kiXejd`k\e `ek\iXZZ`feXi \dgi\jX ZfdgXŒˆX Zfdle`[X[\j Zfealekf ^ilgfj

Anuncio
`ek\iZXdY`f
`ek\iXZZ`feXi
kiXejd`k\e
\dgi\jX
ZfdgXŒˆX
Ycf^
\ej\ŒX
dXiZXj
i\cXZ`fe\j
Zfem\ijXZ`fe\j
[`}cf^f
`ek\iZXdY`Xi
Zfdle`[X[\j
ÔidX
\dYXaX[fi\j
Zfealekf
\ecXZ\j
n\Y
jˆdYfcf
^ilgfj
j\^l`[fi\j
XZk`mf
i\[
^ilgfjZfigfiXk`mfj
:fcX:Xf
?Xic\p;Xm`[jfe
9XiY`\
`[\ek`[X[
`ek\ie\k
\dYc\dX
`[\X
Zfdle`ZXe
n\Y
cf^f
Zfc\Zk`mf
`[\ek`ÔZX
\jgˆi`kl
8ggc\
j\ejXZ`fe\j
8ggc\
j\^d\ekf
Zfdgc`Z`[X[
Zfem\eZ`fe\j
ZfdgXik`[Xj
^ilgf
XjfZ`XZ`e
\dfZ`fe\j
Zfdgc`Z`[X[
gXj`e
dfkfj
MXej
Zfc\ZZ`fe`jkXj
\eZl\ekifj
\[`kfi`Xc
\egif]le[`[X[
Efjfkifj#
CXjdXiZXjZi\XeZfdle`[X[\j
ÈCfjd\iZX[fjjfeZfem\ijXZ`fe\jÉ%<j\cgi`$
d\iglekf[\c:cl\kiX`eDXe`Ô\jkf#lec`jkX[f
[\0,k\j`jhl\\e(000[\ZcXiXYXhl\cfje\^f$
Z`fjÊkXcpZfdfcfjZfefZˆXdfjËj\_XYˆXeXZX$
YX[f% <e le dle[f jXkliX[f [\ gif[lZkfj#
f]\ikXjpd\ejXa\jglYc`Z`kXi`fjp[\dXib\k`e^#
i\Z`\ek\j`em\jk`^XZ`fe\jgfe\e[\i\c`\m\hl\)
[\ZX[X*\c\ZZ`fe\j[\ZfdgiX[\g\e[\e[\cfj
Zfej\afjYfaX$fi\aX%
<ecX\iX[\`ek\ie\k#\cgf[\icfk`\e\ecfj`e[`m`$
[lfj#Zfdfi\ZfefZ\cXi\m`jkXÊK`d\ËZlXe[f[\$
[`ZXcXgfikX[X[\cg\ijfeXa\d}j`dgfikXek\[\
)''-Xkf[fjcfjhl\\jkXdfjgi\j\ek\j\ecXi\[%
8c^leXj \dgi\jXj \jk}e \dg\qXe[f X [Xij\
Zl\ekX# p Xgl\jkXe gfi Zi\Xi m\i[X[\ifj j`jk\$
dXj[\[`}cf^f%8_fiXcXjZfdle`[X[\j[\dXiZX
j\Zfej`[\iXeXjˆd`jdXj`ek\icfZlkfi\jZfecXj
\dgi\jXj\eleX\o`^\ek\i\cXZ`e\eki\`^lXc\j%
CX i\[ Zi\X \jkXj i\cXZ`fe\j p \e \jk\ e’d\if
[\8ccYiXe[i\Õ\o`feXdfjjfYi\\ccf%<ecXj\Z$
Z`eÊ:Xj\jkl[pËXeXc`qXdfj\cgXg\c[\i\[%\j#
le \a\dgcf [\c \dg\Œf `ejk`klZ`feXc gXiX gf$
k\eZ`Xi cX jfZ`\[X[ \e i\[% KXdY`„e _XYcXdfj
[\ fkiXj `e`Z`Xk`mXj# Zfdf \c cXeqXd`\ekf [\
I\[9cf^#\cYcf^[\JLDD8\jkXdfj\ennn%
jlddX%\j&nfi[gi\jj # f \c I\j]\jk ('# Xc hl\
_XZ\dfj i\]\i\eZ`X \e CX K\iiXqX gfi j\i le
\ogfe\ek\[\cXel\mXZlckliXXl[`fm`jlXc%
9`\em\e`[fjXcXjfZ`\[X[\ei\[#Y`\em\e`[fjX
cX\iX[\cXjZfdle`[X[\j%
:fdle`[X[\jle^ilgf[\g\ijfeXjhl\ZfdgXik\leX
gi\fZlgXZ`e# le Zfealekf [\ gifYc\dXj f le `ek\i„j
Zfd’eXZ\iZX[\lek\dX%=ilkf[\\jk\`ek\i„j#gif]le$
[`qXe\ejlZfefZ`d`\ekfp\ejlg\i`Z`XXkiXm„j[\leX
`ek\iXZZ`eZfek`elX[X%<jleX[\Ôe`Z`eX[XgkX[X[\cX
\eZ`Zcfg\[`X N`b`g\[`X nnn%n`b`g\[`X%fi^ # ]fidX[X#
gi\Z`jXd\ek\# gfi leX Zfdle`[X[ [\ `ek\ieXlkXj hl\
mfclekXi`Xd\ek\ZfcXYfiXephl\cX_XeZfem\ik`[f\ecX
d}jm`j`kX[XpleX[\cXjd}j^iXe[\j[\cdle[f%
@ek\ie\k\jpXcXgi`d\iX]l\ek\[\`e]fidXZ`e\e<lifgX
gfi[\cXek\[\cgXg\c2\eel\jkiXY`f^iX]ˆX[`Xi`XkXcm\q
\jk}c\aXeXcX’ck`dXZfejlckXXle[`ZZ`feXi`f#g\ifm`j`$
kXdfj[`Xi`Xd\ek\>ff^c\fN`b`g\[`XZfdfm\i[X[\ifj
kXc`jdXe\j[\cX\iX[`^`kXc%CX`iilgZ`e[\`ek\ie\kZfdf
j`jk\dX [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`e _\^\de`Zf \jk} [Xe[f gXjf
X leX j\^le[X \iX# ZXiXZk\i`qX[X gfi cXj `ek\iXZZ`fe\j
dlck`cXk\iXc\j\eki\`^lXc\j%CXk\Zefcf^ˆX`e]fid}k`ZXj\
_XZfejfc`[X[fZfdfle^iXegf[\ihl\_X`dgXZkX[f\e
el\jkifZfdgfikXd`\ekfZfc\Zk`mf1efj_X[X[fcXj_\iiX$
ÈLef[\cfjel\jkifjÉ
:\Z`c`XDXikˆe&:fejlckfiX[\\jkiXk\^`X&ZdXik`e7jlddX%\j
<[`kX1JLDD8
:fd`k„<[`kfi`Xc1
:\Z`c`XDXikˆe#GXki`q`XJZ_fg]#CXiXCX^Xik\iX#AXm`\iM\c`ccX
;`i\ZZ`e[\Xik\1GXki`q`XJZ_fg]
;`j\Œf1DXi^XFcc\i
Gif[lZZ`e1<c`jXY\k_Jfc„
J`hl`\i\jhl\fkiXg\ijfeXi\Z`YXle\a\dgcXi[\XccYiXe[f[Xik\
[\YXaXZfek}ZkXefj\e1
XccYiXe[7jlddX%\j
?XpdlZ_XjdXe\iXjgficXjhl\Xc^leXj
dXiZXj Zi\Xe Zfdle`[X[\j1 gfi XÔe`[X[
