Revista n°8 - DCC - Universidad de Chile

$+65
Revista
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
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UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE
Nº 8 / Segundo Semestre 2012
• Benjamin Bustos:
Búsqueda por contenido multimedia
Multimedia
• Patricio Poblete:
25 años de NIC Chile
• Juan Álvarez, Claudio Gutiérrez:
El Primer computador universitario en Chile
$+65
Revista
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El primer computador universitario
en Chile: “El hogar desde donde salió y
se repartió la luz”*
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Juan Álvarez
Master of Mathematics (Computer
Science), University of Waterloo;
Ingeniero de Ejecución en
Procesamiento de la Información,
Universidad de Chile.
jalvarez@dcc.uchile.cl
Claudio Gutiérrez
Ph.D. Computer Science, Wesleyan
University; Magíster en Lógica
Matemática, Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Chile; Licenciatura en
Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile.
cgutierr@dcc.uchile.cl
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ECTTGTCRTQHGUKQPCNCFKEKQPCNCNQUCNWOPQU
FG+PIGPKGTÇCNCRQUKDKNKFCFFGFGFKECTUGC
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TGSWKGTGWPGSWKRQFGRGTUQPCUNQSWG
UWRQPGGPGUVGOQOGPVQRGTUQPCUSWG
UKPGODCTIQPQJCPUKFQHQTOCFCU
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QRQUKEKÍPFGXCTKQUFGECPQUNCRTQRWGUVC
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FGNFGGPGTQFGOGFKCPVGNCIGUVKÍP
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DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
6IZMWXE&MXWHI'MIRGME
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GPVTGNCEQORWVCEKÍP[GNOWPFQEKGPVÇHKEQ
GKPFWUVTKCNGP%JKNGTGUQNXKGPFQRTQDNGOCU
FG FKXGTUCU µTGCU FG NC KPIGPKGTÇC 5W
GPVQTPQGN%GPVTQFG%QORWVCEKÍPFGNC
7PKXGTUKFCFFG%JKNGUGEQPUVKVW[ÍGPWP
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KPVGTGUCPVGEQNGIKTSWGGUVCGORTGUCHWGWPC
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FKXGTUCUHQTOCEKQPGU[QTÇIGPGU/WEJQU
FG GNNQU EQPVTKDW[GTQP RQUVGTKQOGPVG C
FGUCTTQNNCTGNµTGCGPQVTCUKPUVKVWEKQPGU
PCEKQPCNGU
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GP VQTPQ CN '4 PQ RCUÍ KPCFXGTVKFC
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RTQHGUKQPCNGU[CECFÂOKECUEQOGP\CTQP
CJCDNCTFGNCEQORWVCEKÍPGKPEQTRQTCT
GNVGOCGPUWUCIGPFCU7PCPWGXCÂRQEC
JCDÇCPCEKFQRCTCGNRCÇU
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7PKXGTUKVCTKQFGOC[QFG
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DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
6IZMWXE&MXWHI'MIRGME
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5QNWEKÍPFGRTQDNGOCUFGUÇUOKECCTVKHKEKCNOGFKCPVGGN
EQORWVCFQT'4
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12
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
6IZMWXE&MXWHI'MIRGME
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13
FRPSXWDFLyQ\VRFLHGDG
25 años de NIC Chile
'SWKRQFGVTCDCLQFG0+%%JKNG
.15+0+%+15
'N &GRCT VCOGPVQ FG %KGPEKCU FG NC
%QORWVCEKÍPFGNC7PKXGTUKFCFFG%JKNG
HWGWPQFGNQURKQPGTQUGPNCKPVGTEQPGZKÍP
FG %JKNG C NCU TGFGU INQDCNGU FCPFQ C
OGFKCFQUFGNQUCËQUQEJGPVCRCUQUVCNGU
EQOQ GN GPXÇQ FGN RTKOGT GOCKN GPVTG
FQU WPKXGTUKFCFGU EJKNGPCU [ NWGIQ GN
GUVCDNGEKOKGPVQFGEQPGZKQPGU77%2RQT
XÇCVGNGHÍPKECSWGRGTOKVKGTQPGNGPXÇQ[
TGEGREKÍPFGGOCKNKPVGTPCEKQPCN[NWGIQ
FGNCUĂPGYUăFG7UGPGV
Patricio Poblete
Ingeniero Matemático, Universidad
de Chile, M.Mat. y Ph.D. in Computer
Science University of Waterloo,
Canadá. Director de la Escuela
de Ingeniería y Ciencias, FCFM,
Universidad de Chile; Director de NIC
Chile. Profesor Titular, co-fundador del
DCC Universidad de Chile; Director del
DCC 1988-1992 y 1996-1999.
ppoblete@dcc.uchile.cl
14
'PGUVQURTKOGTQUGZRGTKOGPVQUCÔPPQUG
WVKNK\CDCGNUKUVGOCFGPQODTGUFGFQOKPKQU
SWGEQPQEGOQUJQ[UKPQSWGGTCPGEGUCTKQ
GURGEKHKECTVQFCNCTWVCSWGFGDÇCUGIWKTWP
OGPUCLGJCUVCNNGICTCUWFGUVKPQ#RQEQ
CPFCTGNOWPFQ77%2EQOGP\ÍCWVKNK\CT
NQUPQODTGUFGFQOKPKQSWGTGEKGPVGOGPVG
UGJCDÇCPKPVTQFWEKFQGP+PVGTPGVNQEWCN
RWUQFGKPOGFKCVQGPGXKFGPEKCSWGRCTC
KPVGITCTPQUCGUGUKUVGOCFGDÇCOQUEQPVCT
EQPWPPQODTGFGFQOKPKQRCTCGNRCÇU
4GURGEVQFGGUVQPQJCDÇCOWEJCGNGEEKÍP
FGDÇCUGT%.FGCEWGTFQEQPGNGUVµPFCT
+51 [ RCTC PWGUVTC 7PKXGTUKFCF
GNGIKOQUĂWEJKNGENă5KPGODCTIQPQJCDÇC
PCFKGCÔPSWGGUVWXKGTCCECTIQFGNNGXCT
NCNKUVCFGNQUFQOKPKQUKPUETKVQUDCLQ%.
[ GUQ EQPFWLQ FG OCPGTC PCVWTCN C SWG
GUCVCTGCNCCUWOKÂTCOQUPQUQVTQUNQSWG
JGOQUJGEJQCRCTVKTFG
2QTEKGTVQPQDCUVCDCEQPOCPVGPGTWPC
NKUVC UKPQ SWG FKEJQU FQOKPKQU FGDÇCP
ĂTGUQNXGTUGă GU FGEKT FGDÇCP VTCFWEKTUG
CFKTGEEKQPGU+2FGOCPGTCKPUVCPVµPGC
EQUCFGNQEWCNUGGPECTIÍRQTXCTKQUCËQU
GNUGTXKFQTĂWWPGVăGP'UVCFQU7PKFQUC
ECTIQFG4KEM#FCOUSWKGPTGCNK\ÍWPC
NCDQTKORQTVCPVÇUKOCC[WFCPFQCOWEJQU
RCÇUGUEQOQGNPWGUVTQCEQPGEVCTUGCNC
4GF5ÍNQWPCXG\SWG%JKNGUGEQPGEVÍ
FGHKPKVKXCOGPVGC+PVGTPGVGPRWFKOQU
VTCGTGUCHWPEKÍPFGĂUGTXKFQTRTKOCTKQăC
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DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
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'.&'5#441..1&'.%.
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#NVÂTOKPQFGGUCRTKOGTCFÂECFCJCDÇC
CNTGFGFQT FG OKN PQODTGU FG FQOKPKQU
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CËQUFGEQPGZKÍPFG%JKNGC+PVGTPGVGN
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GUVCDCGORG\CPFQCJCEGTUGEQPQEKFQGPGN
RCÇU[NCECTICSWGUKIPKHKECDCGPECTICTUGFG
GUVGTGIKUVTQFGPQODTGUGUVCDCGORG\CPFQ
CUGTUKIPKHKECVKXC2GQTCÔPNQURTKOGTQU
EQPHNKEVQURQTPQODTGUFGFQOKPKQGUVCDCP
GORG\CPFQCCRCTGEGTCOGPC\CPFQEQP
XQNXGTUGWPRTQDNGOCCIWFQ
6QFQGUVQEQPFWLQCSWGGPUGRVKGODTG
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FGNUGTXKEKQSWGKPENW[ÍWPCVCTKHCRQTNC
KPUETKREKÍP FG FQOKPKQU WP UKUVGOC FG
TGUQNWEKÍP FG EQPVTQXGTUKCU DCUCFQ GP
CTDKVTCLGWPCTGINCOGPVCEKÍPGUETKVCRCTC
TGIWNCTGNHWPEKQPCOKGPVQFGNUKUVGOC[WP
PQODTGRCTCKFGPVKHKECTCVQFQNQCPVGTKQT
0+%%JKNG
'NETGEKOKGPVQFGNTGIKUVTQFGPQODTGUFG
FQOKPKQRCTC%.JCUKFQUQUVGPKFQCRCTVKT
FGGUGOQOGPVQEQOQNQOWGUVTCNC(KIWTC
[GPNCCEVWCNKFCFGNVQVCNFGPQODTGU
KPUETKVQU[CDQTFGCNQUOKN
'UVGETGEKOKGPVQJCJGEJQSWGGNPÔOGTQ
FGFQOKPKQURGTEµRKVCGP%.UGCWPQFG
NQUOµUCNVQUFG#OÂTKEC.CVKPCUWRGTCFQ
UÍNQ RQT #TIGPVKPC WPQ FG NQU RQEQU
RCÇUGUGPGNOWPFQGPSWGPQUGEQDTCRQT
TGIKUVTCTFQOKPKQU[RQT%QNQODKCEW[Q
ĂEQăUGGUVµEQOGTEKCNK\CPFQ
[FGOCPGTC
OW[GZKVQUCEQOQWPEQORGVKFQTRCTCGN
ĂEQOă
(KIWTC
0WGUVTQRCÇUUGECTCEVGTK\CVCODKÂPRQTSWG
GN%.VKGPGWPCOW[CNVCRGPGVTCEKÍPGPGN
RCÇU&GVQFQUNQUFQOKPKQUKPUETKVQUFGUFG
%JKNGOµUFGNGUVµDCLQ%.
(KIWTC
'UVCUKVWCEKÍPSWGRQFTÇCRCTGEGTPCVWTCN
FCFQSWG%.GUGNPQODTGSWGKFGPVKHKEC
C%JKNGGUGPTGCNKFCFGZEGREKQPCNGPGN
EQPVGZVQ OWPFKCN 'P OWEJQU RCÇUGU NC
(KIWTC
Nombres
inscritos
400.000
365.447
350.000
307.459
300.000
270.038
233.008
250.000
198.233
200.000
169.368
141.060
150.000
100.000
72.166
82.260
97.073
115.163
51.121
50.000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010 2011
Fuente: NIC Chile
%TGEKOKGPVQFGPQODTGUFGFQOKPKQKPUETKVQURQTCËQ
VCOCËQFGNTGIKUVTQ
(KIWTC
Nº Dominios
7.000
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0
.ar
.co
.cl
.br
.uy
.ve
.mx.
py
.pe. ec .bo
Fuente: LACTLD
&QOKPKQUVGTTKVQTKCNGURQTECFCJCDKVCPVGU
(KIWTC
Nº Dominios
500.000
400.000
380.107
300.000
200.000
100.000
18.916
5.192
0
Dominios
.cl
Dominios
.com
Otros Dominios
genéricos
Fuente: webhosting.info
&QOKPKQU%.XGTUWUFQOKPKQUIGPÂTKEQUGP%JKNG
15
RTQRQTEKÍPUGKPXKGTVG[NCOC[QTÇCFGNQU
FQOKPKQUUGKPUETKDGPDCLQĂEQOă[QVTQU
FQOKPKQUIGPÂTKEQU
.CUTC\QPGUFGGUVCOCUKXCCFQREKÍPFGN
%.GP%JKNGUQPXCTKCFCU[PQFGNVQFQ
EQPQEKFCURGTQUKPFWFCJCPKPHNWKFQGPGNNQ
GNVGORTCPQEQOKGP\QFGNCQRGTCEKÍPFGN
%.NCCWUGPEKCFGVTCDCUDWTQETµVKECURCTC
GNTGIKUVTQFGPQODTGU[GNJGEJQFGSWG
PQUGUWDFKXKFKGTCGNFQOKPKQTGIKUVTCPFQ
VQFQUNQUPQODTGUFKTGEVCOGPVGDCLQGN%.
UKPJCEGTWUQFGUWDENCUKHKECEKQPGUEQOQ
RQFTÇCPJCDGTUKFQĂEQOENăĂGFWENăGVE
'PNCCEVWCNKFCFOWEJQURCÇUGUSWGGPUW
OQOGPVQCFQRVCTQPUWDFKXKUKQPGUFGGUG
GUVKNQJQ[GUVµPOKITCPFQCĂCDTKTGNUGIWPFQ
PKXGNă[RGTOKVKTGNTGIKUVTQFKTGEVQDCLQGN
EÍFKIQFGNRCÇU
'UVQUFQOKPKQUUQPOC[QTKVCTKCOGPVGKPUETKVQU
RQTRGTUQPCUPCVWTCNGUNQEWCNUGGSWKNKDTC
WPRQEQUKGPNWICTFGEQPVCTCNQUVKVWNCTGU
UGEWGPVCCNQUFQOKPKQUKPUETKVQURQTSWGNCU
GORTGUCUVKGPFGPCTGIKUVTCTOµUFQOKPKQU
GPRTQOGFKQSWGNCURGTUQPCU
(KIWTC
4'51.7%+¥0&'
%10(.+%615214
01/$4'5&'&1/+0+1
6CPRTQPVQUGXKQSWG+PVGTPGVVGPÇCWPITCP
RQVGPEKCNEQOGTEKCN[SWGNCKFGPVKHKECEKÍP
GPNC4GFGTCENCXGRCTCICPCTNCXKUKDKNKFCF
PGEGUCTKC UWTIKGTQP RTQDNGOCU VCNGU
EQOQNCEKDGTQEWRCEKÍPGPSWGOCTECU
TGIKUVTCFCUQPQODTGUCUQEKCFQUCGORTGUCU
QRGTUQPCUGTCPTGIKUVTCFQURQTVGTEGTQU
EQPNCKPVGPEKÍPFGQDVGPGTWPRTQXGEJQ
GEQPÍOKEQQFGQDUVCEWNK\CTGNCEEGUQC
NC4GF6CNGUEQPHNKEVQUUKGORTGRWGFGP
NNGXCTUGCNQUVTKDWPCNGUFGLWUVKEKCRGTQ
NC NGPVKVWF FG GUG RTQEGUQ PQ UG CXGPÇC
EQPNCXGNQEKFCFEQPNCEWCN+PVGTPGVUG
GUVCDC FGUCTTQNNCPFQ 2CTC TGURQPFGT C
GUVG FGUCHÇQ GP %JKNG HWG RKQPGTQ
GPGNOWPFQGPGUVCDNGEGTWPUKUVGOCFG
TGUQNWEKÍPFGEQPHNKEVQURQTPQODTGUFG
FQOKPKQ DCUCFQ GP CTDKVTCLG &QU CËQU
FGURWÂUGPNCTGWPKÍPFG+%#00TGCNK\CFC
GP 5CPVKCIQ WP UKUVGOC UKOKNCT NNCOCFQ
7&42
7PKHQTO&KURWVG4GUQNWVKQP2QNKE[
HWGCFQRVCFQRCTCNQUFQOKPKQUIGPÂTKEQU
VCNGUEQOQEQOPGVGVE
16
(KIWTC
%CPVKFCF[RTQRQTEKÍPFGVKVWNCTGUFGPQODTGUFG
FQOKPKQSWGUQPRGTUQPCUPCVWTCNGUQLWTÇFKECU
Personas jurídicas:
75.047
34,39%
Personas naturales:
143.158
65,61%
Personas naturales
Personas jurídicas
Fuente: NIC Chile
%CPVKFCF[RTQRQTEKÍPFGPQODTGUFGFQOKPKQ
CUKIPCFQUCRGTUQPCUPCVWTCNGU[LWTÇFKECU
Personas jurídicas:
160.642
42,84%
Fuente: NIC Chile
'N UKUVGOC XKIGPVG GP %JKNG UG JC KFQ
RGTHGEEKQPCPFQ[TQDWUVGEKGPFQ[GPNC
CEVWCNKFCFGURCTVGKPVGITCNFGNCĂEWNVWTCă
FGUCTTQNNCFC GP VQTPQ C GUVG VGOC .CU
GUVCFÇUVKECUFGNC(KIWTCOWGUVTCPSWGGN
UKUVGOCJCNQITCFQGPIGPGTCNEWORNKTEQP
NCRTQOGUCFGUGTWPCOCPGTCGHKEKGPVGFG
TGUQNXGTGUVQUEQPHNKEVQU
Personas naturales:
214.305
57,16%
Personas naturales
Personas jurídicas
'PNCCEVWCNKFCFGUVµRTÍZKOQCGPVTCTGP
HWPEKQPCOKGPVQ WP UKUVGOC FG CTDKVTCLG
EQORNGVCOGPVGGPNÇPGCXÇCYGDNQEWCN
XCCOGLQTCTCÔPOµUGUVCUEKHTCU
UGGURGTC
FKUOKPWKTNCFWTCEKÍPRTQOGFKQCOGPQU
FGUGUGPVCFÇCU[CJCEGTGNCEEGUQOµU
GZRGFKVQGXKVCPFQNCEQPEWTTGPEKCRGTUQPCN
CPVGGNµTDKVTQ
#NQNCTIQFGUWUCËQUFGXKFC0+%%JKNGJC
GUVCFQRGTOCPGPVGOGPVGCNCXCPIWCTFKCGPNC
KORNGOGPVCEKÍPFGKPPQXCEKQPGUGPUWURTQRKQU
UKUVGOCU RGTQ CN OKUOQ VKGORQ CRQTVCPFQ GP
OQFGTPK\CTNCKPHTCGUVTWEVWTCFGNRCÇU
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
6IZMWXE&MXWHI'MIRGME
.#6'%01.1)Ÿ#
&'64Ž5&'.%.
