Robotica educativa y Videojuegos en el Aula de la Escuela

Anuncio
5REyWLFD(GXFDWLYD\9LGHRMXHJRVHQHO$XODGHOD
(VFXHOD
(GXFDWLRQDO5RERWLFVDQG9LGHRJDPHVLQWKH
&ODVVURRP
-DYLHU'tD]&ODXGLD4XHLUXJD &ODXGLD%DQFKRII7]DQFRII /DXUD)DYD\9LYLDPD+DUDUL
/DERUDWRULRGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQHQ1XHYDV7HFQRORJtDV,QIRUPiWLFDV/,17, )DFXOWDGGH,QIRUPiWLFD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH /D
3ODWD
&DOOH\/D3ODWD$UJHQWLQD
^MDYLHUGFODXGLDTFEDQFKRIIOIDYDYKDUDUL`#LQIRXQOSHGXDU
5HVXPR
$FWXDOPHQWHQRHVH[WUDxRHOXVR7,&VHQHODXODGHOD
HVFXHOD HQ
GLJLWDO TXH HV OD GHO DFFHVR D ODV WHFQRORJtDV GLJLWDOHV 6LQ
RV \ MyYHQHV XVXDULRV GH GHWHUPLQDGDV
DSOLFDFLRQHV \ VHUYLFLRV FRQ HVFDVD FDSDFLGDG FUtWLFD VREUH ORV
PLVPRV (VWR QRV HQIUHQWDD OD VHJXQGD EUHFKDGLJLWDO TXH KDFH
UHIHUHQFLD DO XVR TXH VH ODV GD D ODV 7,&V (Q HVWH DUWtFXOR VH
SUHVHQWDQ FXDWUR LQLFLDWLYDV GHVDUUROODGDV HQ HO /,17,
/DERUDWRULR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ 1XHYDV 7HFQRORJtDV
SURSXHVWDVLQQRYDGRUDVDODXODGHODHVFXHODTXHSURPXHYDQXQD
DSURSLDFLyQ FUtWLFD GH ODV 7,&V \ XQ DSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYR\
DFWLYR(QHVWHVHQWLGRHOXVR\SURPRFLyQGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH\HO
FyGLJR IXHQWH DELHUWR MXHJD XQ URO FHQWUDO SHUPLWLHQGR GLVSRQHU
GHO FyGLJR SDUD DGHFXDUOR \ DGDSWDUOR D ODV QHFHVLGDGHV
HVSHFtILFDV /DV LQLFLDWLYDV GHVFULSWDV HVWiQ RULHQWDGDV D OD
HQVHxDQ]D GH OD SURJUDPDFLyQ HQ OD HVFXHOD VHFXQGDULD D OD
HQVHxDQ]D GH QXHVWUD KLVWRULD D WUDYpV GH XQ YLGHRMXHJR \ DO
DSUHQGL]DMH GH YDORUHV HQ HO HVSDFLR S~EOLFR HQ OD HVFXHOD
SULPDULDDWUDYpVGHOMXHJR
3DODEUDV &ODYH VRIWZDUH OLEUH YLGHRMXHJRV UREyWLFD
HGXFDWLYD EUHFKD GLJLWDO HQVHxDQ]D GH SURJUDPDFLyQ HQ OD
HVFXHOD
$EVWUDFW
1RZDGD\V XVLQJ ,&7V LQ WKH FODVVURRP LV QRW
GLJLWD
GLYLGH DFFHVVWRGLJLWDOWHFKQRORJLHV+RZHYHU,&7VDUHXVHGDV
D SDVVLYH LQVWUXPHQW DV FKLOGUHQ DQG WHHQDJHUV XVH VRPH
DSSOLFDWLRQVDQGVHUYLFHVZLWKYHU\OLWWOHFULWLFLVPWRZDUGVWKHP
7KLV IDFHVXVZLWKDVHFRQGGLJLWDOGLYLGHDURXQGWKHXVHRI,&7V
7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV IRXU LQLWLDWLYHV GHYHORSHG DW WKH /,17,
/DERUDWRU\ RI 5HVHDUFK LQ 1HZ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJLHV RI
WKH &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH 6FKRRO RI WKH 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI /D
3ODWD LQ WKH UHVHDUFK OLQH (GXFDWLRQ 9LGHRJDPHV DQG )UHH
FODVVURRP SURPRWLQJ D FULWLFDO DSSURSULDWLRQ RI ,&7V DQG D
VLJQLILFDWLYH DFWLYH OHDUQLQJ ,Q WKLV VHQVH WKH XVH DQG
HQFRXUDJHPHQW RI IUHH VRIWZDUH DQG RSHQ VRXUFH FRGH KDV D
IXQGDPHQWDO UROH DOORZLQJ XVHUV WR DGDSW WKH FRGH WR VSHFLILF
QHHGV 7KHVH LQLWLDWLYHV DUH RULHQWHG WRZDUGV WHDFKLQJ
SURJUDPPLQJ LQ KLJK VFKRRO WHDFKLQJ RXU KLVWRU\ WKURXJK D
YLGHRJDPHV DQG DFTXLULQJ YDOXHV LQ WKH SXEOLF VSDFH LQ WKH
SULPDU\VFKRROWKURXJKDJDPH
.H\ZRUGV IUHH VRIWZDUH HGXFDWLRQDO URERWLFV GLJLWDO GLYLGH
WHDFKLQJGLJLWDOGLYLGHWHDFKLQJSURJUDPPLQJDWVFKRRO
,
,1752'8&&,Ï1
/DV7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ\&RPXQLFDFLyQ7,&V
HVWiQSUHVHQWHQHQWRGDVSDUWHVKDQFDPELDGRQXHVWUDIRUPDGH
UHODFLRQDUQRVFRQRWUDVSHUVRQDVQXHVWUDIRUPDGHWUDEDMDUGH
HQWUHWHQHUQRV H LQFOXVR ODV IRUPDV GH DSUHQGHU (O XVR GH ODV
WHFQRORJtDVGLJLWDOHVHQHODXODGHODHVFXHODQRHVDOJRH[WUDxR
KR\ HQ GtD VLQ HPEDUJR VX XVR PiV FRP~Q HV HO GH
GHWHUPLQDGDV DSOLFDFLRQHV \ VHUYLFLRV FRQ HVFDVD FDSDFLGDG
FUtWLFDVREUHORVPHGLRVGLJLWDOHVFRQORVTXHLQWHUDFW~DGRQGH
QR VH SRQH HQ MXHJR XQD DSURSLDFLyQ VLJQLILFDWLYD GH OD
WHFQRORJtD(Q$UJHQWLQDODSULPHUDEUHFKDGLJLWDOUHODFLRQDGD
FRQ ODV GHVLJXDOGDGHV H[LVWHQWHV HQWUH ORV MyYHQHV \ QLxRV HQ
FXDQWR DO DFFHVR D ODV WHFQRORJtDV GLJLWDOHV HVWi VLHQGR
TXH
JDUDQWL]DHODFFHVRXQLYHUVDODODVPLVPDVDWUDYpVGHODHQWUHJD
GH QRWHERRNV D WRGRV ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GH HVFXHODV S~EOLFDV
TXH
SURYHH DFFHVR D HTXLSDPLHQWR LQIRUPiWLFR HQ HO DXOD GH OD
HVFXHOD SULPDULD 6LQ HPEDUJR VXSHUDGD HVWD SULPHUD EUHFKD
GLJLWDORWUDDODTXHDFWXDOPHQWHQRVHVWDPRVHQIUHQWDQGRHVD
OD VHJXQGD EUHFKD GLJLWDO TXH KDFH UHIHUHQFLD D ORV GLIHUHQWHV
