Encuentro con el saber Nº 256 Agosto 2015 Teresa Rodríguez de la vega camilo saavedra Maximiliano garcía josé ángel garfias Moisés Garduño Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales www.politicas.unam.mx/gaceta Foto periodismo deportivo Antonio Nava Christian Palma C RQHOLQLFLRGHOVHPHVWUHĥGDPRVODELHQYHQLGDDODJHQHUDFLyQQ~PHURGHOD)DFXOWDG GH&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV\6RFLDOHVGHODUNAM$ORODUJRGHPiVGHPHGLRVLJORHOWUDEDMRHQ HVWHSODQWHOVHKDHQIRFDGRDDQDOL]DUFRQULJRUDFDGpPLFR\GHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDVLHPSUH FUtWLFDORVSULQFLSDOHVSUREOHPDVVRFLDOHVGH0p[LFR\HOPXQGR$KRUDHVPRPHQWRGHTXH ORVUHFLpQOOHJDGRVDVXPDQHOFRPSURPLVRGHFRQWLQXDUFRQHVWDWUDGLFLyQGHSHQVDPLHQWRSDUD HOORFRQWDUiQFRQHODSR\RGHFLGLGRGHXQDH[FHOHQWHSODQWDGRFHQWHHQFDUJDGDGHSRQHUHQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWRORVQXHYRVSODQHVGHHVWXGLR 'HODPDQRGHORVFRQVWDQWHV\YHUWLJLQRVRVSURFHVRVGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQSROtWLFD\VRFLDOORV SUREOHPDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHLQWHUHVHVGHQXHVWURVDFDGpPLFRVKDQFDPELDGRMXQWRFRQORVPpWRGRV \WHRUtDVFRQTXHORVFRQVWUX\HQ\HQIUHQWDQ3UXHEDGHHOORVRQODVUHÀH[LRQHVGHORVFLQFR DUWLFXOLVWDVGHHVWHQ~PHURMyYHQHVSURIHVRUHVGHOD)DFXOWDGTXHIRUPDQSDUWHGHODPiV UHFLHQWHJHQHUDFLyQGHGRFHQWHV&DGDXQRDVXHVWLORħDOJXQRHQIDWL]DQGRVXSURSLRWUDEDMR GHLQYHVWLJDFLyQRWURFRPHQWDQGRGLOHPDVPHWRGROyJLFRVXQRPiVUHVSRQGLHQGRSUHJXQWDVTXH WRGRVQRVKDFHPRVDOLQLFLDUXQDFDUUHUDSRUHMHPSORħRIUHFHXQDFHUFDPLHQWRDOHVWDGRDFWXDO GHVXGLVFLSOLQD\QRVFRQYRFDDUHÀH[LRQDUVREUHHOVHQWLGRGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\HQ~OWLPD LQVWDQFLDGHQXHVWUDODERUFRWLGLDQD$VtODSUHVHQWHGacetaGHYLHQHHQXQDEUHYHLQWURGXFFLyQSDUD ORVQXHYRVDOXPQRVDFHUFDGHORVGLVWLQWRVFDPLQRVTXHKDEUiQGHUHFRUUHUHQORVSUy[LPRVDxRV (QHVWHQ~PHURUHFRJHPRVWDPELpQDOJXQDVGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVDFDGpPLFDV\FXOWXUDOHV PiVUHOHYDQWHVGHORV~OWLPRVPHVHVHOFRORTXLRA 50 años de las siete tesis: nuevas miradas tras medio siglo de la publicación de las “Siete tesis equivocadas sobre América Latina”RUJDQL]DGRSRUHOSODQWHO HQFRQMXQWRFRQ(O&ROHJLRGH0p[LFRĪ&ROPH[ī\OD)DFXOWDG/DWLQRDPHULFDQDGH&LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHVĪFLACSOīHO&RORTXLR,QWHUQDFLRQDOPolíticas públicas y acción pública. Métodos y teorías HIHFWXDGRHQOD)DFXOWDG\FRQSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHPiVGHSRQHQWHV\HOEncuentro de la Red de Profesoras/es e Investigadoras/es de Derechos Humanos de MéxicoTXHWUDEDMyHQWRUQRDODAgenda de Desarrollo Post 2015, de la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing a CEDAW 2016. 'H LJXDO IRUPD HQ ORV ~OWLPRV PHVHV UHFLELPRV DFDGpPLFRV GH UHQRPEUH LQWHUQDFLRQDO FRPR$JXVWtQ(WFKHEDUQHGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH%HOJUDQRĪ$UJHQWLQDī\-RVp'pQL]GHOD8QLĥ YHUVLGDG&RPSOXWHQVHGH0DGULGĪ(VSDxDī(QIRURVHVSHFLDOL]DGRVFRQWDPRVFRQODFRPSDxtD GHOSHULRGLVWD'DQLHO/L]iUUDJD\GHOHPEDMDGRU/XLV0DLUD$JXLUUHUHSUHVHQWDQWHGHO&RQVHMRGH 5HODFLRQHV,QWHUQDFLRQDOHVGH$PpULFD/DWLQD\HO&DULEH 3RU~OWLPRDSURYHFKDPRVHVWDVSiJLQDVSDUDFRPSDUWLUDOJXQRVGHORVORJURVGHQXHVWURV DOXPQRV(QSULPHUOXJDUIHOLFLWDPRVDORVSULPHURVHVWXGLDQWHVGH&LHQFLDVGHOD&RPXQLFDFLyQ HQOLFHQFLDUVHPHGLDQWHODVQXHYDVPRGDOLGDGHVGHWLWXODFLyQ'HVWDFDPRVWDPELpQHOWUDEDMRGHO JUXSRGHDOXPQRVGHVH[WRVHPHVWUHGHODFDUUHUDGH&LHQFLD3ROtWLFDTXHMXQWRFRQODSURIHVRUD .DUOD9DOYHUGHSDUWLFLSDURQHQHOIRURProyectos de presupuesto participativo como perspectiva de juventudesRUJDQL]DGRSRUHO,QVWLWXWR(OHFWRUDOGHO'LVWULWR)HGHUDOĪIEDFī )HUQDQGR&DVWDxHGD6DELGR Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México -RVp1DUUR5REOHV Rector (GXDUGR%iU]DQD*DUFtD 6HFUHWDULR*HQHUDO 5HQDWR'iYDORV/ySH] 'LUHFWRU*HQHUDO GH&RPXQLFDFLyQ6RFLDO (QFXHQWURFRQHOVDEHU 3 /DVRFLRORJtDFRPRYRFDFLyQ 4 &LHQFLDĪVī3ROtWLFDĪVī 6 +HXUtVWLFD\PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDHQOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ3~EOLFD 8 )LQLVWHUUDFRPXQLGDGGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHYLGHRMXHJRV 10 5HFRUGDUORFRWLGLDQGRFRPRH[WUDRUGLQDULR 12 Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales )HUQDQGR&DVWDxHGD6DELGR Director &ODXGLD%RGHN6WDYHQKDJHQ 6HFUHWDULD*HQHUDO ntrevista $~QKD\FODURVFXURVHQODOXFKDSRUODHTXLGDG $FFLyQS~EOLFDQXHYDVIRUPDVGHKDFHUSROtWLFD 3RUWDYR]GHOD)DFXOWDGHQHO&RQVHMRSDUDOD/H\GH)RPHQWR 14 17 ĩ%LHQYHQLGDJHQHUDFLyQ 7HVLVFRUUHFWDV\HTXLYRFDGDVVREUHODUHDOLGDG ODWLQRDPHULFDQD ³*UDFLDVSRUQRWLUDUPHKXHYRV´ (OFHUHEURGHOHTXLSRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQGH$ULVWHJXL 1RWLFLDVPLVFHOiQHDV 18 21 22 23 24 &RPSURPHWLGRVFRQHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV ³(QODPHGLGDTXHVDFDQQRVRWURVWDPELpQ´ $SUHQGL]DMHFRODERUDWLYRHQHOIRURIEDF 26 27 28 (QVXFDVD\FRQVXJHQWH 8QDRUJtDGRFXPHQWDODFLHORDELHUWR 29 30 1RYHGDGHVHGLWRULDOHV 31 Gaceta Políticas 5REHUWR2VHJXHUD4XLxRQHV Director -XQFLD$YLOpV&DYDVROD 6XEGLUHFWRUD /HWLFLD0DUWtQH](VODYD (GLWRUD $GULDQD*RGR\*RQ]iOH]&XHWR 'LVHxR Reporteros 0\ULDP&RUWH&RUWHV (OtDV/R]DGD0DUWtQH] ,OVH%HFHUULO&DVWUR /HWLFLD0DUWLQH] 3RUWDGDGH$GULDQD*RGR\ *RQ]iOH]&XHWR Encuentro con el saber R HVXOWDGRGHXQDUGXRWUDEDMRDFDGpPLFRTXHLQYROXFUyDEXHQDSDUWHGHODFRPXQLGDGORV QXHYRVSODQHVGHHVWXGLRVHSXVLHURQHQPDUFKDFRQHOLQLFLRGHOVHPHVWUHĥ'HHVWD PDQHUDOD FCP\SGDODELHQYHQLGDDODJHQHUDFLyQHVWXGLDQWLOQ~PHURFRQHOFRPSURPLVR UHQRYDGRGHFXOWLYDUHOSHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFR\IRPHQWDUODSOXUDOLGDGGLVFLSOLQDU &RQHODIiQGHHQULTXHFHUODYLGDDFDGpPLFD\RIUHFHUDORVDOXPQRVXQDVyOLGDIRUPDFLyQ TXH OHV SHUPLWD KDFHU IUHQWH D ORV SUREOHPDV VRFLDOHV FRQWHPSRUiQHRV UHFLHQWHPHQWH VH LQFRUSRUyDODSODQWDGRFHQWHXQJUXSRGHMyYHQHVSURIHVRUHVTXHħGHVGHQXHYRVGLVFXUVRV FDPSRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\HVWUDWHJLDVSHGDJyJLFDVħFRQWULEXLUiQDODFRQVROLGDFLyQGHOD )DFXOWDGFRPRUHIHUHQWHHQHOiPELWRGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV (VWHQ~PHURGHODGaceta PolíticasVLUYHFRPRSXQWRGHHQFXHQWURSDUDORVUHFLpQOOHJDGRV SXHVSRQHPRVDODOFDQFHGHQXHVWURVQXHYRVOHFWRUHVODRSLQLyQGHFLQFRMyYHQHVSURIHVRUHVDTXLHQHV SHGLPRVUHÀH[LRQDUVREUHORVKRUL]RQWHV\ODDFWXDOLGDGGHVXVUHVSHFWLYDViUHDVGHFRQRFLPLHQWR ,QLFLDPRVFRQLa sociología como vocaciónGRQGH7HUHVD5RGUtJXH]GHOD9HJDSODQWHDTXHXQD SRGHURVDPRWLYDFLyQSDUDHVWXGLDUHVWDGLVFLSOLQDHVODLGHDGHTXHODVRFLHGDGUHTXLHUH VHUWUDQVIRUPDGD$SDUWLUGHHVWDSUHPLVDUHVSRQGHSXQWXDOPHQWHDOJXQDVLQWHUURJDQWHVTXH VXHOHQLQTXLHWDUDTXLHQHVGHFLGHQHPEDUFDUVHHQODFRPSOHMDHPSUHVDVRFLROyJLFD 3RUVXSDUWH&DPLOR6DDYHGUDGDFXHQWDGHOGLQDPLVPRGHODFLHQFLDSROtWLFD\ORVUHWRVTXH HQIUHQWDHQXQPRPHQWRGHJUDQHVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ\SURIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQ(Q0p[LFRFRPHQWD HOFUHFLPLHQWRGHODGLVFLSOLQDHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVHVWiOLJDGRDODVSURIXQGDVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV SROtWLFDVTXHKDQDIHFWDGRODYLGDQDFLRQDO En Heurística y multidisciplina en la Administración Pública0D[LPLOLDQR*DUFtDGHVWDFDHOYDORU GHORVPiVUHFLHQWHVHQIRTXHVWHyULFRV\PHWRGROyJLFRVGHODGLVFLSOLQDHQHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWR\ VROXFLyQGHSUREOHPDVGHFDUiFWHUS~EOLFRDVtFRPRHQHOGHVDUUROORGHQXHYRVSDWURQHVGHJRELHUQR )LQDOPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQGRVWH[WRVVREUHWHPDVLQQRYDGRUHVTXHSXHGHQVHUDWHQGLGRVFRQ FUHDWLYLGDGGHVGHGLIHUHQWHVGLVFLSOLQDV(QLa Finisterra, comunidad de investigación de videojuegos -RVpÈQJHO*DU¿DVVHxDODTXHHVLQGLVSHQVDEOHDERUGDUGHVGHODVFLHQFLDVGHODFRPXQLFDFLyQ HOHVWXGLRGHODLQGXVWULDGHOYLGHRMXHJRFRPRIHQyPHQRVRFLDOGH FUHFLHQWHLPSRUWDQFLD DGHPiVGHGHVDUUROODUKHUUDPLHQWDVGHDQiOLVLVHVSHFt¿FDV $VLPLVPR0RLVpV*DUGXxRGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHODVUHODFLRQHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVSURSRQH Recordar lo cotidiano como extraordinario\RIUHFHXQDIRUPDGHDQDOL]DUODUHODFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHV SURFHVRVFRPXQLWDULRVHQGLYHUVDVODWLWXGHVDVtFRPRSHQVDUDODVIXHU]DVVRFLDOHVQRVyOR GHVGHODWHRUtDVLQRGHVGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQDGHOVXMHWR &RQHVWDSOXUDOLGDGGHHVWLORVYLVLRQHVGLVFLSOLQDUHV\IRUPDVGHDERUGDUSUREOHPDVVRFLDOHV HVSHUDPRVTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHQXHYRLQJUHVRREVHUYHQODFUHDWLYLGDGGHORVDQiOLVLVTXHSXHGHQ UHDOL]DUVHGHVGHODVFDUUHUDVDODVTXHDFDEDQGHLQJUHVDUHLQLFLHQVXIRUPDFLyQSURIHVLRQDOFRQ ODUHVSRQVDELOLGDG\pWLFDTXHGHPDQGDHOFRPSOHMRSUHVHQWHTXHYLYLPRV La sociología como vocación Teresa Rodríguez de la Vega Cuéllar* E OWtWXORGHHVWDVOtQHDVFRQVWLWX\HXQREYLR\KXPLOGH JXLxRDODVFRQIHUHQFLDVGH0D[:HEHUDJUXSDGDV HGLWRULDOPHQWHEDMRHOWtWXOR(OSROtWLFR\HOFLHQWtÀFR La política como vocación\La ciencia como vocación. A contiĥ QXDFLyQLQWHQWDUpVLVWHPDWL]DUGHPRGREUHYH\PiV R PHQRV LQIRUPDO DOJXQDV UHÀH[LRQHV HQ WRUQR D FXDWURGHODVSUHJXQWDVTXHSXHGHQURQGDUODFDEH]D GHTXLHQUHFLpQKDRSWDGRSRUla sociología como vocación. ¿Por qué estudiar sociología? $GHPiVGHDOJXQRVUDVJRVGHQXHVWUDELRJUDItDTXH SXHGHQLQFLGLUHQODGHFLVLyQGHTXpOLFHQFLDWXUDHVWXĥ GLDUĪSRUHMHPSORDOJ~QDQWHFHGHQWHIDPLOLDURDOJ~Q SURIHVRUGHODSUHSDTXHQRVPDUFyīHVFRP~QTXHODV UD]RQHVSRUODVTXHDOJXLHQHOLJHVRFLRORJtDLQFOX\DQ SUHRFXSDFLRQHVVREUHDOJXQRVDVSHFWRVGHODVRFLHGDG HQODTXHYLYLPRV(VSRFRSUREDEOHSXHVTXHOHUHVXOWH DWUDFWLYR D TXLHQ MX]JXH TXH OD VRFLHGDG HQ OD TXH YLYLPRVHVH[DFWDPHQWHFRPRGHEHVHU$GLIHUHQFLD GHORTXHVXFHGHFRQPXFKDVRWUDVSURIHVLRQHVODGHFLĥ VLyQGHIRUPDUVHFRPRVRFLyORJRVXHOHHVWDUDFRPSDĥ xDGD GH OD RSLQLyQ GH TXH HV QHFHVDULR WUDQVIRUPDU DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV GH QXHVWUD VRFLHGDG DVSHFWRV TXH FRQVLGHUDPRVLQGHVHDEOHVRFXDQGRPHQRVSHUIHFWLEOHV 4 &RPRSURQWRVHGDFXHQWDTXLHQLQLFLDVXIRUPDFLyQ HQVRFLRORJtDHVDSHFXOLDULGDGGHODYRFDFLyQKDGDGR OXJDUDVHQGRVGHEDWHVUHVSHFWRDODUHODFLyQTXHH[LVWH\ GHEHH[LVWLUHQWUHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWt¿FR\ODVYDORĥ UDFLRQHVTXHHOSURSLRVRFLyORJRHQWDQWRTXHSDUWtFLSH GHODYLGDVRFLDOWLHQHUHVSHFWRDORVIHQyPHQRVTXHHVĥ WXGLDODGLVFLSOLQD8QRGHORVWHPDVUHFXUUHQWHVHQHVRV GHEDWHVHVTXpWDQWRSXHGH\GHEHODVRFLRORJtDLQFLGLU HQHOFXUVRGHORVIHQyPHQRVVRFLDOHVTXHHVWXGLDOR TXHGDSLHDQXHVWUDVLJXLHQWHSUHJXQWD ¿Para qué sirve la sociología? 3ODQWHDUHVWDFXHVWLyQVXSRQHODFRQYLFFLyQFRPĥ SDUWLGD SRU ORV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV VRFLyORJRV GHVGH $XJXVWH&RPWHGHTXHORVSURGXFWRVGHODFLHQFLD GHEHQVHUGHXWLOLGDGIXHUDGHVXVSURSLDVIURQWHUDV $KRUDELHQHOPRGR\HOJUDGRGHXWLOLGDGHQODVRFLHGDG HVREMHWRGHLQWHQVDV\PX\DFDORUDGDVGLVFXVLRQHV (Q ORV H[WUHPRV GH pVWDV SRGHPRV HQFRQWUDU SRU HMHPSOR D TXLHQHV DFRPSDxDQ D .DUO 0DU[ HQ VX FRQYLFFLyQGHTXHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWt¿FRGHEH LQWHUYHQLUDFWLYDPHQWHHQHOSURFHVRGHWUDVIRUPDĥ FLyQUHYROXFLRQDULDGHODVRFLHGDG\DTXLHQHVGHĥ ¿HQGHQVLJXLHQGRD(PLOH'XUNKHLPTXHHOVRFLyORJR GHEHWHQHUXQDDFWLWXG³VDELDPHQWHFRQVHUYDGRUD´ \ DVXPLU TXH HO LPSDFWR VRFLDO GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR VH OLPLWDDODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHUHIRUPDVTXHVHHVWLPDQ SRVLEOHV\DGHFXDGDV 8Q FRQVHQVR PtQLPR HQ HVWD GLV\XQWLYD SXHGH HVWDEOHFHUVHHQWRUQRDODLGHDLQVSLUDGDHQ0D[:HEHU GHTXHDXQFXDQGRODVRFLRORJtDQRLPSDFWHGLUHFWD \GHFLVLYDPHQWHHQHOFXUVRGHORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVTXH HVWXGLDHOFRQRFLPLHQWRVRFLROyJLFRSXHGH\GHEH FRQVWLWXLUVH HQ XQD HVSHFLH GH FRQFLHQFLD FUtWLFD HQ XQDIXHQWHGHbuenas razones SDUDORVDFWRUHVVRFLDOHVTXH GHFLGHQHQWUHFXUVRVGHDFFLyQDOWHUQDWLYRV$KRUDELHQ ĨGHVGHTXpHVSDFLRVODVRFLRORJtDSURGXFHHVHFRQRFLĥ PLHQWROODPDGRDWHQHUDOJ~QLPSDFWRHQODVRFLHGDG" ¿Dónde trabaja quien se dedica a la sociología y haciendo qué? /RV DSDUWDGRV WLWXODGRV ³&DPSR GH WUDEDMR´ GH ORV SODQHVGHHVWXGLRGHODOLFHQFLDWXUDHQ6RFLRORJtDVXHOHQ LGHQWL¿FDUFXDWURJUDQGHVVHFWRUHVGHFDSWDFLyQODERUDO SDUD VXV HJUHVDGRV DFDGpPLFR S~EOLFR VRFLDO \ HQ PHQRUSHURFUHFLHQWHLPSRUWDQFLDHOVHFWRUSULYDGR (Q WpUPLQRV JHQHUDOHV HQ HO VHFWRU DFDGpPLFR ODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHXQVRFLyORJRFRQWHPSODQODSURGXFĥ FLyQ HQVHxDQ]D \ GLIXVLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWR HQ HO S~EOLFRLPSHUDQODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHGLDJQyVWLFRHYDĥ OXDFLyQ\SURJUDPDFLyQFRPSURPHWLGDVHQHOGLVHxR\ ODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVHQHOVRFLDOVH UHDOL]DQHVWDVPLVPDVDFWLYLGDGHVSHURRULHQWDGDV D SURJUDPDV H[WUDĥJXEHUQDPHQWDOHV GH GHVDUUROOR VRĥ FLDORDODGHIHQVDGHFDXVDVHVSHFt¿FDVĪDPELHQWDOHV FXOWXUDOHV MXUtGLFDV HWFī HQ HO iPELWR SULYDGR ODV DFWLYLGDGHVHVWiQFHQWUDGDVHQODViUHDVGHGLDJQyVWLFR HYDOXDFLyQ\SURJUDPDFLyQSHURHVWDYH]RULHQWDGDV DOGLVHxRGHHVWUDWHJLDVSURGXFWLYDVSXEOLFLWDULDVR PHUFDQWLOHV (O FRP~Q GHQRPLQDGRU GH ODV DFWLYLĥ GDGHV TXH XQ VRFLyORJR GHVDUUROOD HQ FXDOTXLHUD GH HVWRVVHFWRUHVHVODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ /DSUHJXQWDĨDTXpVHGHGLFDXQVRFLyORJR"VHUHVĥ SRQGHFRQUHODWLYDIDFLOLGDGHVHOTXHKDFHLQYHVWLJDĥ FLyQVRFLROyJLFDĨ4XpVLJQL¿FDpVWR"8QDGH¿QLFLyQ PtQLPDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQVRFLRORJtDFRPSURPHWH ODVVLJXLHQWHVDFWLYLGDGHVODGHOLPLWDFLyQGHXQIHQyĥ PHQR VRFLDO FRPR REMHWR GH HVWXGLR OD REWHQFLyQ GHLQIRUPDFLyQUHOHYDQWH\VXLQWHUSUHWDFLyQFRQHO DSR\RGHSRVWXODGRVWHyULFRV 8QD HVSHFL¿FLGDG GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VRFLROyJLFD WDO\FRPRpVWDVHGHVDUUROODHQHOiPELWRDFDGpPLFRHV TXHSXHGHWHQHUSRUREMHWRGHHVWXGLRDODWHRUtDVRFLDO RELHQHVWDUGLULJLGDDODSURGXFFLyQGHQXHYDVWHRUtDV /D ~OWLPD SUHJXQWD GH HVWDV OtQHDV SHUPLWLUi LPDJLQDUTXpQHFHVLWDVDEHU\VDEHUKDFHUTXLHQGHĥ FLGHGHGLFDUVHDORÀFLRGHOVRFLyORJR. ¿Qué estudia quien estudia sociología? (VWDSUHJXQWDQRGHEHFRQIXQGLUVHFRQODFXHVWLyQ PXFKRPiVJHQHUDO\DPELFLRVDGHĨFXiOHVHOREMHWR GH HVWXGLR GH OD VRFLRORJtD" SDUD OD TXH OD WHRUtD VRFLROyJLFDQRKDFRQIHFFLRQDGRD~QXQDUHVSXHVWD TXH JHQHUH XQ FRQVHQVR H[WHQGLGR \ GXUDGHUR 1XHVWUD~OWLPDSUHJXQWDHVXQDPXFKRPiVWHUUHQDO \WLHQHTXHYHUFRQTXpGHEHDSUHQGHUTXLHQGHFLGH GHGLFDUVHDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVRFLROyJLFD $XQTXH FDGD YH] HV PHQRV IUHFXHQWH TXH SDUD HMHUFHUSURIHVLRQDOPHQWHEDVWHODIRUPDFLyQDQLYHO OLFHQFLDWXUDHVGHHVSHUDUVHTXHpVWDFRQWHPSOH &RQRFHUFRQSURIXQGLGDG\SUHFLVLyQORVSRVWXODGRV PiVLPSRUWDQWHVGHODVSULQFLSDOHVRULHQWDFLRQHV WHyULFRĥPHWRGROyJLFDVGHODWUDGLFLyQVRFLROyJLFD (VWDUIDPLOLDUL]DGRFRQRWUDVGLVFLSOLQDVGHOFDPSR GHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\ODVKXPDQLGDGHV +DEHUGHVDUUROODGRKDELOLGDGHVEiVLFDVHQHOPDQHMR GHKHUUDPLHQWDVWpFQLFDV\PHWRGROyJLFDVDSURSLDGDV SDUDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVRFLDO 6HUFDSD]GHXWLOL]DUGHPRGRSHUWLQHQWH\FUHDWLYR ODV KHUUDPLHQWDV FRQFHSWXDOHV FRQIHFFLRQDGDV HQ GLYHUVDVRULHQWDFLRQHVWHyULFDVHQODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GHIHQyPHQRVFRQFUHWRV &RQWDUFRQKHUUDPLHQWDVFRQFHSWXDOHV\KDEHUGHĥ VDUUROODGRODGLVSRVLFLyQSDUDUHÀH[LRQDUGHPRGR FUtWLFRHLQIRUPDGRDFHUFDGHORVGHVDItRVGHVXSURSLD SUiFWLFDFLHQWt¿FD /DVXQLGDGHVFXUULFXODUHVGHODVWUHViUHDVĪWHyULFD PHWRGROyJLFDHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULDīGHOSODQGHHVWXGLRV GHODOLFHQFLDWXUDHQ6RFLRORJtDGHOD)DFXOWDGSURSRĥ QHQDOHVWXGLDQWHXQUHFRUULGRIRUPDWLYRTXHIDYRUHFH HO GHVDUUROOR SURJUHVLYR GH HVRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ KDELOLGDGHV (O JUDQ GHVDItR FRPSDUWLGR SRU HVWXĥ GLDQWHV\SURIHVRUHVHVTXHHVHGHVDUUROORSURJUHVLYR GHFRQRFLPLHQWRV\KDELOLGDGHVVHDFRPSDxHGHXQ HQDPRUDPLHQWRWDPELpQSURJUHVLYRSRUODGLVFLSOLQD 0DHVWUDHQ)LORVRItDGHOD&LHQFLDSRUODUNAM3URIHVRUDGHO &HQWURGH(VWXGLRV6RFLROyJLFRVGHOD)DFXOWDG 5 Ciencia(s) Política(s) Camilo Saavedra Herrera* “ 6 /ODPDHO PRIDRSRVLWRUHVDpromover juntos una gran reforma del Legislativo´ IXH OD FDEH]D GH XQD QRWD TXHSXEOLFyLa JornadaHOGHDJRVWRGH(VH GtD HQ TXH OD SUHQVD GDED FXHQWD GH OD LQYLWDFLyQ DOGLiORJRTXHKDFtDQ$UWXUR1~xH]\5LFDUGR0RQUHDO UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH FRRUGLQDGRU \ YLFHĥFRRUGLQDGRU GH OD SULPHUD EDQFDGD GHO PRI TXH QR WHQGUtD PD\RUtD DEVROXWDHQOD&iPDUDGH'LSXWDGRVXQDVGHODVVHFXHODV GHOSURFHVRHOHFWRUDODQWHULRUWRPpPLSULPHUDFODVH FRPRHVWXGLDQWHGHOD)DFXOWDG ,JXDOTXHDKRUDHQHOLQLFLRGHOFLFORHVFRODUGH VHHVWUHQDURQQXHYRVSODQHVGHHVWXGLR(OQ~FOHR GHWUHVVHPHVWUHVGHIRUPDFLyQEiVLFDFRP~QTXHGLVĥ WLQJXtDDORVSURJUDPDVGHHUDVXVWLWXLGRSRU RWURHQHOTXHORVHVWXGLDQWHVFXUViEDPRVGHVGHSULPHU VHPHVWUHDVLJQDWXUDVGHQXHVWUDVOLFHQFLDWXUDV (QDGLIHUHQFLDGHORRFXUULGRKDFHDxRV ORV QXHYRV PDSDV FXUULFXODUHV FRQWHPSODQ SDUD ORV SULPHURV VHPHVWUHV XQD FRPELQDFLyQ GH DVLJQDWXUDV FRPXQHV\SURSLDVGHFDGDFDUUHUD/DHQWUDGDHQYLJRU GHHVWRVSODQHVTXHHQDOJXQDPHGLGDVHHQFXHQWUDQD PLWDGGHFDPLQRHQWUHHOPRGHORGH\HOGH LQYLWDUHÀH[LRQDUVREUHORVUHWRVTXHHQIUHQWDQORVSRĥ OLWyORJRVGHPDxDQD 3URIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQ\HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQVRQGRVFDUDFĥ WHUtVWLFDV TXH GLVWLQJXHQ D OD FLHQFLD SROtWLFD DFWXDO /RVSROLWyORJRVLQYHVWLJDQXQHVSHFWURPiVDPSOLRGH WHPDV HQ PXFKRV FDVRV HPSOHDQGR KHUUDPLHQWDV PHWRGROyJLFDVFDGDYH]PiVVR¿VWLFDGDVTXHEXVFDQ SURGXFLUFRQRFLPLHQWRVJHQHUDOL]DEOHVEDVDGRVHQOD LQIHUHQFLD6XUHFHSFLyQHQDOJXQDVFRPXQLGDGHV DFDGpPLFDVKDOOHYDGRLQFOXVLYHDTXHDOJXQRVSURĥ IHVRUHVSODQWHHQTXHVXXVRGHEHVHUHOFDQRQGHOD LQYHVWLJDFLyQVRFLDOFRQWHPSRUiQHD (QODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVODVWHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUĥ PDFLyQ\ODFRPXQLFDFLyQKDQLPSXOVDGRODFUHDFLyQ GH FRPSOHMRV UHSRVLWRULRV GH GDWRV VLVWHPDWL]DGRV (OORKDVHUYLGRFRPRFRPEXVWLEOHDOGHVDUUROORGH LQYHVWLJDFLRQHVGHFDUiFWHUFXDQWLWDWLYR/DGLVSXWD SRUHVWDEOHFHUXQSDUDGLJPDGRPLQDQWHLPSXOVyXQ PD\RUULJRUHQODVHVWUDWHJLDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHLQFLGLy HQHOLQWHUFDPELRGHLGHDV\HOIRUWDOHFLPLHQWRGH WHRUtDVVLQHPEDUJRWDPELpQDIHFWyODFRPXQLFDFLyQ HQWUHHVSHFLDOLVWDV(QUHVSXHVWDDWDOVLWXDFLyQRWURVSURĥ IHVRUHVKDQSODQWHDGRTXHHOp[LWRGHODYRFDFLyQSRUOD FXDQWL¿FDFLyQKDGLVXDGLGRHOVXUJLPLHQWRGHSUHJXQWDV DUULHVJDGDV\TXL]iFRQDODUPDH[DJHUDGDFRQFOXLGR TXHHOORKDLPSHGLGRHODYDQFHGHODGLVFLSOLQD3. I /DFUHDFLyQGHFiWHGUDV\HVFXHODVHQXQLYHUVLGDGHV HXURSHDV\QRUWHDPHULFDQDVIXHXQHOHPHQWRVXVWDQFLDO SDUD OD FRQIRUPDFLyQ GH XQD GLVFLSOLQD DXWyQRPD FX\DLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQYDULyGHSHQGLHQGRGHODDSURĥ [LPDFLyQTXHFDGDQDFLyQWHQtDUHVSHFWRDOGHUHFKROD ¿ORVRItD\ODHFRQRPtD1(VWRLQFLGLyHQHOGHVDUUROOR GHHQIRTXHVGLIHUHQWHVTXHFRQHOWLHPSRKDQGDGR SLHDVXHVSHFLDOL]DFLyQSHURWDPELpQVXVHJPHQWDFLyQ SRUFXHVWLRQHVFRPRODGLVSXWDVREUHODLGRQHLGDGGH ORVGLIHUHQWHVHQIRTXHV\PpWRGRV 8QDIRUPDGHREVHUYDUODHVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ\SRU WDQWRODFRQVWUXFFLyQFROHFWLYDGHOREMHWRGHHVWXGLR GHODFLHQFLDSROtWLFDHVSUHVWDQGRDWHQFLyQDODVDVRFLDĥ FLRQHVTXHDUWLFXODQVXWUDEDMR'HVGHVXIXQGDFLyQHQ OD$VRFLDFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH&LHQFLD3ROtWLFD KD RUJDQL]DGR FRQJUHVRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV FRQ XQD SDUWLFLSDFLyQTXHKDFUHFLGRH[SRQHQFLDOPHQWH2. Entre \ODLQWHJUDURQFRPLWpVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ KR\HVWHQXPHURHVGH\FRPSUHQGHWHPiWLFDVTXH YDQGHVGHDVXQWRVHOHFWRUDOHVKDVWDHOHVWXGLRFRPĥ SDUDGRGHODVSROtWLFDVGHVDOXG II /D WUD\HFWRULD GH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV HQ 0p[LFR HVWiOLJDGDDODKLVWRULDGHOD UNAM(QHOFDVRGHOD FLHQFLDSROtWLFDODFUHDFLyQGHOD(VFXHOD1DFLRQDO GH&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV\6RFLDOHVHQFRQVWLWX\yXQ LPSXOVR GH¿QLWLYR SDUD VX DVHQWDPLHQWR \ JUDGXDO GHVDUUROOR/DFDUUHUDHQFLHQFLDVSROtWLFDVħHQSOXĥ UDOSRUODLQÀXHQFLDGHODHVFXHODIUDQFHVDHQVXRULJHQħ HVWXYRLQFOXLGDHQODRIHUWDDFDGpPLFDRULJLQDOGHOD DKRUD)DFXOWDG4(QFRQODWHVLVLa reforma muniĦ cipal. Historia municipal de MéxicoVHUHFLELyHOSULPHU SROLWyORJR HJUHVDGR GH XQD LQVWLWXFLyQ PH[LFDQD 0RLVpV2FKRD&DPSRV. 'HVGH VX VXUJLPLHQWR HQ ORV OD HQVHxDQ]D HLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQFLHQFLDSROtWLFDVHKDH[WHQGLGR DPSOLDPHQWH(VWHFUHFLPLHQWRKDVLGRXQFDWDOL]DGRU SDUDHODQiOLVLVGHODWUD\HFWRULDGHODGLVFLSOLQDHQHO SDtV 8QD GH ODV FRQFOXVLRQHV HV TXH VX GHVDUUROOR KDVLGRSDUWLFXODUPHQWHYLVLEOHHQODV~OWLPDVGRV GpFDGDVORFXDOHVWiDVRFLDGRDODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV SROtWLFDVGHOSDtV(QFRQFUHWRDXPHQWyODPDWUtFXOD D QLYHO OLFHQFLDWXUD VH GHVFRQFHQWUy OD RIHUWD HQ OD &LXGDGGH0p[LFR6\FUHFLyODSURSRUFLyQGHPXMHUHV HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQODVXQLYHUVLGDGHVS~EOLFDV7. $SULQFLSLRVGHORVORVSURJUDPDVGHOLFHQFLDWXUD HQFLHQFLDSROtWLFDVHSRGtDQFRQWDUFRQORVGHGRVGH XQDPDQR(QFRQWUDVWHVHJ~QORVGDWRVPiVUHFLHQWHV GHOD$VRFLDFLyQ1DFLRQDOGH8QLYHUVLGDGHVH,QVWLWXĥ FLRQHVGH(GXFDFLyQ6XSHULRUĪANUIESīODPDWUtFXODGH HVWXGLDQWHVGHOLFHQFLDWXUDVHHOHYyDPLOORQHV en 20148 'H HOORV Īİ GHO WRWDOī HVWiQ LQVFULWRVHQORVSURJUDPDVFDWDORJDGRVFRPRGH ³FLHQFLDVSROtWLFDV´1RWRGRVHVWRVSURJUDPDVVHYLQFXĥ ODQSURSLDPHQWHDODGLVFLSOLQD'HKHFKRODPD\RU SDUWHĪīVHOLJDQDUHODFLRQHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV\D GHUHFKRVKXPDQRVRSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDV ([LVWHQSURJUDPDVTXHEDMRGLIHUHQWHVGHQRPLĥ QDFLRQHVVHYLQFXODQDODFLHQFLDSROtWLFD\FRQFHQWUDQ XQDPDWUtFXODGHSHUVRQDVHOİĪīFXUVD VXV HVWXGLRV HQ LQVWLWXFLRQHV S~EOLFDV \ HO UHVWR HQ XQLYHUVLGDGHVSULYDGDVFLIUDTXHHVVLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWH PD\RUDODPHGLDJHQHUDOĪİī\DODGHSURJUDPDV HQ UHODFLRQHV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV Īİī 'H ORV HVWXGLDQWHV LQVFULWRV HQ FLHQFLD SROtWLFD HQ LQVWLWXĥ FLRQHV S~EOLFDV VRQ DOXPQRV GH OD UNAM GH ORVFXDOHVSHUWHQHFHQDOD)DFXOWDG JRELHUQRVLQPD\RUtDJHQHUyXQDPELHQWHTXHDOD GLVWDQFLDSDUHFLHUDKDEHUVLGRSDUWLFXODUPHQWHLQWHUHĥ VDQWHSDUDHQVHxDULQYHVWLJDU\DSUHQGHUFLHQFLDSROtWLFD (QPLFDVRIXHGHWHUPLQDQWHSDUDTXHOOHJDGRVX PRPHQWRHOLJLHUDODRSFLyQ&LHQFLD3ROtWLFD (VWXGLDUHVWDGLVFLSOLQDPHSXVRHQFRQWDFWRFRQ SURIHVRUHV \ FRPSDxHURV HQWUDxDEOHV 0H SHUPLWLy FRQRFHUXQYRFDEXODULRHVSHFLDOL]DGRDSUHQGHUWHRUtDV HQIRTXHVPpWRGRV\HVSHFLDOPHQWHIRUPDUSDUWHGH XQDFRPXQLGDGTXHWUDVFLHQGHODVDXODV\HOSHULRGR IRUPDOGHHVWXGLRV$TXLHQHVWXYLPRVHOSULYLOHJLRGH KDFHUXQDUXWLQDGHUHFRUUHUHOLQFOLQDGRFDPLQRTXH YDGHODHVWDFLyQ8QLYHUVLGDGDO(GL¿FLRA\HVWXGLDU XQDGHODVGLVFLSOLQDVTXHVHLPSDUWHQHQOD)DFXOWDG WUDQVIRUPyHQHOPHMRUVHQWLGRSRVLEOHODFDSDFLGDG GHREVHUYDUHLQWHUSUHWDUKHFKRVFRPRORVTXHDTXHOOD PDxDQDVHOHtDQHQODSUHQVD $KRUDFRPRHQWRQFHVHOFRQWH[WRGHOSDtVWHQGUi XQLPSDFWRHQODIRUPDFLyQGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVHQFLHQFLD SROtWLFD+R\XQRGHFDGDFLQFRDOXPQRVGHHVWDGLVĥ FLSOLQD D QLYHO OLFHQFLDWXUD OR KDFHQ HQ OD )DFXOWDG (OORVHQIUHQWDQHOUHWRGHDVHJXUDUVHFRQGLFLRQHVTXH