[\`ek\i\j\j#gfi\dfZ`fe\jpmXcfi\jZfd$
gXik`[fj# gfi kiX[`Z`e ]Xd`c`Xi%%%# g\if cX
dXpfiˆXk`\e\e\eZfd’ehl\jfeZXgXZ\j
[\[\jg\ikXilej\ek`d`\ekf[\g\ik\e\e$
Z`XpleXmfclekX[[\ZfdgXik`iZfefkifj
leXgXj`eg\ijfeXc%
cXZfdle`[X[
`ek\iXZZ`feXipfi^Xe`qXij\%Jl\jkilZkliXi\jgfe[\XleX
ZfeZ`\eZ`X[\ZcXj\fd\afi[`Z_f#[\dXiZX hl\j\]le$
[Xd\ekX\ecXc\^`k`dXZ`ehl\[`jk`e^l\Xcfjm\i[X[\ifj
d`\dYifj[\cfj[\d}j%P#kXdY`„e#j\YXjX\ecX]„ii\X
fgfj`Z`eXfkiXjdXiZXj%
<jkXj g\ijfeXj dlZ_Xj m\Z\j jXY\e d}j [\ cfj gif[lZkfj
hl\cXjgifg`Xj\dgi\jXjhl\cfjZfd\iZ`Xc`qXe%<ce’d\if
[\[`jZlj`epcˆ[\i\j[\fg`e`e%<jcfhl\_Xm\e`[fX[\ef$
d`eXij\N\Y)%'#[fe[\cfjljlXi`fjpXefj\c`d`kXeXZfe$
jld`i`e]fidXZ`e#j`efhl\[\[`ZXejlk`\dgfXZi\XiZfe$
k\e`[fjpXZfdgXik`icfj%<e\jk\Zfek\okf#cfjj`dgXk`qXek\j
[\ leX dXiZX ZfYiXe \jg\Z`Xc gifkX^fe`jdf# \jg\Z`Xc$
d\ek\Xhl\ccfjhl\mfclekXi`Xf`emfclekXi`Xd\ek\kiXej$
d`k\emXcfi\j\`e]fidXZ`ei\cXZ`feX[XZfecXd`jdX%<c
Zfealekf[\Zc`\ek\j[\leX\dgi\jXj`^l\j`\e[f\cXZk`mf
d}j gi\Z`X[f gXiX leX ZfdgXŒˆX# g\if [\j[\ leX g\ij$
g\Zk`mXefm\[fjX1X_fiXk`\e\ecXZXgXZ`[X[pcX\a\iZ\e [\i\ZfeÔ^liXilek\ii`kfi`f[\ZfeÔXeqXpXÔe`[X[Zfd$
gXik`[X%?\dfjkiXejZlii`[f[\j[\cfj}cYld\j]Xd`c`Xi\j
\ˆek`dfjgifg`fj[\cX\iXBf[Xb_XjkXcXjXgc`ZXZ`fe\j
[`^`kXc\jZfdf=c`Zbi#[fe[\d`c\j[\ljlXi`fjZfdgXik\e
jlj ]fkf^iX]ˆXj [fd„jk`ZXj% J\ _X gif[lZ`[f le ZXdY`f
[\ gXiX[`^dX1 cXj Zfdle`[X[\j [\ ljlXi`fj% PflklY\#
DpJgXZ\#9cf^^\i#Nfi[gi\jj\`Kle\jjfeXc^lefj[\cfj
]\ed\efjhl\gfe\e[\i\c`\m\\jk\el\mfgXiX[`^dX%
Cfjj`dgXk`qXek\j[\leXdXiZXj\j`\ek\efi^lccfjfj[\
jlg\ik\e\eZ`X#Zfejld\eleX^iXeZXek`[X[[\`e]fidX$
Z`eZfigfiXk`mX#pjfeXZkfi\j\ekf[f\cgifZ\jf%;Xem`[X
XcXjdXiZXjgfihl\\o`jk\\e\ccfjleXm\i[X[\iXZfeZ`\e$
Z`Xhl\c\jcc\mXXZi\Xi\jgXZ`fjjfZ`Xc\j[fe[\d`ccfe\j
[\g\ijfeXjlk`c`qXecXjel\mXj_\iiXd`\ekXj\ei\[gXiX
C<>F\jleXdXiZXhl\Zl\ekXZfeleXi\[[\]Xejfe$
c`e\ Æ\c C<>F Lj\ij >iflg E\knfibÆ hl\ Zfejk`klp\
cX m`mX \eZXieXZ`e [\ cX \og\i`\eZ`X C<>F% >iXZ`Xj
X `ek\ie\k# cfj d`\dYifj [\ \jkX Zfdle`[X[ k`\e\e jl
k\ii`kfi`f [\ \ogi\j`e [fe[\ `ek\iZXdY`Xi fg`e`fe\j#
Xgi\e[\i[\\og\i`\eZ`Xjfi\m\e[\ig`\qXj%J\gl\[\e
\eZfekiXi\ePflklY\dlck`kl[[\g\cˆZlcXjgifkX^fe`$
qX[XjgficX]Xd`c`XC<>F%Cfj]XdfjfjC<>Fdfm`\j
k`\e\e m\ij`fe\j `eZcljf [\ cfj Zc}j`Zfj [\ ?fccpnff[
Zfdf JkXij NXij# hl\# `eZcljf# _X [X[f cl^Xi X le m`$
[\fal\^f% C<>F ]fd\ekX cX Zf$Zi\XZ`e gfi gXik\ [\
jlj]Xejpgfe\Xjl[`jgfj`Z`eÆXkiXm„j[\jlg}^`eX
n\YÆcXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\`e[`m`[lXc`qXicXjg`\qXj#\j[\$
Z`i#[\\eZXi^Xikf[fcfe\Z\jXi`fgXiXdXk\i`Xc`qXile
[`j\Œf gifg`f C<>F% 8jˆ# \c Zfejld`[fi _XZ\ jlpX cX
dXiZX p ZfdgXik\ cf hl\ g\ijfeXcd\ek\ \eZl\ekiX \e
\ccXZfecfjhl\jfeÈ[\cfjjlpfjÉ%
?XpdXiZXjhl\_XeZfej\^l`[fjlg\iXik`\dgfj[`]ˆZ`$
c\j^iXZ`XjXcXgfpfÔ\c[\jlj]Xej1\j\cZXjf[\8ggc\#
gl\jj`\dgi\_XZfekX[fZfelefjXZk`mfjj\^l`[fi\j%
8lehl\ \o`jk\e \e \c d\iZX[f dg* d}j YXiXkfj# le
`Gf[ \j cX ccXm\ [\ XZZ\jf Xc XkiXZk`mf dle[f 8ggc\%
I\gi\j\ekXleZXjfgXi\Z`[fXc[\cXjqXgXk`ccXjMXej#
hl\jfYi\m`m`XleX`dgfikXek\Zi`j`j^iXZ`XjXcXgfpf
`eZfe[`Z`feXc[\cfjjbXk\ij%?fp#\jleXdXiZXXZk`mX
hl\k`\e\dlZ_fhl\[\Z`i\e\cdle[f[\cfj[\gfik\j
p[\cXd’j`ZX%8[\d}j#fi^Xe`qXleXm\i[X[\iXdlck`$
kl[[\\m\ekfj[\gfik`mfjfdlj`ZXc\j#Zfdf\cNXig\[
Kfli#lei\efdYiX[f]\jk`mXc[\d’j`ZX`k`e\iXek\hl\#
Xjlm\q#Zfejk`klp\leXZfdle`[X[jfZ`Xc\ei\[%