XVRV TXH SRGHPRV KDFHU GH ODV 7,&V 3RGHPRV GHFLU TXH
DFWXDOPHQWH OD PD\RUtD GH QXHVWURV QLxRV \ MyYHQHV VDEHQ
QDYHJDU \ EXVFDU HQ ,QWHUQHW XVDU DSOLFDFLRQHV MXJDU
YLGHRMXHJRVHQOtQHDHQYLDUPHQVDMHGHWH[WRHWFVLQHPEDUJR
ODVHJXQGDEUHFKDGLJLWDOQRVSUHVHQWDXQGHVDItRHQUHODFLyQD
3URJUDPD1DFLRQDO&RQHFWDU,JXDOGDG
KWWSZZZFRQHFWDULJXDOGDGJREDU
3ULPDULD'LJLWDOKWWSSULPDULDGLJLWDOHGXFDU
CISTI 2015 | 1298
ODDGTXLVLFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHVGHVWUH]DVWHFQROyJLFRGLJLWDOHVTXH
UHTXLHUHQ KDELOLGDGHV HVSHFtILFDV ODV FXDOHV QR VXUJHQ
HVSRQWiQHDPHQWHDSDUWLUGHOFRQWDFWRFRQODVWHFQRORJtDVVLQR
TXHGHEHQ GHVDUUROODUVH D WUDYpV GH XQ SURFHVRGHHQVHxDQ]D
DSUHQGL]DMH RULHQWDGR D XQD FRPSUHQVLyQ FUtWLFD GHO PHGLR
WHFQROyJLFRTXHSHUPLWDH[WUDSRODUDFXDOTXLHUKHUUDPLHQWD>@
(VSRUHVR TXH HQHVWHVHQWLGRHOHJLPRV HO SDUDGLJPDGH
VRIWZDUHOLEUH\FyGLJRIXHQWHDELHUWRTXHEULQGDDOHVWXGLDQWH
OD RSRUWXQLGDG GH GLVSRQHU GHO FyGLJR IXHQWH HVWXGLDUOR
WUDQVIRUPDUOR\ DGDSWDUORDVtIRPHQWDQGRODDSURSLDFLyQFUtWLFD
GHOPLVPR
/RV YLGHRMXHJRV SHUWHQHFHQ D OD FXOWXUD GHO VLJOR VRQ
HOHPHQWRV FRWLGLDQRV SDUD ORV QLxRV \ MyYHQHV GHVSLHUWDQ VXV
LQWHUHVHV \ GHILQHQ IRUPDV GH H[SUHVLyQ \ FRPXQLFDFLyQ
MXHJDQXQUROFHQWUDOHQODDOIDEHWL]DFLyQGLJLWDOFUtWLFDRIUHFHQ
HQRUPHV YHQWDMDV IUHQWH D RWUDV 7,&V VLHQGR XQ PHGLR
LQWUtQVHFDPHQWHPRWLYDGRU\FX\RXVRHVWiQDWXUDOL]DGRHQORV
QLxRV\DGROHVFHQWH
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV GHVDUUROORV TXH VH HVWiQ
OOHYDQGR DFDERHQHO/,17,/DERUDWRULRGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQHQ
1XHYDV7HFQRORJtDV,QIRUPiWLFDVHQODOtQHDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ
FHQWUDO HV GLVHxDU HVFHQDULRV HGXFDWLYRV LQQRYDGRUHV HQ OD
HVFXHODDWHQGLHQGRDOUROFHQWUDOTXHRFXSDQORVYLGHRMXHJRV\
ORVHQWRUQRVO~GLFRVGHDSUHQGL]DMHFRPRORVURERWVHGXFDWLYRV
\GHHVWDPDQHUDIRPHQWDUXQDDOIDEHWL]DFLyQGLJLWDOFUtWLFD
,,
9,'(2-8(*26 52%Ï7,&$('8&$7,9$< 62)7:$5(
/,%5((1(/$8/$
$ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH GHVFULEHQ ORV HMHV WHPiWLFRV HQ ORV TXH
DFWXDOPHQWHHVWDPRVWUDEDMDQGRHQUHODFLyQDODSURPRFLyQGHO
GHVDUUROORGHFRPSHWHQFLDVGLJLWDOHVHQQLxRV\MyYHQHV
$
$FWXDOPHQWH HO XVR GH ODV WHFQRORJtDV HQ ODV HVFXHODV GH
$UJHQWLQDQRHVDOJR H[WUDxRODVFRPSXWDGRUDVOOHJDURQDODXOD
DWUDYpVGHO3URJUDPD1DFLRQDO&RQHFWDU,JXDOGDGTXHHQWUHJy
D OD IHFKD QHWERRNV D HVWXGLDQWHV GH HVFXHODV
VHFXQGDULDVS~EOLFDVFRPRSDUWHGHOPDWHULDOHVFRODU(VWRHVWi
SHUPLWLHQGR VXSHUDU OD SULPHUD EUHFKD GLJLWDO TXH HV OD GHO
DFFHVR D ODV WHFQRORJtDV GLJLWDOHV 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV
FRPSXWDGRUDV KR\ HQ GtD VRQ XWLOL]DGDV SRU OR JHQHUDO SDUD
QDYHJDU \ EXVFDU LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ ,QWHUQHW \ XVDU DSOLFDFLRQHV
HVWiQGDUHVFRPRSURFHVDGRUHVGHWH[WR\SODQLOODV GHFiOFXOR
(VWR SRQH HQ HYLGHQFLD OD VHJXQGD EUHFKD GLJLWDO TXH 7LP
%HUQHUV/HH >@ LGHQWLILFD FRPR DTXHOOD TXH VHSDUD D ODV
SHUVRQDV TXH VDEHQ SURJUDPDU GH DTXHOODV FX\DV KDELOLGDGHV
LQIRUPiWLFDV VH OLPLWDQ D VDEHU FyPR WUDEDMDU FRQ ODV
DSOLFDFLRQHVHVWiQGDUHV6DEHUSURJUDPDUHVXQKDELOLWDGRUSDUD
HQWHQGHU H LQWHUYHQLU HQ XQ PXQGRFDGD YH] PiV WHFQROyJLFR
SHUPLWLHQGR SHQVDU \ DFWXDU FUHDWLYDPHQWH DQWH SUREOHPDV
LQHVSHUDGRV>@
'HVGHHODxRHO/,17,HVWiWUDEDMDQGRHQXQDOtQHDGH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FX\R REMHWLYR HV SURPRYHU OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD
SURJUDPDFLyQHQODVHVFXHODVVHFXQGDULDVHQWHQGLHQGRTXHODV
KDELOLGDGHV TXH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV DGTXLHUHQ SURJUDPDQGR
LPSDFWDQ SRVLWLYDPHQWH HQ RWUDV iUHDV GLVFLSOLQDUHV >@
$SUHQGHUDSURJUDPDUSHUPLWHDORVHVWXGLDQWHVTXHDVXPDQXQ
SDSHO DFWLYR HQ UHODFLyQ DO XVR GH VXV FRPSXWDGRUDV \ GH ORV
HOHPHQWRVWHFQROyJLFRVTXHORVURGHDQ/RVHVWXGLDQWHVGHMDQ
GH VHU FRQVXPLGRUHV GH WHFQRORJtD \ SXHGHQ GDU UHVSXHVWDV
LPDJLQDWLYDV \ GLYHUJHQWHV \ SRQHU HQ MXHJR VXV VLJQLILFDGRV
SHUVRQDOHV $FWXDOPHQWH HO /,17, HVWi WUDEDMDQGR HQ GRV
DFWLYLGDGHV GH DPEDV LQLFLDWLYDV VH SULRUL]y WUDEDMDU FRQ
KHUUDPLHQWDV \ OHQJXDMHV GH SURJUDPDFLyQ OLEUHV XWLOL]DGRV
DPSOLDPHQWH HQ FRPXQLGDGHV GH SURJUDPDGRUHV D VX YH] ORV
PDWHULDOHV\UHFXUVRVJHQHUDGRVVHSXEOLFDQ\GLVWULEX\HQFRQ
OLFHQFLDV&UHDWLYH&RPPRQV8QRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVEHQHILFLRV
GH WUDEDMDU FRQ VRIWZDUH OLEUH HV OD DSURSLDFLyQ FUtWLFD GHO
VRIWZDUH GDGR TXH DO GLVSRQHU GHO FyGLJR IXHQWH HV SRVLEOH
DGHFXDUOR \ DGDSWDUOR D ODV QHFHVLGDGHV FRQFUHWDV GH FDGD
JUXSRGHXVXDULRV&XDQGRVHHQVHxDDSURJUDPDUGLVSRQHUGHO
FyGLJR IXHQWH HV IXQGDPHQWDO SDUD TXH HO DOXPQR SXHGD
HVWXGLDU FyPR IXH KHFKR DQDOL]DU FyPR SXHGH DGDSWDUOR \
OXHJRGLVWULEXLUODVDGDSWDFLRQHVTXHVHUHDOLFHQSDUDTXHRWURV
XVXDULRV ODV WRPHQ 7RGDV HVWDV FXHVWLRQHV HVWiQ IXHUWHPHQWH
YLQFXODGDVFRQORVSURFHVRVFUHDWLYRVDOHQIUHQWDUQRVDQXHYRV
UHWRV TXH QXQFD DQWHV KDEtDPRV HQIUHQWDGR HQ ORV TXH
LQWHUYLHQHQ KDELOLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDV D OD UHVROXFLyQ GH
SUREOHPDVDOSHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFR\DOWUDEDMRFRODERUDWLYR
3URJUDPDQGRFRQ5,7$
(VWD LQLFLDWLYD FRPLHQ]D HQ HO DxR \ DERUGD OD
HQVHxDQ]DGH FRQWHQLGRVVREUHSURJUDPDFLyQGHFRPSXWDGRUDV
HQODHVFXHODVHFXQGDULDXVDQGRKHUUDPLHQWDVGHSUR[LPLGDGDO
XQLYHUVR DGROHVFHQWH FRPR VRQ ORV YLGHRMXHJRV (Q HVWH
VHQWLGR ODV SUiFWLFDV FXOWXUDOHV \ VRFLDOHV GH ORV DGROHVFHQWHV
VRQGHJUDQ LQIOXHQFLDSDUD HOGHVDUUROOR GHHVWHSUR\HFWR >@
$GYHUWLPRVODQHFHVLGDGGHWUDEDMDUFRQXQPDWHULDOGLGiFWLFR
FHUFDQRDODFXOWXUDDGROHVFHQWHTXHQRVSHUPLWLHUDDFHUFDUQRV
D OD SURJUDPDFLyQ GHVGH XQD SHUVSHFWLYD GLIHUHQWH \ FRQ XQ
DERUGDMH LQFUHPHQWDO (Q HVH VHQWLGR VH LQFRUSRUD DOSUR\HFWR
OD KHUUDPLHQWD GLGiFWLFD 5,7$ 5RERW ,QYHQWRU WR 7HDFK
$OJRULWKPV GHVDUUROODGD HQ OD )DFXOWDG GH ,QIRUPiWLFD GH OD
81/3FRPRUHVXOWDGRGHXQDWHVLQDGHJUDGRGH/LFHQFLDWXUD
HQ ,QIRUPiWLFD FX\DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SHUPLWLHURQ SHQVDU OD
LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGRV GH SURJUDPDFLyQ HQ HWDSDV
WHPSUDQDVGHODHGXFDFLyQHVFRODUVHFXQGDULD
5,7$ HV XQD KHUUDPLHQWD GLGiFWLFD OLEUH TXH SHUPLWH
SURJUDPDU MXHJRV GH URERWV YLUWXDOHV LQWHJUDQGR GRV
IUDPHZRUNV GH FyGLJR IXHQWH DELHUWR 2SHQ%ORFN \
5RERFRGH 5,7$ EULQGD DO DOXPQR XQ DPELHQWH GH
SURJUDPDFLyQ TXH UHFUHD HO XVR GH ODV SLH]DV GH /(*2 SDUD
DUPDU XQ SURJUDPD D WUDYpV GH OD SURJUDPDFLyQ HQ EORTXHV
SURYLVWD SRU 2SHQ%ORFNV 'H OD PLVPD PDQHUD TXH FRQ ODV
SLH]DV GH XQ /(*2 ORV FRQHFWRUHV LQGLFDQ FyPR SXHGHQ
XQLUVH ORV EORTXHV /RV HVWXGLDQWHV FRPLHQ]DQ SURJUDPDQGR
5,7$ 5RERW ,QYHQWRU WR 7HDFK $OJRULWKPV HV XQD DSOLFDFLyQ
-DYD EDVDGD HQ ORV IUDPHZRUNV GH FyGLJR IXHQWH DELHUWR 2SHQ%ORFNV \
5RERFRGH5,7$HVHOUHVXOWDGRGHODWHVLQDGHJUDGRGH OD/LFHQ,QIRUPiWLFD
)DFXOWDG GH ,QIRUPiWLFD 81/3 $UJHQWLQD GH 9DQHVVD $\EDU 5RVDOHV
GLULJLGDSRU&ODXGLD4XHLUXJD\&ODXGLD%DQFKRII7]DQFRII
2SHQ%ORFNVKWWSHGXFDWLRQPLWHGXRSHQEORFNV
5RERFRGHKWWSURERFRGHVRXUFHIRUJHQHW
/(*2KWWSZZZOHJRFRPHVDU
CISTI 2015 | 1299
FRQ 5,7$ VLPSOHPHQWH HQFDVWUDQGR EORTXHV \ REWHQLHQGR
VHFXHQFLDV GH EORTXHV TXH OXHJR SUXHEDQ VX IXQFLRQDPLHQWR
QR XVDQ VLJQRV GH SXQWXDFLyQ QL SDODEUDV FODYHV HQ LQJOpV
SURSLDVGHORVOHQJXDMHVGHSURJUDPDFLyQ5RERFRGHSURYHHD
5,7$ GH XQ FDPSR GH EDWDOOD GRQGH ORV URERWV YLUWXDOHV
SURJUDPDGRV FRQEORTXHV FRPSLWHQ KDVWD TXH VyOR XQR TXHGH
YLFWRULRVR 6L ELHQ VH SURSRQH XQD EDWDOOD QR VH SURPXHYH OD
YLROHQFLD QR VH LQYROXFUDQ SHUVRQDV OD EDWDOOD QR FRQWLHQH
VDQJUH QL VH SODQWHDQ VLWXDFLRQHV GH HQIUHQWDPLHQWR UDFLDO HO
REMHWLYRGHODEDWDOODGHURERWVHVSURPRYHUODFRPSHWHQFLDGH
ODV HVWUDWHJLDV LPSOHPHQWDGDV SRU FDGD MXJDGRU HQ XQ VHQWLGR
SRVLWLYR
&RQ5,7$HODOXPQRSURJUDPDFRQEORTXHVODVHVWUDWHJLDV
EDWDOODSURYLVWRSRU HO DPELHQWH5RERFRGH'HHVWD PDQHUD HO
DOXPQR SXHGH HYDOXDU HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH VX HVWUDWHJLD \
WHQGUiODSRVLELOLGDGGHPRGLILFDUODFXDQWDVYHFHVORGHVHH
/D)LJXUDPXHVWUDHODPELHQWHGHWUDEDMRGH5,7$HQHO
TXHHODOXPQRSURJUDPDFRQEORTXHVODVHVWUDWHJLDVGHFRPEDWH
GH VX URERW \ OXHJR SXHGH REVHUYDU VX IXQFLRQDPLHQWR DO
SRQHUOR HQ FRPSHWHQFLD FRQ ODV HVWUDWHJLDV GH ORV URERWV
FRQVWUXLGRVSRUVXVFRPSDxHURVGHDXOD
3URJUDPDQGRFRQ5RERWV\6RIWZDUH/LEUH
/DUREyWLFDHGXFDWLYDHVXQDOtQHDGHWUDEDMRTXHVHXWLOL]D
IUHFXHQWHPHQWH HQ HVWD iUHD (O XVR GH URERWV \ GLVSRVLWLYRV
VLPLODUHV IiFLOPHQWH PDQLSXODEOHV DEUH XQ DEDQLFR GH