(KIWTC
%CPVKFCFFGCTDKVTCLGUKPKEKCFQURQTCËQ
N º de arbitrajes
#RGUCTFGSWGNQUPQODTGUFGFQOKPKQJCP
2000
CFSWKTKFQWPKPPGICDNGXCNQTFGOCTMGVKPI
1900
[EQOGTEKCNGNQDLGVKXQHWPFCOGPVCNFGN
1.788
1800
UKUVGOCGURGTOKVKTSWGGUVQUKFGPVKHKECFQTGU
1600
1.397
1400
1.251 1.286
1.459
UGVTCFW\ECPCNCUTGURGEVKXCUFKTGEEKQPGU+2
1.347
FGOCPGTCEQPHKCDNG[GHKEKGPVG'UVGRTQEGUQ
1200
NNCOCFQĂTGUQNWEKÍPăGUETÇVKEQRQTSWGUW
1000
826
858
837
944
GXGPVWCNHCNNCRQFTÇCFGLCTKPCEEGUKDNGC
ITCPFGURCTVGUFG+PVGTPGV&GJGEJQGN
718
800
600
UKUVGOCFGPQODTGUFGFQOKPKQ
&05GUWPQ
400
FGNQURQEQUĂUKPINGRQKPVUQHHCKNWTGăGPWPC
200
CTSWKVGEVWTCSWGGPIGPGTCNGXKVCVGPGTGUVG
59
VKRQFGXWNPGTCDKNKFCFGU.QUUGTXKFQTGUFG
0
PQODTGUSWGUGGPECTICPFGKORNGOGPVCT
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Año
Promedio
días
CVCSWGUFGFGPGICEKÍPFGUGTXKEKQ[0+%
%JKNGJCGUVCDNGEKFQWPCKPHTCGUVTWEVWTC
6KGORQRTQOGFKQFGTGUQNWEKÍPFGWPCTDKVTCLG
140
FGTGUQNWEKÍPFGPQODTGURTGRCTCFCRCTC
123.7
GPHTGPVCTGUVGVKRQFGCOGPC\CUCUÇEQOQ
113.6
120
RQUKDNGUECVµUVTQHGUPCVWTCNGU
100
96.3
87.3
82.2
80
GUVCTGUQNWEKÍPUQPQDLGVKXQUHTGEWGPVGUFG
Fuente: NIC Chile
75.5
'P NC CEVWCNKFCF 0+% %JKNG RQUGG WPC
80.7
69.9
74.5
73.9
TGFFGUGTXKFQTGUFGPQODTGUFKUVTKDWKFC
65.3
GP VQFQ GN OWPFQ FG OQFQ SWG NC
60
HCNNC FG WPQ Q KPENWUQ OWEJQU FG GNNQU
40
PQ RQPIC GP TKGUIQ NC EQPVKPWKFCF FGN
20
UGTXKEKQ#NIWPQUFGGUVQUUGTXKFQTGUUQP
0
QRGTCFQUFKTGEVCOGPVGRQT0+%%JKNG[
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Año
Fuente: NIC Chile
QVTQUUQPUGTXKEKQUEQPVTCVCFQUCGORTGUCU
GURGEKCNK\CFCU 'N OCRC FG NC (KIWTC OWGUVTCNCWDKECEKÍPFGGUVQUUGTXKFQTGU
(KIWTC
17
'UVC CTSWKVGEVWTC TGFWPFCPVG VCODKÂP
UG GZVKGPFG C QVTQU EQORQPGPVGU FG NC
KPHTCGUVTWEVWTCFG0+%%JKNGVCNGUEQOQ
GPNCEGUEQPOÔNVKRNGURTQXGGFQTGUUKVKQU
FGEQPVKPIGPEKCGVE
FG PQODTGU GP RTKPEKRKQ GTCP UÍNQ
, W P V Q E Q P T Q D W U V G E G T U W R T Q R K C
KPHTCGUVTWEVWTC0+%%JKNGJCCRQTVCFQC
JCEGT SWG NQU ĂUGTXKFQTGU TCÇ\ă VCODKÂP
UGCP OµU TGUKUVGPVGU C HCNNCU [ CVCSWGU
'UVQU UGTXKFQTGU UQP NQU SWG RGTOKVGP
GN KPKEKQ FG NQU RTQEGUQU FG TGUQNWEKÍP
OWPFQNQSWGFKUOKPW[GHWGTVGOGPVGNC
VTGEG KFGPVKHKECFQU RQT NGVTCU FG NC #
C NC / RGTQ ITCEKCU C WPC VGEPQNQIÇC
NNCOCFCĂCP[ECUVăGPNCCEVWCNKFCFRQUGGP
OÔNVKRNGU ĂGURGLQUă WDKECFQU GP VQFQ GN
XWNPGTCDKNKFCFFGGUVQUUGTXKFQTGUHTGPVG
C CVCSWGU W QVTCU COGPC\CU 0+% %JKNG
EQNCDQTCGPGUVGGUHWGT\QFGRTQVGEEKÍP
FG NC KPHTCGUVTWEVWTC INQDCN CNDGTICPFQ
70#64#;'%614+#&'
+0018#%+¥0
#NQNCTIQFGUWUCËQUFGXKFC0+%%JKNG
JCGUVCFQRGTOCPGPVGOGPVGCNCXCPIWCTFKC
GPNCKORNGOGPVCEKÍPFGKPPQXCEKQPGUGP
UWURTQRKQUUKUVGOCURGTQCNOKUOQVKGORQ
CRQTVCPFQGPOQFGTPK\CTNCKPHTCGUVTWEVWTC
FGN RCÇU #NIWPQU FG UWU CRQTVGU OµU
UKIPKHKECVKXQUJCPUKFQ
GURGLQUFGNQUUGTXKFQTGU([.
(KIWTC
(KIWTC
(WGPVGJVVRTQQVUGTXGTUQTIOCR
18
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
6IZMWXE&MXWHI'MIRGME
(CEVWTC'NGEVTÍPKEC
0+%%JKNGEQPUWUGURGEKCNKUVCUEQNCDQTÍ
EQPGN5GTXKEKQFG+ORWGUVQU+PVGTPQUGP
GNFKUGËQFGNCHCEVWTCGNGEVTÍPKEC[HWG
RCTVGFGNRKNQVQKPKEKCNFGFKEJQUKUVGOC
UKGPFQGPGUGOQOGPVQNCÔPKECGPVKFCF
FGN UGEVQT RÔDNKEQ SWG RCTVKEKRÍ .C
CFQREKÍPFGGUVCKPPQXCEKÍPJCUKFQENCXG
RCTC RGTOKVKT NC QRGTCEKÍP GHKEKGPVG FGN
TGIKUVTQFGPQODTGUFGFQOKPKQ[OKNGUFG
GORTGUCUFGNRCÇUUGJCPDGPGHKEKCFQEQP
GUVCOQFCNKFCFFGGOKUKÍPFGHCEVWTCU0+%
%JKNGVCODKÂPJK\QWPCRQTVGKORQTVCPVG
CNCKORNGOGPVCEKÍPFGGUVQUUKUVGOCUCN
FGUCTTQNNCTWPCDKDNKQVGECFGUQHVYCTG[
RQPGTNC C FKURQUKEKÍP FG NC EQOWPKFCF
EQOQĂQRGPUQWTEGă
0QODTGUFGFQOKPKQ
KPVGTPCEKQPCNK\CFQU
+&0
0+% %JKNG HWG GN RTKOGT RCÇU FG JCDNC
JKURCPCGPQHTGEGTNCRQUKDKNKFCFFGTGIKUVTCT
PQODTGUFGFQOKPKQEQPNGVTCUCEGPVWCFCU
GËGU[ĂWăEQPFKÂTGUKU
&055'%
'NUKUVGOC&055'%RGTOKVGSWGNCUĂ\QPCUă
FGPVTQ FGN &05 RWGFCP UGT HKTOCFCU
ETKRVQITµHKECOGPVG RCTC CUGIWTCT NC
CWVGPVKEKFCFFGNCUTGURWGUVCUSWGGPVTGICP
NQUUGTXKFQTGU&GGUVCOCPGTCUGGXKVCP
CVCSWGUFGNVKRQĂOCPKPVJGOKFFNGă.C
\QPC%.GUVµHKTOCFCEQP&055'%[GP
NCCEVWCNKFCF0+%%JKNGGUVµRTQOQXKGPFQ
NCCFQREKÍPFG&055'%GPVTGUWUENKGPVGU
GURGEKCNOGPVGCSWGNNQUOµUGZRWGUVQUC
UWRNCPVCEKQPGUFGVKRQĂRJKUJKPIăWQVTQU
KNÇEKVQU
+2X
.CUFKTGEEKQPGU+2VTCFKEKQPCNGUNNCOCFCU
+2X UG GUVµP CIQVCPFQ TµRKFCOGPVG
HTGPVG C NQ EWCN UG JC KORNGOGPVCFQ WP
PWGXQUKUVGOCNNCOCFQ+2X.CCFQREKÍP
QRQTVWPCFG+2XGUENCXGRCTCRGTOKVKTGN
FGUCTTQNNQKPKPVGTTWORKFQFG+PVGTPGV[0+%
%JKNGJCNKFGTCFQGUVGRTQEGUQGP%JKNGC
VTCXÂUFGKPKEKCVKXCUSWGJCPVTCÇFQCNRCÇU
CNQURTKPEKRCNGUGZRGTVQUGPGNVGOCCUÇ
EQOQOGFKCPVGRTQ[GEVQURÔDNKEQRTKXCFQU
QTKGPVCFQUCRTQOQXGTGUVCVGEPQNQIÇC
'064#0&1#.
5')70&1%7#461
&'5+).1
%WCPFQ C OGFKCFQU FG NQU QEJGPVC WP
ITWRQFGKPXGUVKICFQTGUFGN&GRCTVCOGPVQ
FG %KGPEKCU FG NC %QORWVCEKÍP FG NC
7PKXGTUKFCFFG%JKNGFµDCOQUNQURTKOGTQU
RCUQU RCTC EQPGEVCT PWGUVTQ RCÇU C NC
PCEKGPVG4GFINQDCNGPVTGGNGUEGRVKEKUOQ
FGSWKGPGUPQUGUEWEJCDCPFGEKTSWGGN
HWVWTQGUVCDCGPGNNCPQPQUKOCIKPµDCOQU
RTKOGTQ SWG NC TGCNKFCF KDC C UWRGTCT
NCTICOGPVG PWGUVTCU RTQ[GEEKQPGU OµU
QRVKOKUVCU PK OGPQU SWG GN ITWRQ SWG
KORWNUCDC GUVC KPKEKCVKXC KDC C VGTOKPCT
EQPXGTVKFQ GP NQ SWG JQ[ EQPQEGOQU
EQOQ 0+% %JKNG WPC RKG\C ENCXG RCTC
GN HWPEKQPCOKGPVQ [ GN FGUCTTQNNQ FG NC
5QEKGFCFFGNC+PHQTOCEKÍPGPPWGUVTQRCÇU
&GUFGGNKPKEKQFGNCQRGTCEKÍPFGNFQOKPKQ
%. PWGUVTQ QDLGVKXQ HWG RTQXGGT C NC
EQOWPKFCFWPUGTXKEKQFGNCOC[QTECNKFCF
HµEKNFGWUCT[CRTGEKQUCEEGUKDNGURCTCUGT
WPUQEKQEQPHKCDNG[GHKEKGPVGFGSWKGPGU
GNKLCPKFGPVKHKECTUGGPNC4GFEQPGNĂRWPVQ
%.ă2CTCGNNQJGOQUVGPKFQOµUFGWPC
XG\SWGĂJCEGTECOKPQCNCPFCTăEWCPFQ
PQUGPEQPVTCOQUGPVGTTGPQUKPGZRNQTCFQU
RGTQVCODKÂPCRTQXGEJCOQUNCGZRGTKGPEKC
FGPWGUVTQEQNGICUCVTCXÂUFGNCUFKXGTUCU
KPUVCPEKCUFGEQNCDQTCEKÍPKPVGTPCEKQPCN
GPSWGRCTVKEKRCOQU[SWGOWEJCUXGEGU
JGOQUC[WFCFQCETGCT
# OGFKFC SWG GN WUQ FG +PVGTPGV UG
JC KFQ OCUKHKECPFQ [ SWG OµU [ OµU
RGTUQPCU GORTGUCU G KPUVKVWEKQPGU
FGRGPFGPETWEKCNOGPVGFGNC4GFJGOQU
KFQTQDWUVGEKGPFQPWGUVTQUOGECPKUOQU
QRGTCVKXQURCTCCUGIWTCTGNHWPEKQPCOKGPVQ
FGNFQOKPKQ%.KPENWUQGPNCUEKTEWPUVCPEKCU
OµUCFXGTUCU*Q[EQPVCOQUEQPWPCFG
NCUTGFGUFGUGTXKFQTGUFGPQODTGUOµU
FKXGTUKHKECFCUCPKXGNOWPFKCN[UGIWKOQU
EQPUVCPVGOGPVG GP DWUEC FG HQTOCU FG
QRVKOK\CTGUVGUGTXKEKQ
.CEQOWPKFCFCNCEWCNUGTXKOQUJCKFQ
CNOKUOQVKGORQKPVGITµPFQUGOµUCNQU
OGECPKUOQUFGIGPGTCEKÍPFGNCURQNÇVKECU
SWGCRNKECOQU'UCUÇEQOQFGUFGJCEGCËQU
QRGTCGN%QPUGLQ0CEKQPCNFG0QODTGUFG
&QOKPKQ[0ÔOGTQU+2QTICPKUOQSWGJC
VGPKFQWPTQNKORQTVCPVGGPNCFKUEWUKÍP
[RGTHGEEKQPCOKGPVQFGVQFQUNQUÔNVKOQU
ECODKQUGPNCURQNÇVKECUFG%.
'UVG%QPUGLQCECDCFGGOKVKTTGEKGPVGOGPVG
WPC QRKPKÍP HCXQTCDNG C WP ECODKQ FG
RQNÇVKECU SWG XC C RGTOKVKT SWG %. UKIC
CXCP\CPFQ RCTC OCPVGPGT UW NÇPGC FG
NKFGTC\IQGPNQUCËQUXGPKFGTQU.CKPFWUVTKC
OWPFKCNFGPQODTGUFGFQOKPKQJCKFQ
GXQNWEKQPCPFQ[FGUCTTQNNCPFQĂOGLQTGU
RTµEVKECUă FG NCU EWCNGU PWGUVTQ TGIKUVTQ
UGFGDGDGPGHKEKCT[GPEQPLWPVQEQPGN
%QPUGLQJGOQUIGPGTCFQWPEQPUGPUQGP
FKTGEEKÍPCGNNQ
#NKORNGOGPVCTUGGUVCUPWGXCURQNÇVKECU
GNRTQEGUQFGTGIKUVTQFGPWGXQUFQOKPKQU
GP %. UG CEGTECTµ UKIPKHKECVKXCOGPVG C
NQSWGQEWTTGGPNCOC[QTÇCFGNQU6.&U
6QR.GXGN&QOCKPU#NOKUOQVKGORQ
OGFKCPVGNCKORNGOGPVCEKÍPFGNRTQVQEQNQ
'22UGJCPGUVCDNGEKFQNCUDCUGURCTCNC
RQUKDNGKPVTQFWEEKÍPFGTGIKUVTCFQTGU[GN
ECODKQCPVGTKQTUWOCFQCNCGNKOKPCEKÍP
FGNEQPVCEVQNQECNRCTCNCUKPUETKREKQPGU
FGUFGGNGZVTCPLGTQRGTOKVKTµPCDTKT%.C
NQUWUWCTKQUKPVGTPCEKQPCNGU
'UVQUECODKQURQTQVTCRCTVGUGJCPFKUGËCFQ
XGNCPFQ RQT OCPVGPGT [ TQDWUVGEGT NQU
OGECPKUOQUFGTGUQNWEKÍPFGEQPHNKEVQU
SWGJCPRGTOKVKFQSWGGP%.RTQDNGOCU
EQOQNCEKDGTQEWRCEKÍPUGTGUWGNXCPFG
OCPGTCGZRGFKVC'UCUÇEQOQNCGUGPEKCFGN
UKUVGOCVTCFKEKQPCNFGFKURWVCFGPQODTGU
FGFQOKPKQUGOCPVKGPG[CGUVQUGUWOC
NCKPVTQFWEEKÍPFGWPUKUVGOCFGCTDKVTCLG
VQVCNOGPVGGPNÇPGCSWGJCTµGNUKUVGOC
OWEJQOµUCEEGUKDNG[GHKEKGPVGRCTCVQFQU
NQURCTVKEKRCPVGU
#N GPVTCT CN UGIWPFQ EWCTVQ FG UKINQ
GUVCOQURTQ[GEVCPFQC%.JCEKCGNHWVWTQ
CRTQXGEJCPFQNQOGLQTFGPWGUVTQRCUCFQ[
RTGUGPVGOCPVGPKGPFQNCNÇPGCFGKPPQXCEKÍP
SWGPQUJCECTCEVGTK\CFQ5ÍNQCUÇRQFGOQU
TGURQPFGTCNCEQPHKCP\CSWGNCEQOWPKFCF
FG+PVGTPGVOWPFKCN[GURGEKCNOGPVGNCFG
PWGUVTQRCÇUJCFGRQUKVCFQGPPQUQVTQU
19
FRPSXWDFLyQ\VRFLHGDG
Treinta años del DCC de la PUC:
una visión muy personal
%WGTRQCECFÂOKEQFGN&%%FGNC27%
'POKQRKPKÍPGN&%%FGNC7PKXGTUKFCF
%CVÍNKEC UG GPEWGPVTC JQ[ GP WPC OW[
HCXQTCDNGRQUKEKÍPRCTCUGIWKTEWORNKGPFQC
ECDCNKFCFUWHWPEKÍP[NQITCTRNGPCOGPVGUW
QDLGVKXQHWPFCEKQPCNFGFGUCTTQNNCT
RTQOQXGT
[TGCNK\CTFQEGPEKCFGRTG[RQUVITCFQ
KPXGUVKICEKÍP[GZVGPUKÍPGPNCFKUEKRNKPC
FGNC%QORWVCEKÍPVCPVQGPNQUCURGEVQU
EKGPVÇHKEQUEQOQVGEPQNÍIKEQU'UVGQDLGVKXQ
HWGGUVCDNGEKFQRQTNC7PKXGTUKFCF[RQTUW
'UEWGNCFG+PIGPKGTÇCGPNQUFQEWOGPVQU
SWGETGCTQPGNCEVWCN&GRCTVCOGPVQGPOC[Q
FGGUFGEKTJCEGECUKVTGKPVCCËQU
Yadran Eterovic
Ingeniero Civil Electricista de la
Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC) y
M.Sc y Ph.D. en Computer Science
U. of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Sus áreas de trabajo son el desarrollo
de software y la programación
concurrente. Recién cumplió treinta
años como profesor del Departamento
de Ciencia de la Computación (DCC) de
la PUC. Ha sido Director del programa
INGES y coordinador docente del DCC.
