122 3UHFLRVLQYHUVLyQ\HFRQRPtD SROtWLFDGHODHQHUJtDHOpFWULFD Juan Benavides Ph. D. Economía de Recursos Energéticos. Profesor Asociado, Facultad de Administración, Universidad de los $QGHV%RJRWi'&&RORPELD jbenavid@uniandes.edu.co RESUMEN Este artículo aborda diversos asuntos centra- ran algunas de las restricciones que el proceso político les al diseño de arquitecturas de mercados eléctricos. impone al proceso de reforma de sectores eléctricos de Primero, se enuncian las características económicas de propiedad pública, concluyendo con la necesidad de la electricidad cuyos mercados son inherentemente in- usar un enfoque de costos de transacción en el proceso completos e imperfectamente competitivos. Se discuten de reforma. además el papel y el alcance de la adaptación frecuente de precios como instrumento de maximización del PALABRAS CLAVE bienestar, así como la complementariedad entre adap- Mercados tación de precios y adición de capacidad, que se puede generación eléctrica, reformas del sector eléctrico, formular de manera compacta usando el lenguaje de economía política, costos de transacción. de energía, precios spot, inversión en las desigualdades variacionales. Finalmente, se enume- 3ULFHV,QYHVWPHQWDQG3ROLWLFDO(FRQRP\LQ(OHFWULFLW\ ABSTRACT This piece puts together several strands of inequalities. Finally, it points out some of the real-politik conceptual themes that are central to the design of constraints that emerge in the process of reforming electricity market architectures. It starts by delineating publicly-owned electricity systems and concludes with the economic characteristics of electricity (whose the need of using a transaction-cost approach in the wholesale markets are inherently incomplete and reform design process. imperfectly competitive). The role and scope of frequent price adaptation as a welfare maximizing tool KEYWORDS is also discussed, as well as the complementary nature Energy markets, spot pricing, power generation of price adaptation and capacity expansion, which can investment, energy sector reforms, political economy, be compactly expressed with the help of variational transaction costs. #25 revista de ingeniería. Universidad de los Andes. rev.ing.ISSN 0121-4993. 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A. Robinson y R. Torvik. ´:KLWHHOHSKDQWVµ Journal of Public Economics, [2] A. Chong y J. Benavides. ´3ULYDWL]DWLRQDQG5HJXODWLRQLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDµ(Q (GXDUGR/RUD(GThe Reform of the State in Latin America. 6WDQIRUG&$6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&KDSWHU SS [3] R. Wilson. ´$UFKLWHFWXUHRISRZHUPDUNHWVµEconometrica [4] W. Vickrey. ´5HVSRQVLYH3ULFLQJRI3XEOLF8WLOLW\6HUYLFHVµBell Journal of Economics [5] J. Benavides. ´2SWLPDO3ULFLQJDQG,QYHVWPHQWLQ(OHFWULF3RZHU *HQHUDWLRQLQWKH&RQWH[WRI8QFHUWDLQW\µ3K'7KHVLV 7KH3HQQV\OYDQLD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\6WDWH&ROOHJH3$ [6] J. Benavides. ´&DQ5HIRUPV%H0DGH6XVWDLQDEOH"$QDO\VLVDQG'HVLJQ &RQVLGHUDWLRQVIRUWKH(OHFWULFLW\6HFWRUµ6'67HFKQLFDO 3DSHU:DVKLQJWRQ'&,'% [7] O. E. Williamson. The Mechanisms of Governance1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 129