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± E ( & :EG ;GG >E ( & :EG ;GG :E ± > :GG :GG :E ± E 2" & <±: & :EG :E ± E :EG 5 :AA:D::@ C±: & :GG :E ± > :GG 4 & <±: & :EG :E ± > :EG C±: & 0 & & & ! - ! / * + &. " ) ::@G " 0 ,+ 0 :0 &) " & ! & ! &) ! & "+ ! # ! & . 4 ! !+ & &. 1 &) 4 # ! " 2 ! * 1 + / 4- " + 0 & ,+ & + ! / & &+ &+ & && . 4- 0 +! ,+ *+ && . "+/ + * 0 9 =:B π & ! !+ ! 0 4 / &+ & . && . + + ! ) ,+ & ( 0 & + -! . & 0& ! *+ &) + ! " ! && . & &+ ' + / 0 &4 &+ & − &+ & . / 1 &) & 2 + ! & # & & ! & ! π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→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° ± ;° ;0: 0 . ! # ! & B I <E0 @:0 :GE0 :E;0 >;; / >?< ! ! " & &. . ! + ) = <E % & 4 0 = ! B ! ! & . :9>9<1 4 :GG . 0 :& 0 & 0 ! " ! # + + =& B & / B) * &) + + / 1 * &+ & . & + EG &4 + 1 & ! / !+% )2 >< = ≥ P+ & ! " ! ! & ) # &. & & &+ ! & # / / + &) 7 ::<>JG>;G G D CGG 7 ! & # 1 + . ! & ,+ >/; && . ! / * @@ / + 0 # & & ; & ! & ) ::@G + * @@0 ! 0& " ! & & ! G0: 7 ! & &. / /:7 0 & +# & ! 1 ! " &) " / ! & &. & & / G F ;GGG 7 0 & 4 + &. &+ & & >0 * + 4 + 9 • :9 &) • >9 &) 2 • ;9 &) 2 ) !. • <9 &) * 0 > I :GG ! ; & ! " #% 1 > &+3 0 &) 4 0 * &+ & ! & ; & ! 4 . & ! &. " " . + / ! " . / ( & & & + ! + & " 0 & ! " & & ;0 . 1 > I JC & & ,+ !+ & & & 1 0> →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→G <A0; :<C0E " < E>0@ :;?0? >?< C;0; ; <E0C CE0> >;; <;0; ;?0> <@0> :E; ;C0@ >A0C ;A0C =7 B > > I :GG &1 >0 1 + 0 : & ;1 4 " &4 &+ 4 0 / ! " ) &. :E; ,+ 4 0 ,+ & & " & / ' + " *& # ' + "% " *& # + & & " E1 1 && . &. ;0 &1 >0 4 ) 4 !+ . # ;O / @O0 1 * & 3 & ! " # # ! " & & &+ :E; & 4 1 =:0G? ±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→ GB1 + ! " 4 ! " ! ! " & ) !. * 3 3 ! + + ! * & " ( & * & * & &+ &) #4 ) 0 4 & +/ ! & ! / &+ & . / =;B ! " 0 &) &) & 4- / * & + & # + & -! . 9 >J I π ' + @1 − * + &. ! / =<B ) ! !+ 1 A1 K + & " # & $ # &. 1 " &. %& & ' " / & ( / ?1 ' D<?CD?G & 5 & ! & 0 R1 1 =:?A<B P + 5 ,+ * && "+ &) 1 ! ) & * &+ 9 & # 0 10 8 5 * &/ 0 0 1 0 &70 0 ** & & & ) 0 C:C !1 10 ! D&/ & 0 1 ::G0 !!1 E:ADE;E1 0 P1 =:??AB ' & + " 0 R1 * 1 * 0 R1 5 ) 6 0 1 10 / 0 P1 =:??:B + / ** & 0 P + 0 1 AA0 !!1 ;>ED;;>1 5 0 R1 # 10 " 0 P10 / & * & & ) + +& + 0 =:??<B ' & + 0 P + * ** & 9 # 6 * +& + 0 1 :>G0 !!1 >;@@D>;?A1 0 1 / ) 0M 0 '1 5+ ) 1 P B0 0 T1 '10 / 1 =>GG:B * & 0 1 P + && . ! . 0 ) 1 ) * & & 0 S:;0 !!1 ?@D:>;1 ) + / 1 =:?E;B 0 1 1 =:?@AB * ) 0 T1 '10 / 3 ) 1 510 5 & = P + ) 0 &) 0 & / & # 1 1 =:?AGB * ) +& + + * & ! 0 0 1 :G<0 !!1 C?:D@G<1 ) *& # & & 9 ) +" 0 1 :GC0 !!1 :C@;D:C?;1 !+ &) 6 0 1 =:?AEB & 0P 0 1 =:???B ! =:??<B && 0 ! * 0 # 0$ ' * & & 10 K+ / +& . ! ) 3 (+ &) & ! * & & 1 0 !!1 ;G?D;:>1 * & ! U' ** & && . & 0 0 <> !1 & ! & ) 0 $ C0 :?@E0 * +& 0 0 !!1 >:D>>1 0 K1 10 0 P10 / && . / 5 & 0 1 =:??EB &. 3 0 & &4 & ' &+ 0 1 :>0 !!1 >>@D>;>1 && 0 10 K+ ! " 0 K1 & %& & 10 K+ 10 1 =:??@B && . 0 P10 / P + 0 K1 10 & 0 3 & / 5 3 0M ! 3 0 !!1 <@DC;1 0 1 =:??? B &) * +! + 0 1 ?C0 !!1 E>DCG1 0 P10 / ) " * & & 0 0 10 K+ & & 0 K1 ! && 0 0 P10 / " " && 0 10 & 9 ) 0 1 =:???"B & / ** & 0 " + / +& + 0 1 ;>0 !!1 <;@D<<<1 " 0 K1 * 0 1 0 1 +& + 1 =:???B ! " ! (+ *+ 1 =:?@?B ** & & & 0 P + # . 0 1 :GE0 !!1 :GG@D:G>G1 & & & + +& & / # 0$ ' 0 C: !1 " ) * & 0 3 ! 0 10 ) )0 1 1 & ;:C?D;:AE1 +/ N0 0 1 =:??>B V' & + P + * +& + &) & ** & 0 * 1 ::A0 !!1