G\if MXej p 8ggc\ ef jfe ZXjfj ’e`Zfj% <j le ZXd`$
efhl\kXdY`„e_Xm`m`[fcXZ}dXiX[\]fkf^iX]ˆXiljX
CFDF#hl\Zl\ekXZfeleX]Xd`c`X[\]Xej[\cfd}jXZ$
k`mX#mXe^lXi[`jkXpZi\Xk`mX%<ejlj\[\m`iklXcnnn%
cfdf^iXg_p%Zfd ZfdgXik\e jlj `ejkXek}e\Xj i\Zfef$
Z`Yc\jgfijl]l\ik\gk`ZXg\ijfeXc%;\_\Z_f#Cfdfm`m\
leXj\^le[Xalm\ekl[[\j[\hl\\e(00([fj\jkl[`Xek\j
[\Xik\m`\e\e\jcX[\jZlYi`\iXe%8_fiX8YjfclkMf[bXj\
j`im\[\\jk\c\e^lXa\gifg`fp_XZfd`j`feX[fXle^ilgf
dlck`[`jZ`gc`eXi[\Xik`jkXjXi\kiXkXijlm`j`e[\8Yjfclk
XkiXm„j[\leXZ}dXiXCFDF%8[\d}j#`em`kXeXkf[fj
XgXik`Z`gXiXkiXm„j[\jlel\mXn\Ynnn%XYjfclkcfdf%
Zfd j`\dgi\pZlXe[fj`^XecXjgi\d`jXj[\cXcfdf^iX$
]ˆX1[`jgXiXij`eXglekXip[\aXij\cc\mXi%
ÈPf jfp Xhl\c e\^i`kf [\c Ý]i`ZX kifg`ZXcÉ% yjkX \iX cX
d’j`ZX[\le\ekiXŒXYc\XeleZ`f[\:fcX:Xf#ZlpXjfcX
d\eZ`e[\jg`\ikXel\jkiXd\dfi`XXZ’jk`ZXpm`jlXc#
\mfZXe[fleYfk\XdXi`ccf[\kXgXifaXpleXZXeZ`fe$
Z`ccXhl\dlZ_fj[\efjfkifjZfefZ\dfjj`ejXY\idlp
Y`\eZdf%JlZfejldfefjZfe\ZkXX\jX\[X[\ecXhl\
le:fcX:XfZXc`\ek\efj[XYXcXjYl\eXjefZ_\jpcfj
Yl\efj [ˆXj% :lXe[f# pX [\ X[lckfj# [\jZlYi`dfj hl\
Xc^l`\edXek`\e\kXdY`„e\j\i\Zl\i[f#j\ek`dfjZfdf
j`_lY`„iXdfjZfdgXik`[fXc^f[\el\jkiX`e]XeZ`X%
?Xic\p;Xm`[jfe\jkXdY`„eleYl\e\a\dgcf[\\df$
Z`fe\j ZfdgXik`[Xj% Jlj [`i`^\ek\j i\ZfefZ\e hl\1
ÈXlehl\j\Xdfjlee\^fZ`f\o`kfjf#efj\iˆXdfjeX[X
j`ecX^\ek\hl\efj_XkiXˆ[f_XjkXXhlˆÉ#È\ccfjZfd$
gXik\eZfeefjfkifjjlXdfigficXjdfkfjÉ%<ek`\e[\e
hl\leX?Xic\pef\jleXd\iXgfj\j`ej`efleX\o$
g\i`\eZ`X#hl\#X[\d}j#[\Y\j\iZfdgXik`[X%Gfi\jf#
fi^Xe`qXeleXZk`mfZXc\e[Xi`f[\\m\ekfj#ZXii\iXj#\o$
Zlij`fe\jpiXcc`\j%<c:clY?Xic\p\jlef[\cfjXZk`mfj
d}j`dgfikXek\j[\cXdXiZX%
Hl`„e `YX X [\Z`i hl\ leX dlŒ\ZX Zfdf 9XiY`\ `YX X
ZXljXikXekfi\ml\cf\ecXjjlYXjkXj%9XiY`\k`\e\`eÔ$
d`\ekXjgXiXZfdle`ZXiefj\eZlXchl`\icl^XipXkf[Xj
_fiXjZfekf[f\cdle[f%
K`d9\ie\ij$C\\#lef[\cfjgX[i\j[\cXi\[#jl\c\XÔi$
dXihl\^iXZ`XjX`ek\ie\kÈkf[f\jk}Zfe\ZkX[fZfekf[fÉ%
CXj Zfej\Zl\eZ`Xj gXiX cXj \dgi\jXj jfe \m`[\ek\j# \j$
g\Z`Xcd\ek\\ecfi\cXk`mfXcX^\jk`e[\dXiZX%PXef\j
jlÔZ`\ek\ZfegcXe`ÔZXid\ejXa\jle`[`i\ZZ`feXc\j#gl\j
]i\ek\X\ccfj\o`jk\e\ej`klXZ`e[\`^lXc[X[d`c\j[\^ilgfj
Æ
*0d`ccfe\j[\\lifg\fj_Xei\eleZ`X[fX
leXZfdgiXkiXjc\\ileXfg`e`ee\^Xk`$
mXjfYi\\cgif[lZkf\eleYcf^%
Æ
LeX dl\jkiX1 le i\Z`\ek\ \jkl[`f i\Xc`qX[f gfi @GJFJ
j\ŒXcXhl\_XjkX*0d`ccfe\j[\\lifg\fj_XeXZXYX[fi\$
eleZ`Xe[fXleXZfdgiXkiXjc\\ileXfg`e`ee\^Xk`mX
jfYi\\cgif[lZkf\eleYcf^%
Gfi\ccf#cXj\dgi\jXj[\Y\ej\iZXgXZ\j[\[`Xcf^Xip
[\i\Õ\aXi\jk\[`}cf^f\ejlj\ogi\j`fe\j%Cfjd\iZX$
[fj \jk}e ZXdY`Xe[f2 jfe X_fiX# Zfdf X]`idXYX \e
(000 \c dXe`]`\jkf :cl\kiX`e# ÈZfem\ijXZ`fe\jÉ% <jkf
Æ
CX^\jk`e[\dXiZX_fpi\hl`\i\Zfejkil`i i\gi\j\ekX le el\mf i\kf gXiX cXj \dgi\jXj# hl\ [\$
Y\i}eX[XgkXijljdf[\cfj[\e\^fZ`fpj`jk\dXjgif$
\jgXZ`fjpmXcfi\jhl\gl\[Xej\iZfdgXi$ [lZk`mfjgXiX]XYi`ZXij\i`\jd}jZfikXj%G\if#kXdY`„e#
k`[fjgfiZfdle`[X[\j[\`e[`m`[lfj%
gXiXcfji\jgfejXYc\j[\dXiZX#hl\[\Y\eXjld`ihl\
Æ
\jkXel\mXi\Xc`[X[i\hl`\i\^\jk`feXicXjdXiZXjZfe
Zi\Z`\ek\\`ek\ej`[X[[\cXjZfem\ijXZ`fe\jhl\k`\e\ecl^Xi dXpfi gi\Z`j`e p gif]le[`[X[# [\aXe[f Xki}j cXj [\$
YfZX$fi\aX#\ej`k`fjn\Y#]fifj#Ycf^j#p\eZfii\fj\c\Zki$ ZcXiXZ`fe\j le`cXk\iXc\j# p kiXYXaXe[f [\Z`[`[Xd\ek\
e`Zfj p Z_Xkj fYc`^Xe X \ek\e[\i cX dXiZX [\ leX ]fidX \e cX ZfejkilZZ`e [\ \jgXZ`fj p mXcfi\j ZfdgXik`[fj
el\mX1 kXekf \dgc\X[fj Zfdf cfj gifg`fj Zc`\ek\j _Xe gfiZfdle`[X[\j[\`e[`m`[lfj%