SRVLELOLGDGHVTXHSHUPLWHQRVyORFHQWUDUVHHQORVDVSHFWRVGH
OD SURJUDPDFLyQ VLQR HQ OD FRRUGLQDFLyQ \ FRRSHUDFLyQ FRQ
RWUDViUHDVGHHVWXGLRFRPRSRUHMHPSORPDWHPiWLFDItVLFD\
GHSHQGLHQGR GHO WLSR GH DFWLYLGDGHV SODQWHDGDV SUiFWLFDVGHO
OHQJXDMHVSOiVWLFDP~VLFDHQWUHRWUDV
'HVGHHODxRHQHO/,17,VHWUDEDMDHQHOPDUFRGHO
XWLOL]DQGRSHTXHxRVURERWVVH HQVHxDQORVFRQFHSWRVEiVLFRV
GH OD SURJUDPDFLyQ FRQ HO OHQJXDMH 3\WKRQ (VWH SUR\HFWR
GHVWLQDGR D HVWXGLDQWHV GH HVFXHODV VHFXQGDULDV SURSRQH
DFWLYLGDGHVVRFLDOHV\O~GLFDVSURPRYLHQGRODFUHDWLYLGDGHQHO
GHVDUUROOR GH ODV PLVPDV WDQWR SRU SDUWH GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV
FRPRGHORVGRFHQWHVDFDUJRGHORVPLVPRV
6LELHQODSULPHUDPRWLYDFLyQHVWiGDGDSRUTXHUHUPRYHUDO
URERWDWUDYpVGHOXVRGHORVFRPDQGRVEiVLFRVGHOPLVPR \
GH XQD FRQVROD LQWHUDFWLYD GH 3\WKRQ OXHJR VH SODQWHDQ
DFWLYLGDGHV PiV FRPSOHMDV TXH FXOPLQDQ FRQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH
XQ SURJUDPD HVFULWR HQ XQ HQWRUQR GH GHVDUUROOR (QWUH HVWDV
DFWLYLGDGHVVHLQFOX\HQFRPSHWHQFLDV\MXHJRVTXHWLHQHQDORV
URERWV FRPR DFWRUHV SULQFLSDOHV $ OR ODUJR GH HVWRV DxRV VH
KDQ GHVDUUROODGR EDWDOODV FDUUHUDV EDLOHV HWF TXH UHTXLHUHQ
DGHPiV GH OD SURJUDPDFLyQ HO DUPDGR GH XQD
HVWUXFWXUDHVFHQRJUDItDGLVIUDFHV HWF TXH FRPSOHPHQWD OD
DFWLYLGDG /D )LJXUD PXHVWUD XQD DFWLYLGDG HQ GRQGH VH
SODQWHy XQD FDUUHUD GH URERWV FX\R REMHWLYR HV UHFRUUHU HO
FLUFXLWRSODQWHDGRHQHOPHQRUWLHPSRSRVLEOH
)LJXUH &DUUHUDGHURERWV
)LJXUH 5,7$SURJUDPDQGRFRQEORTXHVYLGHRMXHJRVGHURERWVYLUWXDOHV
(OGHVDItRSURSXHVWRD ORV DOXPQRVFRQ 5,7$HVFRQVWUXLU
URERWV TXH LPSOHPHQWHQ HVWUDWHJLDV GH FRPEDWH TXH FRPSLWDQ
HQXQFDPSRGHEDWDOOD FRQORVURERWV GHVXV FRPSDxHURV/D
PHMRUHVWUDWHJLDVHUiORTXHGHILQDTXLpQHVHOURERWJDQDGRU(O
WUDEDMR FRQMXQWR FRQ ORV GRFHQWHV \ DOXPQRV GH ODV HVFXHODV
GXUDQWH HVWRV DxRV SHUPLWLHURQ OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH
DGDSWDFLRQHV \ PHMRUDV HQ 5,7$ OD SURGXFFLyQ GH PDWHULDO
GLGiFWLFRSURSLRTXHSHUPLWHFXEULU ODVQHFHVLGDGHVGLGiFWLFDV
HQODHQVHxDQ]DGHODSURJUDPDFLyQ
(OSUR\HFWRVHFRPSOHPHQWDFRQHOXVRGHXQVLPXODGRUGH
ORVURERWV UHDOL]DGRHQ3LODV(QJLQH HOFXDO VH PXHVWUDHQ OD
)LJXUD
KWWSZZZURERWJURXSFRPDULQGH[SKSSURGXFWRVURERW
QHVSHFLILFDFLRQHV
3LODV(QJLQHKWWSSLODVHQJLQHFRPDU
CISTI 2015 | 1300
)LJXUH 9LVXDOL]DFLyQGHOVLPXODGRUGHVDUUROODGRHQSLODVHQJLQH
$WUDYpVGHOVLPXODGRUVHSXHGHQDOWHUQDUODVSUiFWLFDVFRQ
ORVURERWVUHDOHV\ORVYLUWXDOHV\GHHVWDPDQHUDVHLQLFLDDORV
DOXPQRVHQHOXVRGHHVWDOLEUHUtDGHVDUUROODGDHQQXHVWURSDtV
TXHSHUPLWHHQWUHRWUDVFRVDVHOGHVDUUROORGHMXHJRVVHQFLOORV
% (QVHxDQ]DGHQXHVWUDKLVWRULDDWUDYpVGHOMXHJR
$GHPiV GH ODHQVHxDQ]DGHSURJUDPDFLyQ FRQXQ HQIRTXH
O~GLFD VH KD DERUGDGR OD HQVHxDQ]D GH FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV D
WUDYpVGHXQYLGHRMXHJRVRFLDOFX\RREMHWLYRHVUHLYLQGLFDUOD
FXOWXUDGHORVSXHEORV RULJLQDULRV'HVSXpVGHODUJRWLHPSRGH
OXFKDV \ VLOHQFLRV ORV DERUtJHQHV GH OD $UJHQWLQD HVWiQ
FRPHQ]DQGR D UHFXSHUDU HO OXJDU \ HO GHUHFKR TXH OHV
FRUUHVSRQGH FRPR SXHEORV RULJLQDULRV 6LQ HPEDUJR PXFKDV
SUREOHPiWLFDVSHUVLVWHQ\SRUHOORHVIXQGDPHQWDOHODSRUWHGH
ODHGXFDFLyQSDUDXQGHILQLWLYRUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHVXVGHUHFKRV
\ XQD SOHQD LQWHJUDFLyQ (Q HVWH FRQWH[WR VH KD GHVDUUROODGR
5$,&(6 XQ MXHJR VHULR SDUD )DFHERRN TXH D\XGD D JHQHUDU
FRQFLHQFLDVREUHODVSUREOHPiWLFDVKLVWyULFDV\DFWXDOHVGH ORV
SXHEORVRULJLQDULRV(VWHMXHJRQDFHFRPRXQDWHVLQDGHJUDGR
GHODOXPQR/XFLDQR1RPGHGHXDSDUWLUGHODFXDOVHIRUPyXQ
HTXLSRLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULRTXHHVWiOOHYDQGRDFDERHOGHVDUUROOR
FRPSOHWRGHOYLGHRMXHJR>@
5$,&(6HVXQYLGHRMXHJRVHULRLQQRYDGRUHQODVFLHQFLDV
VRFLDOHV TXH SURSLFLD SURFHVRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH PiV HIHFWLYRV
TXHORVPpWRGRVWUDGLFLRQDOHVDJUHJDQGRDODVUHGHVVRFLDOHVOD
FDSDFLGDGGHWUDQVPLWLUFRQRFLPLHQWRDGHPiVGHIDYRUHFHUDOD
VRFLDOL]DFLyQODFRRSHUDFLyQ\ODGLYHUVLyQ
$WHQGLHQGR D OD QDWXUDOH]D IXJD] FRQ OD TXH ORV QLxRV \
DGROHFHQWHV XWLOL]DQ OD UHG VRFLDO P~OWLSOHV VHVLRQHV GLDULDV \
FRUWDV 5$,&(6 RIUHFH QLYHOHV FRUWRV GLYHUWLGRV \ FRQ XQ
FDSLWDOFXOWXUDOHPEHELGRHQFDGDLPDJHQ VRQLGR \DFWLYLGDG
TXHVHSURSRQH/RVVHJXQGRVTXHWDUGDODFDUJDGHXQSUy[LPR