Actualmente es Director del DCC.
yadran@ing.puc.cl
20
5KDKGPPQUJGOQUFGUCTTQNNCFQCNKPVGTKQTFG
WPC'UEWGNCFG+PIGPKGTÇCOW[RTGUVKIKQUC
SWG PQU JC RGTOKVKFQ VGPGT GZEGNGPVGU
GUVWFKCPVGUFGRTG[RQUVITCFQGNECOKPQ
TGEQTTKFQGPGUVQUVTGKPVCCËQUPQJCUKFQ
HµEKN2TKOGTQFWTCPVGNQUQEJGPVCVWXKOQU
SWGGUVCDNGEGTPWGUVTCXCNKFG\EQOQWP
FGRCTVCOGPVQCECFÂOKEQOµU
GNPQXGPQCN
KPVGTKQTFGNC'UEWGNCFG+PIGPKGTÇCEWCPFQ
KPENWUQHWKOQUECNKHKECFQUFGĂEJCETKGPVQUă
CN SWGTGT KPENWKT GN EWTUQ FG 6GQTÇC FG
#WVÍOCVCU [ .GPIWCLGU (QTOCNGU GP GN
EWTTÇEWNQFGPWGUVTCGURGEKCNKFCF.WGIQ
GPNQUPQXGPVCVWXKOQUSWGFGHKPKTPWGUVTC
RTQRKC KFGPVKFCF FGUCHÇQ SWG FGOQUVTÍ
UGTOWEJQOµUFKHÇEKNFGUWRGTCTSWGNQ
SWGEWCNSWKGTCRQFTÇCJCDGTUGKOCIKPCFQ
GURGEKCNOGPVGEQPUKFGTCPFQSWGNCOC[QTÇC
FGNQURTQHGUQTGUEQORCTVÇCOQUFGCNIWPC
OCPGTCGNSWGJCDÇCOQUQDVGPKFQPWGUVTQU
FQEVQTCFQUGPNCFKUEKRNKPCFG%KGPEKCFG
NC%QORWVCEKÍPGPDWGPCUWPKXGTUKFCFGU
FG0QTVGCOÂTKEC['WTQRC5KPGODCTIQ
RQTNQOGPQURCTCOÇNQOµUFKHÇEKNJCUKFQ
VTCVCTFGUWRGTCTNCVGORTCPCRCTVKFCFG
FQUGZEGNGPVGURTQHGUQTGU[COKIQUSWG
PQUFGLCTQPEWCPFQCÔPVGPÇCPOWEJQSWG
EQPVTKDWKTGPNQJWOCPQ[GPNQCECFÂOKEQ
[GPOQOGPVQUGPSWGGN&GRCTVCOGPVQ
RCUCDCRQTUKVWCEKQPGUOW[EQORNKECFCU
,CXKGT 2KPVQ CIQUVQ FG [ ŽNXCTQ
%CORQU
LWNKQFGGPCITCFGEKOKGPVQ
CNQOWEJQSWGPQUGPVTGICTQPPWGUVTCU
FQUUCNCUFGUVKPCFCUCNCFQEGPEKCNNGXCP
UWUPQODTGU
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
6IZMWXE&MXWHI'MIRGME
.15+0+%+15
'PNC7PKXGTUKFCFETGCGN%GPVTQFG
%KGPEKCU FG NC %QORWVCEKÍP %'%+%1
FGRGPFKGPVGFGNC(CEWNVCFFG+PIGPKGTÇC
RCTCNCTGCNK\CEKÍPFGFQEGPEKCKPXGUVKICEKÍP
[UGTXKEKQUFGEQORWVCEKÍPGPRCTVKEWNCT
KORCTVKGPFQEWTUQUFGEQORWVCEKÍPRCTC
+PIGPKGTÇC[QVTCUECTTGTCUGKORCTVKGPFQNC
ECTTGTCFG2TQITCOCFQTFG%QORWVCFQTGU
#HKPGUFG%'%+%1GUUGRCTCFQGP
FQUNCWPKFCF5GTXKEKQUFG%QORWVCEKÍP
RCTC #FOKPKUVTCEKÍP 7% 5'%+%1 [ GN
&GRCTVCOGPVQFG%KGPEKCFGNC%QORWVCEKÍP
&%%FGRGPFKGPVGGPGUGOQOGPVQFG
NC(CEWNVCFFG/CVGOµVKECU
#UÇGN&%%CPVGUFGGUVCDNGEGTUGGPNC
'UEWGNCFG+PIGPKGTÇCJCDÇCHQTOCFQRCTVG
FGNC(CEWNVCFFG/CVGOµVKECURQTWPRCTFG
CËQUDCLQGNFGECPCVQFG4QNCPFQ%JWCSWK
# GUG &GRCTVCOGPVQ NNGICOQU XCTKQU
RTQHGUQTGUCNIWPQUSWG[CVGPÇCPHQTOCEKÍP
FGRQUVITCFQEQPLQTPCFCUEQORNGVCUQVTQU
SWGCÔPPQVGTOKPµDCOQUPWGUVTCUECTTGTCU
FGRTGITCFQEQPLQTPCFCURCTEKCNGU'PVTG
GUVQUÔNVKOQUGUVµDCOQU,CXKGT2KPVQ&CXKF
(WNNGT[[QSWGGUVWFKµDCOQUGNÔNVKOQ
CËQFGKPIGPKGTÇCGNÂEVTKEC0QUJKEKOQU
ECTIQFGNC.KEGPEKCVWTCGP%KGPEKCUFGNC
%QORWVCEKÍPSWGNC(CEWNVCFKORCTVKÍRQT
RTKOGTCXG\GPGUQUCËQU1EWRµDCOQUWPCQ
FQUQHKEKPCUGPGNVGTEGTRKUQFGNGFKHKEKQ4CÔN
&GXÂURKUQSWGGPGUGVKGORQCNDGTICDCC
NC(CEWNVCFFG/CVGOµVKECU2CTCNGNCOGPVG
NC'UEWGNCFG+PIGPKGTÇCGORG\ÍCHQTOCT
WPĂITWRQăFGRTQHGUQTGUFGEQORWVCEKÍP
EQPVTCVCPFQGPVTGQVTQUCŽNXCTQ%CORQU
/KIWGN0WUUDCWOG+IPCEKQ%CUCU
SWKGP
JCDÇCHQTOCFQRCTVGFG%'%+%1[FGNC
(CEWNVCFFG/CVGOµVKECU[ETGÍNCECTTGTC
FG+PIGPKGTÇC%KXKNFG+PFWUVTKCUEQPOGPEKÍP
GP+PIGPKGTÇCFG%QORWVCEKÍP&GUEQPQ\EQ
EWµNJCDTµUKFQNCTGNCEKÍPHQTOCNCPKXGN
FGCWVQTKFCFGUGPVTGGN&GRCTVCOGPVQ[GN
ITWRQRGTQNCTGNCEKÍPGPVTGNQURTQHGUQTGU
NCOC[QTÇCOW[LÍXGPGUGTCEQTFKCN[FG
EQNCDQTCEKÍP
.WGIQ EWCPFQ GN &GRCTVCOGPVQ GU TG
ETGCFQGPCNKPVGTKQTFGNC'UEWGNCFG
+PIGPKGTÇCSWGFÍKPVGITCFQVCPVQRQTNQU
RTQHGUQTGUSWGRTQXGPÇCOQUFGNC(CEWNVCF
FG /CVGOµVKECU EQOQ RQT NQU SWG [C
GUVCDCPGPGNITWRQSWGVGPÇCNC'UEWGNC
GPVKGPFQSWGUKPGZEGREKQPGU›TCOQUQPEG
RTQHGUQTGU[UGIWKOQUUKGPFQQPEGRQTECUK
XGKPVGCËQU#RCTVKTFG[FWTCPVGNQU
UKIWKGPVGUFKG\QFQEGCËQUNCOC[QTÇCFG
NQURTQHGUQTGUFGN&%%UCNKÍCJCEGTUWU
GUVWFKQUFGRQUVITCFQRTKPEKRCNOGPVGGP
WPKXGTUKFCFGUFG'UVCFQU7PKFQU%CPCFµ
+PINCVGTTC[5WK\C%CUKJGTQKECOGPVGNQU
RQEQU RTQHGUQTGU SWG RGTOCPGEÇCP GP
%JKNGUCECDCPCFGNCPVGNCKPXGUVKICEKÍPNC
GZVGPUKÍP[NCFQEGPEKCVCPVQFGNCECTTGTC
FGKPIGPKGTÇCEQOQFGNCNKEGPEKCVWTC
%QP TGURGEVQ C NC GZVGPUKÍP SWKGTQ
FGUVCECT FQU GZRGTKGPEKCU KPKEKCFCU GP
GUQU CËQU DCLQ NC FKTGEEKÍP FG +IPCEKQ
%CUCU[SWGUKIWGPUKGPFQGZKVQUCUOµUFG
XGKPVGCËQUFGURWÂU.CRTKOGTCNNCOCFC
GEQORWE[TGCNK\CFCGPEQPLWPVQEQPGN
%GPVTQFG'ZVGPUKÍPFGNCWPKXGTUKFCFGUVµ
QTKGPVCFCCNCECRCEKVCEKÍPGPCRNKECEKQPGU
[NGPIWCLGUFGWUQOCUKXQ.CUGIWPFC
TGCNK\CFC KPKEKCNOGPVG GP EQPLWPVQ EQP
GN&GRCTVCOGPVQFG+PIGPKGTÇC+PFWUVTKCN
[ FG 5KUVGOCU HWG NC KPVTQFWEEKÍP FGN
RTQDCDNGOGPVG RTKOGT 2TQITCOC FG
2QUVÇVWNQGP)GUVKÍP+PHQTOµVKECFGNRCÇU
RTQITCOCXGURGTVKPQEQPQEKFQEQOQ+0)'5
CNRQEQCPFCTNCTGURQPUCDKNKFCFFGN+0)'5
SWGFÍEQORNGVCOGPVGGPOCPQUFGN&%%
'.&+(Ÿ%+.%4'%+/+'061
'ULWUVCOGPVGEWCPFQNQURTQHGUQTGUFGN
&%%XQNXGOQUEQPPWGUVTQUFQEVQTCFQUC
OGFKCFQUFGNQUPQXGPVCSWGUGGORKG\C
C OCPKHGUVCT ECFC XG\ EQP OµU HWGT\C
PWGUVTCĂETKUKUăFGKFGPVKFCF'N&%%UGJCDÇC
ETGCFQGPWPCÂRQECGPSWGNC%KGPEKCFG
NC%QORWVCEKÍPGTCVQFCNCEQORWVCEKÍP
[EQOQVCNUGJCDÇCEQPUQNKFCFQGPNCUOµU
RTGUVKIKQUCUWPKXGTUKFCFGUFGNOWPFQ/WEJQU
FGNQURTQHGUQTGUSWGJGOQUUKFQRCTVGFGN
&%%GPGUVQUVTGKPVCCËQUQDVWXKOQUPWGUVTQU
FQEVQTCFQUGPWPKXGTUKFCFGUGZVTCPLGTCUGP
NCFKUEKRNKPCFG%KGPEKCFGNC%QORWVCEKÍP
5KP GODCTIQ C RCTVKT FG NQU PQXGPVC
XCTKQU HWKOQU CDQTFCPFQ QVTCU µTGCU FG
EQPQEKOKGPVQFKUVKPVCUCNCUVTCFKEKQPCNGU
FGNC%KGPEKCFGNC%QORWVCEKÍP'UVQUG
FGDKÍVCPVQCNFGUCTTQNNQKPVGTPCEKQPCNFGNC
EQORWVCEKÍPþGPUWUCURGEVQUEKGPVÇHKEQU
[ RTKPEKRCNOGPVG VGEPQNÍIKEQUþ EQOQ
VCODKÂPCNCUPGEGUKFCFGU[QRQTVWPKFCFGU
SWGRTGUGPVCDCUWFGUCTTQNNQVGEPQNÍIKEQ
GP%JKNG
2QTGLGORNQNCETGEKGPVGEQORNGLKFCFFG
NQUUKUVGOCUFGUQHVYCTGTGSWGTKFQURQTNCU
QTICPK\CEKQPGUOµUFKXGTUCUJK\QFGNFKUGËQ
[EQPUVTWEEKÍPFGUQHVYCTGWPCXGTFCFGTC
FKUEKRNKPCFGKPIGPKGTÇCFGUQHVYCTGNCSWG
JCEQPVCFQFGUFGHKPGUFGNQUPQXGPVCEQP
UWURTQRKQURTKPEKRKQU[OQFGNQUOÂVQFQU[
VÂEPKECU[JGTTCOKGPVCURCTCNCRTQFWEEKÍP
FG UQHVYCTG FG ECNKFCF 6CODKÂP NC
KORQTVCPEKCSWGHWGTQPCFSWKTKGPFQEKGTVQU
UKUVGOCUFGUQHVYCTGEQPCEEGUQCITCPFGU
XQNÔOGPGUFGKPHQTOCEKÍPGUVTCVÂIKECRCTC
NC GLGEWEKÍP GHKEKGPVG FG NQU RTQEGUQU [
UGTXKEKQUFGNCUGORTGUCUHWGVCNSWGFKQ
QTKIGPCWPCFKUEKRNKPCFGFKECFCCNFKUGËQ
CPµNKUKU[GXCNWCEKÍPFGNQSWGNNCOCOQU
UKUVGOCUFGKPHQTOCEKÍP
5KDKGPPQUJGOQUFGUCTTQNNCFQCNKPVGTKQTFGWPC
'UEWGNCFG+PIGPKGTÇCOW[RTGUVKIKQUCSWGPQU
JCRGTOKVKFQVGPGTGZEGNGPVGUGUVWFKCPVGUFGRTG
[RQUVITCFQGNECOKPQTGEQTTKFQGPGUVQUVTGKPVC
CËQUPQJCUKFQHµEKN
21
&GCEWGTFQEQPNC%%GPRCTVKEWNCT
EQPGNKPHQTOG%QORWVKPI%WTTKEWNC
#8KUKQPQHVJG1XGTXKGY8QNWOGFGGPGTQ
FG GP GUG OQOGPVQ GN VÂTOKPQ
ĂEQORWVCEKÍPă
EQORWVKPIKPENWÇCXCTKCU
FKUEKRNKPCUFKUVKPVCUCUCDGT
CNOGPQURCTC
GNRTQRÍUKVQFGRCWVCUEWTTKEWNCTGU
ć %KGPEKCFGNC%QORWVCEKÍP
%QORWVGT5EKGPEG
ć +PIGPKGTÇCFG%QORWVCEKÍP
%QORWVGT'PIKPGGTKPI
ć +PIGPKGTÇCFG5QHVYCTG 5QHVYCTG'PIKPGGTKPI
ć 5KUVGOCUFG+PHQTOCEKÍP
+PHQTOCVKQP5[UVGOU
2TQHGUQTŽNXCTQ%CORQU
5KPGODCTIQEQOQPQVQFQUNQURTQHGUQTGU
FGN&%%EQORCTVÇCPGUVCUKFGCUFWTCPVG
NQURTÍZKOQUFKG\CËQUPQUEWGUVKQPCOQU
VQFQUKÂTCOQUWP&GRCTVCOGPVQEKGPVÇHKEQ
QWPQFGKPIGPKGTÇCUKFGDÇCOQUJCEGTOµU
QOGPQUKPXGUVKICEKÍPUKNCKPXGUVKICEKÍP
SWG FGDÇCOQU JCEGT VGPÇC SWG UGT OµU
DµUKEC Q OµU CRNKECFC UK VGPÇCOQU SWG
JCEGTCUGUQTÇCU[FGSWÂVKRQJCUVCFÍPFG
NNGICDCPWGUVTCĂNKDGTVCFăCECFÂOKECRCTC
FGEKFKT GP SWÂ CEVKXKFCFGU RCTVKEKRCT [
JCUVCGNEQPVGPKFQFGNRTQITCOCEWTTKEWNCT
FGPWGUVTCGURGEKCNKFCF.COGPVCDNGOGPVG
EQOQ[QNQXGQPQNQUWRKOQUJCEGTEQP
NC CNVWTC FG OKTCU SWG VCP KORQTVCPVGU
FGEKUKQPGU COGTKVCDCP %CFC WPQ FG
PQUQVTQUWPQUOµUSWGQVTQUPQUETGÇCOQU
FWGËQUFGNCXGTFCFVGPÇCOQUGNOKUOQ
ITCFQFG&QEVQTOµUQOGPQUNCOKUOC
GFCFNCOC[QTÇCJCDÇCOQUĂHWPFCFQăGN
&GRCTVCOGPVQCEQOKGP\QUFGNQUQEJGPVC
[PQPQURQPÇCOQUFGCEWGTFQGPSWÂGUNC
EQORWVCEKÍP0WGUVTCUNGIÇVKOCUFKHGTGPEKCU
GPNQCECFÂOKEQRTQPVQUGVTCPUHQTOCTQPGP
RTQDNGOCUOW[RTQHWPFQUGPVTGRGTUQPCU
SWGPQUEQUVÍOWEJÇUKOQUWRGTCT
*KUVÍTKECOGPVG PQ JC UKFQ HµEKN FGHKPKT
EQORWVCEKÍPRQTNQOGPQUNCFGHKPKEKÍP
PQJCUKFQNCOKUOCCNQNCTIQFGNVKGORQ
22
7PCECTCEVGTÇUVKECCORNKCOGPVGTGEQPQEKFC
FGNCEQORWVCEKÍPGUSWGGXQNWEKQPCOW[
TµRKFCOGPVG[NQUFGUCTTQNNQUEKGPVÇHKEQUUQP
VTCPUHGTKFQUGPRQEQVKGORQCCRNKECEKQPGU
EQPETGVCU 'P OK QRKPKÍP VGPÇCOQU SWG
GPEQPVTCT WPC FGHKPKEKÍP SWG KPENW[GTC
CNCVQVCNKFCFFGNCEQORWVCEKÍPRQTSWG
GUGGUGNUGPVKFQFGNVÂTOKPQGORNGCFQGP
NQUFQEWOGPVQUTGNCVKXQUCNCETGCEKÍPFGN
&%%0QÂTCOQUÔPKECOGPVG%KGPEKCFG
NC%QORWVCEKÍPQÔPKECOGPVGKPIGPKGTÇC
FGEQORWVCEKÍPEQOQRQFTÇCUWRQPGTUG
EQPUKFGTCPFQGNPQODTGFGN&GRCTVCOGPVQ
QUWRGTVGPGPEKCCNC'UEWGNCFG+PIGPKGTÇC
2QTNQVCPVQRCTCGORG\CTCTGUQNXGTPWGUVTQU
RTQDNGOCUCRCTVKTFGWPCFGHKPKEKÍPFG
EQORWVCEKÍPTGEWTTKOQUCNQUKPHQTOGU
OµUTGEKGPVGUGPGUQUOQOGPVQUFGNC,QKPV
6CUM(QTEGQP%QORWVKPI%WTTKEWNCFGNC
+'''%5[#%/
%%#PKXGNOWPFKCN
NC +'''%5 [ NC #%/ UQP TGEQPQEKFCU
EQOQNCUQTICPK\CEKQPGUOµUKORQTVCPVGU
GPEQORWVCEKÍP.C%%JCDÇCUKFQ
ETGCFC EQP GN RTQRÍUKVQ FG FGUCTTQNNCT
RCWVCUEWTTKEWNCTGUFGRTGITCFQĂCEQTFGU
CNQUÔNVKOQUFGUCTTQNNQUFGNCUVGEPQNQIÇCU
EQORWVCEKQPCNGUGPNCFÂECFCRCUCFC
NQU
PQXGPVC[SWGRWGFCPOCPVGPGTUGXKIGPVGU
FWTCPVGNCRTÍZKOCFÂECFCă
'UVCEQPUVCVCEKÍPRQTRCTVGFGNC+'''%5[FG
NC#%/EQTTQDQTCDCNCTGCNKFCFECODKCPVG
FGNCEQORWVCEKÍP[FGRCUQPQUC[WFCDC
CGPVGPFGTOGLQTJCUVCEKGTVQRWPVQNQ
SWG PQU GUVCDC RCUCPFQ %QPUKFGTGOQU
