(#?M#("#,#
'( J :+ #(#$+JM ?+ '( " -$(# )##)####:(+,#"#+4+:#5$#+J+),#
+J+-,6+'(#$14+4+5+,)1#+#)+J
Z:####J#$"(4#$J4(#?,6+#$(+'(#'($'($ #)5,+1#*++$),7#'($-[Z9#+J,(:++# ?##$#1(###*'(,#<#7##,-#4++#+## ($#,+))++)##?#-#,1$$#+?,$+:+)#*#+
,#<##[(++)(5+$'(:+4$(#+#,4?,4M#
J4$$,5+4'($'(M#$#"(#'(+++#+,)#
'(4)?,###+4+6J)+#4MJM
.(#+,6$+-5$
>;
TR4(1@AiBBHJ
N+JO
279
N&%&&&ba
/!O
NCO
N)O(##'(J4(#(+#-+#'()-#))+5$
$"#$#4$#'('(+X$(#,#Y#,#'(17#+#
$#"(#(1#,(#))#L$(+-#J4$#'(#)()
)+#,1#+,)?##4:#3#+4++$#'(#(#4
+-$"#,
N@O
N$O,+'()(+?$(3(+(S#(####,#+4) ,6+'(?(+1$$#"$+#4:##+##$5L4+#:#$
'($##)#S#(##,)#<#'(
NGO
,##,#+$)#7+4#,#+6#"##+(++#$-#+4$#+$1#+ )P1$#+S # (# "(# # 1#3# #7* # ,1$+ ?+4 (#$'(# '( +# +(
,#"(+5L4+,($#'(7#:,(:#+4)+#5
280
N&%%&&&ba
/!O
Jba/!J⎯
JJM
35$#,#<##$+61#$##+#J(#,)+#)+#4'(: '(3#$#)+#+7#+4)##'($#+$('($$#4(###+#+4
,+)#+4?(#+($#(#?(+#)#+#3#4L+-$$#?+# +#+'('(+#-3#,6+####+SM+1#,#,#(#JM
X.(5)#,#'(+#++#+#(:,1#'(+1(4
'(L+(#$#+#1$+)##$$"##+-##,"#Y:#
#$"'(+6),##$#+,)#7#)+#$'(J)(#+)#,4:#+#
##*)(##)#+,,#1((
6)4)#,"#(##'(,+6$#-#4###,##( 5",+)+,)+#$4'(+7#,6+-"*+?(+'($+)+,
)$7'(#:#+)#4,6+"#-?7$+##"#)'(-7#L(+#
)#$"(#+-(+4,1$$)$#####5$4$",#)$(?J
M
)(1$+?(#4#$4,+,##(#,)#,(#$+
#1#3+))##+(#-$(,6+$##,)$3#'(##$"(#4+
,(+# $# -$(# +# $# #+ $#+ $#1+4 -$(#+ $,+ '( :# :# )+1$ $# $(:# #,##4 ,# ?,# $ +)7( )#4+$#4$(+#+,'($-##++)7(4-$#,
L)+######+4,#$+,($##4:#+-+$+(++?
"(#'($-#++)7(4#$+)#+L$(+-#+$+3?++,#1$+'(+
)+###)##$#"(#Z'(5"##7#+)(:#1'($#+$1#+)P1$#+4
P13"$#*#()#7+#$#$(:#4+#,3+)##+,#<##[Z.(5
+,+4#$4$++-+:+4,++(##'(+#$#$
#*4 $+ #,"+ $#$+ ( )(1$ +-(#4 $+ #($$+ -#$+ #?(#+'($$6"$#,#$#+)($#$#++)#$$-#$#
"(##()(1$)##+<#++)(5+5$[$#"(#+)+1$4$+1$+
$"7,+ )+"+ '( - $$#4 + )'( #+ L+4 #1#3# ,(:
$4$+)7('($#$#,#:#+###++)7(:#'(#4#+ +)7(:#'(,+#S#)P1$)-#$,6+)?(+)S)'(
#,+"$+$'(#+(-#)+-#(#"##4+#1,#1$$
'(+-#$(#"##S'(+<#4+<#
281
&
JR4CG-1NCBBHO
#,"'(7+,
17$J$"#+(##P$,#4$$#$#,#$##'(+-$-# 5L##J):#$$#,TR+#1#S)$$
#"#+ (#+4 # )( X'(5 + $ :(1# :Y ) '( 7#+ #
5LJM#+,)<+,$$-#1#S)'(++,)#'($$"1$
'($#1#$+:,1+$#+$$*#(#$#$#"#*#)
Z)'(5:$'(#,,?(+##,)+#4#"##$$# )'(,-$-7##J4,#,#1#7#$$3P1$$)+#,-$-#
-$['(J+,),#$,#,:#,#$4,$##-
#+1$"#,#$#,)(#+<6+$#4++J$$# #+#$JMZ.()##'(51##5L[J+#1'(5+##1#5
#<+:#4))+(?+1:(+#",+#-#)P1$#4$#
+(#1#1$1$$#'(4#,+#,(#,#4,?7#,)##4'(
$3+$$#4,3,)$?4:+)#4(#)##)###$##"7#4 $+#'(#1##+##+$#+?#$+#++)#*#+(+#"4++#
3##,)M# $+ '(-,6+ ,## +#$-##$)#7+'(#1##$+(+
(<+#++#+$#1+7#$)+#,,74'(+5'()
)-:,+6-#+),#6#(+$,(S#+)#1##,6+
"*'(#$:##$"?7$++#4##1#J:#+#TR4 +)#*#+$5L(,-,#,#+$#L#+)#4#"(+## #+$)#7+4+$+3?+,6+)1#+4-#$+)(+(+#"(#
)#+##44++#$+,7+4,)(+#$#1#$$++##+)
##4 )## +J4 )## ++4 ,6+ '( ,#$+ + ,+4 # :#S )
+#,+,6+-7#$$"##$#:#,,#1$$+##,)$#4 $6",#+#*+4$#<$##(#+$+)(1$+4)1+"++4
(+#,5#J$#+?($#+,:#1$4'(,$#++#17#S)#$17
$$-#1#,74#$?$#1$*#:(,##4'(#,#+#1#"($$+,
5LZ):#17#,)*#4+)5L[#,+)$#+?:#++<#$5
$@A(1)##)#7#,6+,--'($'(,)(7#$ +($#$
("(#4'(:#7#+($4,$
("(#+6
#,+#+)#<#4(54$+($#4#,P,--M##*#
$$"##?$",)+#+1,7#$,##'(4#$#1#+)+4(-#$?