OHV SHUPLWDQ FRQFOXLU FRQ p[LWR VXV HVWXGLRV H LQĥ VHUWDUVHGHIRUPDDGHFXDGDHQHOPHUFDGRODERUDO SHURWDPELpQHOGHWUDVFHQGHUODVHJPHQWDFLyQTXH III KDFDUDFWHUL]DGRDODFLHQFLDSROtWLFDHQORVWLHPSRV (OFRQWH[WRSROtWLFRTXHSRGtDOHHUVHHQQRWDVFRPR UHFLHQWHV\UHFRQRFHU\SRGHUXWLOL]DUVXSOXUDOLGDGGH ODVGHDTXHOGHDJRVWRGHLQFLGLyHQHOSURFHVRGH HQIRTXHV\PpWRGRV/DHQWUDGDHQYLJRUGHORVQXHYRV IRUPDFLyQGHTXLHQHVLQLFLDPRVHVWXGLRVGHOLFHQĥ SODQHVGHHVWXGLRHVXQDRSRUWXQLGDGSDUDHOOR FLDWXUDHQDTXHOPRPHQWR/DH[SHULHQFLDGHOSULPHU 1 (QULTXH6XiUH]ĥËxLJXH]³(OODUJRFDPLQRKDFLDODDXWRQRPtD \ODLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHODFLHQFLDSROtWLFDHQ0p[LFR\HQHO 0XQGR´Estudios políticosQ~PĪHQHURĥDEULOīĥ 2 (OSULPHUFRQJUHVRLQWHUQDFLRQDOHQFRQWyFRQ SDUWLFLSDQWHVDOSHQ~OWLPRHQDVLVWLHURQSHUVRQDV 'DWRVGLVSRQLEOHVHQZZZLSVDRUJ 3 *LRYDQQL6DUWRUL³Ĩ+DFLDGyQGHYDODFLHQFLDSROtWLFD"´ Política y gobiernoYROXIQ~PĪīĥ 4 6HUJLR&ROPHQHUR)DFXOWDGGHFLHQFLDVSROtWLFDV\VRFLDOHVĦ 2001 Ī0p[LFRUNAMīĥ 9tFWRU$ODUFyQ2OJXtQ³/D&LHQFLD3ROtWLFDPH[LFDQD 5HÀH[LRQHVVREUHVXSDVDGRSUHVHQWH\SRUYHQLU´Política. Revista de Ciencia PolíticaYROQ~P 6 $OHMDQGUR9LOODJyPH]\-HQQLIHU)DULDV³$QiOLVLVGHOD HYROXFLyQGHODPDWUtFXODGHODVOLFHQFLDWXUDVHQFLHQFLDSROtWLFD \DGPLQLVWUDFLyQS~EOLFDHQ0p[LFRĥ´Política y gobiernoYROXVIQ~PĪIIVHPHVWUHī 7 0DUtDGHO&DUPHQ5RTXHxt,EDUJHQJR\WLD³)HPLQL]DFLyQ GHOD/LFHQFLDWXUDHQ&LHQFLD3ROtWLFDHQ0p[LFRĨ,JXDOGDGGH RSRUWXQLGDGHVRLQFOXVLyQGHVLJXDO"´Estudios políticosQ~P ĪPD\RĥDJRVWRīĥ 8 ANUIES$QXDULR(VWDGtVWLFR(GXFDFLyQ6XSHULRU&LFORHVFRODUĦ 2014'LVSRQLEOHHQZZZDQXLHVP[ 'RFWRUHQ*RELHUQRSRUOD/RQGRQ6FKRRORI(FRQRPLFVDQG3ROLWLFDO6FLHQFH3URIHVRUGHO&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV3ROtWLFRVGHOD)DFXOWDG 7 Heurística y multidisciplina en la administración pública Maximiliano García Guzmán* Contexto: crisis del paradigma burocrático 8QR GH ORV IDFWRUHV GH PD\RU LQÀXHQFLD SDUD HO VXUJLPLHQWR GHO (VWDGR PRGHUQR IXH OD GH¿QLFLyQ GHVXVEDVHVRUJiQLFDVUHVSHFWRDORVPHFDQLVPRVGH JRELHUQR\HMHUFLFLRGHOSRGHUSDUDTXHpVWHSXGLHUD HVWUXFWXUDUVH\FHQWUDOL]DUVHVREUHEDVHVIRUPDOHV\ QRUPDWLYDV (Q HVWH PDUFR OD EXURFUDFLD DGTXLULy XQ SDSHO FHQWUDO DO SURSRUFLRQDU FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV \ FXDOLGDGHV ĦMHUDUTXtD \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDG QRUPDWLYD HVFULWDREHGLHQFLDVHOHFFLyQGHSHUVRQDOVLVWHPDGH UHPXQHUDFLRQHVĦ TXH OH SHUPLWLHUDQ D OD DXWRULGDG SROtWLFD GHVHPSHxDUVH LQVWLWXFLRQDOPHQWH EDMR ODV LGHDVGHUDFLRQDOLGDGKRPRJHQHLGDG\FHUWLGXPEUH JHQHUDQGRDVtXQDIXHUWHGLUHFFLyQGHJRELHUQRXQD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQFHQWUDOL]DGD\XQDFRPXQLGDGGHVHUĥ YLGRUHVS~EOLFRVREHGLHQWHVDOSRGHUS~EOLFR (O PRGHOR EXURFUiWLFR GH 0D[ :HEHU IXH XQD SLH]DFODYHHQODRUJDQL]DFLyQ\HVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHOD EXURFUDFLDPRGHUQDSXHVVXVSULQFLSLRVVREUHOtQHDV GHPDQGRUXWLQDV\SURFHGLPLHQWRVIXQJLHURQFRPRXQD JXtDSDUDORVSDtVHVRFFLGHQWDOHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHHQ ODSULPHUDPLWDGGHOVLJORXX6LQHPEDUJRHQODVGpĥ FDGDVGH\ODVFULVLVHFRQyPLFDVVRFLDOHV \SROtWLFDVVRPHWLHURQDFUtWLFDODFDSDFLGDGGHOJRELHUQR SDUDDWHQGHUORVDVXQWRVS~EOLFRVSRUORTXHHOGHVHPĥ SHxR JXEHUQDPHQWDO VH DERUGy FRPR XQ SUREOHPD PiVTXHFRPRSDUWHGHODVROXFLyQ1. 6XUJLHURQ HQWRQFHV SURSXHVWDV GH FDPELR DO WUDGLFLRQDO PRGHOR EXURFUiWLFR \ HQ JHQHUDO D ODV VRFLHGDGHV FHUUDGDV2 SULQFLSDOPHQWH VXVWHQWDGDV HQODFUtWLFDDVXYHUWLFDOLGDGFHQWUDOL]DFLyQ\IDOWDGH DSHUWXUD(OFRQWH[WRGHHVWRVMXLFLRVHVWXYRGH¿QLGR SRUODLQWHQVL¿FDFLyQGHORVSURFHVRVGHGHPRFUDWLĥ ]DFLyQ\SDUWLFLSDFLyQFLXGDGDQDSXHVODVRFLHGDG FLYLOUHFODPyVXOXJDUGHQWURGHOHVSDFLRS~EOLFR3 SDUDTXHpVWHGHMDUDGHVHUPRQRSROL]DGRSRUOD DXWRULGDGJXEHUQDPHQWDO 6HUHTXLULyHQWRQFHVSHQVDU\FRQVWUXLUXQQXHYR SDWUyQ GH JRELHUQR FX\RV LQVWUXPHQWRV LQVWLWXĥ FLRQDOHV IDYRUHFLHUDQ XQ DERUGDMH PiV KRUL]RQWDO DELHUWR\ÀH[LEOHGHODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHORFROHFWLYR (VWHSURSyVLWRIXHDGRSWDGRSRUODGLVFLSOLQDGHOD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQS~EOLFDORTXHKDDELHUWRGHIRUPD 8 JUDGXDO VXV HVWUXFWXUDV FLHQWt¿FDV SDUD LQFRUSRUDU GRVYLVLRQHVVREUHVXTXHKDFHUDFDGpPLFRHLQVWLWXĥ FLRQDOODKHXUtVWLFD\ODPXOWLGLVFLSOLQD Las orientaciones heurística y multidisciplinaria de la administración pública contemporánea /DDGPLQLVWUDFLyQS~EOLFDKDKHFKRDSRUWHVVXVWDQĥ FLDOHVDODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVHQODWDUHDGHJREHUQDU SXHV VXV GLPHQVLRQHV WHyULFD PHWRGROyJLFD H LQVĥ WLWXFLRQDO KDQ SHUPLWLGR QR VyOR FRQVWUXLU QXHYDV LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHVVREUHORVSUREOHPDVGHFDUiFWHU S~EOLFRDOSRQHUpQIDVLVHQODUHODFLyQKRUL]RQWDODELHUWD \FRUUHVSRQVDEOHHQWUHHOJRELHUQR\ODFLXGDGDQtDVLQR WDPELpQ HQIDWL]DU OD QHFHVLGDG \ XWLOLGDG GHO FRQRFLĥ PLHQWRHVGHFLUVLWXDUDODVGLVFLSOLQDVVRFLDOHVHQHO iPELWRHPStULFRHLQVWLWXFLRQDOSDUDTXHFRQWULEX\DQ FRQVXVIXQGDPHQWRV\SURSXHVWDVDODPHMRUDWHQFLyQ JHVWLyQ\VROXFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDVS~EOLFRV (Q HVWH PDUFR OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ S~EOLFD VH FRQ¿JXUDDODYH]FRPRXQDGLVFLSOLQD\XQPpWRGR GHJRELHUQRORSULPHURVLJQL¿FDTXHHVXQFDPSRGH FRQRFLPLHQWRTXHWLHQHREMHWRVGHHVWXGLRHVSHFtĥ ¿FRVFRPRODFDSDFLGDGGHOJRELHUQRSDUDDWHQGHU SUREOHPDVHOLPSDFWRGHORVDFWRUHVHQHOSURFHVR GH OD DFFLyQ LQVWLWXFLRQDO ĦSDUWLFXODUPHQWH DGPLĥ QLVWUDWLYD\GHJHVWLyQĦODGH¿QLFLyQGHSULRULGDGHV S~EOLFDV HQWUH RWURV OR VHJXQGR LQGLFD TXH HV XQ PHGLRGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ\DUWLFXODFLyQHQWUHODDXWRULĥ GDG\HOFLXGDGDQRSDUDTXHHOJRELHUQRGHVHPSHxH VXVDFWLYLGDGHVHQXQFRQWH[WRGHPRFUiWLFRSOXUDO\ GLYHUVR FRQGLFLRQDGR SRU OD LQFHUWLGXPEUH TXH VXSRQHODFRPSOHMLGDGGHORVIHQyPHQRVVRFLDOHV4. (VGHFLUHVPpWRGRGHJRELHUQRSRUTXHVHRULHQWDDOD FRQWHQFLyQGHFRQÀLFWRVDODUHVSXHVWDGHSUREOHPDV \DVRVWHQHUODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOFRQVHQVRHQODDGRSĥ FLyQGHVROXFLRQHVFROHFWLYDV (OSXHQWHGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHHVDVGLPHQĥ VLRQHVĦWHyULFD\HPStULFDĦORFRQVWLWX\HQIXQGDPHQĥ WDOPHQWH WUHV HOHPHQWRV FRQFHSWXDO KHXUtVWLFR \ PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDULRTXHVHGHEHQVLWXDUHQHOiPELWR GHODDFFLyQGHJRELHUQR (VWUXFWXUDFRQFHSWXDO6HUH¿HUHDTXHSRUPHGLR GHVXVFDWHJRUtDVGHDQiOLVLVĦFRPRSUREOHPDS~EOLFR UDFLRQDOLGDG SODQHDFLyQ HYDOXDFLyQ RUJDQL]DFLyQ HVWUXFWXUDMHUDUTXtDJHVWLyQLQVWLWXFLyQĦODDGPLQLVĥ WUDFLyQS~EOLFDGDRUGHQPHWRGROyJLFRLQWHUSUHWDWLYR \DUJXPHQWDWLYRDODUHDOLGDGVRFLDOFRPSOHMD 3URSLHGDGKHXUtVWLFD,QGLFDTXHVLELHQORVFRQFHSWRV VRQVXVWDQWLYRVDOSHUPLWLUWUDVFHQGHUHODVSHFWRQRUĥ PDWLYRRGHGH¿QLFLyQGHYDORUHVS~EOLFRVJHQHUDOHV ĦLJXDOGDGOLEHUWDGMXVWLFLDHTXLGDGGHVDUUROORĦSDUD FRQYHUWLUVHWDPELpQHQXQPHGLRLQVWLWXFLRQDOIRUPDO GHODDFFLyQS~EOLFDVHQHFHVLWDWDPELpQGHODSUiFĥ WLFD GH OD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ ÀH[LELOLGDG DGDSWDFLyQ FUHDWLYLGDGUHYLVLyQFRUUHFFLyQUHDMXVWH\UHIRUPXĥ ODFLyQHQHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHORVSUREOHPDVS~EOLFRVHV GHFLUVXSRQHXQWLSRGHWUDEDMRGHJRELHUQREDVDGR HQKLSyWHVLVDUJXPHQWDFLyQFRQMHWXUDV\UHIXWDFLRQHV TXHRULHQWDQ\UHRULHQWDQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVHQHO SURFHVRGHODVDFFLRQHVS~EOLFDVDVtFRPRVXLQVWUXĥ PHQWDFLyQ\HYDOXDFLyQ &DUiFWHUPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDULR3DUDREWHQHUPHMRUHV VROXFLRQHV D ORV SUREOHPDV S~EOLFRV VH UHTXLHUH DGHPiVGHPDQHUDVQRYHGRVDV\ÀH[LEOHVSDUDFRQVĥ WUXLUORV HQ WpUPLQRV PHWRGROyJLFRV \ VLJQL¿FDUORV HQ WpUPLQRV FRQFHSWXDOHV LQWHUSUHWDWLYRV \ DUJXĥ PHQWDWLYRV