QLYHO VH XWLOL]DQ SDUD PRVWUDUOH DO MXJDGRU VX VLWXDFLyQ HQ HO
MXHJR \ DGHPiV DOJXQDV YHFHV SDUD DPSOLDU HO FRQRFLPLHQWR
WUDQVPLWLGR HQ HO QLYHO \ RWUDV SDUD GHVSOHJDUOH WULYLDV DO
MXJDGRU FRQ HO FRQWHQLGR GHO QLYHO JDQDGR GH PDQHUD GH
PRWLYDUORV DSUHVWDUDWHQFLyQ HQ FLHUWRVGHWDOOHVGHO MXHJR /D
)LJXUD PXHVWUD XQD HVFHQD GH 5$,&(6 \ XQD SDQWDOOD
LQWHUQLYHO
)LJXUH 9LVXDOL]DFLyQGHXQDHVFHQDGH5$,&(6\GHXQDSDQWDOOD
LQWHUQLYHO
)LQDOPHQWH FDEH GHVWDFDU TXH 5$,&(6 HVWi VLHQGR
FRQVWUXLGRXVDQGR-DYDVFULSW\+70/\OLEUHUtDVGH7XUEXOHQ]
*DPH(QJLQH \3L[LMV7XUEXOHQ]HVXQPRWRUGHMXHJRTXH
EULQGD PDQHMR GH JUiILFRV VRQLGR \ FXHQWD FRQ XQ H[FHOHQWH
PRWRU GH ItVLFD \ 3L[LMV VH XWLOL]D SDUD HO UHQGHUL]DGR GH
JUiILFRV $GHPiV GH OD YHUVLyQ SDUD UHGHV VRFLDOHV TXH
IXQFLRQDUi VREUH QDYHJDGRUHV :HE VH FUHDUiQ GRV YHUVLRQHV
DOWHUQDWLYDV XQD SDUD VHU XWLOL]DGD HQ WHOpIRQRV LQWHOLJHQWHV \
WDEOHWDV \ RWUD HMHFXWDEOH TXH SXHGH IXQFLRQDU GH PDQHUD
RIIOLQH\SRUIXHUDGHOQDYHJDGRU
& -XJDQGR\DSUHQGLHQGRYDORUHVHQHOHVSDFLRS~EOLFR
/D 8QLYHUVLGDG FRPR FUHDGRUD GH FRQRFLPLHQWR GHEH
IRPHQWDU OD IRUPDFLyQ GH SURIHVLRQDOHV GH FDOLGDG \ HVR VH
ORJUD QR VyOR FRQ XQD EXHQD IRUPDFLyQ DFDGpPLFD VLQR TXH
WDPELpQ FRQ XQD EXHQD IRUPDFLyQ HQ YDORUHV \ pWLFD TXH OH
SHUPLWD DO HVWXGLDQWH GHVDUUROODU XQ SHQVDPLHQWR FUtWLFR \
SDUWLFLSDU HQ SURSXHVWDV FRPSURPHWLGDV HQ SRV GH XQ FDPELR
VRFLDOTXH FRQOOHYHD OD FUHDFLyQ GH XQD VRFLHGDG PiVMXVWD H
LJXDOLWDULD
(QHVWD OtQHDODVDOXPQDV6WHIDQtD,YH\0DUtD3tD)DULQHOOD
GHVDUUROODURQ &DU7RQ FRPR WUDEDMR ILQDO GH FDUUHUD GH
/LFHQFLDWXUDHQ,QIRUPiWLFDGHOD)DFXOWDGGH,QIURPiWLFDGHOD
81/3&DU7RQHVXQMXHJRVHULRHLQPHUVLYRTXHVHHQIRFDHQ
VHQVLELOL]DU VREUH UHJODV GH WUiQVLWR \ FRQFLHQWL]DU VREUH ODV
EXHQDVSUiFWLFDVDOPRPHQWRGHWUDQVLWDUHQHOHVSDFLRS~EOLFR
(VWHVRIWZDUHIXHGHVDUUROODGRFRQ%OHQGHU \SURJUDPDGRHQ
CISTI 2015 | 1301
7XUEXOHQ]*DPH(QJLQHKWWSVJDPH
3L[LMV KWWSZZZSL[LMVFRP
%OHQGHU KWWSZZZEOHQGHURUJ
3\WKRQ6LELHQHOWUDEDMRSODQWHDGRHVXQSURWRWLSRLQLFLDOIXH
SODQWHDGRHQIRUPDHVFDODEOHSHQVDQGRHQWUDEDMRVIXWXURVTXH
DPSOtHQODDSOLFDFLyQWDQWRSDUDLQFOXLURWURVHVFHQDULRVFRPR
WLSRVGHYHKtFXORV
3DUD HVWH SULPHU SURWRWLSR OD ]RQD XUEDQD HQ GyQGH VH
GHVDUUROODHOMXHJRVXUJLyGHODLQWHUDFFLyQFRQOD$VRFLDFLyQ
&LYLO $PRU \ 5HVSHWR DO 3UyMLPR TXH FRQRFHGRUHV GH OD
SUREOHPiWLFD HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ OD FLXGDG GH /D 3ODWD IXHURQ
ORVTXHSURSXVLHURQXQDGHODV]RQDVFRQIOLFWLYDVGHODFLXGDG
/D)LJXUDPXHVWUDXQDFDSWXUDGHODLQWHUID]GHOMXHJR
)LJXUH 9LVXDOL]DFLyQGHXQDHVFHQD GH&DU7RQ
(OMXHJRGHVWLQDGRDQLxRVHQWUH\DxRVFXHQWDFRQ
GRVQLYHOHVTXHEULQGDQDOMXJDGRUODSRVLELOLGDGGHMXJDUFRQ
D\XGD\VLQD\XGD(OUROGHOMXJDGRUHVFRQGXFLUXQDXWRPyYLO
GHQWUR GH OD FXLGDG YLUWXDO \ OR GHEHUi KDFHU FXPSOLHQGR ODV
UHJODV GH WUiQVLWR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV 'H HVD PDQHUD ORJUDUi
REWHQHUORVSXQWRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDJDQDUOR&XHQWDFRQYLGDV\
D\XGDV FRPR DGYHUWHQFLDV QRWLILFDFLRQHV GH IDOORV \
IHOLFLWDFLRQHVHQORDFLHUWRV
,,,
(;3(5,(1&,$6(1(/ $8/$
&DGD HMH GH WUDEDMR SUHVHQWDGR KD VLGR WHVWHDGR FRQ
DOXPQRV\GRFHQWHVGHHVFXHODVGHODUHJLyQ$FRQWLQXDFLyQVH
GHVFULELUiQEUHYHPHQWHODVSUXHEDVUHDOL]DGDV
' 3URJUDPDQGRFRQ5,7$
5,7$ VH WHVWHy HQ GLIHUHQWHV RSRUWXQLGDGHV GHVGH HO DxR
/DSULPHUDGHHOODVIXH FRQGRFHQWHV\ DOXPQRV GHWUHV
HVFXHODVVHFXQGDULDVWpFQLFDVFRQRULHQWDFLyQLQIRUPiWLFDGHOD
SURYLQFLDGH%XHQRV$LUHVFRQDOXPQRVGHO~OWLPRFLFORGHOD
HVFXHODVHFXQGDULDHQWUH\DxRV(VWDVH[SHULHQFLDVVH
RUJDQL]DURQ FRPR HQFXHQWURV FRQ GLQiPLFD GH WDOOHU HQ OD
)DFXOWDG GH ,QIRUPiWLFD \ HQ FDGD XQD GH ODV HVFXHODV
SDUWLFLSDQWHV TXH SDUWLFLSDURQ GH OD H[SHULHQFLD (Q HVWRV
HQFXHQWURV VH OHV EULQGy D ORV DOXPQRV XQD H[SOLFDFLyQ EUHYH
GH5,7$\VHOHVSURSXVRTXHFRQVWUX\HUDQXQURERWTXHOXHJR
WHQGUtDQ TXH SRQHU D FRPSHWLU FRQ ORV URERWV GH VXV
FRPSDxHURV GH HVWD PDQHUD ORV DOXPQRV FRODERUDWLYDPHQWH
SURJUDPDURQXQYLGHRMXHJRGHURERWVYLUWXDOHV
$VRFLDFLyQ&LYLO$PRU\5HVSHWRDO3UyMLPR
KWWSZZZKXPDQL]DFLRQYLDORUJDU
3DUWLFLSDURQ GH HVWD H[SHULHQFLD DOXPQRV MXQWR FRQ GRFHQWHVGHODVHVFXHODV/RVDOXPQRVYDORUDURQSRVLWLYDPHQWH
OD KHUUDPLHQWD GHVWDFDQGR TXH OHV UHVXOWy VLPSOH XVDU ORV
