Leer el artículo - Pasaje a la Ciencia

Anuncio
3DVDM&LHQF
,661
&LHQFLD\$UWHHQOD$QWLJXD*UHFLD/D0~VLFD
'U-RVp/XLV(VSLQDU2MHGD
3URIHVRUGHJULHJRGHO,(6/RV%ROLFKHV0iODJD
(VGLItFLOHQFRQWUDUXQDPDQLIHVWDFLyQFXOWXUDOTXHOOHJXHPiVKRQGRDODOPDKXPDQD
TXHODP~VLFD$GHPiVUH~QHGRVFRQGLFLRQHVH[FHSFLRQDOHVSDUDFXDOTXLHUH[SUHVLyQ
DUWtVWLFD3ULPHUDDXQTXHSDUDFRPSUHQGHUODHQWRGDVXGLPHQVLyQVHDQHFHVDULRFLHUWR
FRQRFLPLHQWRSUHYLRPiVRPHQRVSURIXQGRVLQHPEDUJRVXSHUFHSFLyQSXHGHFRQPRYHU
ODVHQVLELOLGDGGHFXDOTXLHUSHUVRQDGHFXDOTXLHUHGDGFRQGLFLyQIRUPDFLyQ\pSRFD
6HJXQGDQRKDH[LVWLGRQLH[LVWHSXHEORFRQPD\RURPHQRUGHVDUUROORTXHQRLQFOX\D
FRPSRVLFLRQHVPXVLFDOHVGHDOJ~QWLSRHQVXIRUPDGHYLGD\VLQTXHpVWDVQRMXHJXHQXQ
SDSHOQRWDEOHHQORVPiVGLYHUVRViPELWRV3RURWUDSDUWHQRKD\GXGDGHTXHODFLHQFLD
HQSDUWLFXODUODPDWHPiWLFD\ODItVLFDGHVHPSHxDXQSDSHOUHOHYDQWHHQODP~VLFD3RU
WRGRHOOR¢TXpFRQMXQFLyQPiVGHFLVLYDSDUDHOHVStULWXGHOVHUKXPDQRSRGUtDKDEHUHQWUH
FLHQFLD\DUWHTXHODTXHVHSURGXFHHQODP~VLFD"
¢3RU TXp *UHFLD" 6H SRGUtD UHFXUULU DO WySLFR GH TXH HQ *UHFLD QDFLy WRGR SDUD
2FFLGHQWH3HURHOFDVRHVTXHHOJULHJRIXHHOSULPHUSXHEORRFFLGHQWDOTXHGH¿QLyOD
P~VLFDFRPRXQDUWH\TXHODFRQVLGHUyXQLQVWUXPHQWRGHWHUPLQDQWHHQODIRUPDFLyQGH
VXVFLXGDGDQRV
$TXtPHYR\DOLPLWDUDH[SRQHUXQDEUHYHVHPEODQ]DGHORTXHKR\FUHHPRVTXH
IXH\VLJQL¿FyODP~VLFDHQHOPXQGRJULHJRDQWLJXRFRQFHSWRTXHLQÀX\yGHFLVLYDPHQWH
HQODSRVWHULGDG
)XHQWHV
(OSULQFLSDOSUREOHPDDOTXHVHHQIUHQWDQORVHVWXGLRVRVGHOWHPDHVQRSRGtDVHUGH
RWURPRGRHOGHODVIXHQWHV(QHIHFWRVLELHQORVWH[WRV\GDWRVVREUHODP~VLFDJULHJDTXH
KDQOOHJDGRKDVWDQRVRWURVVRQPX\QXPHURVRVGHVJUDFLDGDPHQWHVRQPX\HVFDVRVORV
TXHKDEODQGHHOODGHXQDPDQHUDFODUDFRPRSDUDSRGHUKDFHUQRVXQDLGHDDSUR[LPDGDGH
FyPRVRQDED$GHPiVODPD\RUtDGHORVGDWRVGHWHRUtDPXVLFDOTXHQRVKDQOOHJDGRVRQ
SRVWHULRUHVDOV,,G&\HVWiQUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODHVSHFXODFLyQPDWHPiWLFD\¿ORVy¿FD
HVGHFLUSRFR~WLOHVSDUDFRQRFHUODP~VLFDUHDO
/DV SULPHUDV UHIHUHQFLDV VRQ LQHYLWDEOHPHQWH PtWLFDV ([LVWHQ HQ OD PLWRORJtD
JULHJDDEXQGDQWHVUHODWRVVREUHLQYHQWRUHVGHLQVWUXPHQWRVFDQWRV\PHORGtDV(VGLItFLO
GLVFHUQLU TXp YHUGDG KLVWyULFD SXHGHQ HQFHUUDU GLFKRV UHODWRV SHUR Vt SRGHPRV VDFDU
OD FRQFOXVLyQ GH FRQMXQWR GH TXH SDUD OD EDVH PXVLFDO JULHJD IXH PX\ LPSRUWDQWH ODV
DSRUWDFLRQHVGHORVSXHEORVGH(JLSWR\2ULHQWH3Uy[LPR0XFKRVGHHVRVLQYHQWRUHV\
P~VLFRVSURFHGtDQGHHVDVUHJLRQHVRDSUHQGLHURQHQHOODV$ORODUJRGHO,,PLOHQLRD&
OOHJDURQD*UHFLDLQÀXHQFLDVPXVLFDOHVRULHQWDOHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHDWUDYpVGHHJLSFLRV\
IHQLFLRVTXHVHPDQLIHVWDURQGHFLVLYDPHQWHHQORVLQVWUXPHQWRVIRUPDV\H[SUHVLRQHV
PXVLFDOHV(VDVLQÀXHQFLDVIUDJXDURQHQXQDVHULHGHPLWRVTXHLQWHQWDEDQH[SOLFDUORV
RUtJHQHVGHODP~VLFDFRPRDTXHOORVTXHKDEODQGHODLQYHQFLyQGHODOLUDDUFDLFDOD
TXHOLV(OPiVFRQRFLGRHVHOTXHFXHQWDFyPRXQMRYHQGLRV+HUPHVPDWDXQDWRUWXJD
TXHOLV\DWDDVXFDSDUD]yQGRFHFXHUGDVKHFKDVFRQORVLQWHVWLQRVGHGRFHYDFDVGHO
-RVp/XLV(VSLQDU2MHGD
UHEDxR TXH OH KDEtD UREDGR DO GLRV$SROR &XDQGR pVWH DYHULJXy TXLpQ KDEtD VLGR HO
ODGUyQVHTXHMyDQWH=HXVHOFXDORUGHQyD+HUPHVTXHGHYROYLHUDHOJDQDGRUREDGR
&RPRHVWRQRHUDSRVLEOH+HUPHVOHRIUHFLyHQSDJRODUHFLpQFUHDGDTXHOLVTXH$SROR
DFHSWySXHVKDEtDRtGRORVDJUDGDEOHVVRQLGRVTXH+HUPHVKDEtDH[WUDtGRGHHOOD
(QRWURPLWR/LQRKLMRGH$Q¿PDUR\XQDPXVDVXVWLWX\HODVFXHUGDVGHOLQRGHOD
OLUDSRURWUDVGHWULSDPHMRUDQGRVXVRQRULGDG2UJXOORVRGHVXJHQLRGHVDItDDOSURSLR
$SRORHQFDQWR(OGLRVIXULRVRSRUVXDWUHYLPLHQWR\HQYLGLRVRGHVXORJUROHGDPXHUWH
(QXQWHUFHUPLWR$Q¿yQKLMRGH=HXV\$QWtRSHUHFLEHGH$SRORHQVXQDFLPLHQWRHO
UHJDOR GH XQD OLUD FRQ OD TXH DGTXLHUH WDO PDHVWUtD TXH FXDQGR OHYDQWD ODV PXUDOODV
GH7HEDVFRQVXKHUPDQRJHPHOR=HWRPLHQWUDVpVWHDUUDVWUDEDODVSLHGUDVFRQVXJUDQ
IXHU]D$Q¿yQODVWUDQVSRUWDEDKDFLpQGRODVÀRWDUFRQODSRGHURVDPDJLDGHVXP~VLFD
3HURTXL]iHOPLWRJULHJRPXVLFDO
PiV IDPRVR VHD HO GH 2UIHR KLMR GH
(DJURUH\GH7UDFLD\GH&DOtRSHPXVD
GH OD SRHVtD OtULFD7DPELpQ D 2UIHR OH
UHJDOy $SROR XQD OLUD TXH VX PDGUH
\ VXV KHUPDQDV ODV GHPiV PXVDV OH
HQVHxDURQ D WRFDU )XH WDO OD KDELOLGDG
GH2UIHRTXHVXP~VLFDKHFKL]DEDSRU
LJXDO D GLRVHV \ KXPDQRV DPDQVDED D
ODV ¿HUDV H LQFOXVR KDFtD TXH iUEROHV
SODQWDV\URFDVVHPRYLHUDQDFHUFiQGRVH
DpOSDUDRtUPHMRUORVVRQHVGHVXOLUD
&XDQGR XQD VHUSLHQWH PXHUGH D VX