'(#1##$4:#6(+(#,++M)##'(,?#,$#--+(#,
#(+#47###+(#+##+-#3$94+,)1()##,7+7#
282
'(#7#44'(+:##<+3###,#<###,+))+)#*+4 )##+"(--MM(#+P1-'(4))*#5+4$+3?+
'(+#1#+#$#17##'($$##$#,#+4#'($$-$# ))#)+#4#'($)+#L$(+-)-+$1)#4M#'($###,
,+#$##(#$#)(#$##*+$#+'((:,1:#4'( )+# )-54 )( :# +1 +7 $# +)+#1$# # # ( )(1$ #
'(1##,$(+#(#$(:#'(:#+++)##$#"#JZ#'(5 :##1#3$##7##3#4)##)+($("#4+$+)+"+$(?4$#
))#[-4+(,#4,6+'(#+:,1++#:#4+#"(#?7$# '(#+1(4(#,)+#))#MX#,7,+,4$P'($+#,)#<#1#
#$+)"7#$+)'(+)4$$"#4#)#+++"(+
,74###,+<+#+$#Y#3#,6+$"#4#(1#+4#$+ '($+#S'(#+7,+$"#J4##+$::)+, ?(Z,4+,3#,)#<7#4,)+?+#,4)(,+'(
:4$##,)#<#'(+#<+#6+-7#))###,S# )#$#1# ,7#4 , (# 1# #[ (+ + : +#4 # $ #$,# #4 ,(#+#4#+(+#+#+S+4+<#"$#+)-:+
'(+44+#,6+#)1$+4 :,-$# )$(,#)###+ +#+
#+4(#)7##,-$#$,#S+,:,)$#+4)#",
#<4#,+#)##,7#$#,3"+++)#7++4Z)'(5#4+1'(5+ #,#$$++,7#(#$4+)'($#<'()+#$,:#17#$#
?(#+)#4)7#)$$("#$+-,)##[M+#+#$#+#74
,+:(1#+:(,$)+#,$'()#(#4 1?,?#,#4+,+)+1$:$#"(#4#)##,$+'($#
(4,":#17#,*###$$"#$+,+:#$##$*#1$SM
)7#1#+#,74'(##+5:##,)$3(+4)###(#
#,)#<#,)$#4?(+#+#,1#+)7(4+,6++7,($'($, )-:)+#$?((4'(+$P+7,($'()##,7$+3#,6+J,
1(#(##-##$#++)+4+'(#+#("$+?4#+ $ (#$ + '(#7# ,#$+ '( +7# +)+#1$+ $+ '( $+ -4 $+ (14 4 +( )+# #$3#, #$ ,+4 ## :#$+
,)+1$+[M:#5LS-#"(#)#4)$$+#1
#$#"$#,+#($,(,)$J(51(+#,4
#('(+"$4##)#)##-#+#+$#1+))##'(+( )#,##7#+1,7J(5#3#-$J'(5+,+-#J
:::1,*,?##J,#4$'(:##++6$)(+
,6+?7$4'(L3#+5+,#4++6$,7JM,#+,1$'(,
:#+(4#('(,($X+5##-3'(#$+:,1+$++3+#$#
283
-(Y+'(4+"#$"(#4)(+<#$#4)##'(,$#-#)
1##$$#4)(M+,-+,),#$J
:#4 Z'(6 J #(#,[ Z'(6 J )+ , $#4 # - + )(4
"$#1+#'(7#$$6S#$+)+#'(74#$+?(#4 -#$(,(-4++)+#,+'(,'(,#+#+-++
1$##+'(,,)(3#4#(#,+#,4'(,7#,(S)+ $$#++#+$#1(+'(#$"7+,4$+'(##,(+#)#$#1#,# $#*4'(+5#,,--[M+)+#,#$'($:#1$#1#
+:#+#<+4)+#+,)(#,###"$#,+$#1+4,
'(,),+#1#3#,+))#+-7#+4'(+$P,#?(J
'(+4,,(-"]*#4,)#'(+1*#$#-*#4
?#$#,14+53(*"#4)(+'(#3,7#+)#$#1#+1(#+'( 4,(+(,#$J\#1#3)##("##%(++S
) + +($ -# # ,#,6J $" #"$# + "5 -#4 ?3# , )$#4 #1#3#54 , + ,+, +#4 )## $ 9 #'(74 )## $ '( +1 ?#5+X4#'(J"(#-*4($*(#-#"$+#4(-*)
(-JM&'($)++4+$)(",4,#J)(#
,6+?##)7,$J-#$$4#:#4$*#,,-#4'(
#'(7#(,++7##"(++#4+)(5+4,-#$$$#?(*#,$"#4$#
+#$($#$,#M++#++,(4(#$#7#)+##,(:,):#
Z-7# 14 )## $ 2 5L4 (# ,(# '( + +
L+-#4 ,)+#+ #$"$# $#14 EA#CAA4+"P$,),)$#4 (# +)#+##+(+#,#+4+(#+4+,#+
,),+4(#4#:#+,(:,)#7+,4:+$##
+$+)(1$+(+##*#4+)#$#$,L#[$#+:#+##$$7#
+4+'()++)#*##$#,+#J++7#$,3,:#
) )-+4 + #$#,#$#+J ## +,## +#$7# #'(7 $#+ ##+ (,+'(?($#+J##+,##(###J(##+)#$##
#+('(+?+#$#+$#++)#7+$+(++4)#++ +J#+5'(+#,#+$#(#+$2+#1
,$("#L)+)+L,#+4'(#7#4:#7#,'(
$+$+$#+(3+)+74++#,6+$'($4+#+JM
$#$##+#))#4$(#'(+#1$)+#$##
)#$#1#?#$++7#+J
,)$#++9,#"#+#,,,+##+14(#$
,+4,+?(+#)(1$##'(7(#-+#+#$(TR)##()#7+
$+(++S+1$'(+:##(#1$#++)$7+4 +(++#$+4#+$#+#+4"#$#+#+)+)($#++#
#J((:,1#1$+(+(-#J)#4#6(#$'(#)# 284
$,(4($1:+#4-$#4#4)+7#+($$1J:#
(+(1,-#$+$L)$4$("$J?4(#-+#4::#
+TR+1#+$#++#+'()(#+##(++$+($+4
,)#+ ,#"#-+S ) ::# ,'( )(# )(1$#+ )+
#+J4:4*4+5(6+4)'(J+#1'($#*$#,#
+,?7#47#$)'(#+,)$#4,)#'(($
("(#494:$44#++#7($+4(++7#
7#4+11$"#?7#4+1"#?7#4+4$+'(+#7#,6+##+4
+)#++1-##+,##+J?#$$,#)#$#P$,#'(
:+4'(+1$7#$#:$+J#(#$,4+#1#3'(
+,6+'($(###+(4$)7#:#)##()+$4# ,+'(,)+#+)+7+$$,),)$#5$4,+#<+:#:
4 ###+4$'(#1#5)+)##(##'($$#
$#1'(++#$#1#$$#$#+#1,#+(*,6%$#JcC@A
,1#+#)##$#-#")1#1$#+'($+)+'($::
-##",+#+#1#3+4'(+)(1$#7#$)
##)#7+#(,+,,)+,:#1$##?#+#$#1)cHA #,##$),L#'(-+($#$$#JJ,(#7#4)+,
-#$4$#+##$#)#"#JZ-'(,1+##-"]*#:#1$#$
+[+#$*#1$4##+$$ 4#('(,6+?6$,$JM
),))"#,(:S'(),7:#-#$4+)'(+6+#+
5+4(-#+--#+J5,+#$#1"##X'(5$"#)5$$#YM
'(:)##$#'(J,4M+'($#"#4)$
+"(+'($+#1#3+,+$,,#(+#4$#"#,'(
-7# $ ) $1#, $$+4M ) + +#+ $#1+ '( P # $# -* $#
#,#4$#:,+(#$+5+'(,++#$+4(#:#"-4
)##$#-#JM
#$::#1$#1#+#4#('(##$#'((+#'(+)+(
+)(+#4'(,+#,)#4)##)#6,?(("5-#4
)+#:+"(?34'($#"#7#'(4#++"((#(#
+#$#+'($))"4,$"#?#+(#+$#)#$#1#V7W4#$+($#$ ("(#4CFqCDU$$#,4,@A4"#,7J
$-7+4$-7+$'(:()##,)+#++*#+++
,7+S)+)(4#P,J
+4#$$J
%+$#,##&$#4$#+,3$$#+#+(+:3+4#,41(#,:34(#)#
6#,+)#+4&#9#1##4#$,##,4'(+$#J)7#
7+$#JM(:J
>J