SWGWPCLQKPVVCUMHQTEGUKOKNCTGP
JCDÇCGUVCDNGEKFQEQOQGSWKXCNGPVGUNQU
VÂTOKPQU%QORWVGT5EKGPEG[%QORWVGT
'PIKPGGTKPI[JCUVCOGFKCFQUFGNQUPQXGPVC
KPHQTOCVKQPU[UVGOUGTCEQPUKFGTCFCWPC
FKUEKRNKPCFKUVKPVCCEQORWVKPIPQHQTOCPFQ
RCTVGFGÂUVCCWPSWGEQORCTVKGPFQEKGTVC
HQTOCEKÍP EQOÔP 'U FGEKT FWTCPVG NQU
PQXGPVCNCEQORWVCEKÍPUGHWGEQPXKTVKGPFQ
GPWPµTGCFGNUCDGTECFCXG\OµUCORNKC
SWGRCTCCNECP\CDCOWEJQOµUCNNµ
FGNQUNÇOKVGUVTCFKEKQPCNGUFGNC%KGPEKC
FGNC%QORWVCEKÍPQFGNC+PIGPKGTÇCFG
%QORWVCEKÍP
#UÇGPNWICTFGVTCVCTFGXGTNCEQORWVCEKÍP
EQOQ WPC ÔPKEC FKUEKRNKPC EQP NÇOKVGU
ENCTCOGPVG FGOCTECFQU C CNIWPQU PQU
RCTGEKÍOµUEQPUVTWEVKXQRCTCNQURTQRÍUKVQU
FG NCU FGHKPKEKQPGU HWPFCOGPVCNGU SWG
PWGUVTQ&GRCTVCOGPVQDWUECDCTGEQPQEGT
UWTGCNKFCFFKXGTUC[FGHKPKTNCFGCNIWPC
OCPGTC EQOQ NC WPKÍP FG NCU EWCVTQ
FKUEKRNKPCUOGPEKQPCFCU6CODKÂPCEQTFCOQU
SWGGUVCUFKUEKRNKPCUPQGTCPVQVCNOGPVG
KPFGRGPFKGPVGUGPVTGGNNCU'UFGEKTCRGUCT
FGUWTµRKFCGXQNWEKÍPNCEQORWVCEKÍPVKGPG
WPPÔENGQGUVCDNGFGEQPQEKOKGPVQUUQDTG
GNEWCNUGHWPFCOGPVCPVQFQUNQUFGUCTTQNNQU
[ CRNKECEKQPGU FG PWGXCU VGEPQNQIÇCU
0QUQVTQUKFGPVKHKECOQUGUVGPÔENGQEQPNC
%KGPEKCFGNC%QORWVCEKÍPGKFGPVKHKECOQU
NQUFGUCTTQNNQU[CRNKECEKQPGUFGPWGXCU
VGEPQNQIÇCU DCUCFCU GP UQHVYCTG EQP NC
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
6IZMWXE&MXWHI'MIRGME
+PIGPKGTÇCFG5QHVYCTG[NQU5KUVGOCUFG
+PHQTOCEKÍP[NQUFGUCTTQNNQU[CRNKECEKQPGU
FGPWGXCUVGEPQNQIÇCUDCUCFCUGPJCTFYCTG
EQPNC+PIGPKGTÇCFG%QORWVCEKÍP
2QTNQVCPVQ[EQPUKFGTCPFQSWGFGUFGUW
ETGCEKÍPGN&%%JCDÇCFGEKFKFQPQCDQTFCT
NCFKUEKRNKPCFG+PIGPKGTÇCFG%QORWVCEKÍP
GPVGPFKFCEQOQGPGNRµTTCHQCPVGTKQTNC
EQORWVCEKÍPRCTCGN&%%NCGORG\COQU
CGPVGPFGTCEQOKGP\QUFGNCËQ[NC
UGIWKOQUGPVGPFKGPFQJQ[EQOQCSWGNNC
µTGC FGN UCDGT EKGPVÇHKEQ [ VGEPQNÍIKEQ
EQPUVKVWKFCRQTVTGUFKUEKRNKPCU
ć %KGPEKC FG NC %QORWVCEKÍP GUVWFKQ
UKUVGOµVKEQFGRTQEGUQUCNIQTÇVOKEQUSWG
FGUETKDGP[VTCPUHQTOCPKPHQTOCEKÍP
UWVGQTÇCCPµNKUKUFKUGËQGHKEKGPEKC
KORNGOGPVCEKÍP[CRNKECEKÍPNCRTGIWPVC
HWPFCOGPVCNGPGUVCFKUEKRNKPCGUŠSWÂ
RWGFGUGTGHKEKGPVGOGPVGCWVQOCVK\CFQ!
GPSWGGNUGPVKFQFGCWVQOCVK\CFQGU
OGFKCPVGGNWUQFGUQHVYCTG
ć +PIGPKGTÇC FG 5QHVYCTG RTQFWEEKÍP
FG CTVGHCEVQU FG UQHVYCTG ITCPFGU [
EQORNGLQU FG CNVC ECNKFCF FGPVTQ FG
RNC\QURTGGUVCDNGEKFQUEQPNQUTGEWTUQU
CUKIPCFQUGUVQKPXQNWETCVCPVQCURGEVQU
SWG VKGPGP SWG XGT EQP GN FKUGËQ [
EQPUVTWEEKÍPFGNUQHVYCTGEQOQVCODKÂP
EQPOÂVQFQUFGIGUVKÍP[EQPVTQNFGN
RTQEGUQFGFGUCTTQNNQ
RTQFWEVQFGNCCEVKXKFCFFGKPXGUVKICEKÍP
[ FGUCTTQNNQ FG /KIWGN 0WUUDCWO UG
FQEVQTÍGNRTKOGTCNWOPQFGN2TQITCOC
FG&QEVQTCFQFGNC'UEWGNCFG+PIGPKGTÇC
/CTEQU5GRÔNXGFCJQ[RTQHGUQTPWGUVTQ
DCLQNCUWRGTXKUKÍPFGNRTQRKQ/KIWGN[
EQOQ CECDQ FG OGPEKQPCT ETGCOQU NC
ECTTGTCFG+PIGPKGTÇC%KXKNFG%QORWVCEKÍP
'PVTG[CRTQZKOCFCOGPVGGP
GN&%%HWKOQUTGUQNXKGPFQRQEQCRQEQ
PWGUVTQURTQDNGOCUCWPSWGVCODKÂPGPGUVG
RGTÇQFQFGDKOQUNCOGPVCTGNHCNNGEKOKGPVQ
FGFQUEQNGICU[COKIQU'NCUWOKÍNC
FKTGEEKÍPFGN&%%&QOKPIQ/GT[SWKGPGP
OKQRKPKÍPTGCNK\ÍWPCIGUVKÍPSWGHWGENCXG
RCTCSWGNQURTQHGUQTGUFGN&GRCTVCOGPVQ
PWGXCOGPVGHQTOµTCOQUWPGSWKRQECRC\
FGRQPGTNQUKPVGTGUGU[GNDKGPFGNITWRQ
GPRTKOGTNWICT
[OQFGNQUCFGEWCFQUCNQUCNWOPQU
RCTCSWGÂUVQURWGFCPEQPXGTVKTUGGP
EKGPVÇHKEQUKPIGPKGTQU[RTQHGUKQPCNGUFG
GZEGNGPEKCNÇFGTGUGPUWµTGCVCPVQGPNQ
SWGVKGPGTGNCEKÍPEQPNQUXCNQTGUEQOQ
EQPNQRTQHGUKQPCNCVTCXÂUFGNCGPVTGIC
[ EQOWPKECEKÍP FG EQPQEKOKGPVQU
GZRGTKGPEKCU [ JCDKNKFCFGU SWG NGU
RGTOKVCPNNGXCTCECDQFKEJQRTQRÍUKVQ
2QTGUVQGUFGXKVCNKORQTVCPEKCSWG
NCU CEVKXKFCFGU TGCNK\CFCU VCPVQ RQT
PWGUVTQ&GRCTVCOGPVQEQOQRQTNQU
CNWOPQU GITGUCFQU FG ÂUVG RWGFCP
CRQTVCT CN EQPQEKOKGPVQ IGUVKÍP [
RGTHGEEKQPCOKGPVQ FG NCU FKUEKRNKPCU
NKICFCUCNCEQORWVCEKÍPGPNQUFKUVKPVQU
µODKVQUGPSWGÂUVCUUGFGUCTTQNNCP[
VCPVQFGPVTQFGPWGUVTQRCÇUEQOQGP
GNGZVTCPLGTQ
&GHKPKOQU PWGUVTC OKUKÍP RQT RTKOGTC
XG\UÍNQGP#RCTVKTFGGPVQPEGUNC
JGOQUCEVWCNK\CFQWPRCTFGXGEGU[JQ[
GUNCUKIWKGPVG
'UVC OKUKÍP KPXQNWETC EQORTQOKUQ
[ TGURQPUCDKNKFCF EQP NC UQEKGFCF
EQP NC 7PKXGTUKFCF %CVÍNKEC [ EQP
PWGUVTQ &GRCTVCOGPVQ GP GN OCTEQ
[ QTKGPVCEKQPGU GPVTGICFCU RQT NQU
RTKPEKRKQU [ XCNQTGU FGENCTCFQU RQT
PWGUVTCWPKXGTUKFCF
.CRTKPEKRCNVCTGCFGN&GRCTVCOGPVQ
FG %KGPEKC FG NC %QORWVCEKÍP GU
ETGCT FKHWPFKT GZVGPFGT [ RTQOQXGT
EQPQEKOKGPVQU [ GZRGTKGPEKCU SWG
GUVKOWNGPNCHQTOWNCEKÍPFGCODKGPVGU
2Q T G U V Q G U NC D Q T F G PW G U V T Q
&GRCTVCOGPVQGNRTQOQXGT[TGCNK\CT
FQEGPEKCKPXGUVKICEKÍP[GZVGPUKÍPGP
GN ECORQ FG NC %QORWVCEKÍP VCPVQ
GP GN CURGEVQ EKGPVÇHKEQ EQOQ GP GN
*1;
ć 5KUVGOCU FG +PHQTOCEKÍP GUVWFKQ FG
NQURTQEGUQUFGETGCEKÍP[QRGTCEKÍP
FG KPHQTOCEKÍP [ FGN EQPVGZVQ
[ EQPUGEWGPEKCU UQEKCNGU FG NC
OCPKRWNCEKÍPFGKPHQTOCEKÍPKPENW[G
GNWUQFGKPHQTOCEKÍPRQTKPFKXKFWQU[
ITWRQUGURGEKCNOGPVGGPGNEQPVGZVQ
QTICPK\CEKQPCN[GNKORCEVQKORNKECPEKCU
[IGUVKÍPFGNQUUKUVGOCUFGKPHQTOCEKÍP
'UVCPWGXCOCPGTCFGGPVGPFGTNCGURGEKCNKFCF
UGUWOÍCNCUFQU[CGZKUVGPVGU+PIGPKGTÇC
%KXKNFG+PFWUVTKCUEQPOGPEKÍPGP+PIGPKGTÇC
FG %QORWVCEKÍP ETGCFC C EQOKGP\QU
FG NQU QEJGPVC LWPVQ EQP GN PCEKOKGPVQ
FGN&GRCTVCOGPVQG+PIGPKGTÇC%KXKNFG
%QORWVCEKÍPETGCFCCOGFKCFQUFGNQU
PQXGPVCITCEKCUCWPCKPKEKCVKXCNKFGTCFC
RQT.GQRQNFQ$GTVQUUK
'P VQFQ ECUQ GP GUVQU CËQU EQORNGLQU
RCTCGN&%%VCODKÂPQEWTTKGTQPJGEJQU
RQUKVKXQUFGUVCECDNGUPCEKÍ5QNGZNCRTKOGTC
GORTGUCFGTKXCFCFGNC'UEWGNCFG+PIGPKGTÇC
,QTIG$CKGT%TKUVKCP4W\'PTKSWG)WCFCNWRGŽNXCTQ%CORQU[,GUÔU(KIWGTQC
23
FGRCTVCOGPVQFG+PIGPKGTÇC+PFWUVTKCN
[FG5KUVGOCU
+++ +PIGPKGTÇC%KXKNFG+PFWUVTKCUEQP&KRNQOC
GP 6GEPQNQIÇCU FG +PHQTOCEKÍP 'UVG
RTQITCOC GUVµ QTKGPVCFQ C RTGRCTCT
KPIGPKGTQUGPNCFKUEKRNKPCFGUKUVGOCU
FGKPHQTOCEKÍP+PENW[GEWTUQUUQDTG
OQFGNQU FG RTQEGUQU IGUVKÍP FG
QRGTCEKQPGUGKPVGITCEKÍPFGVGEPQNQIÇCU
[ CN KIWCN SWG GN 2TQITCOC CPVGTKQT
KPENW[GWPCRTGRCTCEKÍPGPIGUVKÍPFG
+PIGPKGTÇC
'NRTQHGUQTŽNXCTQ%CORQULWPVQC%TKUVKµP4W\/CTVÇP)WVKÂTTG\[/CWTKEKQ8KPÂU[GNEQORWVCFQT
+$/
VGEPQNÍIKEQ[GPNQUQEKCN[GORTGUCTKCN
[SWGGUVCUKPKEKCVKXCUTGUWNVGPGPWP
FGUCTTQNNQ EQPETGVQ SWG RGTOKVCP
OGLQTCTUWUVCPEKCNOGPVGNCECNKFCFFGNQU
RTQEGUQUGPNQUEWCNGUNCEQORWVCEKÍP
GURCTVGKORQTVCPVGFGUWSWGJCEGT
'NPÔOGTQVQVCNFGNQSWGRQFTÇCOQUNNCOCT
µTGCUFGEQPQEKOKGPVQEQORTGPFKFCUGPNCU
FKUEKRNKPCUFG%KGPEKCFGNC%QORWVCEKÍP
+PIGPKGTÇC FG 5QHVYCTG [ 5KUVGOCU FG
+PHQTOCEKÍPGUFGOCUKCFQITCPFG[NCUµTGCU
UQPOW[FKXGTUCUEQOQRCTCUGTCDQTFCFCU
GPUWVQVCNKFCFQKPENWUQGPUWOC[QTÇCRQT
WPCRNCPVCSWGFGUFGEQOKGP\QUFGN
[JCUVCTGEKGPVGOGPVGGTCFGUÍNQFQEGQ
VTGEGRTQHGUQTGUHWNNVKOG2QTQVTCRCTVG
FGDKFQCNCTGCNKFCFPCEKQPCNGKPVGTPCEKQPCN
FG NCU CRNKECEKQPGU FG NC EQORWVCEKÍP
PQUJCRCTGEKFQXµNKFQCDQTFCTµTGCUFG
EQPQEKOKGPVQFGNCUFKUVKPVCUFKUEKRNKPCU
EQORNGOGPVCTKCUGPVTGGNNCUGPNWICTFG
RTKXKNGIKCTNCUµTGCUFGWPCUQNCFKUEKRNKPC
&GUFGGNRWPVQFGXKUVCFGNCFQEGPEKC
GN &%% GU CEVWCNOGPVG TGURQPUCDNG FG
VTGU RTQITCOCU FG RTGITCFQ [ VKVWNCEKÍP
RTQHGUKQPCN QHTGEKFQU RQT NC 'UEWGNC FG
+PIGPKGTÇC.QUVTGURTQITCOCUEQORCTVGP
WPC HQTOCEKÍP EQOÔP GP EQORWVCEKÍP
EQPEWTUQUFGRTQITCOCEKÍPOCVGOµVKECU
24
FKUETGVCUGUVTWEVWTCUFGFCVQUCTSWKVGEVWTC
UKUVGOCUQRGTCVKXQU[TGFGUUKUVGOCUFG
KPHQTOCEKÍPKPIGPKGTÇCFGUQHVYCTGDCUGU
FGFCVQURTQ[GEVQ[IGUVKÍPFGRTQ[GEVQU
RQT UWRWGUVQ NQU RTQITCOCU VCODKÂP
EQORCTVGPWPCHQTOCEKÍPEQOÔPRCTCVQFQU
NQURTQITCOCUFGNC'UEWGNCFG+PIGPKGTÇCGP
OCVGOµVKECUEKGPEKCUDµUKECU[EKGPEKCUFG
NCKPIGPKGTÇC[TGSWKGTGPSWGNQUCNWOPQU
EWORNCPGNRNCPFGHQTOCEKÍPIGPGTCNFG
NCWPKXGTUKFCF
+ +PIGPKGTÇC%KXKNFG%QORWVCEKÍP'UVG
RTQITCOCTGURQPFGCPWGUVTCFGEKUKÍP
QTKIKPCNFGRTGRCTCTKPIGPKGTQUGPNC
FKUEKRNKPCFG%KGPEKCFGNC%QORWVCEKÍP
GKPENW[GEWTUQUUQDTGNÍIKECVGQTÇCFG
CWVÍOCVCUCNIQTKVOQUGKPVGNKIGPEKC
CTVKHKEKCN
++ +PIGPKGTÇC%KXKNFG+PFWUVTKCUEQP&KRNQOC
GP+PIGPKGTÇCFG%QORWVCEKÍP#RCTVKT
FG GUVG RTQITCOC TGURQPFG C
PWGUVTCQDUGTXCEKÍPFGSWGWPPÔOGTQ
KORQTVCPVG FG PWGUVTQU GITGUCFQU
UG FGUGORGËCP GP NC RTµEVKEC EQOQ
KPIGPKGTQU FG UQHVYCTG 'N RTQITCOC
KPENW[GEWTUQUUQDTGFKUGËQFGUQHVYCTG
[VGUVKPICFGOµUFGWPCRTGRCTCEKÍP
GURGEKCN GP IGUVKÍP FG +PIGPKGTÇC
EQPUKUVGPVGGPEWTUQUFKEVCFQURQTGN
'PNQUÔNVKOQUEKPEQCËQU
C
JGOQU VKVWNCFQ OµU FG CNWOPQU
UWOCPFQPWGUVTCUVTGUGURGEKCNKFCFGU.CU
µTGCUFGFGUGORGËQRTQHGUKQPCNFGPWGUVTQU
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25
0XOWLPHGLD
Búsqueda por contenido multimedia
Benjamin Bustos
Profesor Asistente DCC Universidad de
Chile. Doctor en Ciencias Naturales
de la Universidad de Konstanz,
Alemania (2006); Magíster en
Computación (2002) e Ingeniero Civil
en Computación, Universidad de Chile
(2001). Áreas de investigación: Bases
de Datos Multimedia, Búsqueda por
Similitud e Indexamiento de Bases de
Datos Espaciales y Métricas.
bebustos@dcc.uchile.cl
26
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DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
0XOWLPHGLD
El caso de Orand y Chequemático:
investigación y transferencia
tecnológica en la industria chilena
Mauricio Palma
Ingeniero Civil en Computación
Universidad de Chile.