HVSRVD (XUtGLFH FDXViQGROH OD PXHUWH
2UIHR LQWHQWD OR LPSRVLEOH EDMDU D ORV
LQ¿HUQRV HQ EXVFD GH VX DPDGD /RJUD
HQWUDU SRU ODV SXHUWDV GHO LQIUDPXQGR
DPDQVDQGR FRQ VX OLUD D &HUEHUR
HO PRQVWUXRVR SHUUR GH WUHV FDEH]DV
TXH FXVWRGLDED OD HQWUDGD < FXDQGR
0RVDLFR GH pSRFD URPDQD TXH UHSUHVHQWD D 2UIHR WD +DGHVHOGLRVGHORVLQ¿HUQRVVHQLHJD
xHQGRVXOLUDPLHQWUDVWRGDFODVHGHDQLPDOHVHVFXFKDQ D GHYROYHUOH D (XUtGLFH 2UIHR WDxH
HPEHOHVDGRV
XQD PHORGtD WDQ HQFDQWDGRUD TXH HO
KHUPDQRGH=HXV\VXHVSRVD3HUVpIRQH
SURIXQGDPHQWHFRQPRYLGRVDFHSWDQ¿QDOPHQWHTXH(XUtGLFHDEDQGRQHHOPXQGRGHORV
PXHUWRV FRQ XQD ~QLFD FRQGLFLyQ TXH 2UIHR QR YXHOYD VX YLVWD DWUiV SDUD PLUDU D VX
HVSRVDGXUDQWHWRGRHOWUD\HFWRGHUHJUHVR3HUR2UIHRHVWDEDWDQDQVLRVRGHFRQWHPSODU
DVXDPDGDTXHQRSXGRHYLWDUPLUDUODGHVRVOD\RFRQORTXHODFRQGHQySDUDVLHPSUH
DO LQIUDPXQGR 0iV WDUGH FXDQGR 2UIHR PXULy VX OLUD IXH WUDQVSRUWDGD DO FLHOR \ VH
FRQYLUWLyHQFRQVWHODFLyQOD/LUD(VWHPLWRMXQWRFRQHOGH$Q¿yQFRQYLHUWHDODP~VLFD
HQXQDIXHU]DPiJLFDFDSD]GHPRGL¿FDUODVOH\HVQDWXUDOHVDGHPiVGHWUDQVPLWLUSODFHU
DORVKRPEUHVHLQÀXLUGHFLVLYDPHQWHHQHOORV
6LHOPLWRGH2UIHRUHSUHVHQWDODVHUHQLGDG\HOHPEHOHVRGHODOLUDHOGH'LRQLVR
HVVXDQWtWHVLVHOGHVHQIUHQRGHODXOyVHVSHFLHGHÀDXWD'LRQLVRHUDHOKLMRGH=HXV\OD
PRUWDO6pPHOH&XDQGRVyORHUDXQIHWRGHVHLVPHVHV+HUDODFHORVDHVSRVDGH=HXV
FRQYHQFLyDODRUJXOORVDMRYHQGHTXHOHSLGLHUDDVXDPDQWH=HXVTXHVHOHPRVWUDVHHQ
WRGDVXPDJQL¿FHQFLD(OGLRVTXHLPSUXGHQWHPHQWHOHKDEtDSURPHWLGRHQXQPRPHQWR
GHSDVLyQTXHKDUtDORTXHOHSLGLHVHQRWXYRPiVUHPHGLRTXHFXPSOLUVXSHWLFLyQ\
OD LQFRQVFLHQWH MRYHQ UHVXOWy FDUERQL]DGD (O IHWR HQ FDPELR DO WHQHU SDUWH GH VDQJUH
GLYLQDQRPXULyHQHODFWR\=HXVSDUDWHUPLQDUODJHVWDFLyQORLQMHUWyHQVXPXVOR\
DORVQXHYHPHVHVH[WUDMRDXQ'LRQLVRWRWDOPHQWHIRUPDGR0iVWDUGHXQMRYHQ'LRQLVR
3DVDM&LHQF
&LHQFLD\$UWHHQOD$QWLJXD*UHFLD/D0~VLFD
GHVFXEULyODYLG\VXXWLOLGDG\VHGHGLFyDGLIXQGLU
SRUHOPXQGRVXFXOWLYRODH[WUDFFLyQGHOYLQR\ORV
ULWRV RUJtDV SDUD VX SURSLR FXOWR FRPR GLRV TXH
LQFOXtDQ HO XVR GHO YLQR FRPR ³TXLWDSHQDV´ FRPR
OLEHUDGRU GHO KRPEUH IUHQWH D VXV PDOHV \ FXOPHQ
GH OD FLYLOL]DFLyQ )XH XQ GLRV PX\ SRSXODU HQWUH
ORV JULHJRV \ OXHJR WDPELpQ ORV URPDQRV \ HUD
IHVWHMDGR PHGLDQWH WXPXOWXRVDV SURFHVLRQHV HQ ODV
TXH ¿JXUDEDQ HVStULWXV GH OD WLHUUD \ OD IHFXQGLGDG
\ KRPEUHV \ PXMHUHV GDQ]DQWHV HQ IUHQHVt (Q
HVWRV FRUWHMRV WLHQHQ VX RULJHQ ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV
WHDWUDOHV 3RU HVR 'LRQLVR HUD HO GLRV SURWHFWRU GHO
WHDWUR\GXUDQWHORVGtDVGHODV¿HVWDVHQVXKRQRUVH
UHSUHVHQWDEDQHQFRQFXUVRWUDJHGLDV\FRPHGLDV3XHV
ELHQHQHVDVSURFHVLRQHVGHEDLODULQHVIUHQpWLFRVHQ
WUDQFH HQ HVH SURFHVR GH HQDMHQDFLyQ OD P~VLFD
GHVHPSHxDED XQ SDSHO IXQGDPHQWDO VREUH WRGR OD
PHORGtDGHODXOyV
3RU ~OWLPR OLJDGR D 'LRQLVR \ VX FXOWR
RUJLiVWLFR HQFRQWUDPRV HO PLWR GH 3DQ \ RWUR
LQVWUXPHQWRGHYLHQWRODVLULQJDRÀDXWDGH3DQ(VWH
GLRVGHORVSDVWRUHV\UHEDxRVPLWDGKRPEUHYHOOXGR
PLWDG PDFKR FDEUtR \ GH VH[XDOLGDG GHVHQIUHQDGD 4XHOLV0XVHR%ULWiQLFR)RWRGHODXWRU
SRU OR TXH IXH LQFOXLGR HQ HO FRUWHMR GH 'LRQLVR VH
HQDPRUyGHXQDQLQIDOODPDGD6LULQJDeVWDKRUURUL]DGDSRUVXIHDOGDGKXtDHQFXDQWR
OR YHtD (Q FLHUWD RFDVLyQ 6LULQJD DFRUUDODGD SRU 3DQ VH DUURMy D OD FRUULHQWH GHO UtR
/DQGyQ\VXSOLFyD\XGDDORVGLRVHVTXHFRQPRYLGRVODFRQYLUWLHURQHQXQFDxDYHUDO
3DQ GHVFRQVRODGR GHFLGLy FRUWDU DOJXQDV GH ODV FDxDV \ FRQVWUXLU FRQ HOODV XQ QXHYR
LQVWUXPHQWR PXVLFDO DO TXH OODPy FRQ HO QRPEUH GH VX DPDGD 6X P~VLFD HV GXOFH \
PHODQFyOLFDSRUHOOR\YLQFXODGDDORVSDVWRUHV\ODSRHVtDEXFyOLFD
(QGH¿QLWLYDSRFRVWH[WRVQRPLWROyJLFRVKDQOOHJDGRKDVWDQRVRWURVTXHDSRUWHQ
GDWRV FODURV VREUH FyPR IXH OD P~VLFD HQ OD DQWLJXD *UHFLD SHUR WHQHPRV VX¿FLHQWHV
WHVWLPRQLRVOLWHUDULRV\PDWHULDOHVFHUiPLFDSLQWXUDHVFXOWXUD\UHVWRVDUTXHROyJLFRV
FRPRSDUDVXSRQHUTXHODP~VLFDGHELyGHDOFDQ]DULJXDOHVSOHQGRUTXHODVDUWHVSOiVWLFDV
\ODSRHVtDDODTXHHVWDEDWRWDOPHQWHYLQFXODGD\VREUHODTXHWHQtDLQFOXVRSULRULGDGDVt
FRPRTXHVXIULyLQÀXHQFLDVGHFLVLYDVGHODFXOWXUDHJLSFLD\PHVRSRWiPLFD
,QVWUXPHQWRV
$OJXQRV GH HOORV \D VH KDQ PHQFLRQDGR SHUR YDPRV D UHVHxDUORV FRQ PiV
GHWHQLPLHQWR
(QWUH ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV GH FXHUGD HO PiV GHVWDFDGR IXH VLQ GXGD OD OLUD FX\D