GH FDPSR \ GH ORV EXHQRV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV VH LQFRUSRUy
5,7$ FRPR KHUUDPLHQWD GLGiFWLFD SDUD OD HQVHxDQ]D GH
WHUFHUDxRGRVGHODVHVFXHODVSDUWLFLSDQWHVGHOSUR\HFWR
/DEDMDGDDODXODGH5,7$VHOOHYyDFDERGXUDQWHHO~OWLPR
VHPHVWUHGHODOFDQ]DGRDXQ WRWDOGHDOXPQRVHQGRV
GHODVHVFXHODVWpFQLFDVTXHSDUWLFLSDURQGHOSUR\HFWR(QHVWRV
FXUVRV VH XWLOL]y HO PDWHULDO GLGiFWLFR GHO SUR\HFWR GRQGH VH
SURSRQH D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HMHUFLWDFLyQ VREUH FRQFHSWRV GH
SURJUDPDFLyQ \ OD UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV D WUDYpV GH OD
SURJUDPDFLyQFRQ5,7$
(Q HO DxR VH FRPHQ]y D WUDEDMDU FRQ HVFXHODV
VHFXQGDULDV QRWpFQLFDV GH OD FLXGDG GH /D 3ODWD 6H
SODQLILFDURQMXQWRFRQORVGRFHQWHVGHOiUHD7,&VGHODHVFXHOD
OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH FXDWUR MRUQDGDVWDOOHU FRQ HVWXGLDQWHV GH WR
DxR GH OD HVFXHOD VHFXQGDULD DxRV 'H HVWRV WDOOHUHV
SDUWLFLSDURQ HVWXGLDQWHV HQ HO SULPHUR GH HOORV VH OHV
SURSXVR TXH LQVWDODUDQ \ SUREDUDQ 5,7$ HQ VXV QHWERRNV
XVDQGR OD FRQHFWLYLGDG GH OD HVFXHOD (Q HO VHJXQGR \ WHUFHU
WDOOHU VH WUDEDMDURQ FRQFHSWRV GH SURJUDPDFLyQ \ DOJRUtWPLFD
SURSRQLHQGR OD UHVROXFLyQ GH SUREOHPDV UHIHULGRV DO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHORVURERWVHQHOFDPSRGHEDWDOODGH5,7$
SODQR DSOLFDQGR FiOFXORV DULWPpWLFRV \ WULJRQRPpWULFRV
FXHVWLRQHV YLQFXODGDV D OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ GH OD HQHUJtD ORV
URERWV D OD GHWHFFLyQ GH RWURV URERWV HWF (Q HO ~OWLPR
HQFXHQWUR VH UHDOL]y XQD FRPSHWHQFLD HQWUH WRGRV ORV URERWV
FRQVWUXLGRVVHSXVLHURQHQFRP~QWRGDVORVURERWVHQXQ~QLFR
MXHJR UHVXOWDQGR XQ URERW JDQDGRU GH HVWD FRPSHWHQFLD /D
H[SHULHQFLDIXHPX\SRVLWLYD\YDORUDGDSRUODFRPXQLGDGGHOD
HVFXHOD HVWR QRV SHUPLWLy SDUWLFLSDU HQ HO HYHQWR 8QLYHUVR
352*5$0$5 UHDOL]DGR HQ 7HFQySROLV HQ RFWXEUH GH KWWSJRRJO+/9KWWSJRRJO*L8YK2
( 3URJUDPDQGRFRQ5RERWV \6RIWZDUH/LEUH
$ OR ODUJR GH HVWRV DxRV GH H[SHULHQFLD FRQ HVFXHODV
VHFXQGDULDV VH KDQ FDSDFLWDGR D PiV GH GRFHQWHV \ DOXPQRV\YDULDVGHODVHVFXHODVSDUWLFLSDQWHVGHOSUR\HFWRKDQ
DGRSWDGR FRPR SDUWH GH OD FXUUtFXOD HVFRODU HVWD HVWUDWHJLD
SDUD LQWURGXFLU D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV HQ OD HQVHxDQ]D GH OD
SURJUDPDFLyQ\HOXVRGHOOHQJXDMH3\WKRQ
6H KD WUDEDMDGR EDMR GLVWLQWDV PHWRGRORJtDV HQ DOJXQRV
FDVRVODVFDSDFLWDFLRQHV\WDOOHUHVUHDOL]DGRVIXHURQGHVWLQDGDV
VyOR D ORV GRFHQWHV HQ RWUDV DEDUFDURQ WDQWR GRFHQWHV FRPR
HVWXGLDQWHV \ HQ RWUDV VyOR D HVWXGLDQWHV (VWDV DFWLYLGDGHV
IXHURQ UHDOL]DGDV HQ HO iPELWR GH ODV HVFXHODV FRPR HQ OD
)DFXOWDGGH,QIRUPiWLFDGHOD81/3
(Q RFWXEUH GH VH UHDOL]y HO SULPHU HQFXHQWUR GH
UREyWLFD HGXFDWLYD
/D3ODWDGRQGHPiVGHDOXPQRV\GRFHQWHVGHHVFXHODVGH
OD UHJLyQ H[SXVLHURQ VXV WUDEDMRV $FWXDOPHQWH VH HVWi
RUJDQL]DQGR HO VHJXQGR HQFXHQWUR SDUD OD ~OWLPD VHPDQD GH
RFWXEUH GH HVWH DxRGRQGH VH HVSHUDFRQWDUFRQ PiV HVFXHODV
CISTI 2015 | 1302
SDUWLFLSDQWHVHLQFOXLUDRWUDVLQVWLWXFLRQHVTXHOOHYHQDGHODQWH
SUR\HFWRVVLPLODUHV
SDUWHV GH ORV GRFHQWHV HQ VXV SURJUDPDFLRQHV GLGiFWLFDV \ HQ
VXVPHWRGRORJtDVGHHQVHxDQ]D
/R PiV GHVWDFDGR GH HVWDV H[SHULHQFLDV HV TXH DFHUFDU OD
SURJUDPDFLyQFRQURERWVUHDOHVHV VXPDPHQWHPRWLYDGRUWDQWR
SDUD DOXPQRV FRPR SDUD GRFHQWHV HV XQ KDELOLWDGRU SDUD
UHDOL]DU DFWLYLGDGHV PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDULDV HQ OD HVFXHOD \ QR
UHTXLHUHFRQRFLPLHQWRVSUHYLRVVREUHSURJUDPDFLyQ
/DVSURSXHVWDVHVFRODUHVHQUHODFLyQDODV7,&VFRQODVTXH
VHHQFXHQWUDQORVDOXPQRVDPHQXGRQRSHUPLWHQGHVDUUROODU
ODV FRPSHWHQFLDV QHFHVDULDV SDUD HO PDQHMR GH ORV QXHYRV
OHQJXDMHVSURGXFLGRVSRUODVWHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ\OD
FRPXQLFDFLyQ(QHVWHFRQWH[WRHOGHVDUUROORGHODVSURSXHVWDV
GHVFULSWDV HQ HVWH DUWtFXOR PXHVWUD TXH LQWURGXFLHQGR
HVFHQDULRV LQQRYDGRUHV FHUFDQRV D OD FXOWXUD GH ORV QLxRV \
MyYHQHVVHORJUDHVWLPXODUHOSHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFRODUHVROXFLyQ
GHSUREOHPDV\XQDSUHQGL]DMHVLJQLILFDWLYR\DFWLYR
) (QVHxDQ]DGHQXHVWUDKLVWRULDDWUDYpVGHOMXHJR
5$,&(6 VH HQFXHQWUD D~Q HQ HWDSD GH GHVDUUROOR VLQ
HPEDUJR HO MXHJR KD VLGR WHVWHDGR HQ GRV RSRUWXQLGDGHV /D
SULPHUDGHHOODVWXYROXJDUHQOD)DFXOWDGGH,QIRUPiWLFDFRQ