\eZfekiX[fmfZ\jhl\mXed}jXcc}[\cXja\iXihlˆXjkiX[`$
Z`feXc\jgifg`Xj[\cXdXpfiˆX[\cfj^ilgfjZfigfiXk`mfj%
e`[X[ [\ j\^l`[fi\j Zfc\ZZ`fe`jkXj \e kf[f \c dle[f
hl\j\[XeZ`kX\eZfem\eZ`fe\j`ek\ieXZ`feXc\jphl\
j\Zfdle`ZXeXkiXm„j[\dlck`kl[[\g}^`eXjn\Ygl$
Yc`ZX[Xj\e[`]\i\ek\j`[`fdXj%
<e[\Ôe`k`mX#\c„o`kf[\leXdXiZXef\jjcfZfej\^l`i
gifgfiZ`feXileX\og\i`\eZ`Xj`d`cXiXleZfc\Zk`mf[\$
k\id`eX[f#j`efhl\#XcXm\q#„jkXj\X’e`ZX#\oZclp\ek\
pg\ijfeXc%:lXe[fleXdXiZX[\jg`\ikXgXj`e#jljj\$
^l`[fi\jj\Zfem`\ik\e\ejljXlk„ek`Zfj\dYXaX[fi\j#
le`[fjgfi\c[\j\f[\ZfdgXik`ileX[\mfZ`ehl\\e
Xc^lefjZXjfjj\dXek`\e\m`mXXkiXm„j[\ck`\dgf%
D}j `e]fidXZ`e jfYi\ Zfdle`[X[\j [\ dXiZX \e
nnn%jlddX%\j&nfi[gi\jj%
XccYiXe[((&]\Y%'.&jlddX
ZXj\jkl[p
JLDD8[\Ôe\leXel\mX\jkiXk\^`X#
Xihl`k\ZkliX\`[\ek`[X[[\dXiZXgXiXi\[%\j%
8ihl`k\ZkliX[\dXiZXp\jk`cf^i}ÔZf[\cXjki\j}i\Xj1j\im`Z`fj#
gif^iXdXjpfYj\imXkfi`f
CXpflkpZi`k\i`fj^i}ÔZfj\`cljkiXk`mfj[\c]fcc\kf`ejk`klZ`feXc
Le`]fid\gXiXXqX]XkXj
J`jk\dX[\j\ŒXc`qXZ`e`ek\i`fi
CXXe`dXZ`eZfigfiXk`mX`cljkiXZfe
\cc\e^lXa\^i}ÔZf[\cX`[\ek`[X[cfj
j\im`Z`fj[\i\[%\j
Xek\Z\[\ek\j
i\kfj[\i\[%\j
el\mfgfj`Z`feXd`\ekf
Xihl`k\ZkliX[\dXiZX
`[\ek`[X[m`jlXc
ÈHl\i\dfjkiXejd`k`ij\eZ`cc\q#
j`dgc`Z`[X[pgifo`d`[X[É
<c[\jXiifccf[\cXjk\c\Zfdle`ZXZ`fe\jp[\cXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj[\cX`e]fidX$
Z`ep[\cXZfdle`ZXZ`e\jk}df[`ÔZXe[fkf[fjcfj}dY`kfj[\el\jkiX
m`[X%P#\e\jk\Zfek\okfZXdY`Xek\p\eZfejkXek\\mfclZ`e#cX\ek`[X[
g’Yc`ZXi\[%\j#X[jZi`kXXcD`e`jk\i`f[\@e[ljki`X#Kli`jdfp:fd\iZ`f#
al\^XlegXg\c[\k\id`eXek\%
i\[%\j[\jgc`\^XjlXZk`m`[X[\e}dY`kfjkXe[`jk`ekfjZfdf\c\jkl[`f[\
cXJfZ`\[X[[\cX@e]fidXZ`e\e<jgXŒX#cX^\jk`e[\ci\^`jkif[\[fd`$
e`fj\e`ek\ie\kpcX\a\ZlZ`e[\gif^iXdXj[\jk`eX[fjX\ok\e[\i\cljf
[\cXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj\ej\Zkfi\jZfdfcX\[lZXZ`e#cXjXe`[X[pcX8[d`e`j$
kiXZ`eG’Yc`ZX%CXi}g`[X\mfclZ`e[\c\ekfiefp\c[\cXgifg`X`ejk`klZ`e
XZfej\aXYXi\gcXek\XicX\jkiXk\^`X\`[\ek`[X[[\\jk\fi^Xe`jdf%
JLDD8 ]l\ j\c\ZZ`feX[X d\[`Xek\ ZfeZlijf
g’Yc`ZfgXiXcc\mXiXZXYf\jk\`dgfikXek\gif$
p\Zkf[\YiXe[`e^%<cfYa\k`mf1[\Ôe`ileX\jkiX$
k\^`X#Xihl`k\ZkliX\`[\ek`[X[[\dXiZXd}jXZfi$
[\jZfecXi\Xc`[X[p\c\ekfiefXZklXc[\i\[%\j%
<cgifp\Zkfj\`e`Z`ZfeleXe}c`j`j\jkiXk„^`Zf#
kXekf`ek\iefZfdf\ok\ief#hl\g\id`k`i\Xc`$
qXile[`X^ejk`Zf[\cXj`klXZ`eXe`m\c[\dXi$
ZXp[\Ôe`icfj\a\jgXiXleXd\afigifp\ZZ`ep
Zfejfc`[XZ`e[\cX`dX^\e[\cX\ek`[X[g’Yc`ZX%
JLDD8gifgljfXi\[%\jkiXYXaXigXiXÈj\ip
gifp\ZkXij\ Zfdf leX \ek`[X[ df[„c`ZXÉ \e cX
JfZ`\[X[ [\ cX @e]fidXZ`e% Kf[f \ccf gXjXYX
gfi gfk\eZ`Xi cX i\c\mXeZ`X# cX kiXejgXi\eZ`X#
cXÕ\o`Y`c`[X[pcXXZZ\j`Y`c`[X[#kXekf[\cX`ej$
k`klZ`eZfdfcXj[\cfjj\im`Z`fjpgif^iXdXj
hl\gifdl\m\%
<e]leZ`e[\kf[f\ccf#leXel\mXm`j`e#mX$
cfi\j# p Xki`Ylkfj [\ g\ijfeXc`[X[ [\ dXiZX
]l\ifegifgl\jkfjXcX;`i\ZZ`e[\i\[%\jgfi
\c \hl`gf \jkiXk„^`Zf [\ JLDD8% 8j`d`jdf#
j\ [\Ôe` le c\dX hl\ j`ek\k`qX cX gifd\jX
[\ dXiZX1 È@dglcjXdfj cX jfZ`\[X[ \e i\[É%
<c m\iYf Ê`dglcjXiË Zfdle`ZX `e\hlˆmfZXd\e$
k\cX`[\X[\]XZ`c`kXipZXgXZ`kXi[\]fidXXZk`$
i\[%\jcc\mXXZXYflej`e]ˆe[\XZk`m`[X[\j#gif$
^iXdXj p j\im`Z`fj% <c fYa\k`mf [\c gifp\Zkf [\
Xihl`k\ZkliX[\dXiZX\iXgcXek\XileXX[\ZlX[X
fi[\eXZ`epZXk\^fi`qXZ`e[\cXjd`jdXjp[\Ô$
CXel\mX`[\ek`[X[m`jlXckiXejd`k\j\eZ`cc\qp
gif]\j`feXc`[X[ p cf _XZ\ Zfe le ZXi}Zk\i df$