HVWUXFWXUDHUDPX\SDUHFLGDDODVDUSDVHJLSFLDV\IHQLFLDV/DVPiVDQWLJXDVHQFRQWUDGDV
GDWDQ GH pSRFD PLFpQLFD D& \ FRQVWDQ GH RFKR FXHUGDV (Q YDVRV GH
FHUiPLFDGHOV9,,,D&VHUHSUHVHQWDQRWUDVGHVyORFXDWURFXHUGDV(QRWURVGHOV9,,
D& DSDUHFHQ HMHPSORV GH OD OLUD GHVFULWD HQ ORV SRHPDV KRPpULFRV OD IRUPLQJH TXH
SRVHtDVLHWHFXHUGDVVHWRFDEDFRQSOHFWURS~D\VHXWLOL]DEDFRPRDFRPSDxDPLHQWR
GHO FDQWDQWH VROLVWD (VWH LQVWUXPHQWR HYROXFLRQy SURQWR D VX IRUPD PiV FRQRFLGD OD
FtWDUDTXHWHQtDXQDEDVHSODQDXQDFDMDGHUHVRQDQFLDFDVLUHFWDQJXODUXQRVJUXHVRV
EUD]RVTXHVREUHSDVDEDQHO\XJRGHOJDGRTXHSRGtDSXOVDUVHFRQORVGHGRVRFRQSOHFWUR
\TXHVyORHUDWRFDGDSRUYDURQHV7HQtDGRVYDULDQWHVXQDSHTXHxDSDUDXVRIDPLOLDU
GHVLHWHFXHUGDV\FRQFDMDHQIRUPDGHKHUUDGXUDODFtWDUDGHFXQD\RWUDPD\RUGH
3DVDM&LHQF
-RVp/XLV(VSLQDU2MHGD
XVRSURIHVLRQDOGHHQWUHVLHWH\GRFHFXHUGDV
\ GH FDMD UHFWD HQ OD EDVH \ FyQFDYD HQ OD
SDUWH SRVWHULRU ([LVWtD RWUR WLSR PiV GH
FtWDUDXVDGDHQODVLVODVGHOQRUWHGHO(JHR
HO EiUELWR GH FDMD SHTXHxD \ EUD]RV PX\
ODUJRV TXH VH WRFDED FRQ DPEDV PDQRV OD
L]TXLHUGDFRQORVGHGRV\ODGHUHFKDFRQXQ
SOHFWUR 3RU ~OWLPR KDEtD RWUR LQVWUXPHQWR
GH FXHUGD OD VDPEXFD XQ DUSD WULDQJXODU
SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH WRFDGD SRU PXMHUHV TXH
DFWXDEDQHQ¿HVWDV\EDQTXHWHV
(QWUH ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV GH YLHQWR HO
SULQFLSDO HUD HO DXOyV TXH VH UHPRQWD DO V
9,,, D& \ FX\D LQYHQFLyQ DWULEXtDQ D OD
GLRVD $WHQHD TXH OR DUURMy OHMRV GH Vt DO
GDUVHFXHQWDGHTXHDOVRSODUVHOHDIHDEDOD
(VFHQD GH EDQTXHWH XQ KRPEUH UHFRVWDGR HQ FDUD(UDXQDHVSHFLHGHÀDXWDFRQOHQJHWD
XQ EDQFR \ XQ MRYHQ WRFDQGR HO GLDXOyV 9DVR TXH VROtD WHQHU LQFRUSRUDGD XQD FRUUHD GH
iWLFRGH¿JXUDURMD69D&0XVHRGHO/RXYUH FXHUR OD IRUEHLD TXH SDVDED SRU ORV ODELRV
KWWSHVZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$UFKLYR%DQTXHWB URGHDEDODVPHMLOODV\VHDWDEDSRUGHWUiVGH
(XDLRQB/RXYUHB*MSJ
OD FDEH]D SDUD PLWLJDU HO FDQVDQFLR 7HQtD
FXDWURDJXMHURVHQVXWXERTXHSRGtDVHUGHPDGHUDRFDxD\SURGXFtDXQVRQLGRGXOFH\
SHQHWUDQWHSDUHFLGRDOGHODFWXDORERH(UDIUHFXHQWHTXHHOÀDXWLVWDDXOHWDWRFDUDGRV
DXOyVDOPLVPRWLHPSRGLDXOyV6HXVDEDHQODHQVHxDQ]D\HQDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVS~EOLFRV
SURFHVLRQHV\EDQTXHWHVVLHPSUHDODLUHOLEUHDXQTXHWDPELpQHVWiGRFXPHQWDGRVXXVR
PLOLWDU SDUD PDUFDU HO SDVR HQ OD PDUFKD GH ORV VROGDGRV 2WUR LQVWUXPHQWR GH YLHQWR
HUDODVLULQJDDSDUHFLGDWDUGtDPHQWHKDFLDHOV,9D&TXHSRGtDVHUGHXQVyORWXER
SDUHFLGDDQXHVWUDÀDXWDGHSLFRRGXOFHRPiV
IUHFXHQWHPHQWHGHGLHFLVpLVFDxDVGLVSXHVWDVODV
PiV ODUJDV HQ HO FHQWUR \ ODV PiV FRUWDV HQ ORV
FRVWDGRVRYLFHYHUVDHQXQDGLVSRVLFLyQVLPLODU
D ODV ÀDXWDV GH 3DQ DQGLQDV R ]DPSRxDV /RV
JULHJRVWDPELpQXVDEDQODWURPSHWDODVDOSLQJH
GHKLHUUREURQFHRSODWDGHWXERHVWUHFKRGHXQ
PHWUR GH ORQJLWXG SDEHOOyQ HVIpULFR SHTXHxR
HPERFDGXUDGHKXHVRGHXQPHWURGHORQJLWXG\
FX\RXVRHUDSUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWHPLOLWDUDXQTXH
WHQHPRV FRQVWDQFLD GH TXH VH XWLOL]y D YHFHV
HQ FHUHPRQLDV S~EOLFDV VROHPQHV GH FDUiFWHU
UHOLJLRVRFRPRORV-XHJRV2OtPSLFRV7HQtDXQD
YDULDQWHFXUYDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHPLOLWDUODELFDQp
SDUHFLGD D QXHVWUD WURPSD R FXHUQR (Q HO V ,,,
D& DSDUHFLy XQ LQVWUXPHQWR IXQGDPHQWDO HQ
HO GHVDUUROOR SRVWHULRU GH OD P~VLFD HXURSHD OD
KLGUiXOLGHLQYHQWDGDSRU&WHVLELRGH$OHMDQGUtD
6HWUDWDEDGHXQyUJDQRKLGUiXOLFRTXHIXQFLRQDED
SUHVLRQDQGRXQWHFODGRUXGLPHQWDULRGHFREUHTXH
PHGLDQWH XQRV SLVWRQHV \ FRPSUHVRUHV LQVXÀDED
DLUHSRUXQRVWXERVFX\DSUHVLyQHUDUHJXODGDSRU
0~VLFRVWRFDQGRXQDVDOSLQJH\XQDKLGUiXOLGH
FLHUWDFDQWLGDGGHDJXDTXHKDEtDHQVXLQWHULRU 7HUUDFRWD
6 , G& 0XVHR GHO /RXYUH KWWS
/DGLVWRUVLyQGHODFDMDGHUHVRQDQFLDGHFREUHHUD FRPPRQVZLNLPHGLDRUJZLNL)LOH6DOSLQ[B
FRQWURODGDPHGLDQWHXQWDEOyQJUXHVRGHPDGHUD K\GUDXOLVBSOD\HUVB/RXYUHB&$MSJ
3DVDM&LHQF
&LHQFLD\$UWHHQOD$QWLJXD*UHFLD/D0~VLFD
+RPEUHWRFDQGRXQRVFUyWDORV9DVRiWLFRSLQWDGRFRQIRQGR 'LRQLVRPRQWDGRHQXQDSDQWHUD$ODL]TXLHUGD
XQ ViWLUR WRFDQGR XQ URSWURQ &UDWHUD iWLFD GH
EODQFR69,D&0XVHRDUTXHROyJLFRGH3DOHUPR
KWWSFRPPRQVZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL)LOH.URWDODBPDUB ¿JXUDURMD6,9D&0XVHRGHO/RXYUH
KWWSFRPPRQVZLNLPHGLDRUJZLNL)LOH
3DOHUPRBQLMSJ
'LRQ\VRVBSDQWKHUB/RXYUHB.MSJ
