W.W. QUESTIONS PRESENT SIMPLE + −

W.W. QUESTIONS
PRESENT SIMPLE
+ Sub + v p·p1 + complement.
− Sub + don't / doesn't + v p·p1 + complement.
? Do / does + sub + v p·p1 + complement + ?
PAST SIMPLE
+ Sub + v p·p2 + complement.
− Sub + didn't + v p·p1 + complement.
? Did + sub + v p·p1 + complement + ?
PRESENT CONTINOUS
+ Sub + am / is / are + vb ing + complement.
− Sub + am not / isn't / aren't + vb ing + complement.
? To be am / is / are + sub + vb ing + complement + ?
PAST CONTINOUS
+ Sub + was / were + vb ing + complement.
− Sub + wasn't / weren't + vb ing + complement.
? Was / were + sub + vb ing + complement + ?
PRESENT PERFECT
+ Sub + have / has + v p·p3 + complement.
− Sub + haven't / hasn't + v p·p3 + complement.
? Have / has + sub + v p·p3 + complement + ?
THE PASSIVE VOICE
• Dos homes varen robar un banc
• Un banc va ésser robat (per dos homes).
1− Transitive VS intransitive
♦ I arrived late to the cinema
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♦ Mary wrote a letter.
2− Verb to be (same tense main verb) + past participel p·p3 ( main verb)
Present simple
Break (am/ are) + broken am am not
Breaks (is) + broken is + PP isn't + PP
Are aren't
Send (am/ are/ is) + sent don't read aren't read
Isn't read
Past simple
Broke (was/ were) + broken was + PP + wasn't + PR
Sent ( was/ were) + sent were + weren't +
3− Active object −−> Passive subject
Active: Mary writes a letter
Passive: A letter is written
4− Agent: introduced BY
Active: Mary writes a letter
Passive: A letter is written by Mary
Active: I write letters
Pasive: Letters are written by me
Active: The postman delivered the letter
Passive: The letter was delivered ( by the postman) es evident no es posa
THE PASSIVE QUESTIONS
WH − WORD + AUX + SUB + VB P·P3 + C + ?
Active: When did Lisa paint the picture?
Passive: When was the picture painted by Lisa?
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1− interrogativa activa: When do they show the film?
2− afirmativa activa: They show the film when.
3− afirmativa passiva: The film is shown when.
4− interrogativa passiva: When is the film shown?
Verbs with two objects
Active: Peter sent Mary a letter.
Passive: Mary was sent a letter by Peter.
Active: He told me the secret
Passive: I was told the secret
• Who wrote this book?
• Who wrote this book.
• This book was written by who.
• W ho was this book written by?
1− Who bought that interesting book?
2− Who bought that interesting book.
3− That interesting book was bought by who.
4− Who was that interesting book bought by?
• Who told him the secret?
• Who told him the secret.
• He was told the secret by who.
• Who was he told the secret by?
MODAL VERBS
+ must, − can't ( musn't)
Possibilitat
May = might/ may not = might not
• Utilitzam may; might; must i can't per parlar sobre possiblitat o probabilitat que alguna cosa sigui
certa.
• Your picture must be a copy.
• It can't be the original picture.
• Utilitzam may; might per parlar sobre alguna cosa que pot ésser possible però no amb seguretat.
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• I may be late tomorrow.
• Jim might not understand the question.
• El significat de may i might es similar.
• I may be late = I might be late
• Podem utilitzar must i can't per parlar sobre coses que pensam que són certes.
• Your picture must be a copy.
• It can't be the original picture.
• Quan parlam sobre probabilitat utilitzam must per frases afirmatives i can't per frases negatives.
• The lights are on. They must be at home.
• The lights are off. They can't be at home.
• May; might; must i can't són verbs modals. Els verbs modals tots van seguits amb infinitu sense to.
• She must like you.
Can − can't present
Habilitat
Could − couldn't passat
Will be able to / won't be able to
• Utilitzem can i could per parlar sobre habilitats en el present i el passat.
• Could és el passat simple de can.
• Nosaltres utilitzem can i could + verb, sense to.
• I couldn't go out.