[\ief#ZfdfZfii\jgfe[\Xc\jgˆi`kl`eefmX[fi
`e_\i\ek\ X i\[%\j% <c ljf [\c Zfcfi jlYiXpX \c
mXcfi[\cÊ%\jËZfdf\c\d\ekf[\`[\ek`[X[[`^`$
kXc#pXcXm\qi\XcqX\cgXg\c[\\jkX`ejk`klZ`e
Zfdfi\jgfejXYc\[\ci\^`jkif\jgXŒfc[\[fd`$
e`fj#leX[\jljXZk`m`[X[\j[\dXpfii\ZfefZ`$
d`\ekf\ok\ief%
AlXeD%QX]iX&;`i\Zkfi[\:fdle`ZXZ`e[\i\[%\j
Æ
8i\[%\jc\Zfii\jgfe[\`dglcjXip
\a\ZlkXi\c[\jXiifccf[\cXJfZ`\[X[
[\cX@e]fidXZ`e\e<jgXŒX%
Æ
mX2 p \c \]\Zkf ZXg`Z’X [\ cX gXcXYiX Êi\[Ë [\j$
kXZX[\]fidXi}g`[XpZcXiXcfhl\i\gi\j\ekX
cX \ek`[X[ g’Yc`ZX \e \c \ekfief [\ `ek\ie\k%
<cc\dXg\id`k\j\i[\Zc`eX[f[\dXe\iXÕ\o`Yc\
\e]leZ`e[\cXj}i\XjpXZk`m`[X[\jhl\j\[\jX$
iifcc\e1È@dglcjXdfjcX\ZfefdˆX\ei\[É#È@d$
glcjXdfj cX \[lZXZ`e \e i\[É# È@dglcjXdfj cX
jXe`[X[\ei\[É#\kZ%%%
Æ
JLDD8cc\mXZXYf\cXe}c`j`j\jkiX$
k„^`Zf[\dXiZX[\cX\ek`[X[g’Yc`ZX
gXiX[\Ôe`ileXd\afigifp\ZZ`e[\
jl`dX^\e%
Æ
Æ
CXel\mX`[\ek`[X[m`jlXckiXej$
e`id\aficXi\cXZ`e\eki\„jkXjpcXdXiZX`ejk`kl$
d`k\j\eZ`cc\qpgif]\j`feXc`[X[p
Z`feXcgXiXcf^iXileXdXpfi\ÔZ`\eZ`Xpj`e\i^`X
cf_XZ\ZfeleZXi}Zk\idf[\ief#
Zfdle`ZXk`mXj%
CX el\mX Xihl`k\ZkliX [\ dXiZX [\YˆX [Xi leX ZfdfZfii\jgfe[\Xc\jgˆi`kl`eef$
mfqZcXiXXcX\ek`[X[pXjlj`e`Z`Xk`mXj#cf^iXe$ mX[fi`e_\i\ek\Xi\[%\j%
[fle\hl`c`Yi`f\eki\cXdXiZX`ejk`klZ`feXcpcXj Æ
jlYdXiZXjhl\X^ilgX%8cXm\q#_XYˆXhl\[\Ôe`i
leX i\cXZ`e \jkXYc\ \eki\ cX dXiZX `ejk`klZ`feXc
pcX[\cD`e`jk\i`f[\@e[ljki`X#:fd\iZ`fpKl$
i`jdf#[\cZlXc[\g\e[\%<cdf[\cf[`j\ŒX[fgfi
JLDD8 g\id`k\ hl\ cX e\Z\jXi`X gfk\eZ`XZ`e
[\cfjgif^iXdXjefjcfef\Zc`gj\cX`[\ek`[X[
[\i\[%\j#j`efhl\Zfeki`YlpXXi\]fiqXicX%
Æ
¶Hl„fYa\k`mfjg\ij`^l\\cgifp\Zkf[\dXiZX6
Gi\k\e[\dfj`dglcjXicXjfZ`\[X[\ei\[gXiXp\eki\kf[fjel\j$
kifj ^ilgfj [\ `ek\i„j X kiXm„j [\ cfj eld\ifjfj j\im`Z`fj hl\
gi\jkXdfj%:fe\cgifp\Zkf[\dXiZX#el\jkiffYa\k`mfgi`eZ`gXc
_X j`[f i\Zf^\i \e kf[fj cfj \c\d\ekfj [\ `[\ek`[X[ cfj mXcfi\j
Xjld`[fj gfi i\[%\j \e \c [\j\dg\Œf [\ jlj ]leZ`fe\j% Hl\i\$
dfj kiXejd`k`i j\eZ`cc\q# j`dgc`Z`[X[ p gifo`d`[X[ X cfj Z`l[X$
[XefjpXcXj`ejk`klZ`fe\jgXiXpZfecXjhl\kiXYXaXdfj%8jˆ\j
ZfdfZi\\dfjhl\[\Y\\ek\e[\ij\`ek\ie\kpcXk\Zefcf^ˆX\ecX
jfZ`\[X[df[\ieX#[\]fidXj\eZ`ccX#[`i\ZkX#’k`c%
Æ
¶Hl„hl\i„`jZfdle`ZXiZfeml\jkiXgifgfj`Z`e[\mXcfiÊ@dglcjXdfj
cXjfZ`\[X[\ei\[Ë6
i\[%\jj\Z\ekiX\e]fd\ekXi\cljf[\`ek\ie\kpcXjk\Zefcf^ˆXj[\
cX`e]fidXZ`epcXjZfdle`ZXZ`fe\jK@: \ekf[fjcfj}dY`kfj
[\ekif[\cdXiZf[\cgcXe8mXeqX%@ek\ie\kpcXjK@:j`^e`ÔZXe#
jfYi\kf[f#`ek\iXZZ`e#`ek\iZXdY`f[\ZfefZ`d`\ekfj\`e]fidX$
Z`e#`ek\iXZk`m`[X[%%%El\jkifc\dX#Ê`dglcjXdfjcXjfZ`\[X[\e
i\[Ë`ek\ekXkiXejd`k`icX`dgfikXeZ`X[\`ek\ie\kp[\cXjm\ekXaXj
hl\jlgfe\cX`ek\iXZZ`epcXZfdle`ZXZ`egXiX\c[\jXiifccf[\
cXjjfZ`\[X[\j\e\cj`^cfOO@%
Æ
[`j\Œf
cXk\iiXqX
ZX[}m\i
\ohl`j`kf
Zi\X[fi\j#
leˆfj
<jkXg}^`eX\j\ci\jlckX[f[\le\og\i`d\ekfZfefZ`[fZfdfÊZX[}m\i\ohl`j`kfË%
;liXek\mXi`fj[ˆXjel\m\[\cfj`ek\^iXek\j[\c[\gXikXd\ekf[\[`j\Œf[\
JLDD8cf_\dfj\jkX[fgiXZk`ZXe[f%
È:i\X[fi\j[`^`kXc\j[\cdle[f#leˆfjÉ%8c^fXjˆj\gcXek\_XZ\d}j[\[`\qXŒfj
AfeXk_Xe ?Xc\ N\ccj ZlXe[f `dglcj \c ]\jk`mXc [\ `dX^\e [`^`kXc \e dfm`d`\ekf
ZfefZ`[fZfdfI\j]\jk%<jk\XŒfj\Zldgc\jl[„Z`dX\[`Z`epefjXjfdXdfjX\ccX
[\j[\CXK\iiXqX[\8ccYiXe[%
CXd\kf[fcf^ˆX\jj\eZ`ccX1le^ilgf[\g\ijfeXji\Xc`qXe
leXZfdgfj`Z`e\ej\Zl\eZ`X#[\]fidXhl\cX`dX^\eÔ$
eXc\j\ci\jlckX[f[\ckiXYXafÆd}jfd\efjXc\Xkfi`f#g\if
j`\dgi\jlZ\j`mfÆ[\kf[fjjljd`\dYifj%