VREUHHOTXHVHDSR\DED
(QFXDQWRDORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHSHUFXVLyQFRQWDEDQFRQORVFUyWDORVXQDHVSHFLH
GHFDVWDxXHODVGHPDGHUDORVFtPEDORVXQRVSODWLOORVPHWiOLFRVTXHVHHQWUHFKRFDEDQHO
WtPSDQRXQSDQGHURGHPHPEUDQDRSLHODQLPDOWHQVDGDHQXQEDVWLGRU\HOURSWURQXQ
SHTXHxRWDPERU
(OFRQFHSWRGHP~VLFD
/RV JULHJRV QR WHQtDQ HO PLVPR FRQFHSWR GH P~VLFD TXH WHQHPRV DFWXDOPHQWH
0~VLFDVLJQL¿FDHWLPROyJLFDPHQWH³UHODWLYRDODV0XVDV´HVGHFLUHODUWHLQVSLUDGR\
SURWHJLGRSRUHVWDVGLRVDVTXHLQWHJUDEDFRQMXQWDPHQWHSRHVtDP~VLFDGDQ]D\JLPQDVLD
HQWHQGLGDHVWD~OWLPDHQVHQWLGRDPSOLRGHPDQHUDTXHODP~VLFDQRVHFRQFHEtDKDVWD
pSRFDKHOHQtVWLFDV,,,,D&SRUVHSDUDGRGHODVRWUDVVLHQGRDGHPiVSDUWHEiVLFDGH
ODHGXFDFLyQ$VtSUiFWLFDPHQWHWRGRVORVSRHWDVOtULFRV\GUDPiWLFRVKDVWDGLFKDpSRFD
QRVyORYHUVL¿FDEDQVLQRTXHWDPELpQFRPSRQtDQP~VLFD\FDQWDEDQFRPRXQWRGR$O
SDUHFHUWUDVXQSULPHUYtQFXORFRQHOFDQWRPRQyGLFRVROLVWDDSDUHFLyWDPELpQRWURFRQ
ODGDQ]D\HOFDQWRFRUDO(QJHQHUDOVHSRGtDGLVWLQJXLUGRVWLSRVGHP~VLFDODSRSXODU
GHODTXHQRVKDQOOHJDGRDOJXQRVWH[WRVFRQQRWDFLRQHVPXVLFDOHVPHGLDQWHOHWUDV\OD
SURIHVLRQDOGHODTXHQRVDEHPRVDSHQDVQDGD/RTXHVtSDUHFHFODURHVTXHODP~VLFDVH
DGDSWDEDHQULWPRDODSDODEUDSRpWLFDDODTXHVHUYtDGHDSR\R\TXHLQFOXtDFXDUWRVGH
WRQRLQH[LVWHQWHVHQQXHVWUDP~VLFDDFWXDO
0~VLFD\SRHVtD
3RU +RPHUR VDEHPRV TXH ORV DHGRV FDQWRUHV \ FRPSRVLWRUHV GH SRHPDV
pSLFRVFRQVXP~VLFDGHpSRFDPLFpQLFD\ODHGDGRVFXUDV;9,,;,,\;,,;D&
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH WHQtDQ XQ JUDQ SUHVWLJLR VRFLDO SRU VX WULSOH IXQFLyQ DUWLVWD GH JUDQ
WDOHQWR FDSD] GH FRPSRQHU \ PHPRUL]DU PLOHV GH YHUVRV FRQ LQ¿QLWDV YDULDQWHV \ FRQ
JUDQLQÀXHQFLDVREUHODSREODFLyQSRUORTXHUHFLEtDDWULEXWRVGHKpURHV\UH\HVFHWUR
PDQWR \ FD\DGR LQVSLUDFLyQ GLYLQD SRU OR TXH VH HULJtDQ HQ LQWHUPHGLDULRV HQWUH ORV
KRPEUHV\ORVGLRVHV\HQSURWDJRQLVWDVLQGLVSHQVDEOHVGHORVULWRVUHOLJLRVRVHGXFDGRU
DOWUDQVPLWLUFRQVXVFDQWRVSRpWLFRVORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVGHOSDVDGRHMHPSORVPRUDOHVGH
FRPSRUWDPLHQWR\FRQRFLPLHQWRVUHOLJLRVRV6XSDSHOGHLQWHUPHGLDULRVHYHUHIRU]DGR
SRUODFHJXHUDFRQODTXHDSDUHFHQUHWUDWDGRVWUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHPXFKRVGHHOORV\TXH
PDUFDXQDOHMDPLHQWRGHODUHDOLGDGGHOSUHVHQWH\XQDFRQH[LyQFRQHORWURPXQGRHO
DUWHGLYLQR\HOIXWXUR
3DVDM&LHQF
-RVp/XLV(VSLQDU2MHGD
(Q pSRFD DUFDLFD V 9,,,9, D&
DSDUHFHQ ORV QRPRV OH\HV YLQFXODGRV DO
SRHWDP~VLFR 7HUSDQGUR GH /HVERV V 9,,
D& (UDQ XQDV QRUPDV TXH GHWHUPLQDEDQ
ODV FRPSRVLFLRQHV GH YR] H LQVWUXPHQWR
GH GLYHUVR WLSR \ JUDQ YDULHGDG GH ULWPRV
'HVWDFD HO QRPR LGHDGR SRU $UTXtORFR
GH 3DURV V 9,, D& TXH FRQVLVWtD HQ HO
DFRPSDxDPLHQWR PXVLFDO GH XQ SRHPD
\iPELFRFRQULWPRUiSLGR\HQODLQWHUYHQFLyQ
DxDGLGD GH XQ VROLVWD HQWUH ODV HVWURIDV TXH
D YHFHV LQWURGXFtD QRWDV GLVFRUGHV HV GHFLU
TXHQRVHHMHFXWDEDQDODYH]TXHODPHORGtD
SULQFLSDO(VORTXHVHKDOODPDGRKHWHURIRQtD
HV GHFLU XQD VROD OtQHD PXVLFDO FRQ GLVWLQWDV
YRFHV TXH HPLWtDQ GLIHUHQWHV YDULDFLRQHV GH
GLFKR WHPD PHGLDQWH DGRUQRV HVSRQWiQHRV R
IUDVHRVLQGLYLGXDOHV1RVHWUDWDGHSROLIRQtD 0XMHUWRFDQGRXQDFtWDUD&tOLFHiWLFDGH¿JXUD
69 D& %LEOLRWHFD 1DFLRQDO GH )UDQFLD
R YDULDV YRFHV TXH ORV JULHJRV QR FRQRFtDQ URMD
KWWSFRPPRQVZLNLPHGLDRUJZLNL)LOH:RPDQB
SXHVODDXGLFLyQGHYDULRVVRQLGRVVLPXOWiQHRV NLWKDUDB&G0BMSJ
TXHSURGXFHQXQDFRUGHHVGHFLUODDUPRQtD
QR HPSH]DUi D DSDUHFHU KDVWD OD EDMD (GDG
0HGLD\QRTXHGDUiGH¿QLGDKDVWDORVVLJORV;9,,;9,,,
/D P~VLFD SXUDPHQWH LQVWUXPHQWDO QR DSDUHFH FRPR KHPRV GLFKR KDVWD pSRFD
KHOHQtVWLFDV,,,,D&\DXQTXHVDEHPRVGHFRPSHWLFLRQHVVLQHPEDUJRVHGXGDTXH
DOFDQ]DUD JUDQ UHOHYDQFLD 0iV GHWHUPLQDQWH IXH VX YLQFXODFLyQ D OD GDQ]D \ HO FDQWR
GHXQFRURTXHHPSH]yDWRPDUXQSDSHOGHQDUUDGRU\FRPHQWDGRUGHORVKHFKRVTXH
FDQWDEDRUHFLWDEDHOVROLVWDPLHQWUDVTXHHOMHIHGHOFRURFRULIHRPDUFDEDHOULWPRD
ORVLQVWUXPHQWLVWDVPLHPEURVGHOFRURFRUHXWDV\GDQ]DQWHVPHGLDQWHXQDVVDQGDOLDVGH
JUDQVXHODKXHFD\SODFDVPHWiOLFDV
(QHVWHFDPSRGHODSRHVtDFRUDOFDQWDGDFRQDFRPSDxDPLHQWRPXVLFDOVXUJLyHO
GLWLUDPERFRQVLGHUDGRHOSUHFHGHQWHGHOGUDPDRSRHVtDGUDPiWLFDWUDJHGLDFRPHGLD\
GUDPDVDWtULFR(VWRVFRURVVLQPiVFDUDHQWRQDEDQHQFtUFXORFRQVWUXFFLRQHVHVWUy¿FDV
HVWURIDV \ VXV UHVSXHVWDV R DQWtVWURIDV UHSHWLGDV HQ FRQMXQWR \ FRQ XQ OHQJXDMH PiV