Gerente General Orand S.A.
Founder SafeSigner.com.
mauricio.palma@orand.cl
Juan Manuel Barrios
Director de investigación de Orand S. A.
Doctor (c) en Ciencias mención
Computación, Universidad de Chile.
Ingeniero Civil en Computación
y Magíster en Ciencias mención
Computación Universidad de Chile.
juan.barrios@orand.cl
Paola Cornejo
Periodista Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Chile.
Directora de Comunicaciones
Orand S.A.
paola.cornejo@orand.cl
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RTGOKQ+PPQXCEKÍP'ORTGUCTKCNGP6GEPQNQIÇC
EQOQWPCXCPEGGPKPPQXCEKÍPCN
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NC%QORWVCEKÍP
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KPEGPVKXQUKPVGTGUGUECRCEKFCFGU[EWNVWTCU
FG CODQU OWPFQU .WGIQ FGN RTQ[GEVQ
%JGSWGOµVKEQPQUFKOQUEWGPVCFGSWG
RQFÇCOQUEQPXGTVKTPQUGPGNGUNCDÍPPGEGUCTKQ
RCTCWPKTCODCURCTVGU[GORTGPFGTRTQ[GEVQU
GPEQPLWPVQ'PVGPFGOQUNCUPGEGUKFCFGU
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34
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35
0XOWLPHGLD
Ciencia computacional aplicada
a la biomedicina
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Nancy Hitschfeld
Profesora Asociada DCC Universidad
de Chile. Obtuvo su doctorado en
Technischen Wissenschaften en el ETHZurich (Suiza). Su área de estudio es el
modelamiento geométrico, en particular
la generación de mallas en dos y tres
dimensiones, análisis de imágenes y
programación orientada a objetos.
nancy@dcc.uchile.cl
Steffen Härtel
Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Universidad
de Bremen (Alemania). Profesor
Asociado en el Instituto de Ciencias
Biomédicas de la Facultad de Medicina.
Director de SCIAN-Lab. Su trabajo
se orienta al desarrollo de modelos
físicos, matemáticos y computacionales
para microscopía óptica avanzada
y procesamiento de imágenes,
con aplicaciones que van desde la
investigación básica a la telemedicina.
shartel@med.uchile.cl
Jorge Jara
Alumno del Programa de Doctorado
en Ciencias mención Computación,
DCC Universidad de Chile. Forma
parte del Laboratorio de Análisis de
Imágenes Científicas SCIAN-Lab (BNI,
Facultad de Medicina U. de Chile).
Trabaja en el desarrollo de métodos de
segmentación 3D para imágenes de
fluorescencia en series de tiempo.
jjara@dcc.uchile.cl
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Procesando más allá de lo visible
Domingo Mery
Grupo de Inteligencia de Máquina
(GRIMA) Departamento de Ciencia de
la Computación Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Chile. Profesor Titular DCC,
Pontificia Universidad Católica de
Chile. Ph.D. Electrical Engineering,
Technical University of Berlin (2001),
MSc Electrical Engineering, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (1992),
Ingeniero Electrónico, Universidad
Nacional de Ingeniería, Perú (1989).
Líneas de especialización: Visión
por Computador, Reconocimiento de
Patrones, Procesamiento de Imágenes,
Aplicaciones Industriales.
http://dmery.ing.puc.cl
44
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DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
0XOWLPHGLD
Reconocimiento visual con técnicas de
aprendizaje de máquina
Pablo Espinace
Doctor en Ciencias de la Ingeniería y
Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería
de la Pontificia Universidad Católica
de Chile (2011). Actualmente es
investigador en el Departamento
de Ciencia de la Computación de la
Escuela de Ingeniería de la Pontificia
Universidad Católica de Chile. Sus
intereses de investigación incluyen
Robótica Móvil, Inteligencia de
Máquina y Visión por Computador.
pespinac@ing.puc.cl
Billy Peralta
Candidato a Doctor en Ciencias de la
Ingeniería de la Pontificia Universidad
Católica de Chile. Magíster en Ciencias
de la Ingeniería (2007). Sus intereses
de investigación principales son
Inteligencia de Máquina y Visión por
Computador.
bmperalt@uc.cl
Álvaro Soto
Profesor Asociado del Departamento
de Ciencia de la Computación de la
Escuela de Ingeniería de la Pontificia
Universidad Católica de Chile. Ph.D. en
Ciencias de la Computación Carnegie
Mellon University (2002); Magíster en
Ingeniería Eléctrica y Computación en
Louisiana State University (1997). Sus
intereses principales en investigación
son: Aprendizaje de Máquina, Robótica
Cognitiva y Reconocimiento Visual.
asoto@ing.puc.cl
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FGGUEGPCU=?.CKFGCRTKPEKRCNGU
WVKNK\CTNQUQDLGVQUEQOQRCTVGUEQORQPGPVGU
FGWPCGUEGPCCFGOµUFGCRTQXGEJCTNC
EQPHKIWTCEKÍPGURCEKCNFGGUVQURCTCOGLQTCT
GNTGPFKOKGPVQ[NQUTGUWNVCFQUQDVGPKFQU
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RCTVKTFGEQPQEKOKGPVQCRTGPFKFQRTGXKCOGPVG
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SWGTGRTGUGPVCNCUFKUVKPVCUGVKSWGVCUSWGUG
RWGFGPCUKIPCTCWPCGUEGPC'PGNECUQFG
GUEGPCUFGGZVGTKQTGUVCUGVKSWGVCURQFTÇCP
UGTDQUSWGRNC[CEKWFCFGVEOKGPVTCUSWG
GPGUEGPCUFGKPVGTKQTRQFTÇCPUGTQHKEKPC
FQTOKVQTKQEQEKPCGVE%QOQRWPVQFG
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6IZMWXE&MXWHI'MIRGME
RCTVKFCUGVKGPGPNCUECTCEVGTÇUVKECUXKUWCNGU
SWGUGRWGFGPGZVTCGTFKTGEVCOGPVGFGUFG
NQURÇZGNGUFGNCKOCIGPEQTTGURQPFKGPVG
DCLQWPOÂVQFQFGXGPVCPCFGUNK\CPVG#UÇ
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CECFCWPCFGNCUEWCNGUUGNGGZVTCGWP
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ECTCEVGTÇUVKECU
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HQTOCNQSWGDWUECOQUGUNCFKUVTKDWEKÍP
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NWICTFGECTCEVGTÇUVKECUINQDCNGU&CFQSWG
PWGUVTQQDLGVKXQGUTGEQPQEGTWPCGUEGPC
CVTCXÂUFGNQUQDLGVQURTGUGPVGUGPGNNC
PWGUVTQOÂVQFQKORNGOGPVCWPENCUKHKECFQT
SWGFGVGTOKPCNCRTQDCDKNKFCFFGSWGECFC
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GUVÂP RTGUGPVGU GP NC GUEGPC FQPFG HWG
VQOCFCNCKOCIGP
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NC GUEGPC FQPFG HWG VQOCFC NC KOCIGP
UGFGDGGUVCDNGEGTWPCTGNCEKÍPGPVTGGN
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CCUKIPCTCGUVCGUEGPC&GGUVCOCPGTCUG
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FCFQUNQUQDLGVQURTGUGPVGUGPGNNC#UÇ
PWGUVTQOÂVQFQKORNGOGPVCWPCTGNCEKÍP
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KPHQTOCEKÍPFGHTGEWGPEKCNCRTQDCDKNKFCF
FGSWGWPCGUEGPCVQOGECFCWPQFGNQU
XCNQTGU RQUKDNGU RCTC UWU GVKSWGVCU 5G
TGRTGUGPVCNCRTGUGPEKCQCWUGPEKCFGECFC
WPQFGNQUQDLGVQUFKURQPKDNGUCVTCXÂUFG
NCXCTKCDNGEQPLWPVC
NCEWCNVKGPGWP
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NQU ENCUKHKECFQTGU FG QDLGVQU
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OÂVQFQFGTGEQPQEKOKGPVQFGGUEGPCUC
VTCXÂUFGFGVGEEKÍPFGQDLGVQUGPDCUGC
VTGUVÂTOKPQURTKPEKRCNGU
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FGQDLGVQUWVKNK\CFQ
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EQODKPCEKÍPFGQDLGVQUGPEQPVTCFQU
CVTCXÂUFGNCENCUKHKECEKÍPCWPCGUEGPC
2QFGOQU XGT GP GUVQU VÂTOKPQU SWG NCU
XCTKCDNGU KPEQTRQTCFCU HWPEKQPCP EQOQ
KPVGTOGFKCTKQU GPVTG NCU ECTCEVGTÇUVKECU
GZVTCÇFCU C RCTVKT FG NC KPHQTOCEKÍP FG
NQU RÇZGNGU FG NC KOCIGP FG DCLQ PKXGN
UGOµPVKEQ[NCGUEGPCFQPFGHWGVQOCFC
NCKOCIGPFGCNVQPKXGNUGOµPVKEQ%QOQ
UGXGTµGPNCUKIWKGPVGUGEEKÍPGNEµNEWNQ
FGNQUVÂTOKPQUGZRWGUVQUCPVGTKQTOGPVG
TGSWKGTGFGKPHQTOCEKÍPGZVGTPCCNCKOCIGP
OKUOCFGUFGFQPFGUGGZVTCGNCKPHQTOCEKÍP
FGNQURÇZGNGUTGSWKTKÂPFQUGKTCDWUECT
KPHQTOCEKÍPOµUCNNµFGNCRTQRKCKOCIGP
#FKEKQPCNOGPVG PWGUVTQ OQFGNQ CITGIC
ECTCEVGTÇUVKECU CUQEKCFCU C KPHQTOCEKÍP
VTKFKOGPUKQPCN GZVTCÇFC C VTCXÂU FG WP
UGPUQTFGRTQHWPFKFCF/CVGOµVKECOGPVG
GUVC KPHQTOCEKÍP VTKFKOGPUKQPCN UG
TGRTGUGPVC C VTCXÂU FG WP EQPLWPVQ FG
ECTCEVGTÇUVKECUVTKFKOGPUKQPCNGU GZVTCÇFCU
GPECFCXGPVCPCNCUSWGUGCITGICPCNCU
ECTCEVGTÇUVKECUXKUWCNGU[CFKURQPKDNGU#UÇ
UGKPEQTRQTCGNEQPLWPVQFGECTCEVGTÇUVKECU
VTKFKOGPUKQPCNGU GZVTCÇFCU GP VQFCU NCU
XGPVCPCU
CN VÂTOKPQ CUQEKCFQ CN
ENCUKHKECFQTFGQDLGVQU
%QOQUGXGTµCEQPVKPWCEKÍPNCKPEQTRQTCEKÍP
FG KPHQTOCEKÍP VTKFKOGPUKQPCN PQ UÍNQ
RGTOKVG VGPGT KPHQTOCEKÍP OµU TKEC FG
NCKOCIGPGPEWGUVKÍPUKPQSWGVCODKÂP
RGTOKVGKORNGOGPVCTPWGUVTQOQFGNQFG
OCPGTCGHKEKGPVG
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PWGUVTQOQFGNQFGRGPFGFGVTGUVÂTOKPQU
RTKPEKRCNGU#EQPVKPWCEKÍPXGTGOQUEÍOQ
UG KORNGOGPVC ECFC WPQ FG GUVQU VTGU
VÂTOKPQURCTCNQITCTGNTGEQPQEKOKGPVQFG
WPCGUEGPCCVTCXÂUFGNCFGVGEEKÍPFGNQU
QDLGVQURTGUGPVGUGPGNNC
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TGNCEKQPC
NCUECTCEVGTÇUVKECUGZVTCÇFCUFGNCKPHQTOCEKÍP
XKUWCN[&CNCUCNKFCFGWPENCUKHKECFQT
FGQDLGVQU'PPWGUVTQECUQ[FGOQFQFG
CRTQXGEJCTNCKPHQTOCEKÍPVTKFKOGPUKQPCNFGNC
OGLQTHQTOCRQUKDNGUGWUCGUVCKPHQTOCEKÍP
EQOQWPRTKOGTHKNVTQEQPUVTW[GPFQWPHQEQ
FGCVGPEKÍPSWGFGHKPGUGEVQTGUFGNCKOCIGP
FQPFGNWGIQUGWVKNK\CTµWPENCUKHKECFQT
EQPNCUECTCEVGTÇUVKECUXKUWCNGU.C(KIWTC
OWGUVTCNQUTGUWNVCFQUFGGUVGHQEQFG
CVGPEKÍPCRNKECFQCNECUQFGNCFGVGEEKÍP
FGWPOQPKVQTFGEQORWVCFQT
2CTCGNECUQFGNCKPHQTOCEKÍPVTKFKOGPUKQPCN
UGEQPUVTW[GWPOQFGNQGPDCUGCGLGORNQU
FG ECFC QDLGVQ GN SWG FGHKPG FKUVKPVCU
ECTCEVGTÇUVKECU IGQOÂVTKECU UQDTG WPC
ECVGIQTÇCFGQDLGVQURQTGLGORNQVCOCËQU
VÇRKEQUNQUEWCNGUUGWVKNK\CPRCTCECNEWNCT
NC RTQDCDKNKFCF FG SWG WP QDLGVQ GUVÂ
RTGUGPVGGPWPCXGPVCPCGPDCUGUÍNQC
KPHQTOCEKÍPVTKFKOGPUKQPCN2CTCGNECUQ
FGNCKPHQTOCEKÍPXKUWCNUGEQPUVTW[GRQT
ECFCQDLGVQWPENCUKHKECFQTDCLQGNOÂVQFQ
FG #FC$QQUV UKOKNCT C NQ JGEJQ GP =?