Cfjjlii\Xc`jkXj\iXe^iXe[\jXÔZ`feX[fj#pmXcfiXYXe[\
\jkXk„Ze`ZXcXle`eXqXifjX[\\c\d\ekfjj`ele\jhl\dX
gi\[\Ôe`[f\jki`ZkfpcXgfj`Y`c`[X[[\kiXYXaXi\e^ilgf
d}jXcc}[\cXjZfeZ\gZ`fe\jg\ijfeXc\j[\ZX[XZi\X[fi
`e[`m`[lXc%<eZlX[iX[f\e\jk\dfm`d`\ekf#\cXik`jkX8e$
[i„9i\kfeXÔidXYXhl\Ècf\dfZ`feXek\gXiXefjfkifj
\e \jk\ k`gf [\ gif[lZZ`fe\j \iX cX Z\ik\qX [\ hl\ gXiX
Y`\efgXiXdXc#i\gi\j\ekXYXeXc^fhl\ef\iXgfj`Yc\gfi
\ckiXYXaf[\leXjfcXd\ek\É%
:Xj` le j`^cf d}j kXi[\# _\dfj _\Z_f le ^l`Œf X \jfj
kiXYXafjZfdle`kXi`fj%=fidXgXik\[\el\jkiXkiX[`Z`e1
ZlXe[f \e (0/0 XiiXeZ JLDD8 ]l`dfj g`fe\ifj \e
<jgXŒX\e\ek\e[\ihl\\ckiXYXaf[\cfj[`j\ŒX[fi\jef
[\YˆXj\ileXcXYfijfc`kXi`X#j`efhl\i\jgfe[ˆXXlekiX$
YXaf\e\hl`gfpXleXm`j`edlck`[`jZ`gc`eXi%;\ekif[\
\jX[`m\ij`[X[#cfj[`j\ŒX[fi\jjfdfjleXZfdle`[X[#
gl\jk\e\dfjel\jkifjgifg`fji`kfj#lec\e^lXa\Zfd$
gXik`[f#pZfejkXek\d\ek\efj]fidXdfjp[`Xcf^Xdfj
\eY’jhl\[X[\el\mXjk\e[\eZ`XjpjfclZ`fe\j^i}ÔZXj%
<jk\ZX[}m\i\ohl`j`kf\jleXYl\eXdl\jkiX%
:fe\ZkXip[Xii\c\mXeZ`XXcfjel\mfjZi\X[fi\j[`^`kX$
c\j%KXc\iX\cgifgj`kfhl\j\gcXek\_XZ\leX[„ZX[X
AfeXk_Xe?Xc\N\ccj#lef[\cfj]le[X[fi\j[\cXi\Zf$
efZ`[XglYc`ZXZ`ejfYi\cXZlckliX[`^`kXcI<JDX^Xq`$
e\#ZlXe[fZi\I\j]\jk#le]\jk`mXc^cfYXchl\X^ilgXX
leXm\i[X[\iXZfdle`[X[[\Zi\X[fi\j[\kf[f\cdle$
[fYXafleXjfcXc\p\ejlj\jkXklkfj1`dX^\e[`^`kXc\e
dfm`d`\ekf%
I\jgfe[`\e[f X cfj [\j\fj [\ N\ccj# \c \m\ekf k`\e\
gi\j\eZ`X \e d}j [\ ZlXi\ekX Z`l[X[\j [\ kf[fj cfj
Zfek`e\ek\j2\e<jgXŒXcf_XZ\YXaf\cgXiX^lXj[\8ik$
=lkliX#\c]\jk`mXc[\Xik\pk\Zefcf^ˆX[\i\]\i\eZ`X\e
XZ\iZXd`\ekfjXcXik\[\cXj`d}^\e\j\edfm`d`\ekfÉ#
[`Z\ecfjfi^Xe`qX[fi\j%
<ci\jlckX[f[\cXZfemfZXkfi`X_Xj`[fkf[fle„o`kf1cfj
fi^Xe`qX[fi\j_Xei\Z`Y`[fd}j[\)%'''kiXYXafj%<jkX
Z`]iX\jk}Zi\Z`\e[fZX[X\[`Z`e^iXZ`XjXcXjYXj\jXY`\i$
kXj[\cZ\ikXd\epXcXZi\Z`\ek\[\dfZiXk`qXZ`e\ecX
\cXYfiXZ`e[\Zfek\e`[fjhl\j\\jk}gif[lZ`\e[fX\j$
ZXcXdle[`Xc%P\jhl\ZlXe[fI\j]\jk`e`Z`jljgi`d\$
ifjgXjfj#cXZi\XZ`edlck`d\[`Xj\]le[Xd\ekXYX\e
cXjgi`d\iXjpdlpZfjkfjXj Z}dXiXj;Mp\ecfjj`jk\$
dXj[\\[`Z`e[\mˆ[\f[`^`kXcgifg`fj[\cfjZ`e\XjkXj%
J\^’eXeXc`qXecfjfi^Xe`qX[fi\j[\I\j]\jk#È[`\qXŒfj
d}jkXi[\#Xhl\ccXjgi\[`ZZ`fe\jjfYi\ZdfcXk\Zef$
Æ
I\j]\jk\jle]\jk`mXc^cfYXchl\X^ilgXX cf^ˆXg\id`k`iˆXXcfjZi\X[fi\jZfe\ZkXiZfejlg’Yc`Zf
leXZfdle`[X[dle[`Xc[\Zi\X[fi\j[\ [\el\mXjp\oZ`kXek\jdXe\iXjj\_Xeml\ckfi\Xc`[X[É%
G\if#[\d}ji\c\mXeZ`Xkf[XmˆX#Zfdfi\jld\\c^li’
`d}^\e\j[`^`kXc\j\edfm`d`\ekf
?fnXi[I_\`e^fc[#È\c\c\d\ekfd}j`dgfikXek\ef\j
Æ
cXk\Zefcf^ˆX#j`efcXji\cXZ`fe\j_ldXeXjÉ%P\cgifg`f
el\jkifgXˆj%I\j]\jkpX_XZ`iZlcX[fgfiDX[i`[p:}$ AfeXk_XeN\ccj\jdlpZfejZ`\ek\[\\ccf%Gfi\jkXiXqe#
[`q#pZ\iiXÔeXc\j[\[`Z`\dYi\\e9XiZ\cfeXleX^`iX _X]fidX[fle\hl`gf[\gif]\j`feXc\j\jg\Z`Xc`qX[f\e
`ek\ieXZ`feXc hl\ XiiXeZ \e \c :\ekif Gfdg`[fl [\ iXjki\XiZfejkXek\d\ek\p\ekf[f\cdle[fcXj’ck`dXj
GXiˆjp\e\cDlj\f[\8ik\:fek\dgfi}e\f[\:_`ZX$ Æ
^f%;\_\Z_f#cXZXY\Z\iXpcX`[\ek`[X[ZfigfiXk`mX[\ ÈJ`^l\j`e_XY\ieX[Xd\afihl\\eZfekiXi$
I\j]\jk('_Xj`[f[\jXiifccX[Xgficfj\jkX[fle`[\ej\j
j\\eg\ijfeXgXiX`ek\iZXdY`Xiel\mXj
KiXej`jkfiJkl[`fjXgXik`i[\cX[`m\ij`[X[[\cfjcl^X$
`[\Xjp\og\i`d\ekXiel\mfjXZ\iZXd`\ekfj
i\j[\cdle[fhl\\c]\jk`mXci\Zfii\%
<cZ\ikXd\e_XZfejfc`[X[fjl`dgfikXeZ`X\e\cgXef$ XcXik\[\cXj`d}^\e\j\edfm`d`\ekfÉ
iXdX[\Zi\X[fi\j[`^`kXc\jXŒfkiXjXŒf[\Y`[fX[fj Æ
]XZkfi\j1gfi\cYfZXfi\aXkXekf\eki\g\ijfeXjZfdf k\e[\eZ`XjpZi\XZ`fe\j\efkifj]\jk`mXc\j#\e\jkl[`fj