ELHQ DUWL¿FLDO DFRPSDxDGR GH OLUD R PiV IUHFXHQWHPHQWH GH DXOyV &RPSRVLWRUHV GH
GLWLUDPERV IXHURQ ORV SUHFXUVRUHV$ULyQ GH /HVERV V 9,, D& \ /DVR GH +HUPtRQH
V9,D&MXQWRDRWURVSRVWHULRUHV\PXFKRPiVIDPRVRVFRPR6LPyQLGHVGH&HRV
V9,9D&%DTXtOtGHVV9D&R3tQGDURV9D&(QXQGLWLUDPERGH6LPyQLGHV
HOFRULIHRVHFRQYHUWtDRFDVLRQDOPHQWHHQXQVHPLVROLVWDTXHOOHJDEDDGLDORJDUFRQHO
VROLVWDFRQVLGHUDGRXQSUHFHGHQWHUHPRWRGHOWHDWURRSRHVtDGUDPiWLFD
0~VLFD\SRHVtDGUDPiWLFDRWHDWUR
(OGUDPDHVWDEDIRUPDGRSRUGDQ]DHMHFXWDGDSRUHOFRURSRHVtDDFHQWXDGDSRU
VtODEDV WDQWR UHFLWDGD FRPR FDQWDGD \ P~VLFD FRQGLFLRQDGD SRU HO ULWPR GH OD OHWUD
SRpWLFD\SRUWDQWREDVDGDHQHOQ~PHUR\GXUDFLyQGHODVVtODEDVDOLJXDOTXHODPpWULFD
3RUWUDGLFLyQVHFRQVLGHUDEDFRPRFUHDGRUDOSRHWD7HVSLVV9,D&TXHGLYLGLyHOFRUR
HQGRVVHPLFRURVGLDORJDQWHV\DODLQWURGXFFLyQGHOSULPHUDFWRUTXHGLDORJDEDFRQHO
FRULIHR&RQ(VTXLORV9,9D&HQFRQWUDPRV\DHOVHJXQGRDFWRU\HOWHUFHURFRQ
6yIRFOHV V9 D& eVWRV LQWHUSUHWDEDQ YDULRV SDSHOHV JUDFLDV D OD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ GH
YHVWXDULR\PiVFDUDTXHWDPELpQVHUYtDGHDOWDYR](OSDSHOGHOFRURSULPHURGHGRFH
PLHPEURV \ OXHJR TXLQFH HQ OD WUDJHGLD \ YHLQWLFXDWUR HQ OD FRPHGLD IXH SHUGLHQGR
SDXODWLQDPHQWHLPSRUWDQFLDIUHQWHDORVDFWRUHVSULPHUDPHQWHSUHGHFtD\DFRPSDxDED
3DVDM&LHQF
&LHQFLD\$UWHHQOD$QWLJXD*UHFLD/D0~VLFD
ODDFFLyQFRPHQWiQGROD\H[SOLFiQGRODVLHPSUHFDQWDQGRPLHQWUDVHOFRULIHROHGDED
OD UpSOLFD UHFLWDQGR OXHJR WHUPLQy FRQYLUWLpQGRVH HQ XQ VLPSOH VHSDUDGRU GH HVFHQDV
PLHQWUDVORVDFWRUHVVHFDPELDEDQ
/D P~VLFD LQWHUSUHWDGD SRU
DXOyV VHUYtD SDUD OOHYDU D OD FXPEUH
OD LQWHQVLGDG GH ORV VHQWLPLHQWRV SXHV
VyORODPHORGtDSXHGHVHJXLUH[SUHVDQGR
HPRFLyQ FXDQGR HO DOPD KXPDQD
SURIXQGDPHQWH FRQPRYLGD VyOR SXHGH
HPLWLUJULWRV\VRQLGRVLQDUWLFXODGRV3RU
HOOR OHWUD \ P~VLFD PHORGtD \ SRHVtD
GHEtDQ VHU FUHDGRV DO PLVPR WLHPSR
(QODFRPHGLDVHLQWURGXMHURQULWPRV\
PHORGtDV SRSXODUHV DXQTXH SDUHFH OD
FDOLGDGGHODP~VLFDHUDPHQRUTXHHQ
OD WUDJHGLD SRU OD UHODMDFLyQ GHO DXOyV $XOHWDWRFDQGRXQDXOyVFRQIRUEHLD)UDJPHQWRGHXQDiQIRUD
HO H[FHVR GH VHPLWRQRV \ HO DEXVR GH GH¿JXUDURMD69,D&0XVHRGHDQWLJHGDGHVGH0XQLFK
KWWSFRPPRQVZLNLPHGLDRUJZLNL)LOH$XORVBSOD\HUB
FDPELRVGHPRGXODFLyQ
6WDDWOLFKHB$QWLNHQVDPPOXQJHQBMSJ
0~VLFD\JLPQDVLD
(QHOPXQGRKHOpQLFRORVKRPEUHVFRPSHWtDQHQWRGRVORViPELWRVEXVFDQGROD
H[FHOHQFLDTXHOHVOOHYDUtDDODYLFWRULD\DODJORULD+XERFRPSHWLFLRQHVPXVLFDOHVSHUR
HQHVWHDVSHFWRODP~VLFDHVWDEDOLJDGDQRVyORDODVFRPSHWLFLRQHVGHFDQWR\WHDWUDOHV
VLQRWDPELpQDODVDWOpWLFDV(VWRVyORVHFRPSUHQGHGHVGHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHTXHSDUD
ORV JULHJRV OD HGXFDFLyQ WHQtD SRU SULQFLSDO REMHWLYR DOFDQ]DU XQ HTXLOLEULR DUPyQLFR
HQWUHODVFDSDFLGDGHVItVLFDV\ODVLQWHOHFWXDOHV\PRUDOHV$VtSDUDHOFXHUSRSUDFWLFDEDQ
HMHUFLFLRV JLPQiVWLFRV \ SDUD HO DOPD WRFDEDQ LQVWUXPHQWRV \ FDQWDEDQ SHUR QR GH XQ
PRGRVHSDUDGRVLQRFRQMXQWRHVGHFLUHMHUFLFLRVFRPELQDGRVFRQGDQ]DDOWHUQDQGRHQWUH
EDLODUtQJLPQDVWDHLQVWUXPHQWLVWDFDQWRU
(OHVStULWXFRPSHWLWLYRHUDWDQLQWUtQVHFRDVXFXOWXUDTXHRUJDQL]DEDQFRPSHWLFLRQHV
HQODVTXHSDUWLFLSDEDQWRGDVODVFLXGDGHVHVWDGRGHOPXQGRJULHJR*UHFLDFRQWLQHQWDO
FRVWD GHO $VLD 0HQRU LVODV \ FRORQLDV GiQGROH XQ FDUiFWHU SDQKHOpQLFR &RQ HVWDV
FRPSHWLFLRQHV ORV JULHJRV UHIRU]DEDQ VX VHQWLPLHQWR GH SHUWHQHFHU D XQD HVWUXFWXUD
VRFLRSROtWLFD VXSHULRU D OD FLXGDGHVWDGR SROLV \ D XQ SXHEOR FRP~Q TXH FRPSDUWtD
OHQJXD UHOLJLyQ \ FXOWXUD 7HQtDQ WDO LPSRUWDQFLD SDUD HOORV TXH KDEtD XQD WUHJXD GH
FDUiFWHUVDJUDGRSDUDJDUDQWL]DUODOLEUHFLUFXODFLyQGHJULHJRVVDQRV\VDOYRVSRUWRGR
HO WHUULWRULR KDVWD HO OXJDU GH FRPSHWLFLyQ XQD WUHJXD WDQ VROHPQH TXH MDPiV QLQJXQD
FLXGDGVHDWUHYLyDURPSHUODHQORVPiVGHPLODxRVGHKLVWRULDGHORV-XHJRV2OtPSLFRV
SRU HMHPSOR (VWDV FRPSHWLFLRQHV FRQVLVWtDQ HQ MXHJRV DWOpWLFRV \ PXVLFDOHV (VWRV
~OWLPRVHUDQGHGRVWLSRVORVHVFpQLFRVSLH]DVWHDWUDOHV\FRUDOHV\ORVWLOpPLFRVWRGDV
ODVYDULHGDGHVGHP~VLFDLQVWUXPHQWDO\GHFDQWR(OYHQFHGRUGHHVWRVMXHJRVDOLJXDO
TXH ORV DWOHWDV HQ 2OLPSLD 2OtPSLFRV 'HOIRV 3tWLFRV 1HPHD 1HPHRV R &RULQWR
ËVWPLFRVHUDFRQVLGHUDGRKpURHQDFLRQDO\VHOHUHFLEtDHQWUHYtWRUHVVHOHFRPSRQtDQ
SRHPDVVHOHHULJtDQHVWDWXDV\VHOHRWRUJDEDQSULYLOHJLRVHQVXFLXGDGDGHPiVGHJORULD
HWHUQD
,QQRYDFLRQHVHQODP~VLFD