WUCPFQ EQOQ FCVQU FG GPVTGPCOKGPVQ
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C+OCIGPFQPFGFQUOQPKVQTGUUQPFGVGEVCFQU
D4GUWNVCFQUFGNHQEQFG
CVGPEKÍPGLGEWVCFQEQOQRCUQRTGXKQCNCENCUKğECEKÍPXKUWCN[SWGCEQVCGNGURCEKQFQPFGUGDWUECPOQPKVQTGU
KOµIGPGUGVKSWGVCFCUSWGEQPVKGPGPCNQU
QDLGVQUGZVTCÇFCUFGFKUVKPVQUUGVUFGFCVQU
FKURQPKDNGUGPNC9GD
TGRTGUGPVCNC
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EQPHKCP\CSWGUGVKGPGGPNCUUCNKFCUFGNC
ENCUKHKECEKÍPFGQDLGVQUGUVQGUSWÂVCP
RTQDCDNGGUSWGWPCEKGTVCEQPHKIWTCEKÍPFG
QDLGVQUGUVÂRTGUGPVGGPNCGUEGPCFCFQSWG
NCENCUKHKECEKÍPFKLQSWGGUCEQPHKIWTCEKÍP
GUVCDCRTGUGPVG'UVCEQPHKCP\CUGOKFG
CVTCXÂUFGRTQDCTNQUENCUKHKECFQTGUEQP
EQPLWPVQUFGKOµIGPGUSWGEQPVKGPGPNQU
QDLGVQUTGURGEVKXQUFKUVKPVCUCNCUWVKNK\CFCU
RCTCGNGPVTGPCOKGPVQNCUSWGWPCXG\OµU
UQPGZVTCÇFCUFGUFGFKUVKPVQUUGVUFGFCVQU
FKURQPKDNGUGPNC9GD
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TGNCEKQPC WPC
EQODKPCEKÍP FG QDLGVQU GPEQPVTCFQU C
VTCXÂU FG NC ENCUKHKECEKÍP C WPC GUEGPC
'UVQUGRWGFGXGTEQOQWPCTGNCEKÍPFG
EQPVGZVQQDLGVQGUEGPCFQPFGUGDWUEC
UCDGT SWÂ VCP RTQDCDNG GU NC CRCTKEKÍP
EQPLWPVCFGWPQDLGVQQWPEQPLWPVQFG
GUVQU EQP ECFC GUEGPC RCTVKEWNCT 2CTC
ECNEWNCTGUVGVÂTOKPQPWGXCOGPVGUGWVKNK\C
WPITCPEQPLWPVQFGKOµIGPGUGZVTCÇFCUFG
NC9GDGPGUVGECUQFG(NKEMTEQPQDLGVQU
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WVKNK\CPFQHTGEWGPEKCUNCRTQDCDKNKFCFFG
SWGWPCEQODKPCEKÍPFGQDLGVQUGUVÂGPWPC
GUEGPCFCFCCVTCXÂUFGCPCNK\CTEWµPVCU
XGEGUCRCTGEGPGVKSWGVCUCUQEKCFCUCVQFQU
GUVQU QDLGVQU GP KOµIGPGU GVKSWGVCFCU
EQOQNCGUEGPCGPEWGUVKÍP
%QOQUGRWGFGXGTRCTCECNEWNCTECFCWPQ
FG GUVQU VTGU VÂTOKPQU FGDGOQU TGEWTTKT
CHWGPVGUFGFCVQUGZVGTPCUCNCKOCIGP
OKUOCNQSWGOWGUVTCNQKPFKURGPUCDNG
SWGGUTGEWTTKTCKPHQTOCEKÍPSWGXCOµU
CNNµFGNCKOCIGPCPCNK\CFC.CUVÂEPKECU
FGCRTGPFK\CLGFGOµSWKPCJCPTGUWNVCFQ
GHGEVKXCUGPGUVCVCTGCTGPQXCPFQNQUCKTGU
GPGNµODKVQFGNTGEQPQEKOKGPVQXKUWCN
4GUWNVCFQU
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TGUWNVCFQUQDVGPKFQUEQPPWGUVTQOÂVQFQ
GPRTWGDCUTGCNK\CFCUGPWPCODKGPVGFG
QHKEKPCUWVKNK\CPFQUKGVGQDLGVQUGPVTGNQU
SWGUGGPEQPVTCDCPOQPKVQT[RCPVCNNCFG
RTQ[GEVQT[EWCVTQRQUKDNGUGUEGPCUGPVTG
NCUSWGUGGPEQPVTCDCPQHKEKPC[UCNCFG
EQPHGTGPEKCU
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FKUVKPVQU QDLGVQU Q EQODKPCEKQPGU FG
GUVQU FGHKPG NC FGVGEEKÍP FG FKUVKPVCU
GUEGPCU'PNC(KIWTC
CUGRWGFGXGTSWG
CNFGVGEVCTUGUÍNQWPOQPKVQTGPNCGUEGPC
NCFGVGEEKÍPOµURTQDCDNGGUWPCQHKEKPC
[CSWGFGCEWGTFQCNQUFCVQUWVKNK\CFQUGU
GPNCUQHKEKPCUFQPFGGPOC[QTECPVKFCF
UG GPEWGPVTCP OQPKVQTGU GP TGNCEKÍP C
NCU QVTCU GUEGPCU WVKNK\CFCU #ÔP CUÇ UG
OCPVKGPGEKGTVCRTQDCDKNKFCFFGSWGUGCP
QVTCUNCUGUEGPCUTGCNGUGPNCUSWGUGVQOÍ
NC KOCIGP FGDKFQ C SWG RWGFGP JCDGT
VCODKÂP OQPKVQTGU GP GNNCU CFGOµU FG
GZKUVKTEKGTVCKPEGTVG\CGPNCFGVGEEKÍPFGN
OQPKVQT4GUWNVCFQUUKOKNCTGUUGRWGFGP
XGTGPNC(KIWTC
C
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DUGRWGFGXGTWPUGIWPFQ
ECUQGPGNSWGVCODKÂPUGJCFGVGEVCFQWP
OQPKVQTUKPGODCTIQGPGUVGECUQCNGUVCT
CEQORCËCFQFGWPCRCPVCNNCFGRTQ[GEVQT
NCGUEGPCSWGUGFGVGEVCGUWPCUCNCFG
EQPHGTGPEKCU[CSWGNCEQODKPCEKÍPFG
QDLGVQUJCEGSWGÂUVCUGCNCGUEGPCOµU
RTQDCDNG0WGXCOGPVGUGOCPVKGPGEKGTVC
RTQDCDKNKFCFFGSWGUGCQVTCNCGUEGPCFCFC
NCKPEGTVG\CGPNCUFGVGEEKQPGU
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
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C5ÍNQWPOQPKVQTGUFGVGEVCFQNNGXCPFQCNTGEQPQEKOKGPVQFGWPCQğEKPC
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OQPKVQTLWPVQCWPCRCPVCNNCFGRTQ[GEVQTUQPFGVGEVCFQUNNGXCPFQCNCFGVGEEKÍPFGWPCUCNCFGEQPHGTGPEKCU
.C6CDNCOWGUVTCWPCOCVTK\FGEQPHWUKÍP
FGNCUFGVGEEKQPGUGPEQPVTCFCUGPKOµIGPGU
VQOCFCUGPNCUFKUVKPVCUGUEGPCUWVKNK\CFCU
JCEKGPFQ WPC EQORCTCEKÍP FG PWGUVTQ
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SWGPQWVKNK\CPQDLGVQURCTCNCFGVGEEKÍPFG
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5GRWGFGXGTSWGNQUTGUWNVCFQUFGPWGUVTQ
OÂVQFQ OWGUVTCP WPC ENCTC KPENKPCEKÍP
JCEKCNCFKCIQPCNOGLQTCPFQDCUVCPVGNQU
TGUWNVCFQU FG NQU OÂVQFQU CNVGTPCVKXQU
#ÔPCUÇGZKUVGPEKGTVQUGTTQTGUFGTKXCFQU
RTKPEKRCNOGPVGFGHCNUQURQUKVKXQUQHCNUQU
PGICVKXQUGPNCUFGVGEEKQPGUFGQDLGVQU
CFGOµU FGN JGEJQ FG SWG PQ VQFQU NQU
QDLGVQUGPWPCGUEGPCUGRWGFGPQDUGTXCT
GP WPC KOCIGP VQOCFC UÍNQ GP WP µTGC
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GZKUVGPFKXGTUQUOÂVQFQUSWGJCPVGPKFQÂZKVQ
CVTCXÂUFGNWUQFGFKUVKPVCUECTCEVGTÇUVKECU
XKUWCNGU[CNIQTKVOQUCUQEKCFQU*CUVCJCEG
CNIWPQUCËQURTµEVKECOGPVGNCVQVCNKFCF
FG GUVQU OÂVQFQU UG DCUCDC GP GZVTCGT
ECTCEVGTÇUVKECUCWPQDLGVQEQOQWPVQFQ
=?OKGPVTCUSWGTGEKGPVGOGPVGUGJCP
EQOGP\CFQ C WVKNK\CT TGRTGUGPVCEKQPGU
DCUCFCU GP RCTVGU FG NQU QDLGVQU [ NCU
TGNCEKQPGUGURCEKCNGUGPVTGÂUVCUNCUSWG
JCPVGPKFQITCPÂZKVQ=?
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7PC KFGC CVTCEVKXC GU NC FG KPEQTRQTCT
KPHQTOCEKÍPFGEQPVGZVQGUVQGUKPHQTOCEKÍP
FGNCUTGNCEKQPGUGPVTGFKUVKPVQUQDLGVQUQ
GPVTGGUVQU[NCGUEGPCFQPFGUGGPEWGPVTCP
EQP NQ EWCN UG JC NQITCFQ OGLQTCT GN
TGPFKOKGPVQFGFKXGTUQUENCUKHKECFQTGUFG
QDLGVQUSWGPQKPEQTRQTCPGUVCUTGNCEKQPGU
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EQPVGZVQ NQECN FQPFG UG EWCPVKHKEC NC
TGNCEKÍPGPVTGRCTVGUFGNCKOCIGPQGPVTG
WDKECEKQPGURCTVKEWNCTGUFGQDLGVQUGPGNNC
JCVGPKFQXCTKQUECUQUFGÂZKVQ=?
&GPVTQ FG NQU VTCDCLQU OGPEKQPCFQU
CPVGTKQTOGPVGWPQSWGTGUWNVCOW[TGNGXCPVG
RCTCOQFGNCTGHKEKGPVGOGPVGNCTGNCEKÍP
GPVTGQDLGVQUGUGNFG%JQKGVCN=?'PGUVG
ECUQUGWUCWPCTGFDC[GUKCPCGPHQTOCFG
µTDQNRCTCTGRTGUGPVCTNCURTQDCDKNKFCFGU
EQPFKEKQPCNGU GPVTG QDLGVQU 7PC ITCP
XGPVCLCFGNWUQFGWPCTGFDC[GUKCPCGUSWG
RGTOKVGJCEGTKPHGTGPEKCFGHQTOCGHKEKGPVG
CRTQXGEJCPFQNCHCEVQTK\CEKÍPFGNOQFGNQ
ITµHKEQ5KPGODCTIQWPCTGUVTKEEKÍPFG
GUVGOQFGNQGUSWGNCUKPVGTTGNCEKQPGUGPVTG
QDLGVQUGUVµPHKLCUGUFGEKTPQFGRGPFGP
FGNCGUEGPCFQPFGÂUVCUJKRQVÂVKECOGPVG
QEWTTGP 2QT GLGORNQ EQPUKFGTGOQU GN
ECUQFGNQUQDLGVQUĂRGTTQă[ĂRGTUQPCă5K
EQPUKFGTCOQUNCGUEGPCĂQHKEKPCăNCEQ
QEWTTGPEKCFGCODQUQDLGVQUVKGPFGCUGT
DCUVCPVGDCLC2QTQVTQNCFQCNCPCNK\CTNC
OKUOCTGNCEKÍPGPNCGUEGPCĂRCTSWGăNC
EQQEWTTGPEKCFGCODQUQDLGVQUVKGPFGC
UGTOWEJQOµUCNVC
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TGCNK\CFQ GP )4+/# SWG KPEQTRQTC
EQPQEKOKGPVQJQNÇUVKEQUQDTGNCGUEGPCGP
SWGHWGVQOCFCWPCKOCIGPEQPFKEKQPCPFQ
NCUTGNCEKQPGUEQPVGZVWCNGUGPVTGQDLGVQU
FGOQFQFGRQFGTEQPUVTWKTWPOQFGNQ
CFCRVKXQSWGOGLQTGNCUFGDKNKFCFGUFGN
CNIQTKVOQFG%JQKGVCN
/QFGNCOKGPVQOCVGOµVKEQ
FGNRTQDNGOC
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CFCRVKXCCEGTECFGNQUFKUVKPVQUEQPVGZVQU
GPNQUSWGRQFTÇCJCDGTUKFQVQOCFCWPC
KOCIGPPWGUVTQOÂVQFQOQFGNCGNRTQDNGOC
FGTGEQPQEKOKGPVQFGQDLGVQUGPGNOCTEQFG
WPCOG\ENCFGGZRGTVQU=?'PRCTVKEWNCT
GNOÂVQFQCRTGPFGTGNCEKQPGUCFCRVKXCU
EQPFKEKQPCNGUGPVTGQDLGVQUFGCEWGTFQC
FKUVKPVQUµTDQNGUNQUSWGUQPRQPFGTCFQU
UGIÔPNCKPHQTOCEKÍPFGNCGUEGPC
%CFCµTDQNUKIWGNCGUVTWEVWTCFCFCGP=?
FQPFGUGCEQRNCPNQUOQFGNQUCRTKQTK[FG
XGTQUKOKNKVWF'NOQFGNQCRTKQTKTGRTGUGPVCGN
EQPQEKOKGPVQRTGXKQCEGTECFGNCQEWTTGPEKC
[WDKECEKÍPFGNQUQDLGVQU5GFGPQOKPCDK
CNCXCTKCDNGSWGTGRTGUGPVCNCRTGUGPEKCFG
WPQDLGVQFGECVGIQTÇCK[.KCNCXCTKCDNG
SWGTGRTGUGPVCNCWDKECEKÍP[GUECNCFG
NQUQDLGVQUFGGUVCECVGIQTÇC'NOQFGNQ
FGXGTQUKOKNKVWFRTGFKEGNCRTGUGPEKCFG
WPQDLGVQFGECVGIQTÇCKGPWPCXGPVCPC
YWVKNK\CPFQNCKPHQTOCEKÍPFGNCKOCIGP
OKUOC #SWÇ UG WVKNK\C WP ENCUKHKECFQT
FG QDLGVQU RCTC ECFC ECVGIQTÇC GN EWCN
EQTTGURQPFG C WPC KORNGOGPVCEKÍP FGN
ENCUKHKECFQTRTGUGPVCFQGP=?CFGOµUFG
KPHQTOCEKÍPJQNÇUVKECFGNCGUEGPCECNEWNCFC
CVTCXÂUFGNOÂVQFQ)KUV=?
&GDKFQCSWGRQUKDNGOGPVGJC[OÔNVKRNGU
FGVGEEKQPGUFGWPQDLGVQGNOQFGNQUG
UKORNKHKEC CN EQPUKFGTCT NCU - OGLQTGU
FGVGEEKQPGURCTCECFCQDLGVQQTFGPCFCU
RQTUEQTG2CTCECFCFGVGEEKÍPMĈ-
FGECFCQDLGVQKUGKPEQTRQTCGPGNOQFGNQ
NCXCNKFG\QEQPHKCP\CFGNCFGVGEEKÍP%KM
GNUEQTGFGNCENCUKHKECEKÍP5KMNCWDKECEKÍP[
GUECNCFGECFCFGVGEEKÍP9KM[NCKPHQTOCEKÍP
INQDCNFGNCKOCIGPI.
54
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INQDCN FG NC GUEGPC I. UG EQPUKFGTC GP
HQTOCKPFKXKFWCNRCTCNCFGVGEEKÍPFGECFC
QDLGVQ[PQEQPUKFGTCNCEQQEWTTGPEKCFGNQU
OKUOQUFGOQFQFGCNECP\CTWPCFGVGEEKÍP
CFGEWCFCSWGKPEQTRQTGNCKPHQTOCEKÍPFGN
EQPLWPVQFGQDLGVQUEQOQWPVQFQ
#UWOKGPFQWPEQPLWPVQFG0KOµIGPGUFG
GPVTGPCOKGPVQ[ &ECVGIQTÇCURQFGOQU
EQPUVTWKT0RCTGU
Z)DFQPFGD &.WGIQ
TGNCEKQPCOQUCODCUXCTKCDNGUWUCPFQWPC
XCTKCDNGNCVGPVG\SWGTGRTGUGPVCNCGUEGPC
CNCEWCNRGTVGPGEGNCKOCIGP
(KIWTCD
#UWOKTGOQUSWGJC[-XCNQTGURCTC\'P
GUVGRWPVQUÍNQEQPUKFGTCOQUNCUXCTKCDNGU
Z)D[\GPHQTOCEQPLWPVCRQTOGFKQFG
NCOG\ENCFGGZRGTVQUEQPNQEWCNVGPGOQU
&CFQ SWG NQ SWG DWUECOQU GU KPENWKT
CFCRVKXCOGPVG NC KPHQTOCEKÍP FG XCTKQU
EQPVGZVQUPWGUVTQVTCDCLQUGEGPVTCGPGN
OQFGNQ C RTKQTK FG NC QEWTTGPEKC FG NQU
QDLGVQU'PGNVTCDCLQFG%JQKGVCNGUVC
XCTKCDNGUGTGRTGUGPVCRQTOGFKQFGWPC
TGFDC[GUKCPCGPHQTOCFGµTDQN0QUQVTQU
RNCPVGCOQU WPC OG\ENC FG GZRGTVQU FG
TGFGUDC[GUKCPCUFQPFGGNRGUQFGECFC
WPCGUHWPEKÍPFGNCUECTCEVGTÇUVKECUFGNC
KOCIGPFGGPVTCFCZ)
(KIWTC
EL
LN
J/
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6LN
D
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E
/QFGNQUFGµTDQNRCTCTGEQPQEKOKGPVQFGQDLGVQU
C5ÍNQWPµTDQNGSWKXCNGPVGCNC
KORNGOGPVCEKÍPGP=?
D/G\ENCFGµTDQNGURTQRWGUVCGPPWGUVTQVTCDCLQ
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMPUTACIÓN
6IZMWXE&MXWHI'MIRGME
'PGUVGCTVÇEWNQJGOQURTGUGPVCFQFQUVTCDCLQU
TGCNK\CFQURQTPWGUVTQ)TWRQFG+PXGUVKICEKÍPGP
+PVGNKIGPEKCFG/µSWKPC)4+/#GPGNµTGCFG
TGEQPQEKOKGPVQXKUWCN'UVQUOWGUVTCPEÍOQGNWUQ
FGVÂEPKECUFGCRTGPFK\CLGFGOµSWKPCRGTOKVG
KPEQTRQTCTGPGNCPµNKUKUFGWPCKOCIGPKPHQTOCEKÍP
SWGXCOµUCNNµFGÂUVC
#SWÇRQFGOQUFKUVKPIWKTFQUEQORQPGPVGU
EQTTGURQPFKGPVGUCNOQFGNQFGNCOG\ENC
FGGZRGTVQU.CHWPEKÍPFGEQORWGTVCSWG
EQTTGURQPFGCNVÂTOKPQR
\K^Z)KPFKECNC
KPHNWGPEKCFGECFCGUEGPCFGCEWGTFQC
NCKPHQTOCEKÍPINQDCN[GUVµTGRTGUGPVCFC
RQTWPCHWPEKÍPFGMGTPGN)CWUUKCPQ=?