Have to / has to, don't h t / doesn't h t − absence of obligation
Obligació
Had to / didn't have to INF
• Nosaltres utilitzem fromes del have to i had to quan volem parlar sobre obligació en el present i en el
passat.
• I had to go. ( M'obliguen a anar−hi).
• Nosaltres utilitzem la forma − negativa quan no hi ha una obligació per fer alguna cosa.
− I didn't have to go. (No és necessari).
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FIRST CONDITONAL
• Nosaltres utilitzem el 1er condicional per parlar sobre accions i les seves probables
conseqüències.
− If Dave comes, he will have a good time.
• A una de les clàusules nosaltres utilitzem if+ present simple. Aquesta clàusula descriu una acció.
− If I see Linda....
• A l'altra clàusula, nosaltres utilitzem will o won't + infinitiu. Aquesta clàusula descriu probables
conseqüències de la acció.
− .... I will say Hello
• Nosaltres podem canviar l'ordre de les clàusules.
Cuan la cláusula if és la primera, hi ha una (,) coma entre les dues clausules.
• If I see Linda, I will say Hello.
• I will say Hello if I see Linda.
If − clause
Present Simple
WILL AND GOING TO
MAIN − clause
Future will / won't + infinitive
♦ Nosaltres utilitzem will i going to per parlar sobre el futur.
♦ Nosaltres utilitzem will per les prediccions.
− I think that she will be happy.
♦ Nosaltres utilitzem going to per plans i intencions.
− She is going to start a new job soon.
Will / Won't
+ Sub + will + v p·p 1 + c
− Sub + won't + v p·p 1 + c
? Will / won't + sub + v p·p 1 + c
Going to
+ Sub + to be + going to + v p·p 1 + c
− Sub + to be not + going to + v p·p 1 + c
? To be Aux + sub + going to + v p·p 1 + c
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VOCABULARY
Verb
entertain
compete
invent
compose
explore
Noun ( person)
entertainer
competitor
inventor
composer
explorer
ADDICTION
also: també
in addiction: a més a més
both: ambdues
Noun ( thing)
entertainment
comptetion
invention
composition
exploration
CONSTRAST
but: però
however: no obstant
on the other hand: per altra banda
Adjectives describing art
colorful: coloretjat realistic: real fun: divertit
simple: simple modern:modern depressing: depressiu
beautifu: guapo expressive: expressiu shocking: xocant
sophisticated: sofisticat
Art: nouns
Mural: mural exhibition: exhibició
Abstract: abstracte sculpture: escultura
Gallery: galeria still life:
Nude: nuu landscape: paissatge
Portrait: retrat
World issues
Animal rights: drets dels animals
The environment: el medi ambient
War: la guerra
The developing world: el món subdesenvolupat
Immigration: la immigració
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Genetic engineering: Enginyeria genètica
Terrorims: terrorisme
Disease: enfermetats
Causes
Collection box: recol·lecta
Charity: ONG
Poster: pòster
Placard: pancarta
Sticker: ferratina
Boycott: boicotejar
Petition: petició
Leaflet: follet
Demonstration: manifestació
Banner: pancarta
Goverment: Govern
What: que
When: quando
Where: donde
Why: porque
Who: quien
Whose: de qui
Which: cual
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How long: quant temps
How much: quantitat incon
How many: quantitat con
How tall: altura persones
How far: distància
How old: quants anys
How high: altura montany
How often: frequència
I
You
He
She MAI ES POSA!
It
We
You
They
Someone
Somebody
people
Si es té problemes per passar la frase activa a passiva directament, podem recurrir a fer−la d'aquesta manera:
Indirect object −−> passive subject
Quan dins la mateixa frase activa trobem CD i CI, el CI passa a ésser el subjecte de la frase passiva.
Si no sabem passar la frase interrogativa activa a interrogativa passiva directament, podem fer... Primer la
posem amb afirmativa activa per després passar−la a passiva afirmativa, i ja posteriorment passar−la a
passiva interrogativa.
Sempre que WHO faci la funció del subjecte de la oració, la passiva interrogativa acabarà amb by.
LOGICAL DEDUCTION
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