(O FRQFHSWR GH P~VLFD HYROXFLRQD HQ HO PXQGR JULHJR GHVGH OD LGHD GH XQ DUWH
H[WUDtGR GH ORV GLRVHV H LQWHUSUHWDGR SRU LQWHUPHGLDULRV GH LQVSLUDFLyQ GLYLQD KDVWD
XQDFLHQFLDGH¿QLGDSRU¿OyVRIRV(OSULPHUSDVRHQHVWHFDPLQRORGLR3LWiJRUDVV9,
D&TXHHVWDEOHFLyODEDVHPDWHPiWLFDGHODP~VLFDYLQFXODGDDOXQLYHUVR(VFDVDV\
FRQWUDGLFWRULDV VRQ ODV QRWLFLDV TXH QRV KDQ OOHJDGRGH HVWH ¿OyVRIR 1DFLGR HQ OD LVOD
3DVDM&LHQF
-RVp/XLV(VSLQDU2MHGD
GH6DPRVYLDMyD(JLSWRGRQGHFRQVLJXLy
VHU VDFHUGRWH \ DSUHQGHU PDWHPiWLFD
PHGLFLQD DUTXLWHFWXUD JHRPHWUtD \
P~VLFD 7UDV OD LQYDVLyQ SHUVD GH (JLSWR
3LWiJRUDV IXH KHFKR SULVLRQHUR \ HQYLDGR
D %DELORQLD GRQGH ORV FLHQWt¿FRV PDJRV
UHFRQRFLHURQ VX JHQLR \ OR LQFRUSRUDURQ
D VXV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SHUIHFFLRQDGR HO
¿OyVRIR VXV FRQRFLPLHQWRV PDWHPiWLFRV
5HJUHVD D 6DPRV GRQGH IXQGD VX HVFXHOD
¿ORVy¿FD EDVDGD HQ OD PDWHPiWLFD \ HQ
OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHO XQLYHUVR HQ FODYH
PDWHPiWLFRPXVLFDO PHGLDQWH XQD VHULH
GH UHODFLRQHV LQWHUYiOLFDV &XDQGR VXV
UHODFLRQHVFRQ3ROtFUDWHVWLUDQRGH6DPRV
VH FRPSOLFDQ KX\H D &URWRQD FRORQLD
JULHJDGHOVXUGH,WDOLDGRQGHDOFDQ]yJUDQ
IDPD\SUHVWLJLRKDVWDVXPXHUWH
6HJ~Q $ULVWyWHOHV \D TXH 3LWiJRUDV
QR GHMy QDGD HVFULWR VX SHQVDPLHQWR VH
IXQGDPHQWDED HQ HO Q~PHUR SULQFLSLR
PDWHULDOGHORVVHUHV\FDXVDGHVXVFDPELRV
\ HVWDGRV (O Q~PHUR WLHQH GRV HOHPHQWRV
SDULQ¿QLWRHLPSDU¿QLWRGHORVFXDOHV
SDUWLFLSDODXQLGDGSRUTXHHVSDUHLPSDUD
ODYH]'HODXQLGDGVHH[WUDHHOQ~PHUR\ 6ROGDGRWRFDQGRXQDVDOSLQJH/pFLWRJULHJRGH¿JXUD
WRGRVHOORVFRQIRUPDQHOFLHOR5HVXPLHQGR QHJUD69,9D&0XVHRDUTXHROyJLFRGH3DOHUPR
KWWSHVZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$UFKLYR6DOSLQ[B
GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD FLHQWt¿FR ORV SOD\HUB0$5B3DOHUPRB1,MSJ
SLWDJyULFRVOHGLHURQXQDEDVHFLHQWt¿FDDOD
PDWHPiWLFDHVWXGLDURQORVQ~PHURVSDUHV
LPSDUHVSULPRV\FXDGUDGRVHVWDEOHFLHURQHOQ~PHURFRPRSULQFLSLRGHWRGDSURSRUFLyQ
RUGHQ\DUPRQtDGHOXQLYHUVR\HVWDEOHFLHURQHOOODPDGR7HRUHPDGH3LWiJRUDVHOGHOD
KLSRWHQXVD
0XVLFDOPHQWHVXLPSRUWDQFLDHVWULEDHQTXH
‡ /DDFWXDOVHOHFFLyQGHGRFHVRQLGRVGHODP~VLFDRFFLGHQWDOVHRULJLQDHQODPDWHPiWLFD
SLWDJyULFD
‡ 'HVFXEULy TXH HO VRQLGR VH SURGXFH SRU ODV YLEUDFLRQHV GH XQ FXHUSR HQ XQ PHGLR
HOiVWLFRHQHOTXHVHSURSDJDQHQIRUPDGHRQGDVFX\DDOWXUDGHSHQGHGHOQ~PHURGH
YLEUDFLRQHVODFXDOHVGHSHQGHQGHOJURVRU\ORQJLWXGGHOFXHUSRHQYLEUDFLyQ$GHPiV
ORV SLWDJyULFRV GHWHUPLQDURQ TXH HVWDV UHODFLRQHV YLEUDFLyQRQGD VH SXHGHQ H[SUHVDU
PHGLDQWHQ~PHURV
‡ 3DUD HOORV OD ¿ORVRItD VH IXQGDPHQWDED HQ OD PDWHPiWLFD \ OD P~VLFD HUD XQD SDUWH
LPSRUWDQWHGHpVWD
‡ ,QYHQFLyQ GHO PRQRFRUGHGLDSDVyQ XQ LQVWUXPHQWR TXH FRQVLVWtD HQ XQD FDMD GH
UHVRQDQFLDVREUHODTXHVHGLVSRQtDXQDFXHUGDWHQVDGD\DSR\DGDHQVXVH[WUHPRVHQ
GRVFDEDOOHWHV$OGLYLGLUODSRURWURFDEDOOHWHHQGRVSDUWHVLJXDOHVFRPSUREDURQTXH
HOVRQLGRSURGXFLGRSRUFDGDXQRGHORVGRVVHJPHQWRVHUDODRFWDYDGHOVRQLGRTXH
HPLWtDODFXHUGDHQWHUDGHPRVWUDQGRDVtTXHODIUHFXHQFLDGHOVRQLGRHVLQYHUVDPHQWH
SURSRUFLRQDODODORQJLWXGGHODFXHUGD
‡ &RQHVWHGLDSDVyQGHWHUPLQDURQHOQ~PHURVRQRUR6LVHKDFHQYLEUDUGRVFXHUGDVGHO
PLVPRJURVRUSHURXQDFRQODPLWDGGHORQJLWXGGHODRWUD\HQODVPLVPDVFRQGLFLRQHV
3DVDM&LHQF
&LHQFLD\$UWHHQOD$QWLJXD*UHFLD/D0~VLFD
ItVLFDVOD FXHUGD PiV FRUWD HPLWLUiXQVRQLGRXQDRFWDYDPiVDOWRTXHODPiVODUJD
6LODUHODFLyQGHVXVORQJLWXGHVHVODGLIHUHQFLDVHUiGHXQDTXLQWD\VLHVGH
HQWRQFHVVHUiGHXQDFXDUWD
‡ (VWDVFRQVRQDQFLDVHUDQODEDVHGHODP~VLFDJULHJD\VHH[SUHVDEDQSRUODSURJUHVLyQ
TXHWDPELpQFRQWHQtDODVFRQVRQDQFLDVFRPSXHVWDVFRQRFLGDVSRUORVJULHJRV
RFWDYDPiVTXLQWD\GRVRFWDYDV
3RVWHULRUPHQWHVXUJHQORVJpQHURVPXVLFDOHVTXHKDFHQUHIHUHQFLDDODRUGHQDFLyQ
GHORVVRQLGRVGHDFXHUGRFRQVXSUR[LPLGDGWHQLHQGRFRPREDVHHOWHWUDFRUGHHVGHFLU
XQLQWHUYDORGHFXDUWDMXVWD$VtHOJpQHURGLDWyQLFRFRQVWDEDGHXQDVXFHVLyQGH
WRQRV\VHPLWRQRVHOJpQHURFURPiWLFRVHIXQGDEDHQXQLQWHUYDORGHWHUFHUDPHQRU\
VHPLWRQRTXHVHXVDEDGXUDQWHODHMHFXFLyQGHOGLDWyQLFRSDUDGDUYDULHGDGDODPHORGtD
\HOJpQHURHQDUPyQLFRHQXQLQWHUYDORGHELWRQRGRVWRQRV\FXDUWRGHWRQRDXQTXHORV
SURSLRVJULHJRVORFRQVLGHUDEDQGLItFLO\SRPSRVR
&RPR \D KHPRV GLFKR OD EDVH
GH OD P~VLFD JULHJD HUD OD FXDUWD HO
LQWHUYDOR QDWXUDO GH OD YR] KXPDQD
RUGHQDQGR ORV FXDWUR VRQLGRV GHO
WHWUDFRUGH GHVFHQGHQWHPHQWH /D