N+JO
285
&
N(-#ROH,1NCBBHO
9,#,7J
$(#+$#+J
$-5)?#$4,,##)#+##$?74$#+)#S
)'(#)#$#+#$#$)##%J+4(-,))#$#JM $("4))($+#$'(+14'(,)#()#4(#?,4 $("'($-)JM+'(+15+#+,##$#)L,#$-#5 )#J
Z,L#$#'(#1#3,?#-4+),)#(#J'(++#$"
,74,#7###1#$$4)+#7#:#+##5+$$#)(#$#$#*#[53,'(
$#$$,++*#+'(,'(5)()#J $#,114
#('($+5#J'(4M:61$P$4#("(,#$S'(1+$#+,#+&$#4
#+(+)'(<($+J
#1#'(74)'(:'(,)$#4+)##,M(#-+#
#$"(+,,1+$#6,##,M$,)'()+#1#+1$J
M
(#1#*4'(##"(####+(#
+(:,#
>J
N+JO
286
>
;!%&
N(-#R4CBBHO
%#$
$#)6"#@DC4#)7($V&#$"#W$$1'("($#54$+
+#"##1#)(1$##7+-34(+#+$7#+4:#1$#
,1J
V,6++('(5*%#$4$#,#1$-*$#4$P'(:#-
#9"#,#$+)#<$4'(:?#1###'($#TR$+
#-++$##+#&#,#`,)+,#+4,1+)(+#$:#1$#$+
+))$J4'(+)(1$#1#++(#+$(+#+4(+
,#$+4'(+:,+-+,#+$+<+,5##JW
$,#4)+()(+4$)6#?)$$+#-++4#('(#)#+#
1$#$#4+)$)#V#,#1$WJ
>J
N4J@B4)JGFHJO
287
Apéndice
CFBG CBBG&&%/%&
$ +< >+5 #7 )1 +( +(+ '( + # , # ,
+)# )#J (#+ (-,+ $ )$# 7 #: #$ +"( -# (1#
#,#,+#)$#(,++(++(1$,+##'(++)#$(#J
,*+(+(+",)++$1#'(4,6+$$#+#
+#$+,,++"($#+$'($+)#1#J*$##*+6)+$
%$7-#$#+'(+#+$$+$+S$),,+($,#++(-#4
,(#+$-+#$#,#*#$#+"#+$#"$+#+,###
>#4$7#$P"(1$,###+4)+1$#+(#+V,+:(1+
++#\7#\'()##+##:3#"#$##+#1+$+++
,##$+#,?#"+,WJ%+'(34#(,($#6)#+(+
,5+4 $+ ##+ ))#$+ ,#+ "$#+ $ :5 #,#J V( ,1
\7#(#-*\)#+)###3#S+(+)##4)#+,(#$#1#3#1###
+("7#("+S(#$##$*#1#)$#4()(1$S(#$#1$#7#4$)-S
(#$#-##1#4$#7+JW,,+)#'(7##$",+
\VZ.(5)(#$-#$4'($:#-+4,$-))(#,,#"+(
?#,$#)(1$+,-+\#$#$#,#"7?##1*#S#)#4,'(#)#
(,(4$+3#++(#1#$$S+#$#4,++)<6+-#+1##
#$(#S-($4,(1,)+#4+(?$##)#1##$$#[W
+$("#%$7-#,$#+##$#+?(*#+
,5#4'(5$+#(##$,(+(:#,#(*)(3#*#J9#1$
$#,)#$##(#$*#$+:,1+4,+++?$3#$#+
+ ,#+ $# +)#$ #(#$*# '( --J $# +)$* ,#3+#$,(#,#4+##1#4,#$,#()4$+1+#+7,)(+4
'(# 1#-(# "+ #, :(,# '( +"( # $#+ #+ 3-+ ,5#J
(+$#$##'($#)#,%$7-#?(+(,+(+)$74
'( +( +)## :(1+ - +,)$, # ,1# # ( ," V13
+,)+(#+#+)###$,#+-#$7#WV$#+"(#+434'(+,
-,6+'(:(,#)(#$'(+$#-#4+ $#,##
-#$#+S$#+"(#+,+,#+4(#+#)+)(:#$#+4:#+::#+ ,##'($("'(1#),#),$+P$,+#+4)(#+#+#
,)#*$,+,)#$+,"+43("6+(+#++(+$6",#+ :,#+WJ
$ #-, %$7-# # )## $ # $ #-, ( J
V1# L)#+4 #,,4 -#4 ($"#4 + $# 1#
#,##S '( )# ) #1#+ #$ $1 -($ + +)7( (-+#$ 289
)-#4 #1## "(4 '( #(- # $# 1# +#$$# $#
#(#$*# #,## +11#, :,+#4 $ + :(,#4 +1# ,#3+(+#,$14#:##%$7-#4#+7))4#$#,5#JW#
%$7-#\:#)#+#$(+#$1(+$&1#'()+7#$+#$4::
)$+($-*$##?#$$#-#(+$7#\)#%$7-#4,+4
,(+,V$$)+#'($+'(5$:#17#1$#$1#4
)(#--$$#,##'(-$-+#+"+$#+$#-(YW
V%4#<#4)'(##+)"##$(,)$,$#+:#+)?7#+
#'($'((-#,5#),#S)+)+##$#&1#S):3+4)(1$+S)
'( , ,#+((+ '( -# + +?(* #6+?+ $# # ))### #
1$4++1,)(++1+6($+$+)7(+)$##,#S
)'((#+)##$(,1#$+$,5#4$#$##4+#(+ "P:,1+:S++#(+#4)'(+$-#S"P)(1$+ #)#$#++++(##,#+#$?#+J%)(#)( #+"(#$+-$-,,#3+(+$#$,#(-#,5#)$#5"#
#(#)(+"$4+?"(#$4$4#$#5)#+
)#+##+WJ
(###'("6?#4,###$-($)($+(+4+",+
+#+)#$#1#+?#$++(1+
V%,+ ) '( (# + 1(+'( +7,1$ # $# ,5#4 + $ :#$$ "(#$+)#+#+,)+4)#:)$(,#+,#:##++#"4 #1#$$#+##$$#-+##+4,#:#$+3#4+$"#(: ,1$4$$##+1#4'(+($#$##1$$#3(-$#+$+#+
(-+$#-#4+,4?$++3+$+4:#+()?) $#)#,)#,+#4+,6+-#$$#$7,'($$$,#S1,+)$#1#* +$+:,1+$###$#3(+#S1,+)+$+)(1$+ $1+4)+$+)(1$+++$##J
N##1#V&#"##$J(+(+>+5#7,-$
),#,%$7-#JWE)+4&#9#1##4GCDDA4)JFS
V>+5#74$#$&1#W4H4(#$#6####
$#
-+#&#9#1##4JE4CDD@4)JDEDKJO
290
Notas finales
4YI0/-+#,+(#$'(,*#)(1$#+(-#R#1$CBB@4"#
)$(1##?#$#+#$,0:324(##$#,15(1#>+5
>#&(+J&#P#$'(+:#)$#$*#+$#L+$#11$#$
+( &#(# &"]7+# \#"(# 11$# $# # ,# ,"+$#7+\4&#9#1##4#)#++#CFP,+4(#$$+#+
#$,,'(>+5#7,*#$#1#$$#J++,,4+$
'(#7#)#,$#1#$P,C@0,#*CBBG24)(+$#$ ?#$#$+FP,+#+J#7#+(,$#$#-+##)#$P,CE
03(CBBG2J#,15++:#+#(6+)(1$$#-+#4)++#1'(
CBD@#PL+7#J,1#"4$#)#)#>+5#7$$#+(#)#+#
,#+ $ L)+ $,1# ##" 5*4 ,, '( #,) + :# )
)+#4)'(41-#,4?()+#3($CBBH4?:#$P$,3,)$#'(+ +-#J (# $+ #<+ '( #1## + ,4 4 4 )##$$#, # +(+
+)+#$7#+4 )(3 \# -+ $"#+ ,?#+\ ?+ #7($+ #7)(1$#+4+($+'(:#+#+()##$"(+#++
+J(##)#$#$#++4$(+$+,+CBCD+#
J
P,?:#:#
&&
&4YI04
0IZ
&#+#(#%$7-#)$-*$#0CE23(CBBGCD#"+CBBG
-#
",#7*0CE23(CBBG@K#"+CBBG
&#L)+%+0CF2#"+CBBG@(1CBBG
+#+
+,5#J&#L)+0CB2+),1CBBGCB(1CBBG
,##$?#$+:#"
&#+#*#+#1#$$#+J3#(*#,0CD2(1CBBGCG,1CBBG
#*#
292