QLxRV GH HQWUH \ DxRV (O REMHWLYR GH HVWH SULPHU
HQFXHQWUR IXH REVHUYDU HO LPSDFWR GH OD PHFiQLFD EiVLFD GHO
MXHJRODVGLQiPLFDVJHQHUDGDVDSDUWLUGHHOODV\ODVUHVSXHVWDV
HPRFLRQDOHV GH ORV QLxRV HQ VX LQWHUDFFLyQ FRQ HO MXHJR 6H
DGYLUWLyJUDQHQWXVLDVPRSRUSDVDUGHQLYHO\OOHJDUDOILQDOGHO
MXHJR (VWR IXH WRPDGR HQ FXHQWD FRPR UHWURDOLPHQWDFLyQ HQ
ODVQXHYDVHWDSDVGHGHVDUUROOR(OMXHJRWDPELpQIXHWHVWHDGR
HQRWUDRSRUWXQLGDGFRQXQJUXSRGHQLxRVVLPLODUDODQWHULRU
GRQGH VH DQDOL]y DGHPiV GH ODV FXHVWLRQHV DQWHULRUHV OD
DGTXLVLFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWRFRQ UHVXOWDGRV PX\ DOHQWDGRUHV
$FWXDOPHQWH VH HVWi WUDEDMDQGR FRQ GRFHQWHV GH HVFXHOD SDUD
SURPRYHUHOXVRGH5$,&(6GHVGHODHVFXHOD
* -XJDQGR\DSUHQGLHQGRYDORUHVHQHOHVSDFLRS~EOLFR
&DU7RQIXHWHVWHDGRHQXQDHVFXHODS~EOLFDGHQLYHOLQLFLDO
\SULPDULDGHODFLXGDGGH/D3ODWDFRQDOXPQRVGHWRDxR
FRQHGDGHVHQWUH\DxRV/RVQLxRVMXJDURQFRQ&DU7RQ
HQJUXSRVGH GRVDOXPQRV $QWHV GH FRPHQ]DUDMXJDUVH OHV
UHDOL]y XQ EUHYH FXHVWLRQDULR UHODFLRQDGR FRQ ODV UHJODV GH
WUiQVLWRTXHDEDUFDHOMXHJRWDQWRHQORUHIHUHQWHDODGHILQLFLyQ
GH ODV UHJODV PLVPDV FRPR VXV FRQFOXVLRQHV DO REVHUYDU OD
UHDOLGDG FRWLGLDQD $OJR VLPLODU IXH UHDOL]DGR OXHJR GH ODV
VHVLRQHVFRQHOMXHJRSDUDFRPSUREDUWDQWRORDSUHQGLGRFRPR
HOJUDGRGHVDWLVIDFFLyQFRQUHVSHFWRDOMXHJRPLVPR
/RVUHVXOWDGRVIXHURQSRVLWLYRVVREUHWRGRSRUVHUXQMXHJR
TXH QR SUHVHQWD VLWXDFLRQHV GH YLROHQFLD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD TXH
ODPHQWDEOHPHQWH SUHVHQWDQ PXFKRV GH ORV MXHJRV FRQ ORV TXH
LQWHUDFW~DQORVQLxRVKR\GtD
,9
&21&/86,21(6
/DQHFHVLGDGGHOOHYDUDFDERXQDDOIDEHWL]DFLyQGLJLWDOTXH
FRQVLJDUHGXFLUODVHJXQGDEUHFKDGLJLWDOVHKDYLVWRWUDGXFLGD
HQ XQD LQVHUFLyQ JHQHUDOL]DGD GH ODV 7,&V HQ ORV HQWRUQRV
HGXFDWLYRV \ HQ OD LQFOXVLyQ DSUHVXUDGD GH ODV PLVPDV SRU
(Q UHODFLyQ D OD HQVHxDQ]D GH SURJUDPDFLyQ HQ OD HVFXHOD
VHFXQGDULD OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ODV HVWUDWHJLDV \ PDWHULDOHV
SUHVHQWDGRVHQHVWH DUWtFXORSUHYp FRQVROLGDU OD IRUPDFLyQGH
ORVHJUHVDGRVGHOQLYHOVHFXQGDULRFRQWULEX\HQGRDOGHVDUUROOR
GHXQDIRUPDFLyQLQWHJUDOHQXQDVRFLHGDGGLJLWDOTXHUHTXLHUH
GHQXHYDVKDELOLGDGHV\GHVWUH]DVYLQFXODGDVDGLVHxDUFUHDUH
LQYHQWDUFRQORVQXHYRVPHGLRV
/RV UHVXOWDGRV TXH YDPRV KDOODQGR HQ ODV GLIHUHQWHV
LQLFLDWLYDV QRV HVWLPXODQ D FRQWLQXDU WUDEDMDQGR HQ HO WHPD
HODERUDQGRPDWHULDOGLGiFWLFRTXHDFRPSDxHDODVKHUUDPLHQWDV
\DFWLYLGDGHVGHVDUUROODGDV
5()(5(1&,$6 %,%/,2*5È),&$6
GH
7 %HUQHUV
%86,1(667,_3&:RUOG
/HDGLQJZLWK7HFKQRORJ\
QR0DUFKSS
GH OD )DFXOWDG GH ,QIRUPiWLFD HQ OD (QVHxDQ]D GH 3URJUDPDFLyQ HQ
7HFQRORJtD ,QQRYDFLyQ \ (GXFDFLyQ 2UJDQL]DGR SRU OD 2UJDQL]DFLyQ
GH (VWDGRV ,EHURDPHULFDQRV SDUD OD (GXFDFLyQ OD &LHQFLD \ OD &XOWXUD
2(, ,6%1 $UWtFXOR %XHQRV $LUHV
$UJHQWLQDGHODOGH1RYLHPEUHGH
MXHJR FRPR HVWUDWHJLD GLGiFWLFD SDUD DFHUFDU OD SURJUDPDFLyQ D OD
9,:RUNVKRSGH,QYHVWLJDGRUHVHQ&LHQFLDVGHOD
&RPSXWDFLyQ,6%1SS
6HULR8QDH[SHULHQFLDLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULDHQWUHLQIRUPiWLFRV\DUWLVWDVGH
)DFXOWDGHV G
&RQIHUHQFH RQ $GYDQFHV LQ &RPSXWHU+XPDQ ,QWHUDFWLRQV %DUFHORQD
(VSDxDGHODOGHPDU]RGH ,661,6%1
CISTI 2015 | 1303
-XHJRV GLJLWDOHV HQ ODV DXODV &DWDODQDV
HOSXQWRGHYLVWDGH ORV SURIHVRUHV 'LJLWDO JDPHVLQ &DWDODQFODVVURRPV
WHDFKHU SRLQWRIYLHZ -RVH/XLV(JXLD
5XWK6&RQWUHUDV(VSLQRVD
8QLYHUVLGDG3ROLWpFQLFDGH&DWDOXxD
%DUFHORQD(VSDxD
HJXLD#HJHXSFHGX
8QLYHUVLGDGGH9LF8QLYHUVLGDG&HQWUDOGH&DWDOXxD
%DUFHORQD(VSDxD
UXWKFRQWUHUDV#XYLFFDW
/OXLV6RODQR$OEDMHV
8QLYHUVLGDG3ROLWpFQLFDGH&DWDOXxD
%DUFHORQD(VSDxD
VRODQR#OVLXSFHGX
5HVXPHQ (VWHDUWtFXOR HVODFRQWLQXDFLyQGH XQHVWXGLR LQLFLDGR
HQ \ HVWi FHQWUDGR HQ GHVFXEULU OR TXH XQ JUXSR GH
SURIHVRUHV GH SULPDULD SLHQVD DFHUFD GHO XVR GH MXHJRV GLJLWDOHV
HQ ODV DXODV 6X REMHWLYR SULQFLSDO HV HQWHQGHU SRU TXp QR ORV
HVWiQ XWLOL]DQGR GHQWUR GH ODV DXODV FDWDODQDV 6H UHDOL]DURQ
HQWUHYLVWDVHQSURIXQGLGDGFRQHOILQGHHQWHQGHUODVDFWLWXGHV\
SXQWRV GH YLVWD GH ORV SURIHVRUHV $XQTXH FDGD YH] KD\ PiV
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXH GRFXPHQWD HO SURJUHVR \ UHVXOWDGRV GHO
DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGR HQ MXHJRV \ ORV MXHJRV VHULRV VH SUHVWD SRFD