IRUPD GH RUGHQDFLyQ GH ORV WUHV
LQWHUYDORV HQWUH HVRV FXDWUR VRQLGRV
R QRWDV VRQ ORV PRGRV $Vt HQ HO
JpQHUR GLDWyQLFR KXER WUHV PRGRV HO
GRULR TXH FRUUHVSRQGHUtD D QXHVWUD
HVFDOD GH PL PL UH GR VL OD VRO
ID PL FRQ VHPLWRQRV HQWUH GR \ VL
\ ID \ PL HO IULJLR TXH VH LGHQWL¿FD
FRQQXHVWUDHVFDODGHUHUHGRVLOD
VRO ID PL UH HO OLGLR TXH VHUtD OD
DFWXDOHVFDODGHGRGRVLODVROID
PLUHGR/XHJRVHDxDGLyXQFXDUWR
HOPL[ROLGLRVLODVROIDPLUHGR
VL&DGDXQRGHHVWRVPRGRVWHQtDXQ
PRGRVHFXQGDULRDXQDTXLQWDDEDMRR 0XMHUWDxHQGRXQDVDPEXFD0XVHR%ULWiQLFR)RWRGHO
DXQDFXDUWDDUULEDKLSRGRULRODVRO DXWRU
IDPLUHGRVLODKLSRIULJLRVROID
PLUHGRVLODVROKLSROLGLRIDPL
UHGRVLODVROIDKLSRPL[ROLGLRPLUHGRVLODVROIDPL3HURQRHVWDQVLPSOH
SRUTXHHQORVWUHVLQWHUYDORVGHFDGDWHWUDFRUGHKDEtDXQOHLPDTXHHVPHQRUTXHQXHVWUR
VHPLWRQRDXQTXHQRHVWiGHWHUPLQDGRHQTXpFXDQWtD
3DUD OD HVFULWXUD GH ODV QRWDV RFKR GH ODV TXH GHULYDQ QXHVWUDV RFKR XVDEDQ
SDODEUDVUHIHULGDVDODVRFKRFXHUGDVGHODD¿QDFLyQGHXQDFtWDUDODVXSHULRURJUDYH
HUD OD KtSDWH QXHVWUD PL HO VHPLWRQR VLJXLHQWH OD SDUtSDWH ID OD VLJXLHQWH OtFDQR OD
GHOtQGLFHVROODPHGLDPHVHODODVLJXLHQWHSDUDPHVHVLODDQWHSHQ~OWLPDWULWHOD
WHUFHUDGRODVLJXLHQWHSDUDQHWHUHODLQIHULRUQHWHPL3DUDORVVRQLGRVGHFXDUWRGH
WRQR\FURPiWLFRVXVDEDQODVOHWUDVGHODOIDEHWR
(VLQGXGDEOHTXHODP~VLFDFRPRVXFHVLyQGHVRQLGRVFRQLQWHQFLyQH[SUHVLYDQDFLy
FRQHOULWPRGHXQDSHUFXVLyQ3DUDORVJULHJRVHOULWPREDVHHUDHOELROyJLFRHVGHFLU
HOULWPRFDUGtDFRFX\RFRQWUROHVQHFHVDULRSDUDFXDOTXLHUDFWLYLGDG\GHDFXHUGRFRQ
HOFXDOSHUFLELPRVWRGRVORVGHPiVULWPRVGHODQDWXUDOH]D$VtGHVGHDQWLJXRHOULWPR
GHODSDODEUDSRpWLFDVHDGHFXyDOGHQXHVWURFRUD]yQFUHDQGRXQOHQJXDMHHVSHFLDOTXH
VyORSRGtDVHUHPSOHDGRSRUORVSURIHVLRQDOHVORVDHGRVTXHFUHDURQULWPRVHQORVTXHHO
3DVDM&LHQF
-RVp/XLV(VSLQDU2MHGD
YHUVRVHVRPHWtDDOFRPSiVGHPRGRTXHSXGLHUDQDJUDGDUHLQWHUHVDUDOS~EOLFR/XHJR
ODGDQ]DVHDMXVWyDHVHULWPRSRpWLFRPXVLFDOGDQGROXJDUDXQFRQMXQWRLQVHSDUDEOH
FRPR\DKHPRVGLFKR7DQWRLQÀX\yHVWHFRQFHSWRJULHJRTXHODP~VLFDRFFLGHQWDOVH
VLJXLyDGHFXDQGRDOULWPRGHODSDODEUDKDVWDELHQHQWUDGRHOV;9(VWHULWPRSRpWLFRVH
EDVDEDHQODFRPELQDFLyQGHWHUPLQDGDGHVtODEDVGHGXUDFLyQEUHYH\GHGXUDFLyQODUJD
HTXLYDOHQWHDGRVEUHYHV3RUHVRODGHQRPLQDFLyQGHORVULWPRVPXVLFDOHVHUDODPLVPD
TXHORVGHOYHUVRULWPRVWHUQDULRV\DPEREUHYH\ODUJDWURTXHRODUJD\EUHYH\ULWPRV
FXDWHUQDULRVGiFWLORODUJDEUHYH\EUHYHHVSRQGHRODUJD\ODUJDDQDSHVWREUHYHEUHYH
\ODUJD1RWDEDQODVSDXVDVFRQXQRVVLJQRVHVSHFt¿FRVOODPDGRVSQHXPDVUHVSLUDFLyQ
RSXOPyQ
0~VLFD\HGXFDFLyQ
/DP~VLFDGHVHPSHxDEDXQSDSHOSUHSRQGHUDQWHHQHOVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYRJULHJR$
WRGRVORVFLXGDGDQRVVHOHVIRUPDEDSDUDTXHFRQRFLHUDQORVFRQFHSWRVPXVLFDOHVEiVLFRV
\XQDFLHUWDFDSDFLGDGGHXVDUODYR]\WRFDULQVWUXPHQWRV(OREMHWLYRHUDFXOWLYDUHODOPD
SDUDTXHHVWXYLHUDHTXLOLEUDGD\WHPSODGDFRQUHVSHFWRDOGHVDUUROORItVLFRQRVyORSDUD
ODSURSLDIRUPDFLyQGHOLQGLYLGXRVLQRWDPELpQSDUDTXHpVWHVHVLQWLHUDLQWHJUDGRHQODV
FHOHEUDFLRQHV\DFWRVFROHFWLYRVGHODFRPXQLGDGTXHVLHPSUHLQFOXtDQP~VLFDTXHQR
VyORHUDXQDLQFOLQDFLyQQDWXUDOVLQRREOLJDWRULD
8QP~VLFRSURIHVLRQDOGHEtDVHJXLUXQDHGXFDFLyQLQWHJUDGDHQWUHVUDPDVXQLGDV
ODUHWyULFDSDUDVHUFDSD]GHPDQHMDUODOHQJXDFRQODVROWXUDVX¿FLHQWHSDUDFRPSRQHU
EHOORVYHUVRVHOFDQWRSDUDPDQHMDUODYR]FRQKDELOLGDGWDQWRHQODPRQRGLDRFDQWRHQ
VROLWDULRFRPRHQODFRURGLDRFDQWRHQFRUR\ODUtWPLFDSDUDWRFDUORVLQVWUXPHQWRVFRQ
PD\RUGHVWUH]DTXHORVFLXGDGDQRVFRUULHQWHVVREUHWRGRODFtWDUD\HODXOyV
(OREMHWLYR¿QDOGHODHGXFDFLyQPXVLFDOSRGtDYDULDUVHJ~QODGLUHFFLyQSROtWLFD
GHODFLXGDGHVWDGR3RUHMHPSORHQ(VSDUWDFX\DVHVWULFWDVOH\HVHVWDEDQHQFDPLQDGDV
DPDQWHQHUXQHVWDGRPLOLWDULVWDDOTXHVHVXERUGLQDEDWRGRHOSDSHOGHODP~VLFDHUDHO
GHH[DOWDUDODPDGUHSDWULDHLQVXÀDUDOMRYHQVHQWLGRGHORUGHQ\KDELOLGDGSDUDWRPDU
GHFLVLRQHVUiSLGDV\HQpUJLFDV(OFRURSRUWDQWR\HOPRGHUDGRULWPRGRULRHUDORTXH
SUHGRPLQDED (Q$WHQDV HQ FDPELR FRQ XQDV OH\HV GHVWLQDGDV DO GHEDWH \ GHFLVLRQHV
FROHFWLYDV OD P~VLFD GHEtD VXEUD\DU OD GLPHQVLyQ pWLFD \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDG PRUDO GHO
FLXGDGDQRTXHQRGHOHVFODYRTXHWHQtDSURKLELGRDSUHQGHUOD\VXDSUHQGL]DMHVLHPSUH
HUD GH RtGR VLQ SDUWLWXUD WDQWR HO FDQWR FRPR OD P~VLFD LQVWUXPHQWDO DGHPiV GH OD
GDQ]D
0~VLFD\)LORVRItD
'DPyQGH$WHQDVXQRGHORVPDHVWURVGH6yFUDWHVIXHXQRGHORVSULPHURV¿OyVRIRV