&1+#,#+J$6#$1+J,0@A2-,1CBBGGCBBH
+,),($1+#+
+
$"$+"#?0@A2-,1CBBGHCBBH
+($#$#0@A2-,1CBBGHCBBH
$##0@A2-,1CBBGBCBBH
%+)#)$0@A2-,1CBBGDCBBH
#1#3#+?#++0@A2-,1CBBGCCCBBH
$:,1),-,5#0@C2,1CBBG@KCBBH
L:1#)##$)+#$$#0@@2CBBH@K?1CBBH
+#(#$#&1#
&+#1#+$#$%#:$0@@2CBBH@B?1CBBH
&#$$#:#0@@2CBBHE,#*CBBH
#1"$#L)+%#:$0@@2CBBHCK,#*CBBH
&(*+#6#0@G2?1CBBHCC#1$CBBH
&1+(-+JV&+(+(" 0@G2?1CBBHCC#1$CBBH
#W0)22J
99$$J,#+$#)
#+(#,##
+#+
+J
-+#+4$"+020@@2CBBHCD#1$CBBH
+($#+020@G2?1CBBH
$:,1#"(,5#+(+#+0@E2#1$CBBHE3(CBBH
),-+
&#(#7"#J&1+(-+J(+0@E2#1$CBBHF3(CBBH
293
#,#+#17"+
5L#$++#+
+)? 0@E2#1$CBBHB3(CBBH
#$
,+#+#,#+)##+( 0@K2,#CBBHCK3($CBBH
#$#,5#&##
&#)L,#L)+(-#$#+J0@K2,#CBBHCD3($CBBH
$+"1+4,()+4+($#+#"
($(#:##+$#,5#&##
&#-3##0@K2,#CBBH@H3($CBBH
#-+#,##0@F23(CBBHCK#"+CBBH
>(##$+,*0@B23($CBBH@K+),1CBBH
##$#,###$#+ 0@B23($CBBHCJ(1CBBH
#$++#+
+
#-$#J$#'(#$(-#0@B23($CBBHG(1CBBH
RJ$"#$#+)5$#+
#T$#$,(J-+#+10@K2,#CBBHC@(1CBBH
#,5#$#+:,"#+
$-3#$(-(J+#+ 0CD2(1CBBGCH(1CBBH
R#+
"]#+#,##+J&++)++&0CE23(CBBGCK(1CBBH
$"$#+$#$#+(3+
&#(1##<+0@G2?1CBBHGCBBE
$#10@A2-,1CBBGBCBBE
"(#$,4(#++#<+#)#4
+++#7($+'()+(+$4
#$"(+#$$+?,#$+4++()'(#,15)4+4#('($#
294
# 4 $ :## :: +# + :## ) ,)1#4 ) +#
,)$#$#$$#-+#'(#/#:7'(+,#"#+,(#
##$)J
! !4 & 0CBH@ CDCG2J )$,64 ,$# ,)+#
#"J#$#(##&(364+4)-#%(++4$E
-,1CBH@J<)#+#%(+++"#(:J+CBEB
+(-,)$#$+1#1#+()(+)##)#+
# $# -# ,$# CBKE (# $# #,)#<# ##"(#J , #)6 $#+
(##+##$+?(#(#$"#$%#$,54'(?(+#
)#($#+CBKK4#,15#$#+#JCBFA4$)+
," #(+ #, $ ,1 ?#$ $(" +# $# &"#
#"#U#+:"J(-#+((#$#,)+(-#R$"
-$#"JCBFK?()+$#,(+##"#$#L)+
$#$?#4,-$#$#)#+#+
+JCBFD
#+(, $ +($# "#$ +( )#7+J +,)< $# ,+ ,)# #,#,,#'(##+()#+#+
+J&("CK#<+#(+#
"+#%(+++#$,4?((#,)#<7#"###?(
,,1 +#+ (+#$+ , $# -7# #$,4 #+#4 $#
?7#"#$#,)#<7#*(##"#J(-#$$##
##CBDECBDDJ (##<+,6+#?(,1#,,1$#
,+()#$%(++J+#1##+#+#7"(*?#$$
%(++$CC#"+CDCGJ('("+CBB@M+(#,"
%#$,5#M$$#$#1##7$#4
/ CBBGCBBH#7#1#3$#?###*#qJ4+(#+#,
(-#R4CBBD$-,$3,)$#++(#(#$+)#<$$#
-$#+)##+1("#J
& >4 & J ## (1# # &# 9#1## ?:#
+#J+)$#"#<+(-#R4++#,+4)# )4#$#-*'(?,)#-++,-,+?#-$#)#J($ $,+(#4+4#$#++()(1$#(-#R4#1$CBB@J
$CG3(CBBE?($"+#$#+#(1##4,11#3$
'(+($#1#($(1-$(##)##$#1#$ ##($# $#)$"#$6L,,*J+,$#1#7(#-#+#<+ $#"#*#$+#+$#(#)##,,#$CA(14$+'((+
295
$#)#$#1#3(#5$+)##+J(($+?,#+$######)#7$ CK,1CBBF,1$#,"#(1##(-#R4"##,*4 ###+3?+$#(#$+*<+J$CE+),1CBBB #+(,$##7#$##&##9+)##,## (-#R4#")##$
'(?($'(+,)<(##$"(+#<+J$#1)+(-#R
,-0,4++##+(+#7($+(+$("$11#3$7($
4-*-4$+'()$,*?#$J#?+#$#
+#$#-$(##)##(1#J#,15)(1$ -C+JCBDC
#$$(1&+)+4+#(#4$'(?,)#4($+()##'(+( -#"+##$+?++#"#*#)##4#$#<+"((# 5+ ?+ # $# +# %?# (1##J (1$ $ ?$$ 0 /I/H 0(-#R4CBDD24?$$#+)##$#++(+
,6#+(1#(4,0>,0,
#(3$"$5+1+/+*, +,+4&(J(+:"(($+?(#+$#
-$(#(1#+1 HJ(-"##,+#>+5#74)+1$,
+$#1+#(-#RJCBBG#7)$"+($10)**+54
#$'(#,15(+)#$P,(1+#<$#-+#,+(#$4
+J#,15H4$@@#1$CBDG4#7#(L$"#+(
(#-++($#HJ
% >4 & 0CBEC CBDE2J $# (1# ( ,1 1#(+, ?( $?J
#$CF+),1,:3#(#$44,(+()#4?(1#(*##$+(#
#<+#,#+$?4)+,)($*$$J(#?#$$
)#$14$#3(+##"(1#J$+CB#<+4$@A-,1 CBKB4+(# $#+)#+ $1##+ ,+$#+),1CBKD#?( #+##)6J,1#$#-+##"(1#+(-$#-#+#
(#6#,4 (# $# (#$ ?( #+ # ,## $J CBFH
)#)$"#$'()#+##,#"]#$,#6L,,*)## )#+ # $# -#+ # 4 +(- $+ "#+ ,1#+ ##34 3##+#1 &#+ (6+,#+J $ #<+"(4 "+ # #+(,$ ,#$
",(##S(1+#<?(#+#$J,)#<# # $# +# %##"(6 # $# )#* + )# + #1$ $#
+$#-(4$1-+#$,1##++#4$#+#1"#J,##
$#(#$+*<+)#+#$#,"#(-#R+(#$,5$# )#$L#7#)###(#$#"(#(1#J"+#(1#CBFB)##"#*#$#
+)#:#+#'(?(-##$#)+$#++$#+%#$#+#$+#$$#$# (# :'(#J ?(" $# )+CBBC4 )#+# #7+ 1$# #(# $ )('(<#,,%#+$("#(-#R4#>+5#7J
296
+#1$9(#+4#(35+)J1#+)#7+3($ (+196*4,#)6L,,*4)###(
(- ) +(#$J CBBH +) # ,* # # (-# R )#)#-#,+$+))##-+:#+#$?##++)$#4+#<++)(5+J
&#1$#+1#+$##$##,6)+,+#+$##+#+
+4 #9(+#+$#$#++,#(-#-$#))#"##)##$#"# ?+J$-#(1#CBBD+#$#+$#1+#"7$#+4)?()##$#<
+"()+)#3(##J+#1$+##4#4$#
$#?,##)#4+#+$#+#+$##+$$J#7$+$
1(-+($#1#)##$+)$#+$#-$(#(1#4#,1++-
(#$#+-+#+#7#+##CBDGCBDHJ CBDE#7$,$#
"#*#$#L)'(17###(1###J$CJ#1$+
#<#1$#"$#C #(#1#4#%###J$7#CA$+L)#+?(
###+4,(,1#4$#$,#4,#+(17#+$#$###$
++(+,)#<+
b!
&&94.