\eki\ Ycf^j p gfi \c \j]l\iqf [\ jlj `dglcjfi\j gfi gif]\j`feXc\j[\kf[fk`gf#\eZfdle`[X[\j[\Zi\X[fi\j
Zfejfc`[XileXi\[dle[`Xc[\Zi\X[fi\j[\Zfikfd\$ d}jfd\efjZfefZ`[Xj#p\eZ\ekifj\[lZXk`mfj%J`\dgi\
kiXa\j# glYc`Z`[X[# mˆ[\fj dlj`ZXc\j# kiXYXafj [\ Xe`$ \jk}eXcXZXqX[\cfjd\afi\jZXe[`[XkfjgXiXI\j]\jk%
dXZ`e \og\i`d\ekXc p [`j\Œf ^i}ÔZf \e dfm`d`\ekf% >iXZ`XjX\jk\\dg\Œf#[liXek\\jk\k`\dgfj\_XeÊ[\j$
ZlY`\ikfËÔ^liXjX_fiXpXdˆk`ZXjZfdf:_i`j:lee`e^$
Æ
_XdÊkXcm\q\cd\afi[`i\Zkfi[\m`[\fZc`gj[\cdle[fË
È<c\c\d\ekfd}j`dgfikXek\ef\jcX
ZfeleXkiXp\Zkfi`XgXiXBlYi`Zb#DX[feeXfGcXpjkX$
k\Zefcf^ˆX#j`efcXji\cXZ`fe\j_ldXeXjÉ
k`fe fD`Z_\c>fe[ip\jki\Z_fZfcXYfiX[fi#gfi\a\d$
Æ
gcf#[\cXilgkli`jkX9aib %
È<eledfd\ekf\ehl\k\e\dfjleXZZ\jfj`egi\Z\$ <jk\ XŒf j\ _Xe \ogl\jkf d}j [\ ki\jZ`\ekfj kiXYX$
[\ek\jXZfeZ\gkfjpZfek\e`[fj[\kf[fjcfjcl^Xi\jp afj X^ilgX[fj \e feZ\ dfef^i}ÔZfj p i\kifjg\Zk`mXj%
\e hl\ \c dle[f gXi\Z\ d}j g\hl\Œf hl\ eleZX# j`$ ;\jkXZXe ZlXkif gif^iXdXj1 Ê<m\ipk_`e^ le[\i k_\
^l\j`e_XY\ieX[Xd\afihl\\eZfekiXij\\eg\ijfeX jleË YXaf \c hl\ j\ i\Zfg`cXe Zfikfd\kiXa\j jfYi\ cX
gXiX`ek\iZXdY`Xiel\mXj`[\Xjp\og\i`d\ekXiel\mfj ]iX^`c`[X[[\cd\[`fXdY`\ek\ 2JkXk\f]k_\8ik[fe[\
j\ _X \ogl\jkf leX Zfc\ZZ`e [\ g`\qXj [\ ÔZZ`e# [f$
Zld\ekXc\j# kiXYXafj [\ Xe`dXZ`e p dfk`fe ^iXg_`Zj
hl\ Xek`Z`gXe el\mXj [`i\ZZ`fe\j gXiX cX `dX^\e \e
dfm`d`\ekf 2Flkf]k_\9fo[fe[\k`\e\ZXY`[Xcfd}j
\oZ„eki`Zf#XYjli[fpXii`\j^X[f 2p\c_fd\eXa\[\[`$
ZX[fXc`Ze`Zf^ilgfYi`k}e`ZfIX[`f_\X[YXaf\ckˆklcf
ÈIX[`f_\X[#cfjm`j`feXi`fj1leX[„ZX[X[\jZlYi`\e[f
el\mfkXc\ekfÉ%
J\_XZldgc`[f\cgifgj`kf[\N\ccj[\Zi\XileXZf$
dle`[X[#leXgcXkX]fidX[\m\i[X[\ifkXc\ekf\ei\[%
CXji\^cXj[\\jXZfdle`[X[jfedlpj\eZ`ccXjj\^’e
„cd`jdfcXj_X\ogc`Z`kX[f\ed}j[\leXfZXj`e1kX$
c\ekfp[`j]ilk\%;liXek\cfj[fjd\j\jgi\m`fjXI\j$
]\jk#ZlXe[fN\ccjk`\e\hl\j\c\ZZ`feXig\ijfeXcd\ek\
lefj(,'mˆ[\fj#kiXkX[\ef`ij\XcXZXdXe`lejfcf[ˆX
[\\jfj[fjd\j\jj`e\c\^`i#Xcd\efj#leXg`\qX%ÈGXiX
[fid`iZfeYl\ejXYfi[\YfZXÉ#ZfeÔ\jX%
XccYiXe[((&]\Y%'.&jlddX
Z\ekifXihl\fc^`Zf
<
cGXihl\8ihl\fc^`Zf[\cXjD`$
eXj [\ >Xm}# gifdfm`[f gfi \c
8plekXd`\ekf [\ \jkX cfZXc`[X[#
\j le Z\ekif ZlckliXc hl\ k`\e\
gfifYa\kfcX`ek\igi\kXZ`e[\cX
m`[X \e \c D\[`k\ii}e\f fZZ`[\ekXc [liXek\ \c
E\fcˆk`Zf%Jlj`ejkXcXZ`fe\jj\_XccXe\eleX[\
cXjd`eXjjlYk\ii}e\Xjd}jXek`^lXj[\<lif$
gXZfed}j[\-%'''XŒfj pdl\jkiXcfjeld\$
ifjfj _XccXq^fj Xihl\fc^`Zfj \eZfekiX[fj \e
cXqfeX%8kiXm„j[\cX’ck`dXjk„Ze`ZXj\edlj\f$
^iX]ˆXpXdY`\ekXZ`e#\c:\ekifg\id`k\XcglYc`$
ZfcX`efcm`[XYc\\og\i`\eZ`X[\gXik`Z`gXi\eleX
`eefmX[fiX\og\[`Z`eXihl\fc^`ZX%
JLDD8_XZi\X[fcX@[\ek`[X[M`jlXc[\cGXi$
hl\#p_X[\jXiifccX[fp^\jk`feX[fjljgi`eZ`$
gXc\j jfgfik\j [\ \ogi\j`e ^i}ÔZX% Cfj kfefj
Z}c`[fj# gifg`fj [\ cX k`\iiX# p \c ZˆiZlcf# Zfdf
jˆdYfcf [\ cXj d`eXj X kiXm„j [\ jl gfj`Z`e
ZfeZ„eki`ZX#jfecfj\c\d\ekfjm`jlXc\jZ\ekiX$
c\j[\cXdXiZX%
alek\dfjleXi\m`jkX
E\k[Xpj
IXb\k\')
K_\Gfjk\i;\j`^eDX^Xq`e\
J
g`j„ild \j le i\^\e\iX[fi
eXkliXc_\Z_fXYXj\[\aXc\X
i\Xchl\i\Zf^\leXkiX[`Z`e
d`c\eXi`XpX[XgkXjljgifg`\$
[X[\j \e\i^„k`ZXj X cXj e\Z\$
j`[X[\j[\cfjel\mfjk`\dgfj%:fe\cfYa\k`$
mf [\ df[\ie`qXi cX dXiZX p [fkXicX [\ leX
`[\ek`[X[d}jgfk\ek\hl\c\g\id`kXZfdg\$
k`i d\afi Zfe cfj gif[lZkfj gfc`m`kXdˆe`Zfj#
hl\ \jk}e i\^`jkiXe[f le ]l\ik\ [`eXd`jdf
\e\cd\iZX[f#CXYfiXkfi`fj@e`YjX\eZXi^X