.CHWPEKÍPFGGZRGTVQSWGEQTTGURQPFGCN
VÂTOKPQR
D^\KTGRTGUGPVCNCRTQDCDKNKFCF
FGQEWTTGPEKCFGNQUQDLGVQUFGCEWGTFQ
C NC GUEGPC 'P PWGUVTQ ECUQ GUVQ GU
TGRTGUGPVCFQRQTWPCTGFDC[GUKCPC'UVG
OQFGNQ GU UKOKNCT CN OQFGNQ FG OG\ENC
FG µTDQNGU FG /GKNC [ ,QTFCP =? UKP
GODCTIQNCFKHGTGPEKCGUSWGUWOQFGNQ
WUC WP EQPLWPVQ HKLQ FG RGUQU OKGPVTCU
SWGGPPWGUVTQECUQNQURGUQUUGCFCRVCP
CNCKPHQTOCEKÍPFGGPVTCFC
CRNKECEKÍPFGPWGUVTQOÂVQFQ2QTGLGORNQ
GNVÂTOKPQ5KMEQTTGURQPFGCNCUCNKFCFG
WPENCUKHKECFQTFGQDLGVQUGPVTGPCFQEQP
WPEQPLWPVQFGKOµIGPGUGVKSWGVCFCU.Q
OKUOQUWEGFGEQPGNECUQFGNQUEQPVGZVQU
CVTCXÂUFGKPHQTOCEKÍPINQDCNGNVÂTOKPQ
SWG TGRTGUGPVC NCU EQPHKCP\CU FG NCU
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XGTWPCXG\OµUSWGNCKPHQTOCEKÍPFGNC
KOCIGPOKUOCSWGGUVµUKGPFQCPCNK\CFC
FGDGUGTEQORNGOGPVCFCEQPKPHQTOCEKÍP
GZVGTPC EQTTGURQPFKGPVG C FCVQU SWG
GPVTGICPEQPQEKOKGPVQCEWOWNCFQUQDTGNQU
QDLGVQU[GUEGPCUWVKNK\CFCUNQUSWGTGUWNVCP
GUGPEKCNGURCTCWPDWGPTGPFKOKGPVQFGN
OÂVQFQKORNGOGPVCFQ
+ORNGOGPVCEKÍP
2CTCTGUQNXGTNQURCTµOGVTQUFGNOQFGNQ
CRNKECOQUGNCNIQTKVOQ'/=?#UWOKGPFQ
EQPQEKFC NC TGURQPUCDKNKFCF FG ECFC
EQORQPGPVGGPNQUFCVQURQFGOQUOCZKOK\CT
RCUQ/NQURCTµOGVTQUFGNCEQORWGTVC
GU FGEKT NQU RGUQU OGFKCU [ XCTKCP\CU
FGNQUMGTPGN)CWUUKCPQUCFGOµUFGNQU
RCTµOGVTQU FG NQU GZRGTVQU GU FGEKT NC
GUVTWEVWTC[NCURTQDCDKNKFCFGUEQPFKEKQPCNGU
FGECFCTGFDC[GUKCPC2CTCGNECUQFGNCU
TGFGU DC[GUKCPCU UG WVKNK\C WPC XGTUKÍP
OQFKHKECFCFGNCNIQTKVOQFG%JQY.KWSWG
RGTOKVGGPEQPVTCTNQURCTµOGVTQUTGNGXCPVGU
FGHQTOCÍRVKOCRCTCµTDQNGU=?'PGN
ECUQFGNXCNQTGURGTCFQFGXCTKCDNGUNCVGPVGU
RCUQ'UGQDVKGPG
4'57.6#&15
2CTC PWGUVTQ VTCDCLQ EQPUKFGTCOQU FQU
DCUG FG FCVQU TGCNGU FG QDLGVQU NCU
SWGFGPQOKPCOQU176&14[570
176&114EQPVKGPGKOµIGPGUFG
QEJQGUEGPCUFKUVKPVCUVCNGUEQOQEQUVC
OQPVCËCDQUSWGUGVE'PGUVGUGVFGFCVQU
EQPUKFGTCOQU ECVGIQTÇCU FG QDLGVQU
570EQPVKGPGCRTQZKOCFCOGPVG
KOµIGPGU'PGUVGUGVFGFCVQUEQPUKFGTCOQU
ECVGIQTÇCUFGQDLGVQU#ODQUUGVUFG
FCVQUHWGTQPFKXKFKFQUGPRCTVGUKIWCNGU
RCTCGNGPVTGPCOKGPVQ[GNVGUVGQ%QOQ
ENCUKHKECFQTFGQDLGVQUKPFKXKFWCNGUWVKNK\COQU
GN FGVGEVQT FG QDLGVQU FG (GN\GPUYCND
GVCN=?5GWUCGNRTQOGFKQFGNCEWTXC
2TGEKUKQP4GECNN
#24=?EQOQOÂVTKEC
RCTCNCFGVGEEKÍPFGQDLGVQU
.C6CDNCOWGUVTCWPCEQORCTCEKÍPGPVTG
NQU TGUWNVCFQU WVKNK\CPFQ GN FGVGEVQT FG
QDLGVQUGP=?RQTUÇUÍNQGNFGVGEVQTFG
WPµTDQNÔPKEQGP=?[PWGUVTQOÂVQFQ
WVKNK\CPFQFKXGTUQUPÔOGTQUFGµTDQNGUGP
NCOG\ENCFGGZRGTVQU5GRWGFGCRTGEKCT
SWGGNOGLQTOQFGNQTGUWNVCUGTGNFGUGKU
µTDQNGURCTCCODQUUGVUFGFCVQUEQPWPC
OGLQTCTGNCVKXCFG[TGURGEVQC
WPUQNQµTDQNRCTC176&114[570
TGURGEVKXCOGPVG
6CDNC
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176&114
570
2CTCTGCNK\CTNCKPHGTGPEKCUGIWKOQUGNOKUOQ
RTQEGUQCNVGTPCFQFG=?RCTCECFCµTDQN
[NWGIQEQODKPCOQUNQUUEQTGUWUCPFQNQU
RGUQUFGNCUEQORWGTVCU
&GVGEVQTFG1DLGVQUGP=?
/ÂVQFQFGWPµTDQNGP=?
/G\ENCFGµTDQNGU
/G\ENCFGµTDQNGU
'PTGNCEKÍPCNQUVÂTOKPQUDCUGFGPWGUVTQ
OQFGNQ RQFGOQU XGT SWG GP IGPGTCN
GNNQUFGRGPFGPFGFCVQUFGGPVTGPCOKGPVQ
GZVGTPQUCNCKOCIGPFGNCFGVGEEKÍPCEVWCN
NQUSWGRGTOKVGPCRTGPFGTUQDTGFKUVKPVQU
EQORQPGPVGU SWG PGEGUKVCOQU RCTC NC
/G\ENCFGµTDQNGU
/G\ENCFGµTDQNGU
/G\ENCFGµTDQNGU
/G\ENCFGµTDQNGU
4GUWNVCFQUFG#24UQDTGUGVFGRTWGDCU
55
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µTDQNGURTQRWGUVCGPPWGUVTQVTCDCLQ
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FG PWGUVTQ OÂVQFQ EQP UGKU µTDQNGU GP
EQORCTCEKÍPEQPNCUFGVGEEKQPGUTGCNGU
ITQWPFVTWVJ[EQPGNOÂVQFQFGWPµTDQN
GP=?5GQDUGTXCEÍOQGNCNIQTKVOQGU
ECRC\FGFGVGEVCTWPCWVQCFGOµUFGTGOQXGT
NCHCNUCFGVGEEKÍPFGOQPVCËCOGLQTCPFQ
NQGPVTGICFQRQTGNOÂVQFQFGWPµTDQN
%QOQRQFGOQUXGTPWGUVTQOÂVQFQRTGUGPVC
KORQTVCPVGUXGPVCLCUGPNQUTGUWNVCFQUNCUSWG
FGCEWGTFQCPWGUVTCJKRÍVGUKUUGFGDGPCN
JGEJQFGSWGKPEQTRQTCTEQPVGZVQUCFCRVKXQU
C[WFCCTGCNK\CTWPCOGLQTFGVGEEKÍPCN
EQPUKFGTCTNCKPHQTOCEKÍPOµUTGNGXCPVG
GPECFCECUQRCTVKEWNCT
%10%.75+10'5
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VTCDCLQUTGCNK\CFQURQTPWGUVTQ)TWRQFG
+PXGUVKICEKÍPGP+PVGNKIGPEKCFG/µSWKPC
)4+/#GPGNµTGCFGTGEQPQEKOKGPVQXKUWCN
›UVQUOWGUVTCPEÍOQGNWUQFGVÂEPKECUFG
CRTGPFK\CLGFGOµSWKPCRGTOKVGKPEQTRQTCT
GPGNCPµNKUKUFGWPCKOCIGPKPHQTOCEKÍP
SWGXCOµUCNNµFGÂUVCNQSWGUGNQITCC
VTCXÂUFGCRTGPFGTKPHQTOCEKÍPTGNGXCPVG
UQDTGQDLGVQUGUEGPCU[NCUTGNCEKQPGUGPVTG
GNNQUFGUFGOKNGUFGGLGORNQUFGGUEGPCU
EQVKFKCPCU
56
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VTCXÂUFGFGVGEEKÍPFGQDLGVQURTGUGPVCFQ
OWGUVTCDWGPQUTGUWNVCFQUGPGNCODKGPVGFG
QHKEKPCURTQDCFQOQUVTCPFQENCTCUXGPVCLCU
TGURGEVQCOÂVQFQUSWGPQWVKNK\CPQDLGVQU
RCTCGNTGEQPQEKOKGPVQ/µUCÔPJGOQU
RTQDCFQGUVGOÂVQFQGPQVTQCODKGPVGFG
KPVGTKQTWPCECUCEQPFKUVKPVQUQDLGVQU[
GUEGPCUQDVGPKGPFQTGUWNVCFQUUKOKNCTGU
#FGOµURCTCCNKXKCTNCNKOKVCPVGFGSWGWPC
KOCIGPRCTVKEWNCTFGWPCGUEGPCPQEQPVKGPG
VQFQUNQUQDLGVQURTGUGPVGUGPGNNCGNOÂVQFQ
KORNGOGPVCFQHWGRTQDCFQUQDTGPWGUVTQ
TQDQVOÍXKNWVKNK\CPFQWPCKORNGOGPVCEKÍP
UGEWGPEKCNSWGKDCFGVGEVCPFQQDLGVQUC
OGFKFCSWGGNTQDQVUGOQXÇC#UÇGPGN
ECUQFGNCUCNCFGEQPHGTGPEKCUCNGPVTCTGN
TQDQVFGVGEVÍUÍNQGNOQPKVQT[ETG[ÍSWG
GUVCDCGPWPCQHKEKPCUKPGODCTIQITCEKCU
CNCKORNGOGPVCEKÍPRTQDCDKNÇUVKECWVKNK\CFC
EWCPFQRQUVGTKQTOGPVGGPEQPVTÍNCRCPVCNNC
FGRTQ[GEVQTRWFQCEVWCNK\CTUWUETGGPEKCU
[FGHKPKTSWGTGCNOGPVGGUVCDCGPWPCUCNC
FGEQPHGTGPEKCU
%CDGFGUVCECTSWGVCNEQOQUGOGPEKQPÍ
CPVGTKQTOGPVGGNOÂVQFQTGSWKGTGFGWPC
ITCPECRCEKFCFEQORWVCEKQPCNRCTCGLGEWVCT
NQSWGNQJCEGFKHÇEKNFGKORNGOGPVCTRCTC
WPC QRGTCEKÍP GP GN OWPFQ TGCN &CFQ
GUVQUGKORNGOGPVÍWPCCRTQZKOCEKÍPC
VTCXÂUFGOWGUVTGQWVKNK\CPFQGNOÂVQFQFG
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EÍORWVQFGNTGEQPQEKOKGPVQFGGUEGPC
'PGNECUQFGNOÂVQFQFGTGEQPQEKOKGPVQ
FGQDLGVQUWVKNK\CPFQEQPVGZVQULGTµTSWKEQU
CFCRVKXQUUGNQITÍUWRGTCTNCUNKOKVCEKQPGU
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JCDGT UKFQ VQOCFC NC KOCIGP 0WGUVTQU
GZRGTKOGPVQUWUCPFQFKUVKPVQUEQPLWPVQU
FGFCVQUKPFKECPSWGGNOQFGNQRTQRWGUVQ
OGLQTCGNTGPFKOKGPVQFGNTGEQPQEKOKGPVQ
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Nelson Baloian
Profesor Asociado DCC, U. de Chile.
Doktor rer. nat, Universität Duisburg,
Alemania (1997); Ingeniero Civil en
Computación, Universidad de Chile
(1988). Líneas de especialización:
Instrucción Asistida por Computador,
Trabajo Colaborativo, Sistemas
Distribuidos.
nbaloian@dcc.uchile.cl
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CNIWPQUCËQURCTGEÇCSWGNCEQORWVCEKÍP
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CRNKECEKQPGUCNVCOGPVGKPVGTCEVKXCUSWGUGCP
ECRCEGUFGEQTTGTGPXCTKCURNCVCHQTOCU
2CTCRQPGTNQGPRQECURCNCDTCURQFTÇCOQU
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GP SWG GN ENKGPVG RTGIWPVC C KPVGTXCNQU
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ENCXG RCTC GN FGUCTTQNNQ FG CRNKECEKQPGU
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FG NQU CTEJKXQU FG WUWCTKQ /CPKHGUV GU
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TGHGTGPEKCU NQECNGU C GNNQU 'N /CPKHGUV
GU WVKNK\CFQ RQT NQU PCXGICFQTGU RCTC
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CRNKECEKQPGURCTCGNNQUSWGWVKNK\CPNC#2+
RCTCJCEGTWUQFGGUVCKPHQTOCEKÍP*6/.
VCODKÂP RTQXGG CEEGUQ C GUVC #2+ SWG
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CNVKVWFGZCEVKVWFFGNCOGFKFCFGCNVKVWF
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9GD9QTMGT RGTOKVG CN FGUCTTQNNCFQT
VTCDCLCTEQPJKNQUFGGLGEWEKÍP
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WPGPVQTPQYGD0QTOCNOGPVGGNPCXGICFQT
GUSWKGPEQPVTQNCVQFQUNQUVJTGCFUCEVKXQU
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PQ UQP TGHGTGPEKCDNGU FGUFG GN EÍFKIQ
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UGTµVQVCNOGPVGRQTVCDNGCQVTCRNCVCHQTOC
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08/7,0(',$
La televisión en la Universidad
de Chile
Nicolás Beltrán
Profesor Asociado DIE, Universidad de
Chile, Dr. in App. Sc. (1985), M.Elect.
Eng. (1981), ambos de la Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Bélgica, Ingeniero
Civil Electricista Universidad de Chile
(1974). Trabajó en el Departamento de
Ingeniería Eléctrica de la U. de Chile
desde 1985 hasta el 2012, acogiéndose
recientemente a jubilación. Fue Director
de Departamento en tres períodos, Jefe
Docente, Consejero de Departamento,
miembro de la Comisión Asesora de
TV Digital del Ministro de Transporte
y Telecomunicaciones (2007-2010)
y de la Comisión para la TV Digital
nombrada por el Consejo Universitario
(2009-2012). Sus líneas principales de
interés académico fueron la Electrónica
y Sistemas de Instrumentación, y de
interés profesional Comunicaciones
en Sistemas móviles y en Sistemas
broadcasting. Actualmente es consultor
en comunicaciones electrónicas.
nicolasbelt@gmail.com
64
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2QTQVTCRCTVGNCVGNGXKUKÍPFKIKVCNRWGFG
WUCTEQFKHKECEKQPGUFKHGTGPVGURCTCFKUVKPVCU
HWGPVGUFGKPHQTOCEKÍP[WVKNK\CTNCOKUOC
DCPFC FG HTGEWGPEKCU RCTC VTCPUOKVKTNCU
'PGUVGECUQWPCKPHQTOCEKÍPPQCHGEVCC
NCQVTCRWGUVQSWGGUVµPEQFKHKECFCUGP
HQTOCFKUVKPVC[RWGFGPUGTTGEQPUVTWKFCU
KPFGRGPFKGPVGOGPVGGPGNTGEGRVQT
SW
%WCNSWKGTRTQEGUQFGEQOWPKECEKÍPVKGPG
RQTQDLGVKXQVTCPUOKVKTKPHQTOCEKÍPGPVTGFQU
RWPVQUPQXGEKPQUGPGNGURCEKQHÇUKEQ7PC
HQTOCCNVGTPCVKXCFGVTCPUOKVKTNCKPHQTOCEKÍP
CPµNQICRTQFWEKFCRQTWPCHWGPVGGUVQOCT
OWGUVTCUFGGNNCUEQFKHKECTNCUGPWPUKUVGOC
DKPCTKQOQPVCTGUVQUEÍFKIQUGPWPCRQTVCFQTC
NCOKUOCUGËCNUKPWUQKFCNRQTVCFQTCFGNECUQ
CPCNÍIKEQVTCPUOKVKTNC[TGEWRGTCTNCGPGN
TGEGRVQTFGEQFKHKEµPFQNC'PNC(KIWTCUG
ITCHKECNCEQTTGURQPFGPEKCGPVTGNCUHCUGUFG
NCQPFC[NCEQFKHKECEKÍPVTCPUOKVKFC'UVC
EQFKHKECEKÍPUGFGPQOKPC325-
XGPVCLCENCTCFGGUVCHQTOCFGVTCPUOKUKÍP
RWGUVQSWGVCPVQNCKOCIGPEQOQGNCWFKQ
RWGFGPUGTTGEQPUVTWKFQUGPGNTGEGRVQTEQP
WPCOGLQTECNKFCFSWGGPGNECUQCPµNQIQ
1(&/U[ODQN
UWDECTTKGTU
HTG
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VTCPURQTVGFGNCKPHQTOCEKÍPEQFKğECFCWPPÔOGTQITCPFGFGRQTVCFQTCU
GPVTGFQUOKN[QEJQ
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Búsquedas por contenido en
imágenes y videos
'NVTµHKEQFGFCVQUGP+PVGTPGVJCCWOGPVCFQ
GZRQPGPEKCNOGPVG GP NC ÔNVKOC FÂECFC
'P NCU TGFGU 22 FQOKPCDCP NCU
GUVCFÇUVKECUFGNVTµHKEQFGFCVQUFGWUWCTKQU
FG+PVGTPGVOKGPVTCUSWGNCXKUWCNK\CEKÍP
FG XKFGQU GP NÇPGC TGEKÂP EQOGP\CDC C
OCUKHKECTUGEQPGNNCP\COKGPVQFG;QW6WDG
5GKUCËQUFGURWÂUGNVTµHKEQINQDCNFGFCVQU
FGWUWCTKQUJCCWOGPVCFQOµUFGFQEG
XGEGU[GURGEÇHKECOGPVGNCXKUWCNK\CEKÍPFG
XKFGQU
GUVQGUTGRTQFWEEKÍPFGEQTVQUFG
XKFGQUXKUWCNK\CEKÍPFGRGNÇEWNCUUVTGCOKPI
FGECPCNGUVGNGXKUKÍPYGDECOURÔDNKECU
GVEEQTTGURQPFGCOµUFGNCOKVCF
XGT
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UQTRTGPFGPVGCWOGPVQGPGNVTµHKEQFGFCVQU
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GPGNWUQFGCPEJQFGDCPFC
(KIWTC
Juan Manuel Barrios
Doctor (c) en Ciencias mención
Computación, Universidad de Chile.
Ingeniero Civil en Computación
y Magíster en Ciencias mención
Computación Universidad de Chile.
Director de Investigación Orand S.A.
jbarrios@dcc.uchile.cl.