0CBHB CDAE2J54)$,6)(("(#J
#-JCBFG+"#(#("7#$#
-+#
+$-##4+#+
+4+"(#,*#3+()?+$9+)#$
<+$#$?#J+,+,#<#3,#,$#3-+#(+
###$$J#+(#-+##()#4++#1$-CBFH
CBBG4?($),,5(3#<+'(3$
("(#$##$?#
#J #,15 1( # $# ( $ )#7+ $#+ ,6+ ,#+ )6#+ '(P"#+$#5)#J,#?$##$###$4?($")(#CBFDJ$ CBCBBG?(,1#+($"#$$
("(#(-#R$CD ?1CBBH+$+",+)$)#U#+:"4#"+P$,#$
'((CBBK)##(#+,)<#$),J#+CBBH($*#1#$+
+-+>+5#7$+($#'(4CBBF),-+(,1#,
,+($))#4#$#+$##++(?#,$#)##()#J#3)("#$4 +)#<###4++#1$#7+4+:#+#CBDGJ+$F(1
CBDC4()$#"+($
("(#%(+4#$#)#'(#)-:$##+
)##+#$$#+(1#)#4'(?(#$"##)#7JCBDG"+#-
#+()?+)##4'(37#:#+#+(,(J(#+(+#<+(-#R4
#1(#+:##,+##74$#(#$'(#,+,+$###'($
#+ $ :# +(+ P 0CBDC2 \,)## #($ #\S
(###++6*($#+##7+##S##+$)+$#5$4#+7,(# ##,##J&##,+##,1+:,1++:#-$+7,1$$+$#*+
:++$#++#+$##,##+
297
&b4
& >Q 0CBGH CDCA2J$74)+#+,#J#
#$##J+($$"#%(#-(#4+?,1(#)#+(
"#$(#$J#($>+P+9#?($#+#,#+$#+
&#+4(#)(1$##)#CBEK+(+),+),#+?,#+1#3
$+(,+J#1#3$#,#:###4+)#$#)$7#
CBEBJ ( +# $ )+ $# )P1$#4 ###S + CBED#)$#
#L#+)#<#4CBK@?($)?#$ 4.JCBKG#CBKE41#3$#
#,+# +)#<$#4 ?( +# $ 1 () -$J $ +#(#+ $# )#,##,#:#(4?("$##$9##4
?($)5$#14+4E$E
J#+ $ #, $ )+%(#-(#%6* ?( $)(# "+#+()#7+)##()#$,+$#+L+41#3$#)+#
+)#$$#4#"'(()#++#++J1(-$#&#(#:
CBFD4$$"#)+$1(#$(),>(+#CBBGCBBDJ()?+
:+(#$$##($#:$#
-+##,"4
-$+(##$CBDKCDA@JCBDA?,)#$#,+
+)#$##)$)+
$++9((L)##$#$#$*#4#(#(#
$+"+-$4,+(,#$J#,15+-#+)+
,+#$#+L+"$#+"#+9#7)##+$- ?#+#$+J(,1#3#U#+:"CBDCCBD@)##"#$#
+#$#(#1#+,$#$#1#:7##,#6J)#(?,CDAH##
$#(#)P1$#,##J(1$,(:+++)$7+$#)+#,##4
44244$#1-+#+,
4 * 04 C4 4 - I4 0( * 4 $# -+#
02(4*0+SJ$#1($##(7#$+#:+
H9*79+5J(1$
+%5 !"<&J ( -$# :4 * ) + 0# ,"4 CBB@24 + +# ($6+ $#+ $#+ +( )#7+ $#
##$,(##7"#,+*#+L$(#$"J$"$+
+++)#$$#0CDAD2J(#>(#(+(+++?(#+$##+
#$###$#,"
VWJ +( >+5#7 ?"(#+(+ ,+ @B,+4
#('( CDH@ + # , :#$$#*" $ V?#"#1$ -+"# #+(+:++W7J9+4$#+)#$*##-+# )- 0-$J E4 )J HA H@2J ,#+ $+ #<+ FA4 # &(+ 96* 4
-+"#$+($#(#&"]7+#$+(1$#-+#:#1##
44$@@?1CBBE+)(1$+(?,#$+<#$#,
$#(#(-#RJ +++#1(+#$####+
298
)(1$#+ +($#+ ?((++ 1 #,6+ $# "# (# ?6#'(+(:(1+++)>+5#7#$+($##$+)
#+ +(+++(-#+(1#4$$+ *#$ .(+##
##4'(+()###-"$#$+),+@F,+$#+ , + #7#)##+CDKGCDKE4,)+#+-##+#++J
+,41#:,9#$"#*4-+"#$+(+##+4
-#3#%(++4#$-+#(#$4
$(
$#),#)6"#$3,)$#$@A,1CBBH4$###$)
V(-#R4-,1CBBHW?,#$#+#$+V>JW4$(#$+
-#1#$#(,1##$##(7#,###J5#+d#<+#+
$#+:($$#+V,#W4)#&(+96* 0 4&#9#1##J@GJ@AAA4)JF CGJ
&
/4 0CBGD CBDF2J $# )$7 ,#J # ( $##4
)P1$#,##4$B,1CBGDJ93#+$$#+$#"# $#+#()J(?$#)##$?("##4#'(7+(P#)$$4'(+?( +)#<$*#$,)J,6+$##$$'($#+($#JCBEC4#)#+
#<+4 " $+ + ,## ( ,#4 $ '(1(# +#$$#+(++(:,1++()+#$##+,6#J6+#4
#)$#",###(L$#$)(+##$$4,1#,'($
?("#)$"1-$(#$"#$>+5+#$-JCBKC4
+)(5+ $# )$#,# $# #L # +)#<#4 +(- $+ ?#$+ '( +
$-## #,#+ )## +#(# $# )#J (# $# (# +#(#
#$#*$"#"#$+-(:5))($#4#$+##+$#+$7#+$ ($+J(-#$,#1##$#)#+()#+,#+"4)$'(
(-'($(:#+$#$++)#<$+4+##'($$+'(?7#)++ ###$+ $#$+#+4 , $#+ $+ "#$+ ### >+5 #$J +(, +)+#1$#+ , $#+ ,,1 $ +3 >?#(#4 $
#""#$1"##$-,+#(#S"#$3?$#+$7#+$(
$ +S "1# &# "#S #"# $ 3(-S -)+4 :#*#+4)(++,))?(#$#$(:#,+$#J9#+#+(,((-
'( $(:# ##, # -++ "#$+ '( + +( $ ) (#+###$+4'($$"#$(+#?$#+#+
+$#)7+($#
1#:7##,#64$#+$"#$%(#-(#%6*4:#+#))$##L#+
)#7+J+()+(##+"+(?)+(+4##+L$+4$'($),
$#+$$#++#+#+4#)#$#+-$(#+$+L$#+
$$#+4(#+(?##$+#$#$#$$#4)$'(:*+(#+$#+#(+#+(1#
(J(+(+#,"++$#+#,,%#+4("#7#
299
9++4#4$,1+,(:+)+#+J1+#4+
)7#,15+-1$"##()##"+,$#"1#(###"S#)#)#
((-#S$#3?#(#(1-+#$S,+)$)#-#
L##()#S$"#$"1$#+)-#+++$1#S$# $ # *($4 '( ?( -(#$, +"#J (+ )$#,#+ +,)
+,$####$4$(+##$J"#*,-,+,$#
>(#$$##J?,)143$#$(:##$#)+)$#?+#$#
"###$J($@C,#($##
>&40CBHE CBDK2J##,$#(1#J###"(1#4
$CH3(CBHE4)#+#-+$#,+,#(#J($,#$+(-:3+
+()#+(,#4#+###4,($#+$1+4'(++:#17#(+ CBHG#3,#,CBEC4#$-(##+J####-(#+CBGB
7#(#:3++(),,#,J+CBKC++(?#,$#$#?#
#3#"(#14#&(+4###"(1#4(#(+$#+),#+$#+
#$#'(#(7#?(#(#$##$+#4):#+#"#,+#$#+ -#+$#++:#+$#+-##+?#+$#?#,$#J$$7#?,#)#$#&"# $#(1#4$#'(+?(7#$#+#+$1#$+4+,1#7#$#+$#-(
+))#"#*#1#$+)7()+#J#+CBKK#7##1#$+6*J
+$++CBKB+#1#-($##$++)#+#$#,#+)#<$#
$#(###"(1#4+)$C@(1+#<4#$#+( +#$$##+7#+#+J+,+,7#?(#+#+#")$#3+)$"#
+(),,1#J$+)+7#+4##4#?+#<4#)6J,##
$#<+"($+,+,,+4+(6)###,$#'( #:#+#,#*CBFC(#?(#+#$$+)3(+#+#+ $#,)-$(#,#+(#++#$+,6+#$+"#+,$#+J(#++
#<++,#(-$,()$35(1#4'()#1#$#"#$4
+(-#$#++4),#6,$$("$,#6L,,*4$ ,6+1$$#+#"#$+)##+(1#+4'(#)+(+#1$++,$#+$
-+(+"((#$##,)#<#-#+#?(##+1$#?#$ (#6#,J $ + +( ,* $ ,#4 '( )-+#$, # #" $#