JULHJRV TXH HVWDEOHFLHURQ XQD FRQH[LyQ HQWUH OD P~VLFD \ OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO FDUiFWHU
KXPDQRHOHWRVSDUDELHQRSDUDPDO3ODWyQHOPiVLOXVWUHGLVFtSXORGH6yFUDWHVFUHtD
TXHODP~VLFDSRGtDFRQWULEXLUGHFLVLYDPHQWHHQODLQFXOFDFLyQGHODVPHMRUHVYLUWXGHV
HQHOFLXGDGDQRFRPRHOYDORUODPHVXUD\VHQWLGRGHODMXVWLFLD\DGHPiVQRVyORD
QLYHOLQGLYLGXDOVLQRWDPELpQDQLYHOFROHFWLYRSRUTXHODP~VLFDWHQtDSDUDpOHOSRGHUGH
PDUFDUODOtQHDGHXQHVWDGR\HORUGHQVRFLDO3RUHVRGHIHQGLyVLHPSUHODLQFOXVLyQGH
ODP~VLFDHQHOVLVWHPDHGXFDWLYRHVWDWDOFRPRUHFRJLyGHVSXpVHOP~VLFR\SHGDJRJR
$UtVWLGHV4XLQWLOLDQRV,,G&y,,,,9G&
3ODWyQ DO LJXDO TXH RWURV ¿OyVRIRV DQWHULRUHV \ SRVWHULRUHV FRPR HO SURSLR
$ULVWyWHOHVSHQVDEDTXHODP~VLFDGHOPLVPRPRGRTXHLQÀXtDHQHODOPD\HOFDUiFWHU
GHORVKRPEUHVWDPELpQORKDFtDHQVXVFXHUSRVSRUORTXHVHXVDEDFRPRWHUDSLDSDUD
GHYROYHUHOHTXLOLEULRDODPHQWH\DOFXHUSR$VtVHHPSOHDEDP~VLFDHVWLPXODQWHSDUD
GHVSDELODU D ORV DOHWDUJDGRV DXWLVWDV \ GpELOHV \ P~VLFD VXDYH SDUD DSDFLJXDU D ORV
3DVDM&LHQF
&LHQFLD\$UWHHQOD$QWLJXD*UHFLD/D0~VLFD
QHUYLRVRV KLSHUDFWLYRV \ FROpULFRV PLHQWUDV TXH SDUD OD HGXFDFLyQ VH XVDED P~VLFD \
ULWPRVDUPyQLFRV\HTXLOLEUDGRVHVGHFLUQLQJXQDGHODVGRVDQWHULRUHVSXHVVHWUDWDED
GHLQFXOFDUDODOXPQRPRGHUDFLyQ
3DUD 3ODWyQ QR REVWDQWH QR WRGD OD P~VLFD HUD ~WLO SDUD OD IRUPDFLyQ pWLFD GHO
LQGLYLGXR\GHOFROHFWLYRSRUTXHSRGtDIRUWDOHFHUVXYROXQWDG\SULQFLSLRVSHURWDPELpQ
GHVHTXLOLEUDUOH H LQFOLQDUOH D OD GHVSURSRUFLyQ \ SRU WDQWR DO PDO$Vt GHVHFKDED ORV
JpQHURV FURPiWLFR \ HQDUPyQLFR DVt FRPR OD P~VLFD SXUDPHQWH LQVWUXPHQWDO SXHV
SHQVDEDTXHDFWXDEDQGHXQPRGRGHVHQIUHQDGRVREUHODVHPRFLRQHVSRQLpQGRODVIXHUD
GH FRQWURO 3RU WDQWR HORJLDED HO JpQHUR GRULR PiV HTXLOLEUDGR \ PHVXUDGR < SRU
VXSXHVWRODP~VLFDH[WUDQMHUDHQWUDEDGHQWURGHODSULPHUDFRQVLGHUDFLyQRUJLiVWLFD\
SHUQLFLRVD
(O SRUTXp GHO SRGHURVR HIHFWR TXH 3ODWyQ OH DWULEXtD D OD P~VLFD HV TXH SDUD pO
FRQVWLWXtDXQSXHQWHHQWUHODVLGHDV\ORVIHQyPHQRV\SRUWDQWRGHLQÀXHQFLDGHFLVLYD
HQHOWHPSHUDPHQWRGHOVHUKXPDQR)LQDOPHQWH$ULVWyWHOHVFRPSDUWtDFRQVXPDHVWUR
HOPLVPRFRQFHSWRGHODHQpUJLFDDFFLyQGHODP~VLFDHQODPRUDO$VtFODVL¿FDEDODV
PHORGtDV HQ FXDWUR WLSRV ODV PRGHUDGDV ODV PiV DSURSLDGDV SDUD OD HGXFDFLyQ ODV
HQWXVLDVWDV TXH OOHYDQ DO DSDVLRQDPLHQWR \ D OD FDWDUVLV HV GHFLU D OD SXUL¿FDFLyQ
HVSLULWXDO PHGLDQWH XQD VDWXUDFLyQ GH VHQWLPLHQWR \ H[SXOVLyQ GHO H[FHVR GH HPRFLyQ
TXHGDQGRHODOPDHTXLOLEUDGD\SXUJDGDODVUHODMDGDVEXHQDVSDUDHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\HO
MXHJR\ODVWULVWHVTXHD¿HEUDQODPHQWHGHOKRPEUH\ORKDFHQVHQWLUVHJUDYH'HHVWH
PRGR$ULVWyWHOHV FRLQFLGH FRQ VXV SUHGHFHVRUHV HQ OD LGHD GH TXH OD P~VLFD VXSRQH H
LPSRQHRUGHQSHURODGHVQXGDGHWRGDPHWDItVLFDEXVFDQGRXQDH[SOLFDFLyQSVLFROyJLFD
XQDFRQVLGHUDFLyQTXHVHUtDSHUIHFFLRQDGDSRUVXJUDQGLVFtSXOR$ULVWR[HQRGH7DUHQWR
V ,9 D& TXH DGHPiV HVWXGLy ORV SUREOHPDV GH OD SHUFHSFLyQ PXVLFDO SRU HO RtGR
KXPDQR
$PRGRGHFRORIyQFRQHVWDVOtQHDVHVSHURKDEHUFRQWULEXLGRDGLIXQGLUDOJXQRV
GHWDOOHVVREUHXQDIDFHWDGHODFLYLOL]DFLyQGHODDQWLJXD*UHFLDFDVLGHVFRQRFLGDLQFOXVR
SDUDORVHVSHFLDOLVWDVSHURTXHFRPRVHKDYLVWRWHQtDXQDHQRUPHLPSRUWDQFLDHQODYLGD
GHOSXHEORTXHPDUFyODOtQHDFXOWXUDOGH2FFLGHQWHKDFH\DPiVGHGRVPLOHQLRV
%LEOLRJUDItD
%HQHGLWR$VWUD\5DIDHO³/RVHFRVGHODPHORGtDXQLYHUVDO\ODP~VLFDHQODSROLV´HQ
*RQ]iOH] 5HFLR -RVp /XLV HG ÈWRPRV DOPDV \ HVWUHOODV (VWXGLRV VREUH OD FLHQFLD
JULHJD0DGULG3OD]D\9DOGpVSS
&KDLOOH\-DFTXHV/DPXVLTXHJUHFTXHDQWLTXH%HOOHV/HWWUHV3DUtV
&RPRWWL*LRYDQQL0XVLFLQ*UHHNDQG5RPDQFXOWXUH-RKQ+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
%DOWLPRUH
*RQ]iOH]2FKRD&pVDU³/DP~VLFDHQOD*UHFLDDQWLJXD´HQ$FWD3RpWLFDQž
SS
*RQ]iOH]3DUGR'LHJR³/RTXHEDLODEDQ3ODWyQ\$ULVWyWHOHV´HQ$VWHULyQ;;,5HYLVWD
FXOWXUDOQžMXOLR
/DQGHOV-RKQ*0XVLFLQDQFLHQW*UHHFHDQG5RPH5RXWOHGJH/RQGUHV
3pUH] &DUWDJHQD )FR -DYLHU /D KDUPyQLFD GH $ULVWR[HQR GH 7DUHQWR 8QLYHUVLGDG GH
0XUFLD
4XLQWLOLDQR$UtVWLGHV6REUHODP~VLFD0DGULG*UHGRV
5HGRQGR 5H\HV 3HGUR /D KDUPyQLFD GH &ODXGLR 3WRORPHR 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 0XUFLD
5HLQDFK7KHRGRUH/DPXVLTXHJUHFTXHDQWLTXH3D\RW3DUtV
:HVW0/$QFLHQW*UHHN0XVLF2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
3DVDM&LHQF
Descargar