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2QTQVTCRCTVGNCKPXGUVKICEKÍPCECFÂOKECGP
VÍRKEQUFGXKFGQUGJCFGUCTTQNNCFQFGUFG
JCEGXCTKCUFÂECFCU2QTGLGORNQNCKPFWUVTKC
FGNUQHVYCTGJCRTQXKUVQFGCRNKECEKQPGU
RCTCGFKEKÍPFGXKFGQUFGUFGRTGXKQCGUVG
UKINQ#UÇVCODKÂPCNIWPCUFGNCUVÂEPKECU
SWGXGTGOQUOµUCFGNCPVGRTQXKGPGPFGNCU
FGECFCUFG[5KPGODCTIQNC
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FGXKFGQUETGCPWGXCUPGEGUKFCFGU[RTGUKQPC
GNFGUCTTQNNQFGPWGXQU[OGLQTGUCNIQTKVOQU
#EVWCNOGPVGOWEJQUWUWCTKQUKPXGUVKICFQTGU
[GORTGUCUGUVCTµPKPVGTGUCFQUGPGZRNQTCT
RQUKDKNKFCFGUEQOQCFOKPKUVTCEKÍPCPµNKUKU
[IGUVKÍPFGITCPFGUEQNGEEKQPGUFGXKFGQU
OQPKVQTGQ[CWVQOCVK\CEKÍPFGRTQEGUQUGP
VKGORQTGCNGVE
/WNVKOGFKC +PHQTOCVKQP 4GVTKGXCN /+4
GUGNµTGCFGKPXGUVKICEKÍPSWGVKGPGRQT
QDLGVKXQNCDÔUSWGFC[TGEWRGTCEKÍPFG
KPHQTOCEKÍPUGOµPVKECFGUFGFQEWOGPVQU
OWNVKOGFKC=?7PFQEWOGPVQOWNVKOGFKCUG
RWGFGGPVGPFGTEQOQEWCNSWKGTTGRQUKVQTKQ
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GPHQECTGOQUGPFQEWOGPVQUCWFKQXKUWCNGU
GUVQGUKOµIGPGUCWFKQ[XKFGQUCWPSWGWP
FQEWOGPVQOWNVKOGFKCVCODKÂPEQORTGPFG
HWGPVGUFGKPHQTOCEKÍPOµUIGPÂTKECUEQOQ
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FQEWOGPVQU:/.UGEWGPEKCUFG#&0GVE
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HWPFCOGPVCNGUGPECFCUKUVGOC/+4WP
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ECNEWNCWPQQOµUFGUETKRVQTGURCTCECFC
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NCVQOCFGFGEKUKQPGUUGIÔPGNCPµNKUKUFG
FGUETKRVQTGU.CRTKPEKRCNFKHGTGPEKCRTQXKGPG
FGNEQPVGZVQFGWUQ%8UGGPHQECOC[QTOGPVG
GPRTQEGUQUGPVKGORQTGCNRQTGLGORNQ
FGVGEVCTEWCPFQWPQDLGVQGURGEÇHKEQCRCTGEG
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WPHKNVTQRTQOGFKQ
XGT(KIWTCQEQPWP
HKNVTQICWUUKCPQ
GPIGPGTCNWPHKNVTQRCUC
DCLQ'UVQUHKNVTQUFGUECTVCPKPHQTOCEKÍPFG
FGVCNNGU[UQPWUCFQURCTCFKUOKPWKTTWKFQQ
RCTCTGFWEKTGNVCOCËQFGNCKOCIGP1VTQU
HKNVTQUEQOÔPOGPVGWUCFQUUQP.CRNCEKCPQ
RCTCTGUCNVCTFGVCNNGU[HKNVTQUFG4QDGTVU
2TGYKV[5QDGN
RCTCFGVGEEKÍPFGDQTFGU
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C NCU VÂEPKECU SWG FCFC WPC KOCIGP FG
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ECNKFCFFGUCNKFC'NQDLGVKXQDµUKEQFGGUVCU
VÂEPKECUGUHCEKNKVCTQOGLQTCTNCGZVTCEEKÍP
FGECTCEVGTÇUVKECU
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OKGPVTCUSWGGPKOµIGPGUGPEQNQTEGUWP
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CNOGPQUVTGUFKOGPUKQPGU%CFC
FKOGPUKÍPFGEUGFGPQOKPCECPCN[NC
ECPVKFCFFGXCNQTGURQUKDNGURCTCTGRTGUGPVCT
ECFC ECPCN UG FGPQOKPC RTQHWPFKFCF
%QOÔPOGPVGUGWUCRTQHWPFKFCFDKVUECPCN
NQSWGRGTOKVGTGRTGUGPVCTJCUVC VQPQU
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UQPGNHKNVTQFGOGFKCPCFQPFGGNPWGXQ
XCNQTGUNCOGFKCPCFGNQUXCNQTGUFGNC
XGEKPFCFFGECFCRÇZGNHKNVTQDKNCVGTCNGN
SWGGUWPHKNVTQICWUUKCPQEQPRQPFGTCEKQPGU
FKPµOKECURQTRÇZGN[HKNVTQUOQTHQNÍIKEQU
SWGOCTECPHQTOCUTGNGXCPVGUGPNCKOCIGP
UGIÔPEÍOQUGEQORQTVCPCNGZRCPFKTUGQ
EQPVTCGTUGCNWUCTWPGNGOGPVQGUVTWEVWTCPVG
&GVGEEKÍPFGDQTFGU
1RGTCFQTGU
.QUDQTFGUEQTTGURQPFGPCNCU\QPCUFGNC
KOCIGPFQPFGGZKUVGWPECODKQCDTWRVQGP
NCVQPCNKFCF
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PGITQCDNCPEQ7PCVÂEPKECEQOÔPRCTC
FGVGEVCTDQTFGUGUGNOÂVQFQFGNITCFKGPVG
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EQTTGURQPFGCWPXGEVQTEQPVGPKGPFQNCU
FGTKXCFCU RCTEKCNGU UGIÔP CODQU GLGU
.C QTKGPVCEKÍP FGN ITCFKGPVG GPVTGIC NC
FKTGEEKÍP FG OµZKOQ ECODKQ OKGPVTCU
SWGUWOCIPKVWFTGRTGUGPVCNCKPVGPUKFCF
FGGUGECODKQ.CEQPXQNWEKÍPEQPHKNVTQU
FG5QDGNRGTOKVGCRTQZKOCTNCUFGTKXCFCU
RCTEKCNGU[GUVKOCTGNXCNQTFGNITCFKGPVG
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XCNQTFGECFCRÇZGNGPHQTOCKPFGRGPFKGPVG
FCFCWPCKOCIGPFGGPVTCFC+WPQRGTCFQT
RWPVWCNHRTQFWEGWPCKOCIGPFGUCNKFC
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D
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RCTCECFCRÇZGN.QURÇZGNGUFGDQTFGUG
FGHKPGPEQOQNQURWPVQUFQPFGNCOCIPKVWF
FGNITCFKGPVGUWRGTCEKGTVQXCNQTWODTCN
'UVCVÂEPKECVKGPFGCFCTDQTFGUITWGUQU
NQUSWGRWGFGPUGTCFGNIC\CFQUWUCPFQ
WPETKVGTKQDCUCFQGPNCUGIWPFCFGTKXCFC
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NCUUGIWPFCUFGTKXCFCURCTEKCNGUFGWPC
HWPEKÍP[RWGFGUGTGUVKOCFQRQTOGFKQ
FGWPCEQPXQNWEKÍPEQPGNHKNVTQFGNOKUOQ
PQODTG.WGIQUGRWGFGPQDVGPGTDQTFGU
FGNICFQUUKUGNGEEKQPCPNQURÇZGNGUFQPFG
NC OCIPKVWF FGN ITCFKGPVG UWRGTC EKGTVQ
WODTCNV[CFGOµUGNXCNQTFGN.CRNCEKCPQ
GUEGTQ'UVCVÂEPKECHWGHQTOCNK\CFCRQT
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TGCNK\CWPCUGNGEEKÍPKPETGOGPVCNFGRWPVQU
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GUFGEKTĂECOKPCPFQăRQTUQDTG
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FQPFGWPRÇZGNEW[COCIPKVWFFGITCFKGPVG
GUVµGPVTGVĀ[VRWGFGUGTUGNGEEKQPCFQEQOQ
DQTFGUKGUEQPVKIWQCWPRÇZGNSWG[CHWG
UGNGEEKQPCFQEQOQDQTFG
XGT(KIWTC
7PCUGIWPFCVÂEPKECRCTCFGVGEVCTDQTFGU
GUNC&KHGTGPEKCFG)CWUUKCPCU
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EQPUKUVG GP CRNKECT WP HKNVTQ ICWUUKCPQ [
TGUVCTNCKOCIGPFGUGPHQECFCEQPNCQTKIKPCN
%QOQGNFGUGPHQSWGCHGEVCOC[QTOGPVGNCU
\QPCUFQPFGJC[ITCPXCTKCEKÍPCNEQORCTCT
GNFGUGPHQSWGEQPNCKOCIGPQTKIKPCNNCU
OC[QTGU FKHGTGPEKCU UG RTQFWEGP GP NQU
RÇZGNGUUQDTGGNDQTFG2CTCTGFWEKTGNPKXGN
FGTWKFQUGWUCWPCKOCIGPDCUG+EQP
HKNVTQICWUUKCPQFGFGUXKCEKQPGUGUVµPFCT
mNWGIQUGECNEWNCWPCKOCIGP+EQPWP
HKNVTQICWUUKCPQMm
RCTCEKGTVQRCUQM[
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FG%QORQPGPVGU2TKPEKRCNGU
2%#RGTOKVG
QDVGPGTWPCKOCIGPKPXCTKCPVGCTQVCEKQPGU
2%#DWUECWPUKUVGOCFGEQQTFGPCFCUFQPFG
NQUFCVQUPQVGPICPEQTTGNCEKÍPNKPGCNRQT
OGFKQFGECNEWNCTXCNQTGU[XGEVQTGURTQRKQU
FGNCOCVTK\FGEQXCTKCP\CU'PGUVGECUQ
CRNKECPFQ2%#UQDTGNCUEQQTFGPCFCUFGNQU
RWPVQUFGDQTFGEQPWPCTQVCEKÍPKPXGTUC
FGCEWGTFQCNGLGRTKPEKRCNGPEQPVTCFQ
GUVQ
GUGNXGEVQTRTQRKQCUQEKCFQCNOC[QTXCNQT
RTQRKQUGRWGFGPQTOCNK\CTNCQTKGPVCEKÍP
FGNCKOCIGPGPHWPEKÍPFGUWEQPVGPKFQ
XGT(KIWTC%CDGUGËCNCTSWGGUVCVÂEPKEC
PQ HWPEKQPC EQTTGEVCOGPVG EQP HQTOCU
OC[QTOGPVGUKOÂVTKECU
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C
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C+OCIGPQTKIKPCND7UQFG2%#RCTCFGVGTOKPCT
NQUGLGURTKPEKRCNGU
7PC XG\ UGNGEEKQPCFQU NQU RÇZGNGU FG
DQTFGUWPCVCTGCEQOÔPGUNCFGDWUECT
FKHGTGPVGU GUVTWEVWTCU SWG GNNQU HQTOCP
EQOQ TGEVCU EKTEWPHGTGPEKCU W QVTCU
GUVTWEVWTCURCTCOÂVTKECU&CFQWPVKRQ
FG GUVTWEVWTC C DWUECT RQT GLGORNQ
TGEVCUGZKUVGPFQUVÂEPKECUEQOÔPOGPVG
WUCFCU RCTC FGVGTOKPCT NC GZKUVGPEKC FG
GUCGUVTWEVWTC[UWURCTµOGVTQU4CPFQO
5CORNG%QPUGPUWU
4#05#%GUWPCNIQTKVOQ
CNGCVQTKQSWGKVGTCVKXCOGPVGETGC[GXCNÔC
FKUVKPVQUECPFKFCVQURCTCUGNGEEKQPCTGNSWG
QDVWXQWPOC[QTCRQ[Q2QTGLGORNQGP
GNECUQFGDWUECTTGEVCUUGGNKIGWPRCT
FGRWPVQUCNC\CTUGECNEWNCNCGEWCEKÍP
FGTGEVC[UGEWGPVCPNQURWPVQUFGDQTFG
SWGGUVµPUQDTGGUCTGEVC%QPUWHKEKGPVGU
KPVGPVQUUGGPEQPVTCTµNCTGEVCSWGRCUC
UQDTGOµURWPVQUFGDQTFG5KPGODCTIQ
EWCPFQNCRTQDCDKNKFCFFGGPEQPVTCTWP
OQFGNQEQTTGEVQRQTUGNGEEKÍPCNGCVQTKC
GUOW[DCLC
GUFGEKTEWCPFQGNOQFGNQ
DWUECFQ GU EWORNKFQ RQT OW[ RQEQU
RWPVQUGUTGEQOGPFCDNGRTGHGTKTWPCVÂEPKEC
CNVGTPCVKXC.C6TCPUHQTOCFCFG*QWIJGU
WPCNIQTKVOQGZJCWUVKXQ[FGVGTOKPÇUVKEQ
SWGTGFWEGNQURCTµOGVTQURQUKDNGUFGNC
GUVTWEVWTCCWPEQPLWPVQHKPKVQ.CGEWCEKÍP
FGNCTGEVCUGFGVGTOKPCRQTFQURCTµOGVTQU
RQTVCPVQGNGURCEKQDKFKOGPUKQPCNFGNQU
RCTµOGVTQUUGFKUETGVK\CCWPCOCVTK\FG
EKGTVCFKOGPUKÍPHKLC2CTCGXKVCTRTQDNGOCU
EQP NQU TCPIQU FG RCTµOGVTQU UG FGDG
WUCTWPUKUVGOCFGEQQTFGPCFCURQNCTGU
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RCTµOGVTQUFGVQFCUNCUTGEVCUSWGRCUCP
RQTGUGRWPVQ.CGUVTWEVWTCDWUECFCGUVµ
FGHKPKFCRQTNQURCTµOGVTQUSWGQDVKGPGP
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FGUETKRVQTGU Q XGEVQTGU ECTCEVGTÇUVKEQU
.QUFGUETKRVQTGUFGCNVQPKXGNTGRTGUGPVCP
ECTCEVGTÇUVKECUUGOµPVKECUEQOQOGVCFCVQU
VCIUQCPQVCEKQPGUOKGPVTCUSWGNQUFG
DCLQPKXGNEQTTGURQPFGPCGUVCFÇUVKECUQ
RCVTQPGU FGN EQPVGPKFQ SWG RWGFGP UGT
ETGCFQUCWVQOµVKECOGPVGEQOQRTQOGFKQU
7PECUQRCTVKEWNCTGUGNFGUGIOGPVCEKÍPRQTEQPVQTPQUCEVKXQUVGOCSWGHWGTGXKUCFQGPGNPÔOGTQFGNC4GXKUVC$KVUFG%KGPEKC
70
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XCTKCP\CUGJKUVQITCOCU7PVÍRKEQCORNKQ
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FG FGUETKRVQTGU FG CNVQ PKXGN C RCTVKT FG
KPHQTOCEKÍPFGDCLQPKXGNGUFGEKTRTGFGEKT
NQUEQPEGRVQUSWGWPCRGTUQPCCUKIPCTÇC
CWPFQEWOGPVQCPCNK\CPFQUWEQPVGPKFQ
'UVGRTQDNGOCGUVµNKICFQCNCUµTGCUFG
OCEJKPGNGCTPKPIFCVCOKPKPIGKPVGNKIGPEKC
CTVKHKEKCN'PGNEQPVGZVQFGDÔUSWGFCURQT
EQPVGPKFQNCFKHGTGPEKCSWGUGRTQFWEG
GPVTGNQUEQPEGRVQUSWGWPWUWCTKQCUKIPC
CWPFQEWOGPVQ[NQUSWGWPEQORWVCFQT
RWGFGCUKIPCTCWVQOµVKECOGPVGGUEQPQEKFC
EQOQĂDTGEJCUGOµPVKECă
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KOµIGPGU
7PFGUETKRVQTINQDCNGUWPXCNQTQXGEVQTSWG
TGRTGUGPVCGNEQPVGPKFQFGVQFCNCKOCIGP'N
PKXGNFGRCTGEKFQGPVTGFQUFGUETKRVQTGUUG
OKFGRQTOGFKQFGWPCHWPEKÍPFGFKUVCPEKC
QFGFKUKOKNKVWF%WCPFQNCFKUVCPEKCGPVTG
FQUFGUETKRVQTGUGUEGTECPCCEGTQGUFGEKT
EWCPFQUQPGURCEKCNOGPVGEGTECPQUUGGURGTC
SWGNCUFQUKOµIGPGUSWGRTQFWLGTQPGUQU
FGUETKRVQTGUUGCPRCTGEKFCUGPVTGUÇ7PC
HCOKNKCFGFKUVCPEKCUEQOÔPOGPVGWUCFCU
RCTCEQORCTCTXGEVQTGUUQPNCUFKUVCPEKCU
FG/KPMQYUMK
RCTC
RCTC
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GWENKFKCPC
7PFGUETKRVQTINQDCNOW[UKORNGEQPUKUVG
EQPXGTVKTNCKOCIGPCITKUGUGUECNCTNCCWP
VCOCËQHKLQFG9Z*RÇZGNGU[ETGCTWP
XGEVQTFG9{*FKOGPUKQPGUFQPFGECFC
XCNQTEQTTGURQPFGCNCKPVGPUKFCFITKUFGECFC
RÇZGNGUECNCFQ.QUFGUETKRVQTGURWGFGPUGT
EQORCTCFQUEQPFKUVCPEKCGWENKFKCPC'UVG
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77
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Computación y colaboración:
el grupo CARL (Collaborative
Applications Research Laboratory)
Nelson Baloian
Profesor Asociado DCC Universidad
de Chile. Doktor rer. nat, Universität
Duisburg, Alemania (1997); Ingeniero
Civil en Computación, Universidad de
Chile (1988). Líneas de especialización:
Instrucción Asistida por Computador,
Sistemas Distribuidos.
nbaloian@dcc.uchile.cl
Sergio Ochoa
Profesor Asociado DCC Universidad de
Chile. Dr. en Ciencias de la Computación,
Pontificia Universidad Católica de
Chile (2002); Ingeniero de Sistemas,
UNICEN, Argentina (1996). Líneas de
especialización: Sistemas Colaborativos,
Ingeniería de Software -arquitectura
de software, mejora de procesos en
micro y pequeñas empresas de software,
ingeniería de requisitos, educación
apoyada con tecnología.
sochoa@dcc.uchile.cl
José A. Pino
Profesor Titular DCC Universidad de Chile.
Máster y calificado a Ph.D. in Computer
Science (1977); Master of Science in
Engineering, University of Michigan
(1972); Ingeniero en Matemáticas,
Universidad de Chile (1970). Líneas de
especialización: Sistemas Colaborativos,
Sistemas de Apoyo a Decisiones,
Interacción Humano-Computador,
Educación apoyada con tecnología.
jpino@dcc.uchile.cl
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