-+4:#+#'(:*"#+##$"#$#$L#7#J+#"#$
1"##3(CBFG4?($3?$#-+4'((17#$++##" (1# (#6#,J CBFH + ( # ,*4 + 3? #,#"]4 (
"$#?#7##$)##)#)#$#-#+#$$#+$#J%#3
$#,*4++#$+"#+,1#+$##343##+#1&#+
(6+,#+4+(-#$?$#+)#+-$$#<#+4)+#$#'((-'((##
$$#$+,$#+,+(++(1#+4)##"+##+()(+4+
,#(-:#+#$?#$$#(#$+*<+J#"#$,#CBFF4+ 300
)(+#$?$##+)#+#1$###$#$!#3
"#*$#+#%##"(64$("#+-+$"#$3?+)#<$4 + #7* #,)+4 )## L)+#$ +( :#* # #'($$# )#*J + + ?(
+(1$+($#*")$74#)+#'($"1)-+#$#$$7?,#,##
$#+-#$?(#(1#1(+##))###+7+#$-#+(-#$(" ##$+$##J+#1$>#,##+(#)#$#(#:'(# ,*##CBFD4#$#'((#)($$"##)+#+(+,P$)$++J(#+(+
+##+ 9#7 )P1$# ,##4 +#1$ $#+ )+#$#+ )$7+#$$#+4'(+,)##+##$+#$#(#++
)(1$+ # $# ,# +)#<$# (1# ( $ 5+
#,# ) $# "J - 9(#+4 ( 35 () #$#+
+)+#1$#+4:#+#'(CBBH#,)#<#6L,,*$+(#$
'(,)($+#(#+#<++$"##(#$#1##$$#)$#)#JCBB@
+)#?,#-#,#(#-#>+5#7,1$#,"#
(-# R )## ,*# + ,-,4 CBBH #,1+ + #'($$#
(#4:#+#'(#$+)+7#+#7++)#)+#'(,*),#1#$
#($$+,J +#1$ $4 ##,64 #) $#1# $+ #1#3+ $# ,+3(-#(1##(-#R4(,1$+1#7J##$$-#3
#(#P4#('(?#$,$)#-#*J$)L-$#+
))#+ +( ,#4 $" ),+ $ "1 +)#<$ )## -#3# # (1#4 ),# + :#+# #"+ CBDA4 (# ?( L)($+# $# +$# $(" "#*#"()++)#++1,(:+$("#+4$(#&#9#1##4
,(+7,1$$##$#)#JCBDC++#1$+##
("()?#,$#+#"(++(1#+?,("#*(##)$
"1$)#7+4 #)+# $#+ )+#++)#<#J+#$$7 +((+#$ )$#
+(#$$#-$(#(1#1##73(3($CBDG
3($#<+"(4)##($,#$+#$$++()##$)$#,$##
) 6L, ,*4 '( :#17# + $ #$ >?J +( ,)+1$# "#*#$#L)$?)#74$#+,##)+'(
?(#$,1+("#*#4##1$-#)'($)+$#+$#$CJ
#1$CBDE4#%###4$L,#$J,##+(,$,#$+ -++"()++(+#,*$#+#+#$35+)#<$J
$E,#+#<+(#7,*$"3##+)(+
#$#7\,)#),*\##$"1'(17#"#$+ )##+J()#?,#$1#3$#($#$>?("()3?+ ,$#+J$CG3($+#<4$,1##$34+(-#)(#)(##$
#$>?+)#<$4+#7*#,)+4(1+#$$+#"+ %##"(6$"#$)##$#-#+#J(,*&#+
$$#+3(+#-#*#$$-#$#"(#)$)#7+:#+#$L,,6+#$4
301
##1$@@CBDKJ+#$$(#(#+##,)#<##$
74 ? $#+ )#+ 5$+ ,"#+ :#+# '(4 $$#,# ) ,* )##
?###$#+?#+$,#,$#$+314)#+#$# )-#&#9#1##4$#'(,($,1##4$F,1 CBDKJ(#6-?(#)+(++$#+4#$,#$#,#+)#<$#4+(+
++ ?( #+$##+ #$ ##:(#$4 #$ +( $# #)#$ (1##4 )+# (
,#(+$J(+,)(?,?+$#)$#+1#7#(1##4:#*$#+3#+
$++#+
+$+#+(+(1#++)$#,?+$#+#+$1#$+
##$"1
9b4&0CBHH CDAE2J(1$+#(1#J#(#$#*#$$4$##"(#
)-#4+(#$+#?(#)*)"#?%##,J CBKA
+(+$+,#$+6+#%#+$$#"4##"(1#4
)$+#1#JCBKF+#&#9#1###$$73$##$$" #,6+$)+,9J#,15$#14HJ
+P$,)(1$(#7($($#V&#1,+W4'("#$)7V$#1#+W4
#3(# ) $#+ #(#+ $#$+ # $+ $(:#+ ) $# )#J
)-:#$#$1#,)###CBKD4)(1$$+)+ B2(0,4, ,4#,6+$#1# 4P( '("7#
5+&J#(+#+(#(+)##+#4(-'(,"##$++#+ +J$"1$#$,1#"+(+1+$#,(1$7#J (-#R"CBFA$0,CBFC4-4"#?#$$#
>(#(1##J#,15"#$$7$0,/+)(5++#+$##()#4
$#1 44, $# -4+J+,++#1$
$,1#J $$7 +,)< -+#+ #-#+4 , $#+ +# )#($# $
)+ #?#$ P<*S ,,1 :# $# #,# $,1## $# &"(#S
+#$S$#1#42+(0+,(4 H+1( ( H+ C+J #,15 ?( # $
)44.4CBBCCBBHJ($"#$,1#$#-$(#
(1#JCBDFCBDB)(1$#$$7$#-+# 0+,*0,4,+()$, 0+,4 )## #)# $# #(+# -$(##J CBDD ?( $"
)+#)#$#+#,1$###(*$(4))(-#3##$#+$# )##()#+(#"J:#*$#)$#*#)?+(-+#'($?$"1 - #,#J $ ), "1 )(1$# $ +" ,+
)$)#+)#<###JCDA@-+(1#+#+$##+)#<#4)#$$7
?,4(#+(#"-$-###+$,1#4:#+#+(,(J(1#,6+ #+$$1 0,(32 \)(1$#
%"6CBDK#&#9#1##CDKC\4'(+((#+$#(#
$+,#$+,+4)$7++#$+$#+$#1#3$,$#$+)#<$J 302
CBBF4>+5#7)(1$++($"#+($1 0CBBK2$F-,1CBD@41#3$7($V$##,#W4)(3
(+()$,H$####1#:6#$)C4%"64
,- $ (# # $# $$"## $+ +)#<$+ # ,5#J ( 1-
,#+1+L4$)+$#$?#:6V1$(1#W4#((#
#'($$+#<++?#-7##$#(,+,4)+'(?#$+#$$#$#(#
)#CBDE
4 %&; 0CBHE CDAA2J +# + #"J 93 $ "#$
%#$,5 #7*4 '( ?(# ), )+ $# )P1$# "# # ?-#,(?##0CBK@ CBKB2?(#$)4
0CBFA2J#
("(#4(#(L$+()#4+(3(-(+(+:'(
$(J,6+$#?$(#)##4(-$#)(##1#3#(#(#
#<+,+#,"#(+#,4(#+?(,+#"
:$4P+#+
+0CBKH CBKB2JCBFA"+#%(++4?(+($
("(#J,*##1#3#$#?(#)+()#(##<+?(# $#+V)+##+WJ" 4
#)#CBB@++#"#
-$("##J&$"#--$?$)4(#:#1#
-##:##$#$$,)+4)##+##$#$,6+,7,#$$JCBDG
(-'(#1##$#")#*++#$(4)(,$#1#J
$*
$+ +(,+ 0 0,( ) #$"(+ +(+ #7($+ #)#7#
?,#+$+1,1%#$4'(#,,P,+$7#$+
7($+ ($(#$+ %(+ +J ,6+4 ?( #(4 )(+ ,#1#$#74 ?#5+4 "$5+4 )("(5+ #$#J (1$ $ ?$$ 0) 0%(+ +4 CBKB2 $ ,
0H0%(++4CBBK2J
"()+(+#7($+?(")+(,#,
$-$(, H1*)+ 0CDAC24'(:#-##++J(
)+$#+#$#+#"#4,#$4CBBB+"##7
)+#+#+#+
+##6
9&&4U&&0CBCC CBBH2J#4)$7)+#+#(+4#?#$$
%+4#++#:(++J?#,$##,##4+"#(#1"#$#
-+#
9#-#CBGCJ(#,#$#)?+CBGH4),+)5++(
##J$##9+#4#:##$+,#+ $#+ ?,#+ +#$+J $ @C (1 CBGE )+ , (# (1# #+#
##+#1#)$#+#$$+%+#$$7#1$+#U$$#,&$#+0CBAE CBFD24
)+ $# +# +$#-+# +#+ +J )# + ,,
#1#*$##(+#$##1$$#+$#-(J),)$$"#+$,6+"# #+#(+J(+$##'(#P:++(#+##,# +#+
+JL)+#1##(#$#4)+##,4+?#++1(+##+ 303