KDELOLGDGHV \ SHULFLDV DQDOtWLFDV TXH SHUPLWDQVRUWHDUFRQp[LWRODVGL¿FXOWDGHVTXHVXĥ SRQHHOSURFHVRGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHORS~EOLFR PHGLDQWHODDUWLFXODFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHVPLUDGDVGLVĥ FLSOLQDULDVRVDEHUHVFLHQWt¿FRV Valor de la heurística y la multidisciplina en la administración de lo público (OYDORUGHODPXOWLGLVFLSOLQD\ODKHXUtVWLFDSDUD ODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQS~EOLFDVHUH¿HUHDTXHīSHUPLĥ WHQDUWLFXODU\DUPRQL]DUORVYDORUHVQRUPDWLYRVORV UHIHUHQWHVFRQFHSWXDOHV\ODVSUiFWLFDVLQVWLWXFLRQDĥ OHVSRUPHGLRGHORVFXDOHVVHGDFXPSOLPLHQWRDOD DFFLyQS~EOLFDīGHPDQHUDFUHDWLYDSURSRVLWLYD\ SURDFWLYDGDQRUGHQOyJLFRIRUPDOLQVWUXPHQWDO \DUJXPHQWDWLYRDODPDQHUDHQTXHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV SURFHVDQ ORV LQVXPRV DIURQWDQ ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV \ REWLHQHQUHVXOWDGRVīVHSULYLOHJLDODLQQRYDFLyQ \ODDGDSWDFLyQHQODVUHVSXHVWDVGHJRELHUQRHQOXJDU GHODVVROXFLRQHVDOJRUtWPLFDVīVHIDYRUHFHODÀHĥ [LELOLGDG \ FDSDFLGDG GH UHVSXHVWD HQ VLWXDFLRQHV LPSUHYLVWDVTXHDOHMDQDODODERUGHJRELHUQRGHVX HVWUDWHJLDRULJLQDOSDUDUHHQFDX]DUORVHVIXHU]RVLQVĥ WLWXFLRQDOHV \ REWHQHU SURGXFWRV FROHFWLYRV VDWLVĥ IDFWRULRVīGDQÀXLGH]\FRQWLQXLGDGDODJHVWLyQDO HQIUHQWDU UH]DJRV SUHVXSXHVWDOHV \ PDWHULDOHV \ ī UHGLULJHQODVH[SHFWDWLYDVGHORVDFWRUHVHQHOSURĥ FHVR GH OD DFFLyQ S~EOLFD SDUD GDUOHV XQD QXHYR VXVWHQWR\DUWLFXODFLyQDOPRPHQWRGHODUHIRUPXODĥ FLyQRFDQFHODFLyQGHODPLVPD (Q HVWH SDQRUDPD OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ S~EOLFD HVWiOODPDGDDMXJDUXQSDSHOFHQWUDOHQHOXQLYHUVR GHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVSRUVXFDSDFLGDGGHFRQWULĥ EXLUFRQDSRUWHVWHyULFRV\SUiFWLFRVHQODDWHQFLyQ GHODVQHFHVLGDGHVĦFRPSOHMDVKHWHURJpQHDV\PXOĥ WLGLPHQVLRQDOHVĦGHORFROHFWLYR 1 /XLV)$JXLODU9LOODQXHYDEl estudio de las políticas públicas Ī0p[LFR0LJXHOÈQJHO3RUU~Dīĥ 2 .DUO3RSSHULa sociedad abierta y sus enemigosĪ%DUFHORQD 3DLGyVī 3 1RUD5DERWQLNRIEn busca de un lugar común. El espacio público en la teoría política contemporáneaĪ0p[LFRUNAMīĥ 4 /XLV)$JXLODU9LOODQXHYDGobernanza y gestión pública Ī0p[LFR )RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFDī (QULTXH&DEUHURAcción pública y desarrollo localĪ0p[LFR )RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFDī 'RFWRUHQ&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV\6RFLDOHVSRUODUNAM. 3URIHVRUGHO&HQWURGH(VWXGLRVHQ $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ3~EOLFDGHOD)DFXOWDG 9 Finisterra, comunidad de investigación de videojuegos José Ángel Garfias Frías* D HVGHLQLFLRVGHOQXHYRPLOHQLRODDFDGHPLDWLHQH DORVYLGHRMXHJRVHQVXVDJHQGDVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ 'LVWLQWDVXQLYHUVLGDGHVLPSDUWHQFiWHGUDVFRQIHUHQFLDV PDJLVWUDOHVFRQJUHVRVFODVHV\DVHVRUtDVSDUDODUHDOLĥ ]DFLyQGHWHVLVFRQHVWHWHPD (VWRVHGHEHDTXHHQODDFWXDOLGDGORVYLGHRMXHJRV VH KDQ KHFKR SUHVHQWHV DO LQWHULRU GH PLOORQHV GH KRJDUHVHQGLVWLQWRVHVSDFLRVS~EOLFRV\HQP~OWLSOHV VHFWRUHVGHODVRFLHGDGORTXHORVYXHOYHXQREMHWRGH HVWXGLRSRUGHPiVLQWHUHVDQWHSDUDGLYHUVRVFHQWURV GHLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWt¿FRVLQFOXLGDVDOJXQDVGHODV PiV GHVWDFDGDV XQLYHUVLGDGHV FRPR HO &HQWHU IRU &RPSXWHU *DPHV 5HVHDUFK GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH &RSHQKDJHQHQ'LQDPDUFD (OHVWXGLRGHORVYLGHRMXHJRVFRPLHQ]DFRQODKLVĥ WRULDGHHVWHPHGLRTXHXELFDVXVRUtJHQHVDODSDUTXH HOGHVDUUROORGHODLQIRUPiWLFDSRVWHULRUDOD6HJXQGD *XHUUD0XQGLDOFXDQGRORVFHQWURVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHWHFQRORJtDTXHVHKDEtDQFRQFHQWUDGRHQWHPDV EpOLFRVDEULHURQXQFDPSRSDUDHOFyPSXWRGHXVR VRFLDO\DFUHDFLRQHVSDUDHOHQWUHWHQLPLHQWR (QODGpFDGDGHORVDSDUHFHODHPSUHVD$WDUL TXH SRQH ODV SULPHUDV PiTXLQDV WUDJDPRQHGDV HQ OXJDUHVS~EOLFRVORTXHJHQHUDXQJUDQLPSDFWRVRFLDO TXHVHPDQWLHQHHQHOGHFHQLRVLJXLHQWHFRQODFRQVRĥ OLGDFLyQ GH HPSUHVDV MDSRQHVDV FRPR 1LQWHQGR R 6HJD&RQHOODVVXUJHQVDJDV\SHUVRQDMHVLFyQLFRV como 3DFĦPDQSuper Mario BrosRThe legend of Zelda HQWUHRWURV$OPLVPRWLHPSRHOGHVDUUROORGHMXHJRV YLROHQWRVFRPRMortal KombatPDUFDUtDQQHJDWLYDĥ PHQWHDORVYLGHRMXHJRVPRWLYDQGRHVWXGLRVVREUH VXDGLFFLyQHLPSDFWRQRFLYR (OUHVWRGHOPLOHQLRIXHD~QPiVSUROt¿FRSDUD ORV YLGHRMXHJRV SXHV VH LQFOX\HURQ HQ VX iPELWR WHFQRORJtDVPXOWLPHGLD\QXHYRVGHVDUUROORVWHFQRĥ OyJLFRVSURGXFFLRQHVFRVWRVDVGRQGHHVSHFLDOLVWDVGH GLYHUVDV LQGXVWULDV FRPR OD FLQHPDWRJUi¿FD KDFHQ PiVFRPSOHMRVXFRQWHQLGRGHOLQHDQGRXQDSURIHVLyQ 10 TXH UHTXLHUH JHQWH PiV SUHSDUDGD D QLYHO WpFQLFR SDUDGHVDUUROODUORVSHURWDPELpQLQYHVWLJDGRUHVSDUD HVWXGLDUVXLPSDFWRHQODVRFLHGDG (VDVtFRPRDSDUWLUGHOLQLFLRGHOVLJOR XXIVXUJHQ SXEOLFDFLRQHV GH LQYHVWLJDGRUHV HQ GLYHUVDV SDUWHV GHOPXQGRTXHXELFDQDOYLGHRMXHJRFRPRXQREMHWRGH HVWXGLR GH FDUiFWHU PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDULR /D FUHDFLyQ GHWHRUtDVHVSHFt¿FDVHPSH]DEDDVtDFREUDUIRUPD FRPRHQVXPRPHQWRHOFLQHVHQXWULyGHXQFRUSXV WHyULFRTXHOROOHYyDREWHQHUUHFRQRFLPLHQWRDSDUWLU GHFLQHFOXEHV\SXEOLFDFLRQHVHVSHFt¿FDVHQODPDWHULD /RVYLGHRMXHJRVD~QHVWiQHQFDPLQRGHOOHJDUD HVH¿QVLELHQGXUDQWHPXFKRVDxRVIXHURQPHQRVĥ SUHFLDGRVFRPRREMHWRGHHVWXGLRSRUVHUFRQVLGHĥ UDGRVXQMXJXHWHSDUDQLxRVKDQJDQDGRUHVSHWRDO IRUMDUHVSDFLRVGHWUDEDMRGRQGHVHOHVDQDOL]DFRPR IHQyPHQRVVRFLDOHV&RPRHMHPSOREDVWDPHQFLRQDU ODUHYLVWDHVSHFLDOL]DGDGame Studies1GRQGHVHSXĥ EOLFDQ DUWtFXORV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH XQLYHUVLGDGHV GH(VWDGRV8QLGRV\HOQRUWHGH(XURSD (Q FXDQWR D OLEURV GHVWDFD Video Game Theory ReadersGH0DUN3:ROIXQRGHORVSULPHURVLQWHQWRV VHULRVHQFRQVWUXLUWRGDXQDGLVFLSOLQDSDUDHOHVWXĥ GLR GH ORV YLGHRMXHJRV DVt FRPR An introduction to game studies GH )UDQ] 0D\UD UHVXOWDGR GH OD DGDSĥ WDFLyQ GH WHRUtDV GH FRUWH VRFLDO DO HVWXGLR GH ORV YLGHRMXHJRV\YLGHRMXJDGRUHV &DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVODLQĥ YHVWLJDFLyQVHKDFRQFHQWUDGRHQHOQRUWHGH(XURSD \(VWDGRV8QLGRVGHMDQGRD/DWLQRDPpULFDIXHUDGH HVWDFRUULHQWH1RREVWDQWH0p[LFRHVXQRGHORV PHUFDGRVPiVDWUDFWLYRVSDUDHOFRQVXPRGHYLGHRĥ MXHJRV\ODSURGXFFLyQSURSLDSDUDHOFUHFLHQWHPHUĥ FDGRGHMXHJRVGHYLGHRSDUDGLVSRVLWLYRVPyYLOHV 3RU HVWD UD]yQ QRV HQFRQWUDPRV HQ XQ PRPHQWR FODYH SDUD GHVDUUROODU LQGDJDFLRQHV VHULDV LQVWLWXĥ FLRQDOL]DGDV\GHFRUWHVRFLDOVREUHHVWHIHQyPHQR HQQXHVWURSDtV\FRQWLQHQWH $FRUGHDHVWDSUHRFXSDFLyQVXUJLyGHQWURGHOD SDUDHOODGHEHDEULUVHDREMHWRVGHHVWXGLRQRYHGRVRV\ HVWXGLDUHQSURIXQGLGDGDWUDYpVGHySWLFDVFLHQWt¿FDV GH9LGHRMXHJRVTXHWRPDDpVWRVFRPRVXSULQFLSDO GHGLYHUVDtQGROHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVTXHpVWRVFRQOOHYDQ LQWHUpVFRQVFLHQWHGHORVHVWLJPDVKLVWyULFRVFRQORV (O GHVDUUROOR GH KHUUDPLHQWDV WHyULFDV HVSHFt¿FDV TXH KD WHQLGR TXH FDUJDU DVt FRPR GH ORV VHxDODĥ HQPDWHULDGHYLGHRMXHJRVDVtFRPRODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQ PLHQWRVTXHLPSRVLELOLWDQVXFRPSUHQVLyQGHIRUPD GHHVWUDWHJLDVPHWRGROyJLFDVUHVXOWDQWHVGHODVLQHUJLD PiV DPSOLD %XVFD FRORFDU D ORV YLGHRMXHJRV HQ OD HQWUHORVPLHPEURVGHVXFRPXQLGDGSUHWHQGHJHĥ DJHQGDGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQDFDGpPLFDSDUDGHVDUUROODU QHUDU FRQRFLPLHQWR SURIXQGR VREUH HO DXGLRYLVXDO QXHYDVWHRUtDVGHVGHXQDSRVLFLyQPXOWLHLQWHUGLVFLSOLĥ GLJLWDOLQWHUDFWLYR&RQWULEXLUiDVtHQODDUWLFXODFLyQ QDULD\FRQWULEXLUDOGHVDUUROORGHODVFLHQFLDVDSOLFDGDV GH QRFLRQHV \ UHIHUHQWHV WHyULFRV DUURMDQGR GDWRV 6XQRPEUHVLJQL¿FD³HO¿QGHODWLHUUDFRQRFLGD´ YDOLRVRVSDUDGLIHUHQWHVUXEURVFRPRORVDFDGpPLFRV &RQHVDLGHDEXVFDTXHODDJHQGDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ SROtWLFRVDUWtVWLFRVRHPSUHVDULDOHV XQLYHUVLWDULDWUDGLFLRQDOVHDSUR[LPHDHVHQXHYRWHĥ /DVHGHGH/D)LQLVWHUUDVHHQFXHQWUDHQHO&HQWUR UULWRULRTXHVRQORVYLGHRMXHJRV\DVtFRQVWUXLUWHRUtDV GH(VWXGLRVHQ&LHQFLDVGHOD&RPXQLFDFLyQGHOD)Dĥ SDUDXQDQXHYDJHQHUDFLyQGHIXWXURVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV FXOWDGHGL¿FLREFXEtFXOR3DUDPD\RULQIRUPDFLyQ $QWH OD FUHFLHQWH QHFHVLGDG GH FRPSUHQGHU ORV DQJHOJDU¿DV#SROLWLFDVXQDPP[#OD¿QLVWHUUDFHQ GLVWLQWRV OHQJXDMHV FRQWHPSRUiQHRV GH ORV PHGLRV 7ZLWWHU\ZZZIDFHERRNFRPJURXSVOD¿QLVWHUUD DXGLRYLVXDOHV DQLPDGRV H LQWHUDFWLYRV GLJLWDOHV 1 'LVSRQLEOHHQHOVLWLRZZZJDPHVWXGLHVRUJ SURSRQHFRQVWUXLUWHRUtDVHQHVHWHUUHQR\DOPLVPR WLHPSRGDUFXHQWDHQSURIXQGLGDGGHVXLPSDFWR\ FRQVHFXHQFLDVVRFLRFXOWXUDOHVHQFRPXQLGDGHVWDQWR ItVLFDVFRPRYLUWXDOHV\HQFDPSRVFRPRHODUWHOD PHGLFLQD\ODFLHQFLD /D)LQLVWHUUDQDFHFRPRXQHVSDFLROLEUHGRQGH HVWXGLRVRVGHOYLGHRMXHJRODDQLPDFLyQORVFyPLFV\ RWUDV LQGXVWULDV FXOWXUDOHV WUDEDMDQ \ H[SHULPHQWDQ HQFRQMXQWR3HURHVLPSRUWDQWHVHUIDQ\DOPLVPR 'RFWRUHQ&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV\6RFLDOHVSRUODUNAM3URIHVRUGHO WLHPSRGHVDUUROODUXQDIRUPDFLyQWHyULFDSDUDYHUD &HQWURGH(VWXGLRVHQ&LHQFLDVGHOD&RPXQLFDFLyQGHOD)DFXOWDG ORVYLGHRMXHJRVGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDFLHQWt¿FR SXHVORVREMHWRVGHHVWXGLRTXHVHHVWXGLDQHLQWHUĥ YLHQHQVRQDQDOL]DGRVGHVGHVXLQWHULRU /DLQGXVWULDGHOYLGHRMXHJRQRHVXQIHQyPHQR QRYHGRVRWLHQHFDVLDxRVSURGXFLpQGRVHFRPR LQGXVWULD LQWHUQDFLRQDO (V SRU HOOR TXH UHVXOWD GH VXPD LPSRUWDQFLD FRPSUHQGHU OR TXH KD VXFHGLGR HQPHGLRVLJORGHFDUDDOLPSDFWRSUHVHQWH\IXWXURGHHVD WHFQRORJtD 6H DVXPH TXH OD XQLYHUVLGDG HVSDFLR HVHQFLDO SDUD OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV \ TXH WLHQH SRU IXQGDPHQWR FRQWULEXLU D WUDQVIRUPDU ODVRFLHGDGHLQWHUYHQLUHQSUREOHPiWLFDVFR\XQWXUDOHV UNAM/D)LQLVWHUUD&RPXQLGDGGH,QYHVWLJDGRUHV 11 Recordar lo cotidiano como extraordinario Moisés Garduño García* E O ,QIRUPH :RUOG 3URWHVWV Ħ1 GHO ,QLFLDWLYH IRU3HDFHDQG'LDORJXHFRQEDVHHQOD8QLYHUVLGDG GH &ROXPELD UHJLVWUy HQ VXV FRQFOXVLRQHV PiV GH SURWHVWDVHQFHUFDGHSDtVHV\PRVWUyFyPR D SDUWLU GH pVWDV VH LQWHQVL¿FDURQ DGHPiV HQIDWL]yTXHHOPD\RUSRUFHQWDMHGHODVPDQLIHVWDĥ FLRQHVGHGHVFRQWHQWRWXYLHURQFRPRHVFHQDULRORV SDtVHVPiVGHVDUUROODGRVĪīVHJXLGRSRU$PpULFD /DWLQDĪīHO6XUHVWH$VLiWLFRĪī\0HGLR2ULHQWH TXHGHVSXpVGHODGHQRPLQDGD³3ULPDYHUDiUDEH´ SUHVHQWy FHUFD GH SURWHVWDV FRQ LQÀXHQFLD HQ RWURVHYHQWRVGHDOFDQFHJOREDO (VWDV PRYLOL]DFLRQHV VH KDQ FDUDFWHUL]DGR SRU SUiFWLFDV GH DXWRQRPtD \ DXWRJHVWLyQ TXH KDQ VLGR QRGDOHVSDUDPDQWHQHUODSURWHVWDGHVGHDGHQWUR\TXH 12 HQJHQHUDOFRQWHVWDQDODRSUHVLyQFHQVXUD\SREUH]DD TXHKDQVLGRRULOODGRVSRUORVUHJtPHQHVJREHUQDQWHV 6HWUDWDGHSURFHVRVQXWULGRVGHLPSURYLVDFLyQ\FUHDĥ WLYLGDG SURGXFLGRV SRU ORV PDQLIHVWDQWHV DVt FRPR GHH[SUHVLRQHVSDVLRQDOHVGHHQRMRHLQGLJQDFLyQGH HVSHUDQ]D \ GHVHVSHUDQ]D FRQ ORV TXH XQD JUDQ PD\RUtD GH MyYHQHV TXH YLYHQ HQ ]RQDV XUEDQDV VH LGHQWL¿FDQDOPRPHQWRGHVDOLUDODVFDOOHV (QHVWHEUHYHWH[WRSURSRQJRSHQVDUDODVIXHU]DV VRFLDOHVQRVyORGHVGHODVWHRUtDVPiVDFDEDGDVVLQR WDPELpQGHVGHODécfrasisTXHVRVWLHQHDOLQGLJQDGR HQODSOD]DFRQVXVVHPHMDQWHV\GHVGHODSROtWLFDGHOD YLGD GLDULD GHO 6XMHWR SHQVDQGR D OD PLVPD YLGD OD FDSDFLGDG GH FUHDU HSLVWHPHV WDQ GLVSHUVRV GHVERUGDQWHV\SOXUDOHVFRPRXQDUHDFFLyQFDSD]GH SURGXFLU ODV IRUPDV PiV FRPSOHMDV GH UHVLVWHQFLD \DXWRQRPtDFRQWUDHOSRGHU\VXVPHFDQLVPRVGH SURGXFFLyQ\UHSURGXFFLyQ (OHVWXGLRGHORFRWLGLDQRFRPRSROtWLFDLPSOLFD GHVFULELUHOWLSRGHYLROHQFLDDOTXHVHHQIUHQWDQORV FLXGDGDQRVHQHOVLJOR XXIHQFDEH]DGDSRURUJDQL]Dĥ FLRQHVFULPLQDOHVQDUFRWUD¿FDQWHVRWHUURULVWDV7DOHVHO FDVRGH(VWDGR,VOiPLFRTXHKDDUUHEDWDGRDO(VWDGR HOPRQRSROLRGHOXVRGHODIXHU]D\ODKDFDQDOL]DGR KDFLD HO PRQWDMH GH XQ HVSHFWiFXOR GH YLROHQFLD \ PXHUWHSDUDGLYLGLUDWHPRUL]DU\GLVXDGLUDODSREODĥ FLyQGHFRQWHVWDUGLFKRSRGHU$QWHHVWRHVFRP~Q SHQVDUTXHHVWRVJUXSRVFRTXHWHDQFRQRWUDVUHGHV GHSRGHUGHQWUR\IXHUDGHO(VWDGRSDUDPDQWHQHU LQÀXHQFLDVSROtWLFDV\HFRQyPLFDVUHFLFODEOHVFRQHO REMHWLYRGHFRQVHUYDURDFXPXODUULTXH]D\SRGHULQĥ PHGLDWRVREUHRWURVJUXSRVFRPSHWLGRUHV(QSDODEUDV GHO¿OyVRIR$FKLOOH0EHPEHHQXQDH[WHQVLyQGH ORSODQWHDGRSRU0LFKHO)RXFDXOWFXDQGRKDEODEDGHODV VRFLHGDGHVGLVFLSOLQDULDVVHWUDWDGHXQDQHFURSROtWLFD HVWRHVGHXQDUHGH¿QLFLyQGHODVREHUDQtDTXH\DQR EXVFDFRQWURODU\FODVL¿FDUODYLGDGHORVVXERUGLQDGRV VLQRTXHDKRUDGHFLGHVREUHODPXHUWHGHORVPLVPRV (QWRQFHVSHQVDUORFRWLGLDQRFRPRFRQWUDSROtWLFD ĪRFRPRUHVLVWHQFLDDOSRGHUīHVWUDWDUGHHVWXGLDUODPDQHUD HQTXHODPLVPDJHQWHKDOOHYDGRODVGLQiPLFDVGHODFDVD DODSOD]D\GHFyPRHVWRVUHSHUWRULRVVHKDQQXWULGRGH P~OWLSOHVOLGHUD]JRVTXHQXEODQODDXVHQFLDGHXQD¿JXUD GHDXWRULGDGFHQWUDODGLIHUHQFLDGHODVPRYLOL]DFLRQHV YLVWDV\H[SHULPHQWDGDVHQORVDxRVGHOD*XHUUD)UtD 3HUR ĨFyPR UHVFDWDU OR FRWLGLDQR OR PDUJLQDO ORRWUR\FyPRFRQHFWDUORFRQORTXHOODPDPRVH[ĥ WUDRUGLQDULR PDVLYR R YLVLEOH" ĨD TXp WLSR GH YLGD QRVUHIHULPRVH[DFWDPHQWH"/DSURWHVWDFUHFHMXVWR FXDQGR VH GD OD FRQH[LyQ HQWUH OR RUGLQDULR FRQ OD HVFHQDGHODSROtWLFDHVGHFLUFXDQGRODLUUXPSHHQVXV UHGHVGHVHTXLOLEUDVXRUGHQ\VHFRQHFWDFRQODVHVWUDĥ WHJLDV H[WUDRUGLQDULDV PDVLYDV \ PHMRU RUJDQL]DGDV GH RWURV DFWRUHV SROtWLFRV GHQRPLQDGRV ³FOiVLFRV´ FRPR VLQGLFDWRV \ FROHFWLYRV FRQ ORV FXDOHV GHEH KDEHU UHVRQDQFLDV R DO PHQRV HO HVSDFLR DSWR SDUD GLVFXWLU GLIHUHQFLDVTXHPDQWHQJDQODSURWHVWDGHVGHDGHQWUR (VWRRFXUULySRUHMHPSORHQODVUHYROXFLRQHViUDEHV FXDQGRXQDSOpWRUDGH¿JXUDVVHLGHQWL¿FyFRQORVDFWRĥ UHVFOiVLFRVGHFRQWHVWDFLyQĦWDOHVFRPRORVHVWXGLDQWHV XQLYHUVLWDULRVDOJXQRVVLQGLFDWRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHV\HQ FDVRVSDUWLFXODUHVPRYLPLHQWRVLVODPLVWDVPRGHUDGRVĦ FRQ ORV FXDOHV XQD PDVD GHVERUGDQWH FRPSDUWLy VX LQGLJQDFLyQ KDFLHQGR HVWDOODU GLYHUVRV HVSDFLRV FRPR7~QH]OD3OD]DGH7DKULUHQ(O&DLUR\OXHJR /LELD<HPHQ6LULD\%DKUHLQ\SRVWHULRUPHQWHDOJXQDV SOD]DVHXURSHDV\HVWDGRXQLGHQVHV /D FRQYLYHQFLD HQ ODV SOD]DV LPSOLFD XQD DFFLyQ TXHURPSHFRQODLGHDGHTXHORRUGLQDULR\ODUHYROXĥ FLyQSDUHFHQSRORVRSXHVWRVSXHVPLHQWUDVXQDVLPXOD OD UXWLQD HO KiELWR OR GH VLHPSUH OD RWUD DSDUHFH FRPR XQD UXSWXUD JUDQGH \ YLVWRVD 6L URPSHPRV HVWHSHQVDPLHQWRELQDULRORTXHSDVyHQ7DKULUSRU HMHPSOR SXHGH RIUHFHU YDULDV OHFFLRQHV UHODFLRQDGDV DODWHRUtDFRQWHPSRUiQHDGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVVRFLDOHV\ PRVWUDUTXHQRVLHPSUHORRUGLQDULRGHODJHQWHWLHQH TXHVHURSXHVWRDORH[WUDRUGLQDULRODUHYROXFLyQQR LPSOLFD VRODPHQWH FRVDV GH HQRUPHV GLPHQVLRQHV VLQRWDPELpQHVXQSURFHVRTXHVHQXWUHGHGLYHUVDV LQWHUDFFLRQHV HQ WLHPSRV \ HVSDFLRV GHWHUPLQDGRV SRUPX\SHTXHxRVTXHpVWRVSDUH]FDQ (QWpUPLQRVSROtWLFRV\VRFLDOHVQRHVSRFDFRVD YHUODSUHVHQFLDGHPLOORQHVGHSHUVRQDVHQXQDVROD UHJLyQ GHO PXQGR HQ HVSDFLRV \ WLHPSRV VLPXOWiĥ QHRV LGHQWL¿FDQGR ORV URVWURV GH OD RSUHVLyQ HQ XQ HMHUFLFLR GH PLUDGDV P~OWLSOHV \ GHPDQGDQGR MXQWRVHOGHVPDQWHODPLHQWRGHOUpJLPHQHQYH]GH UHVLJQDUVHDODVYLROHQFLDVGHORVPDWRQHVODVDJHQĥ FLDVGHLQWHOLJHQFLD\ODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVFULPLQDOHV (VWR LPSOLFy SUiFWLFDV GH LPSURYLVDFLyQ \ HVSRQĥ WDQHLGDG TXH VH SUR\HFWDURQ FRPR XQD H[WHQVLyQ GHODFRWLGLDQLGDGGHODIDPLOLD\HOEDUULRHQFRQĥ WUDGDVHQHOGtDDGtDGHOTXHKDFHUGHODVSHUVRQDV TXHSURGXFHQVXOHFWXUDGHOSRGHUGHDFXHUGRFRQ ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV TXH OHV RSULPHQ \ OHV PDUJLQDQ VLHPSUHFRQODD\XGDGHODFXOWXUDTXHOHVSHUPLWH KDFHUXQDUHLQYHQFLyQGHODLGHQWLGDGFRQWHVWDWDULD TXHVHPDQL¿HVWDHQODFUHDWLYLGDGGHODVDVDPEOHDV ORVGHEDWHV\ODVWHUWXOLDVTXHPDQWXYLHURQDPLOHVGH SHUVRQDVHQXQVyOROXJDUSRUYDULRVGtDV eVWD HV OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH GHMDUVH LPSUHVLRQDU SRUORTXHODJHQWHKDFHHQHOHVSDFLRS~EOLFRGHOFXDO VHĪUHīDSURSLDSHURWDPELpQGHDSUHQGHUGHGLFKR WLSRGHFRQWHVWDFLyQQRFRPRDFWRUHVHVWXGLRVRVGHO