JLDD8\c[\jXiifccf[\leXel\mX`[\ek`[X[
pcˆe\X[\gXZbX^`e^%
<c el\mf [`j\Œf Xgl\jkX gfi \c eXiXeaX# Zfcfi
hl\ gfk\eZ`X \c fi`^\e eXkliXc [\c gif[lZkf p
ZfeefkX ZXcfi p \e\i^ˆX% <c kiXkXd`\ekf k`gf$
^i}ÔZf \j c`dg`f p ZcXif# Zfdf Zfii\jgfe[\ X
legif[lZkfhl\j\m\e[\\e]XidXZ`X#pj\gf$
k\eZ`XcX`e`Z`XcÊXË#hl\i\d`k\XXY\aX#XXc`d\e$
kXZ`epXXZk`m`[X[%Gif[lZkfd}jeXkliXchl\
hlˆd`ZfpZfei\ZfefZ`[Xjgifg`\[X[\ji\^\e\$
iX[fiXj#8g`j„ildgi\k\e[\Zfem\ik`ij\\ele
_}Y`kf[`Xi`fgXiXZl`[Xij\pj\ek`ij\d\afi%
\^le[f e’d\if [\ cX gi\d`X[X gl$
Yc`ZXZ`e hl\ \[`kX le Z\ekif \[lZX$
k`mf ^\idXef Zfe \c efdYi\ IXb\k\
K_\ Gfjk\i ;\j`^e DX^Xq`e\ nnn%
iXb\k\dX^%[\ % D}j [\ j\`j d\j\j
[\jgl„j[\leXgl\jkX[\cXi^fXcXYX[X[\ekifp
]l\iX[\;•jj\c[fi]#[fe[\\jk}XÔeZX[XcX`ejk`$
klZ`ehl\cX`dglcjX#IXb\k\\jZfejZ`\ek\[\hl\
Zl\ekXZfe\cXgfpf[\cdlp\o`^\ek\d\iZX[f[\
ZfdgiX[fi\j[\i\m`jkXj%Gfi\ccf#kfZXXii`\j^Xi
Zfe\ck\dXÊE\k[XpjË#Xc^fXjˆZfdfm`[X\ei\[ pZfecX]fidX#hl\i\jgfe[\X\jk\\jhl\dX_Xj$
kXcfjfigi\e[\ek\%:fecXgi\d`jXÊcXm`[X\jle
kiXYXaf\ei\[Ë#cXi\Z`\ek\\[`Z`e\jk}Zl`[X[fjX$
d\ek\\jkilZkliX[XXgXik`i[\(-ZlX[\ie`ccfjhl\
gifgfe\eleZfdgc\afi\Zfii`[fZfe[fje`m\c\j%
CX ZlY`\ikX gXi\Z\ \jZfe[\i leX glYc`ZXZ`e Xc
ljf# g\if ZX[X lef [\ cfj ZlX[\ie`ccfj j\ gl\[\
[\j[fYcXi gXiX Zi\Xi le ZXik\c `e[\g\e[`\ek\ [\
kXdXŒf8'hl\i\Zlg\iXXhl\ccfjgjk\ijhl\_Xe
[\ZfiX[f cXj gXi\[\j [\ el\jkiXj _XY`kXZ`fe\j%
J`^e`Ôhl\cfhl\j`^e`Ôhl\#IXb\k\j\Zfej`[\iX
Xjˆd`jdXZfdfleXi\m`jkXÊgfjkdf[\ieXËpgi\$
k\e[\e\i`^`ij\X_fiXZfdfcXgi`d\iXi\m`jkX[\
[`j\Œf[\gjk\i%Ef]XckXXdY`Z`e#g\ifi\jlckX$
[fjpi\ZfefZ`d`\ekfjc\jXZfdgXŒXe%
XcX]\`eX#`^lXcj
\jZi`Y`i\ecXi\[
aXc\Xi\Xc
8
<
c;\gXikXd\ek[\Ki\YXcc[\cX>\$
e\iXc`kXk [\ :XkXclepX hl`\i\ [Xi
le \dgla\ [\Z`j`mf X cX `^lXc[X[
[\ fgfikle`[X[\j cXYfiXc\j \eki\
_fdYi\jpdla\i\j%GXiX\ccf#`d$
glcjcXÔ^liX[\c8^\ek\gXiXcX@^lXc[X[#hl\k\$
eˆXZfdfd`j`eZ\ekiXc`qXip^\jk`feXileXj\i`\
[\`e`Z`Xk`mXj\ekf[fjcfj}dY`kfjcXYfiXc\j%<ecX
XZklXc`[X[#gXiXdXpfi\]\Zk`m`[X[j\_XZi\X[f\c
Gif^iXdX[\@^lXc[X[[\Fgfikle`[X[\j%<c;\$
gXikXd\ek[\Ki\YXcc\eZXi^XJLDD8cXZi\X$
Z`e [\ leX dXiZX hl\ `[\ek`ÔZXiX ^cfYXcd\ek\
kf[XjcXjXZklXZ`fe\jhl\\c;\gXikXd\ekcc\mXX
ZXYf\e\jk\k\ii\ef%
CX`[\ek`[X[Zi\X[XgfiJLDD8\jk`gf^i}ÔZX#
\ `eZfigfiX le ^\jkf jlk`c# g\if m`jlXcd\ek\ gf$
k\ek\#gXiXcX\ogi\j`e[\cd\ejXa\Z\ekiXc%<ci\$
Zlijfm`jlXcZfej`jk\\eleXjZfd`ccXjhl\#Zfele
g\hl\Œf^`if]fidXc#j\Zfem`\ik\e\ele\c\d\e$
kfj`dYc`Zfhl\i\gi\j\ekXcX`^lXc[X[\eki\^„$
e\ifj[\j[\jl\jg\Z`ÔZ`[X[#\m`kXe[fcfjkg`Zfj
j\o`jkXjpXgfikXe[fZXi}Zk\ipi\Zfii`[fk\dgf$
iXcXcX\ogi\j`em`jlXc[\cXdXiZX%
<e[`Z`\dYi\[\(00.\c\jZi`kfiAfie9Xi^\iXZl$
ŒXYX\ck„id`efÊn\Ycf^Ëpcf[\jZi`YˆXZfdf\c
gifZ\jf[\Ê\jZi`Y`i\ecXi\[Ë%:Xj`leX[„ZX[X
[\jgl„j\jk\k`gf[\[`Xi`fjm`iklXc\jj\Zl\ekXe
gfi[\Z\eXj[\d`ccfe\j#pXj\XeZfigfiXk`mfj#
`ejk`klZ`feXc\jp#jfYi\kf[f#g\ijfeXc\j%CXZ`$
]iXj\\jk}[lgc`ZXe[fZX[Xj\`jd\j\j#p[\j[\
JLDD8 efj X[_\i`dfj X \jkX `e`Z`Xk`mX gfi
cX Zfdle`ZXZ`e p cXj Zfem\ijXZ`fe\j% >iXZ`Xj
X cX k\Zefcf^ˆX XY`\ikX [\ Nfi[gi\jj cc\mXdfj
mXi`Xj j\dXeXj ZfdgXik`\e[f g\i`[`ZXd\ek\
el\jkiXji\Õ\o`fe\jXZ\iZX[\cYiXe[`e^\ele
\jgXZ`f \e i\[ j`\dgi\ XY`\ikf X ml\jkifj Zf$
d\ekXi`fj%Fj\jg\iXdfjgXiXZi\Xile[`}cf^f
p Zfe d}j `e]fidXZ`e jfYi\ Zfdle`[X[\j [\
dXiZX\ennn%jlddX%\j&nfi[gi\jj
XccYiXe[((&]\Y%'.&jlddX
Documentos relacionados
Descargar