#$+#+4 ) +( "4 +( +##+,4 )"#,#+ --#+ # +#+
-#+#+J(+-#+##+$#+#$#*+,),7#+(++(++4)$
"#$,)-+#+4##(#+:+$+4?(-##1$,1$$#+J+1
,##"($#$+)+ %9-*9 $ 4,J((+"(
#$ #+4 $ V#)+$W $# +($# -$# $ #1$+,J
,1# $# #L L#+ $# "(# 5LJ ( + " # 3(# $#
+( +#+ + ) +( $## $# +$#-(4 $(+ )$# $#
+$($#
#,##J&$"#####$)+1#:#,&$) #+(,4 (# $# (# +4 (# )+ ,## +1 $# +$#-( $#
,#)#$++$#-+4)$$+)(+#+($J+)(5+$#(#
+4(##+'($##*+$#+#+$#-+#:#17#
3#L+))(++(+$(4+)(+?($"+()++(+( #+4#$)$##'(?#$#1##$+"+$:#$#(##$-J() +#":#+#$#+$($#"#*#CBFA4(#$"++#+
+ #)1$# 5,'(#,# $#+(4 '( 3(#, $#
5,#$#5,(###,,)$#1#$#"(#$#$+"+#$# $J+))#<?(###1#+##++#:(++)$#
&#1#$?,+#J$#<+"()+$#-:#4$#'(+ #)1(#)$##?,#)$7##6)"++#(++$#1#$+,#+J ? #,15 $+ :+ $+ #17"+ +#(+ ,7#+ ,"#+,$#$+$#++4+#$#,+,##++#+
+
$+(?#"?,$#+?,#+)##+J+14)($#
#+$#-+#4#)$##(+#$#)#(1#(#$#(#$+
*<+J(#+,+,(?+##)(1#$+)1+$+#1#3#+4) $(#$>+5#7$$$#,V-$(+$+)1+S,#"6,1$$#1#$$$# 3(+#$#)#$#1#W4(#$,)*#)4,1#-#"7##"#1$++,)
#,+)J(,3)#?++#?#+(+(++(++)(#+
CBKG(#)(+#++(++)#*#+V+#,*$#+(1$,$#+#*#+4'(+$,5 +-$*#$-##$,(J+#?(+$1#'(+("$#+$#-(M$#
(#$#++#*#+M+$#(#,#"#(#$4$,#,:#1$4'(
:##,#$"#,###+$#+#*#+WJ
J(#$#5##CBFA4$#++#++'(()$#
#7#9##4#7#+,:#17#+$),5L$##$# )#,#$$++#+
+J+#1((-,)($+#))+
$#+"(5##4"##+#$,$#+,(#+?-##+#,1+ )#7++#$::'(#)##+$##<##$))#$,#L $+)(+,L#+4#$#-*4$))#$#1#+$###*#JCBBC
, )#) $# ,)+# +(# $ ?#$ 5L #L## :(#)
304
(#,#$#4 $# (#$ # + $ L )+ +#(+ $+++ J #J $$7
#1$# $#+ 1(#+ $#+ )+#$+ '( +7# $ ++5 ))#$ $# $#1 )$,6#(#$##J,3$#,)+#)##,#:##U#+:",
,1#3# L##4 ,# CBB@J ('( $ ## ?( (# #-#
+#(+4#$,:#*##)5L4,$"-#+("1
'(++"?#7#(+#?,)#$+"++?+#$+$)#7+J#4)
+( )#4 # )## $# '(+# )#7?#4 ,# $# L)# #)#$+4 ?#-7#$#,)#)(+,L#+4'($$"#7#)$#+$7#+?5#+#+
)$++#(+J$##L,7#,)(++#@F)(+,L#+#HD
+#(++7#(#(#,6L,#+#<+J1+#4$#,#7#$+ #7($+$(+#+#1#$1+##$+##J,4'(#$ )4 (- 1((# +#$-#"(## 5$ $+ ))#$+ ++ +()#7+4 +"$#+++(##$+)(+'(,##(#?+#$#)#1#4
$( #'($$+ $#-#, +(#+ L$( $+ ##$, ,)#+ ()#4)###?#+#+$#+J$##?(?,#)#,1+"1+ CBBGJ$#<+"(?(#)1#)$#,L#+)(5+)$$+
+#+
+4)$#L"(#,#7#(-J&#,+9##$#6,##
)+#+,(#,+?#-#1$+$"$#,)+1$#)1#
+()$"+$#-J1(#$$$#+++#(+CBBH4$#,1
#,+#+,+,#<4$#)+++,++#(++4#+7
,$-))+,L#L##%#<####$+)-$"+ $ ##4 # +( )$7# ($*# # ()# , ?(*# ,## $#
?$(#+#+
+J&++#)1#+)?((+#,$#
6,##:#+#CBBF4)$'($##(#-"J>+5#7)(1$(#,)$
)+)#*#6$++++$#)#$+++,L#+44+4(-#
R4,#*CBBGJ
305
ÍNDICE GENERAL
NOTA EDITORIAL
ABREVIATURAS SIGLAS
/3
/7
1883. La Nación
CARTA DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS (DE NUESTRO CORRESPONSAL).
La Nación, Buenos Aires, 13 de septiembre de 1882
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 18 de marzo de 1883
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 31 de marzo de 1883
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 1ro. de abril de 1883
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 16 de mayo de 1883
PETER COOPER.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 3 de junio de 1883
ENTRE FLAMENCOS.[La Ofrenda de Oro, Nueva York, mayo de 1883]
PETER COOPER.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 3 de junio de 1883.
CARTA DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 16 y 17 de junio de 1883.
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 20 de junio de 1883
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 16 de agosto de 1883.
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 14 de agosto de 1883.
EL PUENTE DE BROOKLYN. LOS INGENIEROS ROEBLING.La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 18 de agosto de 1883
EL PUENTE COLGANTE DE BROOKLYN. SUS DIMENSIONES.La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 7 de septiembre de 1883. La Nación, Montevideo,
martes 11 de septiembre de 1883
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 21 de octubre de 1883.
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 28 de octubre de 1883.
DEL VIEJO AL NUEVO MUNDO. ESCENAS NEOYORQUINAS.La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 14 de octubre de 1884
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 27 de enero de 1884.
WENDELL PHILLIPS.Nueva York, 11 de febrero de 1884. La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 28 de marzo de 1884
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 17 de abril de 1884.