DWHQFLyQ D OD XWLOL]DFLyQ UHDO GH MXHJRV HQ ODV DXODV \ D ODV
SHUFHSFLRQHV GH ORV SURIHVRUHV /RV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV
PXHVWUDQ ODV SULQFLSDOHV EDUUHUDV TXH ORV HGXFDGRUHV HQIUHQWDQ
DO XWLOL]DU MXHJRV 3RU HMHPSOR PHQFLRQDURQ OD DXVHQFLD GH
WpFQLFDV\KHUUDPLHQWDVJHQpULFDVSDUDODHYDOXDFLyQ HQ \ GH
MXHJRVGLJLWDOHV
3DODEUDV &ODYH
SULPDULD DXODV
-XHJRVGLJLWDOHVMXHJRVVHULRVSURIHVRUHVGH
$EVWUDFW
7KLVSDSHUH[SODLQVWKHZRUNWKDWZHKDYHEHHQGRLQJ
VLQFH DQG UHODWHG ZLWKZKDW SULPDU\ VFKRROWHDFKHUV WKLQN
DERXW GLJLWDO JDPHVLQ&DWDODQFODVVURRPV7KHPDLQREMHFWLYHLV
WRGLVFRYHUDQGXQGHUVWDQGZK\WHDFKHUVLQJHQHUDODUHQRWXVLQJ
LW :KLOH WKHUH LV LQFUHDVLQJ UHVHDUFK GRFXPHQWLQJ WKH SURJUHVV
DQG RXWFRPHV RI JDPH EDVHG OHDUQLQJ DQG VHULRXV JDPHV
UHODWLYHO\OLWWOHDWWHQWLRQLVSDLGWRWKHUHDOXVHRI GLJLWDO JDPHVLQ
FODVVURRPV DQG WKH WHDFKHUV SHUFHSWLRQV 'HSWK LQWHUYLHZV KDV
EHHQGRQHZLWKSULPDU\VFKRROWHDFKHUVLQRUGHUWRKDYHDWWLWXGHV
DQG WHDFKHUV SRLQW RI YLHZ $V D UHVXOWV RI RXU ZRUN ZHSUHVHQW
VHYHUDO WHDFKHU EDUULHUV WR GLJLWDO JDPH XVH IRU H[DPSOH DQ
DEVHQFH RI WHFQLFV DQG JHQHULF WRROV IRU DVVHVVPHQW LQ DQG
DURXQG GLJLWDOJDPHV
.H\ZRUGV 'LJLWDO JDPHV 6HULRXV JDPHV 3ULPDU\ 7HDFKHUV
FODVVURRPV
,
,1752'8&&,Ï1
(O LQWHUpV HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGR HQ MXHJRV \ HQ MXHJRV
VHULRV GLJLWDOHV FUHFH FDGD GtD \ GLYHUVDV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VH
FHQWUDQHQ H[SOLFDUODYDOLGH]GHVX XVR 3RUXQODGR VHDMXVWDD
XQ SURFHVR GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR TXH VLUYH FRPR
XQD GREOH HVWLPXODFLyQ SDUD ORJUDU XQ SURFHVR GH PHMRUD GHO
DSUHQGL]DMH\GHOUHVXOWDGR >@ 3RURWURORV DXWRUHVPHQFLRQDQ
TXH FRQVXXVR HVSRVLEOHHOGHVDUUROORGHKDELOLGDGHVVRFLDOHV
>@ XQD PHMRUDHQOD PRWLYDFLyQ LQWUtQVHFD >@ \ VH XWLOL]DQ SDUD
FRQVHJXLU XQD PD\RU SHQHWUDFLyQ HQ OD FRPSOHMLGDG VRFLR
WpFQLFD\ HQ ODIRUPDGHPDQHMDUVLWXDFLRQHV /RV MXHJRV QRVH
XWLOL]DQ SDUD HQVHxDU D KDFHU FiOFXORV PDWHPiWLFRV EiVLFRV
SRUTXH HVWRV SXHGHQ DSUHQGHUVH FRQ OLEURV WXWRULDOHV R FDVRV
>@ 6HXWLOL]DQSDUDD\XGDU DODUHFXSHUDFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQ\
FRQRFLPLHQWRVPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDULRV >@ DOSHQVDPLHQWROyJLFR\
FUtWLFR \ D GHVDUUROODU KDELOLGDGHV SDUD UHVROYHU GLYHUVRV
SUREOHPDV >@ D GHVDUUROODU KDELOLGDGHV FRJQLWLYDV R SDUD OD
WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHV WpFQLFDV >@ (O SURIHVRU SXHGH GHVSOHJDU
JUDFLDV D HOORV GLIHUHQWHV HVWUDWHJLDV RULHQWDGDV D SRWHQFLDU HO
FRQRFLPLHQWR GH KHFKRV \ GDWRV FRQFUHWRV DVt FRPR XQ
FRQRFLPLHQWR PHWRGROyJLFR >@ (Q WHRUtD OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ
ORQJLWXGLQDO HQ DSUHQGL]DMH EDVDGRHQMXHJRV HQDGHODQWH$%-
\ HQ MXHJRV VHULRV -6 RIUHFH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH YDULDU HO
FRQWH[WR ODV YDULDEOHV GH LQWHUPHGLDFLyQ PHMRUDU OD
PRWLYDFLyQ GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV DVt FRPR OD H[SHULHQFLD GH ORV
IDFLOLWDGRUHV GHO MXHJR \ XQD PHMRUD HQ ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV
LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV>@ 6LQ HPEDUJR \ D SHVDU GH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH
GLIHUHQWHV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GHGLFDGDV D OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ \ OD
HYDOXDFLyQGHO $%- \ ORV -6 TXHDSR\DQVXXVR DVt FRPR GH
GLIHUHQWHV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV WHFQROyJLFDV SXHVWDV D GLVSRVLFLyQ
GH ODV HVFXHODV FRPR RUGHQDGRUHV SRUWiWLOHV SL]DUUDV
GLJLWDOHVHWF QRVHFRQVLJXHHOREMHWLYRGHTXH ORV MXHJRV VHDQ
XWLOL]DGRVFRPRXQPDWHULDOGHVRSRUWHHGXFDWLYRHQODVDXODV\
HVWRLQFOX\HDORVHVSDFLRV FDWDODQHV (QHOFRQWH[WRFDWDOiQORV
HVWXGLRVTXH HQFRQWUDPRV HQ HVWH FDPSRGH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VRQ
OLPLWDGRV $UDQGD \ 6iQFKH] GHVFULELHURQ XQ SUR\HFWR SLORWR
OOHYDGRDFDER HQ HQ%DUFHORQDHQXQFRQWH[WRQRIRUPDO
GH HGXFDFLyQ \ FRQFOX\HURQ TXH QRV HQFRQWUDPRV D~Q HQ XQ
HVWDGR HPEULRQDULR >@ $XQTXH H[LVWHQ GLYHUVDV LQLFLDWLYDV
UHGHV UHSRVLWRULRV HWF TXHWLHQH OD IXQFLyQGHSURSRUFLRQDU
CISTI 2015 | 1304
Descargar