LA VUELTA DE LOS HÉROES DE LA JEANNETTE.Santo Domingo,
no. 1, 5 de abril de 1884
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.Nueva York, marzo 3 de 1884. La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 13 de abril de 1884
EL PALENQUE.—CHICHÉN ITZÁ.—EL ALTAR DE LA CRUZ.La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 6 de mayo de 1884
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.Nueva York, marzo 27 de 1884. La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 8 de mayo de 1884
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.Nueva York, marzo 28 de 1884. La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 9 de mayo de 1884
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.Nueva York, 28 de abril de 1884. La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 6 de junio de 1884
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.Nueva York, junio 7 de 1884. La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 16 de julio de 1884
306
/9
/ 17
/ 32
/ 37
/ 44
/ 56
/ 59
/ 65
/ 70
/ 77
/ 84
/ 88
/ 91
/ 95
/ 97
/ 106
/ 113
/ 115
/ 122
/ 129
/ 133
/ 137
/ 143
/ 145
/ 151
/ 156
/ 164
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.Nueva York, septiembre 5 de 1884. La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 26 de octubre de 1884
FILIACIÓN POLÍTICA. EL ORIGEN DEL PARTIDO REPUBLICANO
DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS.La Nación, Buenos Aires, 6 de noviembre de 1884
PROA AL MAR. LA SALIDA DE UN VAPOR.Nueva York, noviembre 1ro. de 1884.
La Nación, Buenos Aires, 10 de diciembre de 1884
ZIGZAGS NEOYORQUINOS. NOVIEMBRE 1RO. DE 1884.La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 18 de diciembre de 1884
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.New York, 6 de noviembre de 1884. La Nación,
Buenos Aires, 7 de enero de 1885
CARTAS DE MARTÍ.Nueva York, 27 de noviembre [de 1884]. La Nación.
Buenos Aires, 11 de enero de 1885
/ 172
/ 182
/ 186
/ 189
/ 192
/ 207
Otros textos
_Fragmentos relacionados con el discurso sobre Bolívar
[FRAGMENTO 1]
FRAGMENTO 2
FRAGMENTO 3
FRAGMENTO 4
FRAGMENTO 5
FRAGMENTO 6
FRAGMENTO 7
FRAGMENTO 8
FRAGMENTO 9
/ 217
/ 219
/ 220
/ 221
/ 222
/ 223
/ 224
/ 225
/ 226
_Prólogo [a Cuentos de hoy y mañana]
/ 227
_IRMA
La Nación, Buenos Aires, 20 de diciembre de 1884,La Lotería,
La Habana, 22 de febrero de 1885
/ 232
1882-1884. Cartas
_1882
AL GENERAL ANTONIO MACEO.Nueva York, 20 de julio de 1882
AL GENERAL MÁXIMO GÓMEZ.Nueva York, 20 de julio 1882
A DIEGO JUGO RAMÍREZ. [FRAGMENTO].Nueva York, 28 de julio [1882]
A GABRIEL DE ZÉNDEGUI.New York 28 de julio [1882]
A ENRIQUE JOSÉ VARONA.[Nueva York], 28 de julio [1882]
A MIGUEL F. VIONDI.Nueva York, 28 de julio [de 1882]
A MANUEL MERCADO.N. Y. 11 de agosto [de 1882]
A MANUEL MERCADO.New York, 16 de septiembre [1882]
A FELIPE SÁNCHEZ SOLÍS.[Nueva York, entre el 12 y alrededor
del 16 de septiembre 1882]
307
/ 236
/ 238
/ 242
/ 243
/ 244
/ 245
/ 247
/ 250
/ 252
A GABRIEL DE ZÉNDEGUI.Nueva York, octubre 14, 1882
A GABRIEL DE ZÉNDEGUI.Nueva York, 21 octubre [1882]
A BARTOLOMÉ MITRE VEDIA.Nueva York 19 [de] diciembre [de 1882.]
A CARMEN ZAYAS-BAZÁN. [FRAGMENTO].[Nueva York, 1882]
A LEONOR PÉREZ CABRERA. [FRAGMENTO].[Nueva York, agosto-diciembre
de 1882]
A HEBERTO RODRÍGUEZ. [FRAGMENTOS].[Nueva York, posterior a agosto
de 1882]
/ 254
/ 256
/ 257
/ 260
/ 261
/ 262
_1883
A AMELIA MARTÍ PÉREZ.[Nueva York] Feb. 28 [de 1883]
A MANUEL MERCADO.Nueva York 30 agto. 1883
A JOSÉ ARTURO CUYÁS.NY 6 de setbre [de 1883]
/ 263
/ 265
/ 267
_1884
A MANUEL MERCADO.N. Y. 9 de febrero 1884
A MANUEL MERCADO.[Nueva York, 9 de febrero de 1884]
A ADELAIDA BARALT.[Nueva York, enero-marzo de 1884]
A MANUEL MERCADO.[Nueva York, entre el 9 de febrero
y el 13 de noviembre de 1884]
A MANUEL MERCADO.[Nueva York, 1884]
A MANUEL MERCADO.[Nueva York, antes de julio de 1884]
A MANUEL MERCADO.[Nueva York, antes del 13 de noviembre de 1884]
A MANUEL DE JESÚS GALVÁN.Nueva York, 19 de septiembre, 1884
A CARLOS FARINI.Nueva York, 10 de octubre de 1884
AL GENERAL MÁXIMO GOMEZ.New York, octubre 20,1884
FRAGMENTOS DEL BORRADOR A
FRAGMENTO DEL BORRADOR B
A MANUEL MERCADO.N. York, 13 Novbre [de 1884]
A MANUEL MERCADO.[Nueva York] 4 de diciembre [1884]
A JUAN ANTONIO PÉREZ BONALDE.v[Nueva York, 1884]
/ 268
/ 269
/ 270
/ 271
/ 272
/ 273
/ 274
/ 275
/ 276
/ 277
/ 280
/ 281
/ 282
/ 286
/ 287
Apéndice
1783-1883 CENTENARIO DEL LIBERTADBOR SIMÓN BOLÍVAR
/ 289
Notas finales
/ 292
ÍNDICE GENERAL
/ 306
308
La Edición Crítica de las Obras completas de José
Martí (1853-1895) recoge sus manuscritos e impresos
conocidos hasta hoy: proclamas, discursos, manifiestos, comunicaciones, dedicatorias, cartas, correspondencias periodísticas, crónicas, artículos, ensayos,
narraciones, obras de teatro, poemas, semblanzas
biográficas, traducciones, dibujos, borradores, fragmentos de escritos y cuadernos de apuntes.
El contenido de los tomos se ha ordenado y combinado por fechas, temas y géneros, apreciando tanto
la evolución y línea del pensamiento martiano como
el paralelismo de su accionar político, periodístico y
literario, simultaneidad que empieza a manifestarse a
partir de los años 1875-1876, para intensificarse posteriormente. Organizar cronológicamente los textos
nos permite observar esa evolución del pensamiento
martiano, pero —a su vez— separa en diferentes tomos grupos de textos que habitualmente (y por deseo
expreso del autor en su carta devenida testamento literario) se han presentado juntos, como ocurre con
las Escenas norteamericanas y las Escenas europeas.
La confrontación de los textos con sus originales —o
variantes de estos— ha conllevado a la natural rectificación de erratas, así como la fijación del texto más
permisible. Los escritos de época han suscitado convenciones editoriales, atendiendo a los modernismos
en la ortografía y el lenguaje. La peculiar puntuación
martiana ha sufrido modificaciones imprescindibles,
pero siempre respetando la intencionalidad del autor.
Estas Obras completas son fruto de la colaboración
de investigadores y editores del Centro de Estudios
Martianos, expertos conocedores de la obra y de la
caligrafía de Martí, estudiosos de la obra martiana en
el mundo y numerosas instituciones, que han convertido esta “obra” en reflejo de la sentencia que incluyó
Juan Marinello, en 1963, en su prólogo a la edición de
las Obras completas de la Editorial Nacional de Cuba:
“Una edición crítica es el hombre y su tiempo —todo
el tiempo y todo el hombre—, o es un intento fallido”.
Documentos relacionados
Descargar