GHVSRMR VLQR FRPR 6XMHWRV GHVSRMDGRV (VWR QRV SRQGUi HQ XQ QLYHO GH DQiOLVLV PXFKR PiV DPSOLR TXH DTXHO TXH VH GHMD VHGXFLU SRU OD URPDQWL]DFLyQ GH ORV PRYLPLHQWRV VRFLDOHV \ OD H[FHVLYD WHRUL]Dĥ FLyQGHVXV SUiFWLFDV$WHQGHUOR LQPHGLDWR HQXQ SURFHVR GH UHVLVWHQFLD HV IXQGDPHQWDO SDUD TXH OD WHRUtDGHODVIXHU]DVVRFLDOHVVLJDYLYDYLJHQWH\DFĥ WXDOL]DGDSRUTXHFDGDPRYLPLHQWRVRFLDOWLHQHVXV SURSLRVUHSHUWRULRVGHPRYLOL]DFLyQVXVIRUPDVGH RUJDQL]DFLyQ\VXVSURSLRVFRQWH[WRV 1 ,VDEHO2UWt]et al:RUOG3URWHVWVĦ1HZ<RUN,QLWLDWLYH IRU3ROLF\'LDORJXHDQG)ULHGULFKĥ(EHUWĥ6WLIWXQJ 0DHVWURHQ(VWXGLRVHQ$VLD\ÈIULFDFRQHVSHFLDOLGDGHQ 0HGLR2ULHQWH\/HQJXDÈUDEHSRU(O&ROHJLRGH0p[LFR 3URIHVRUGHO&HQWURGH5HODFLRQHV,QWHUQDFLRQDOHVGHOD)DFXOWDG 13 ntrevista Gloria Ramírez. Foto: Myriam Corte. Aún hay claroscuros en la lucha por la equidad Myriam Corte E QHQWUHYLVWDSDUDGaceta Políticas*ORULD5DPtUH]FRRUGLQDGRUDGH OD&iWHGUD UNESCOGH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRVGHOD UNAMKDEOy VREUHORVREMHWLYRV\HOEDODQFHGHODAgenda de Desarrollo Post 2015, de la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing a CEDAW 2016,\GHOEncuentro de la Red de Profesoras/es e Investigadoras/es de Derechos Humanos de México, UHDOL]DGRVHQOD)DFXOWDG Gaceta Políticas (GP)Ĩ4XpREMHWLYRVVHSODQWHDURQ" Gloria Ramírez (GR):5HDOL]DUXQEDODQFHHQGRViPELWRVHO SULPHURVHUHODFLRQDFRQODAgenda de Desarrollo Post 2015HQODFXDO OtGHUHVGHOPXQGRWUDEDMDQGHVGHHYDOXDQGRFXiOHVGHEHQ VHUORVUHWRVGHOPLOHQLRSURFHVRTXHFRQFOX\HHVWHDxR /RTXHVHEXVFDHVJHQHUDUXQSODQGHWUDEDMRTXHDVHJXUHHO OODPDGRPLOHQLRVXVWHQWDEOH(QHVWHSXQWRDGHPiVGHREVHUYDU TXHQRVHFXHQWDFRQLQGLFDGRUHVVX¿FLHQWHPHQWHVyOLGRVSDUD UHDOL]DU XQ VHJXLPLHQWR DGHFXDGR HQ XQ PXQGR WDQ FRPSOHMR FRPRHODFWXDOVHUHGH¿QLHURQREMHWLYRVGHFRUWHVXVWHQWDEOH GHRFKRLQLFLDOHVDKRUDWHQHPRVPiVGH (Q HVWH VHQWLGR VH HVWiQ SUHSDUDQGR DJHQGDV LPSRUWDQWHV XQDGH)LQDQFLDFLyQSDUDHO'HVDUUROORĦTXHGHOLQHDUiODVOtQHDVGH WUDEDMRGHWRGRVORVSUR\HFWRV\ODVDFFLRQHVGHDJHQFLDVLQWHUQDĥ FLRQDOHVFRPRONU0XMHUHVUNESCOFAOSDUDORVSUy[LPRVDxRV 7DPELpQGHFLGLPRVUHGH¿QLUFXiOHVVHUiQORVUHWRVSRVW HQODDJHQGDGHODVPXMHUHVDVXQWRTXHDERUGDPRVHQODUHXQLyQGHOD &RPLVLyQGHOD&RQGLFLyQ-XUtGLFD\6RFLDOGHOD0XMHUUHDOL]DGD HQ1XHYD<RUN/D&XDUWD&RQIHUHQFLD0XQGLDO%HLMLQJFXPSOLy 14 DxRVGXUDQWHORVFXDOHVVHHYDOXyWDPELpQVXSODWDIRUPD3RUHOOR DKRUDKD\XQF~PXORGHDJHQGDVTXHVHHVWiQWUDEDMDQGRDXQTXH ODPD\RUSDUWHGHPDQHUDDWRPL]DGDGHVGHODVRFLHGDGFLYLOQHFHĥ VLWDPRVEXVFDUVXVDUWLFXODFLRQHV /DSHUVSHFWLYDGHJpQHURGHEHUtDHVWDUHQHOFHQWURGHWRGDVODV SROtWLFDVJOREDOHVSHURHQPXFKRVFDPSRVVHVLJXHQPDUJLQDQGR 3HVHDTXHODVPXMHUHVFRQVWLWXLPRVODPD\RUtDGHODSREODFLyQ D~QVRPRVFRQVLGHUDGDVXQJUXSRYXOQHUDEOH8QDEXHQDQRWLFLD HVTXHHQHOERUUDGRUGHORTXHVHUiODDJHQGDODVPXMHUHV¿JXUDPRV FRQXQWUDWROLJHUDPHQWHGLIHUHQFLDGR3HVHDORVDYDQFHVQRKD\ WRGDYtDXQPDUFRUHJXODGRUTXHKDJDFRQFLHQFLDGHTXHODPXMHU HVSDUWHIXQGDPHQWDOGHODVRFLHGDG 'XUDQWHHOSULPHUGtDGHOHQFXHQWURDQDOL]DPRVFXiOHVVX SDSHOHQODDJHQGDGHODVPXMHUHV/DFiWHGUDWLHQHXQSUR\HFWR PAPIIT TXH GD VHJXLPLHQWR D OD Convención sobre la Eliminación de Todas las Formas de Discriminación ĦCEDAW SRU VXV VLJODV HQ LQJOpVĦGHOTXHHPDQDURQHQUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVTXHUHWRPy HO FRPLWp GH OD CEDAW (V GHFLU GHVGH HO iPELWR DFDGpPLFR HVWDPRVLQFLGLHQGRHQDOJXQDVSROtWLFDVHVSHFt¿FDV (QHOFDPSRGHODVPXMHUHVQRVRWURVSUHSDUDPRVGRVInformes sombraGHORVFXDOHVKDEODPRVHQHOVHJXQGRGtDGHOHQFXHQWUR 3DUWLPRV GH ODV UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV GH CEDAW HQ \ DQDOLĥ ]DPRV VX VHJXLPLHQWR LQGLFDGRUHV \ SHQGLHQWHV HQ HVSHFLDO QRWDPRVTXHQRH[LVWHXQPHFDQLVPRGHVHJXLPLHQWRSRUORTXH VXEUD\DPRVODXUJHQFLDGHJHQHUDUOR(VWRGHPXHVWUDTXHHOWHPD HVPX\EDVWR\QXHVWURSUR\HFWRPX\SHTXHxR 'DUHPRVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVHQSURFHGLPLHQWRVFRQLQFLGHQFLD HQiPELWRVUHODWLYRVDGHUHFKRVSROtWLFRVSRUHMHPSORHOGHOD HGXFDFLyQRHOGHODVWUDEDMDGRUDVGRPpVWLFDV GP:Ĩ4XpWLSRGHSRQHQWHVSDUWLFLSDURQHQHVWDVPHVDVGHWUDEDMR" GR: (VLPSRUWDQWHLQYROXFUDUDWRGRVORVDFWRUHV7XYLPRVSHUĥ VRQDOLGDGHVWDQGLYHUVDVFRPRUHSUHVHQWDQWHVGHODFWXDO&RQJUHVR \6HQDGRGHOD5HS~EOLFDDVtFRPRGHOHJLVODWXUDVDQWHULRUHVGH RUJDQL]DFLRQHVFLYLOHVDFDGpPLFRVLQVWLWXFLRQHVGHIXQFLyQS~EOLFD XQLYHUVLGDGHV GHO PRYLPLHQWR IHPLQLVWD \ GHO 3RGHU -XGLFLDO 3DUWLFLSDURQ$QJpOLFDGHOD3HxDSUHVLGHQWDGHOD&RPLVLyQ GH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRVGHO6HQDGR\3HUOD*yPH]SUHVLGHQWDGHOD &RPLVLyQGH'HUHFKRV+XPDQRVGHO') (VWR\PX\FRQWHQWDSRUTXHODFRQYRFDWRULDIXHDPSOLD\KXER EXHQDUHVSXHVWD3XJQDUHPRVSRUODSUHSDUDFLyQGHORVInformes sombra\ODUHYLVLyQGHFyPRHO(VWDGRPH[LFDQRĦFRPRHVVXREOLĥ JDFLyQĦFXPSOHFRQODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVGHODFRQYHQFLyQCEDAW. GP: Ĩ&yPRHYDO~DODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHO(VWDGR" GR:6LQOXJDUDGXGDKD\XQDYDQFHHQHOiPELWRQRUPDWLYRVLQ HPEDUJRYLHQHHOSUREOHPDGHVXDSOLFDFLyQ\ODOXFKDSRUHOSULQĥ FLSLRIXQGDPHQWDOGHLJXDOGDGVXVWDQWLYDQRVyORHQODOH\VLQRHQ HOKHFKReVWDHVXQDJUDQOXFKDGHVGHODySWLFDGHODVPXMHUHV 1RSRGHPRVGHFLUTXHWRGRHVQHJDWLYRSHURKD\FODURVFXURV \ HQ HOORV GH¿QLWLYDPHQWH PXFKRV VRQ SHQGLHQWHV GHO (VWDGR PH[LFDQR HQ GHUHFKRV GH ODV PXMHUHV7HQHPRV SURJUHVRV FRPRODSDULGDGSROtWLFRHOHFWRUDOSHURHQORVKHFKRVĨFXiQWDV PXMHUHVOOHJDURQ"1RTXHUHPRVVyORWHQHUSDULGDGGHFDQGLGDĥ WXUDVVLQRGHOHJLVODWXUDVGHSUHVLGHQWDVPXQLFLSDOHVTXHQRODV FRORTXHQHQGLVWULWRVTXHYDQDSHUGHU5HTXHULPRVIRUWDOHFHU QXHVWURV GHUHFKRV SROtWLFRV SRUTXH QRV GDQ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH SDVDUDXQDDJHQGDIHPLQLVWDHQWHQGLGDFRPRODE~VTXHGDGHOD DUPRQtDHQWUHKRPEUHV\PXMHUHVGHUHFKRVSDUDWRGDV\WRGRV $GHPiVGHVHDPRVHUUDGLFDUODYLROHQFLDGHJpQHURVHDGHWLSR SROtWLFRĥHOHFWRUDOHOIHPLQLFLGLRRHOHPEDUD]RDGROHVFHQWHVREUHHO FXDOVHJ~QODVHVWDGtVWLFDVPiVGHOİQRHVWiDVtSRUHOHFFLyQ /DVQLxDVGHDxRVQRVXHOHQSUR\HFWDUWHQHUXQKLMRVHHPEDUD]DQ SRUIDOWDGHHGXFDFLyQVH[XDOLQWHJUDO7HQHPRVPXFKRVSHQGLHQWHV GP: (QWUHHVWDVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVĨFXiOVREUHVDOH" GR: (VGLItFLOGHFLUTXpHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHSRUTXHORVGHUHFKRV GHODVPXMHUHVVRQFRPRXQDFDGHQDXQRVHDUWLFXODDRWUR3RU HMHPSORFXDQGRKDEODPRVGHPXHUWHVPDWHUQDVPHQFLRQDPRV TXHHOORHVWiYLQFXODGRFRQODHGXFDFLyQVH[XDO\ODVDOXGLQWHJUDO \ TXH QR VyOR VH QHFHVLWD IRUPDU D ODV DGROHVFHQWHV VLQR D ORV PDHVWURVDORVPpGLFRVDORVSDGUHVGHIDPLOLDSHURDGHPiVSRUPiV IRUPDGDVTXHHVWpQODVPXMHUHVVLQRSXHGHQDFFHGHUJUDWXLĥ WDPHQWHDORVPpWRGRVDQWLFRQFHSWLYRVHOSUR\HFWRQRIXQFLRQD +R\SRUHMHPSORXQDPXMHUSXHGHDFFHGHUDODLQWHUUXSFLyQ OHJDOGHOHPEDUD]RTXHHVXQGHUHFKRSHURĨTXpKDFHTXLHQQR WLHQHHVHVHUYLFLRHQXQDLQVWDQFLDS~EOLFD"7RGRVORVGHUHFKRV VRQLPSRUWDQWHVQRSRGHPRVSULRUL]DUFXiOORHVPiVVLDOJXLHQQR WLHQHVDOXGQRWLHQHGHUHFKRVWDPSRFR GP: Ĩ4XpSDSHOMXHJDHOPRYLPLHQWRIHPLQLVWD" GR: +DVLGRHODFWRUIXQGDPHQWDOHQODH[LJHQFLDGHORVGHUHFKRV GHODVPXMHUHV\HQVXVORJURV(VXQPRYLPLHQWRTXHKR\SRU FLHUWR \D VH HVWXGLD HQ OD )DFXOWDG 3HVH D TXH IXH PDUJLQDGR VHJUHJDGR \ TXH KD\ XQD JUDQ LJQRUDQFLD GH OR TXH UHSUHVHQWD FRPRXQSDUDGLJPDWHyULFRKDJHQHUDGRXQDFRQFLHQFLDSROtWLFD (VJUDFLDVDOIHPLQLVPRTXHQRVRWUDVHVWDPRVDTXtHQHVWD)DFXOWDG QRVyORHVWXGLDQGRVLQRFRQDOJXQDVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV Acción pública, nuevas formas de hacer política Myriam Corte C RQSRQHQWHVGH(VWDGRV8QLGRV*UDQ%UHWDxD)UDQFLD\&Dĥ QDGi \ GH LQVWLWXFLRQHV QDFLRQDOHV FRPR OD UNAM HO CIDE HO&ROPH[\HOCIESASHQWUHRWURVVHOOHYyDFDERHO&RORTXLR,Qĥ WHUQDFLRQDO Políticas públicas y acción pública. Métodos y teoríasHQHO TXHVHGHVDUUROODURQPHVDVUHGRQGDVVREUHWHRUtDPHWRGRORJtD \HVWXGLRVGHFDVRDFHUFDGHODDFFLyQS~EOLFDHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD $VtORFRPHQWDURQORVRUJDQL]DGRUHV(QULTXH&RQWUHUDVGHO &HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULDVHQ&LHQFLDV\+XPDĥ QLGDGHVĪCEIICHī\0LJXHOÈQJHO0iUTXH]GHO&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV HQ$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ3~EOLFDĪCEAPīTXLHQHVHQHQWUHYLVWDSDUDGaceta PolíticasKLFLHURQXQEDODQFHVREUHORVDOFDQFHVGHOFRORTXLR Gaceta Políticas (GP): Ĩ&yPR VXUJH OD LGHD GH UHDOL]DU XQ FRORTXLRFRQHVWDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV" Enrique Contreras (EC):7RGRFRPHQ]yFRQXQDOHFWXUDGHO SURIHVRU*LOOHV0DVVDUGLHUVREUHDOJXQRVWUDEDMRVPtRVGHORVDxRV VREUHHOGHVDUUROORUXUDOHQ0p[LFR\HQ&KLOHORFXDOQRVSXVR HQFRQWDFWRDWUDYpVGHLQWHUQHW'HVSXpVVHSODQHyKDFHUXQ FRORTXLRHQGRQGHpOSXGLHUDH[SRQHUVXVSULQFLSDOHVWUDEDMRV HQWRUQRDHVWHPX\RULJLQDOFRQFHSWRGHODDFFLyQS~EOLFD GP:Ĩ(QTXpDSRUWyHOFRORTXLRDOFRQFHSWR" Miguel Ángel Márquez (MAM): 'H IRUPD PHGXODU D ODV PHWRGRORJtDVGHODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDV\VXLPSOLFDFLyQHQODDFĥ FLyQS~EOLFDGDGDODULTXH]DGHODVH[SHULHQFLDVHPStULFDVTXH FRPSDUWLHURQORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV)XHHOSXQWRGHSDUWLGDSDUD HVWDEOHFHUXQHVWDGRGHODUWHVREUHFyPRVHHVWiQDSOLFDQGRHVWRV QXHYRVFRQFHSWRVGHDFFLyQS~EOLFDGHSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVGHVGH OXHJRKXERSRQHQFLDVGHPX\DOWDFDOLGDGFRPRODGH5RODQGR &RUGHUD-RVp/XLV&DOYD5LFDUGR8YDOOHHQEHQH¿FLRGHQXHVWUD XQLYHUVLGDG\GHTXLHQHVIRUPDPRVSDUWHGHpVWD EC: +DVLGRXQDFRVWXPEUHGHORVDFDGpPLFRVFHQWUDUODDWHQFLyQ HQODWRPDGHGHFLVLRQHVGHODVDXWRULGDGHVĦVREUHWRGRJXEHUĥ QDPHQWDOHVĦ \ GHVSXpV HVSHUDU D TXH ORV REMHWLYRV SODQWHDGRV VHFXPSODQWRWDORSDUFLDOPHQWHSHURVLQWRPDUHQFXHQWDHO SURFHVRGHLPSOHPHQWDFLyQ /DYLVLyQGHODVDFFLRQHVS~EOLFDVVHFHQWUDSUHFLVDPHQWHHQORV SURFHVRV GH LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ PiV TXH HQ OD GHFLVLyQ$Kt YHPRV TXHQRVRQWDQPRQRSyOLFDVSDUWLFLSDQRUJDQLVPRVGHODVRĥ FLHGDGFLYLOGHOHPSUHVDULDGRFDGDXQRGHORVQXHYRVDFWRUHV TXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQVXLQVWUXPHQWDFLyQWLHQHYDORUHVLQWHUHVHV UHFXUVRV\DODSRUWDUORVVHYXHOYHQFRPSOHPHQWDULRVĦDYHFHV KDVWDVXVWLWXWRVĦGHODDFFLyQJXEHUQDPHQWDOSRUORTXHODVSROtWLFDV S~EOLFDVVHHQULTXHFHQ $HVWHFRQMXQWRGHQXHYRVDFWRUHVUHFXUVRV\GLUHFWULFHVSRGHPRV OODPDUOHVGHDFFLyQS~EOLFDDGLIHUHQFLDGHORVPRGHORVYHUWLFDOHV LQFRQVWDQWHVDXWRULWDULRV\IDOOLGRVTXHWHQHPRV\TXHQRVGHVDQLPDQ SRUTXHFDGDVH[HQLRFDPELDQVLQWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVSURIXQGDV /RVFRQRFLPLHQWRVYHUWLGRVHQHOFRORTXLRQRVOOHQDQGHRSĥ WLPLVPR6HSODQWHDURQRWUDVPDQHUDVGHKDFHUODVFRVDV\QR VyORDSDUWLUGHEXHQRVGHVHRVVLQRFRQIXQGDPHQWRVWHyULFRV\ PHWRGROyJLFRV1RVRxDPRVFRQFDPELDUODVFRVDVSRUTXHQRV JXVWHVLQRSRUTXHVHSXHGHKDFHU 15 +D\HMHPSORVHQ$PpULFD/DWLQDTXHQRVOOHYDQDHVWHRSĥ WLPLVPRORVFRQVHMRVHFRQyPLFRV\VRFLDOHVORVWHUULWRULRVGH GHVDUUROORORVIRURVGHGLVFXVLyQ\QHJRFLDFLyQVRQH[SUHVLRQHV YLYDVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQÀRUHFHQ\SHUPLWHQDODVDXWRULGDGHV ORFDOHV FDQDOL]DU VXV SUHVXSXHVWRV GH PDQHUD PiV OHJtWLPD \ FRQVHQVXDGDHVWDEOHFHUFRRUGLQDFLRQHVLQWHULQVWLWXFLRQDOHV TXH GHVGH KDFH WLHPSR IDOODQ \ TXH RWURV DFWRUHV SDUWLFLSHQ DFWLYDPHQWH7HQHPRVHVRVHOHPHQWRVHQGLIHUHQWHVWHUULWRULRV SHURQRQRVXQLPRVpVWDHVXQDPDQHUDGHKDFHUOR GP: Ĩ&yPRHYDOXDUtDQHOSDSHOGHODDFDGHPLDHQHVWHHVWXGLR" MAM: (VIXQGDPHQWDOeVWHIXHXQRGHORVSXQWRVFRLQFLGHQWHV HQODVPHVDV/DVH[SHULHQFLDVSUHVHQWDGDVSRUORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHV HYLGHQFLDURQ ORV HVSDFLRV GH JREHUQDQ]D GRQGH HO DFDGpPLFR FXPSOHFRQXQDUHOHYDQWHWDUHDHQORVSURFHVRVGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ /DV 8QLYHUVLGDGHV FXPSOHQ FRQ HVD IXQFLyQ GH EULQGDU D ORV VHFWRUHVGHVSURWHJLGRVDWUDYpVGHGLIHUHQWHVLQVWDQFLDVODSRVLĥ ELOLGDGGHSDUWLFLSDUHQODFUHDFLyQGHSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVTXHVH DSOLTXHQDQXHVWURVFRQWH[WRV GP:Ĩ&yPRUHFLELHURQORVHVWXGLDQWHVHVWHFRORTXLR" MAM:7XYRLPSDFWRHQDOXPQRVGHSRVJUDGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHGH 3XHEOD6DQ/XLV3RWRVt7OD[FDOD2D[DFDGHO&ROHJLRGH3RVJUDĥ GXDGRVSHURWDPELpQHQDFWRUHVGHRUJDQLVPRVQRJXEHUQDPHQĥ WDOHV\S~EOLFRHQJHQHUDOTXHDVLVWLy(VWRHVUHVXOWDGRGHOLQWHUpV HQODWHPiWLFDODFXDOUHIXHU]DODLQWHJUDFLyQ\UHGHVDFDGpPLFDV GP: Ĩ/DFR\XQWXUDHVSURSLFLDSDUDJHQHUDUSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDV TXHUHDOPHQWHEHQH¿FLHQDODFLXGDGDQtD" MAM:6HHVWiQVHQWDQGRODVEDVHVSDUDHVWDEOHFHUHVWRVSURFHVRV GHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ(VXQPRPHQWRLPSRUWDQWHSDUDPRGL¿FDUODV LQVWLWXFLRQHVGHQXHVWURSDtV\WUDEDMDUSRUXQDSDUWLFLSDFLyQUHDO WDUHDVHQODVFXDOHVORVXQLYHUVLWDULRVWHQHPRVPXFKRTXHDSRUWDU EC: 1XHVWURSDtVHVWiYLYLHQGRXQDHVSHFLHGHDVDOWRDOJRELHUQR GRQGHVHYHTXHHO(VWDGRWLHQHUHFXUVRVTXHQRKHPRVXWLOL]DGR SRUTXHDORPHMRUQRQRVKDQRtGRHVFXFKDGRRYLVWRSHURVH HVWiQIRUPDQGRHVWDVDOLDQ]DVHQWUHRUJDQLVPRVXQLYHUVLGDGHV WpFQLFRV\JUHPLRVFRQXQVHQWLGRFUHDWLYRRSWLPLVWDUHDOLVWD HVSHUDQ]DGRU\DQRFRUSRUDWLYRGRQGHHOGHVDUUROORFRPR FRQFHSWRYLYRVHHVWiLPSRQLHQGR GP:Ĩ4XpSROtWLFDVS~ELFDVVHQHFHVLWDQSRUHMHPSORSDUDIUHQDU HOSURFHVRGHSULYDWL]DFLyQGHODJXDHQHOSDtV" EC: (VXQDVXQWRTXHHVWiHQPDQRVGHORVOHJLVODGRUHVQRVHKD DSUREDGRSHURWDPSRFRUHFKD]DGRORFXDOHVXQDYDQFHIUHQWHDODV DFFLRQHVOHJLVODWLYDVGHfast trackGRQGHORVGLSXWDGRV\VHQDGRUHV VLQPD\RUGLVFXVLyQQLDQiOLVLVDSUXHEDQOH\HVOHYDQWDQGRXQDPDQR +DKDELGRPXFKDUHVLVWHQFLDSRUSDUWHGHFRPXQLGDGHVLQGtĥ JHQDV\UXUDOHVHQFRQWUDGHOXVRSRWHQFLDOGHHPSUHVDVPLQHUDV SHWUROHUDVUHIUHVTXHUDVGHODJXDODVHOYDORVERVTXHV7RGDYtD PXFKRVHPSUHVDULRVSLHQVDQTXHHVRVUHFXUVRVVRQLQDJRWDEOHV SHURVHHVWiQDFDEDQGR\FRQWDPLQDQGR\QDGLHVHKDFHUHVSRQVDEOH 6LQHPEDUJRLQVLVWRKD\HMHPSORVSRVLWLYRVGHOXFKDORVFXDOHV SXHGHQHQULTXHFHUVHDWUDYpVGHODSODQHDFLyQHOFRQFXUVR\OD DVLVWHQFLDLQWHUQDFLRQDOTXHGHEHPRVDSURYHFKDU GP: Ĩ&XiOHVVXHYDOXDFLyQGHHVWHFRORTXLR" MAM: )XHHOSULPHURHQVXWLSR3RUODFDQWLGDGGHSDUWLFLĥ SDQWHVGHGLIHUHQWHVQDFLRQDOLGDGHVLQWHUHVDGRVHQIRUWDOHFHUHO HVWXGLRGHODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVVLJQL¿FyXQHMHUFLFLRSRVLWLYR TXHHVSHUDPRVUHSHWLU EC: &RRSHUDQGRXQLpQGRQRV\QHJRFLDQGRVHKDFHQPXFKDVFRVDV \ HO UHVXOWDGR HV VRUSUHQGHQWH$ SDUWLU GH PDUFRV FXOWXUDOHV WDQ GLIHUHQWHV FRPR ORV IUDQFHVHV LQJOHVHV QRUWHDPHULFDQRV PH[LFDQRV EUDVLOHxRV FRVWDUULFHQVHV SRGHPRV HQWHQGHUQRV )XHJUDWL¿FDQWHKDEHUDSRUWDGRXQJUDQLWRGHDUHQDDHVWHFRĥ QRFLPLHQWR<DHVWDPRVRUJDQL]DQGRXQDSXEOLFDFLyQDOXVLYD Miguel Ángel Márquez y Enrique Contreras. Foto: Myriam Corte. 16 Portavoz de la Facultad en el Consejo para la Ley de Fomento Myriam Corte P DEOR*RQ]iOH]8OORDSURIHVRUDGVFULWRDO&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV 3ROtWLFRVĪCEPīIXHQRPEUDGRUHSUHVHQWDQWHGHOVHFWRUDFDGpPLFR GHO&RQVHMR7pFQLFR&RQVXOWLYRGHOD&RPLVLyQGH)RPHQWRGHODV $FWLYLGDGHVGHODV2UJDQL]DFLRQHVGHOD6RFLHGDG&LYLO(QHQWUHYLVWD SDUDGaceta PolíticasHOGRFHQWHH[SOLFyORVREMHWLYRVIXQFLRQHV \UHWRVGHHVWHQRPEUDPLHQWRKRQRUt¿FR $ SDUWLU GHO GHFUHWR GH OD /H\ )HGHUDO GH )RPHQWR FUHDGD HQVXUJLHURQWUHVyUJDQRVOD&RPLVLyQGH)RPHQWRGHODV $FWLYLGDGHVGHODV2UJDQL]DFLRQHVGHOD6RFLHGDG&LYLOHO5HJLVWUR )HGHUDO GH ODV 2UJDQL]DFLRQHV GH OD 6RFLHGDG &LYLO \ HO &RQVHMR 7pFQLFR&RQVXOWLYR(VWH~OWLPRDVHVRUDSURSRQHRSLQD\HPLWH UHFRPHQGDFLRQHVVREUHODDSOLFDFLyQ\FXPSOLPLHQWRGHHVWD/H\ Gaceta Políticas (GP):Ĩ&XiOHVODUHOHYDQFLDGHHVWHFRQVHMR" Pablo González (PGU)$SDUWLUGHOD/H\GH)RPHQWRDWRGDV ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV GH OD VRFLHGDG FLYLO HQ 0p[LFR VH OHV LQGLFD FXiOHVVRQORVREMHWLYRVEiVLFRVTXHGHEHQDWHQGHUVHJ~QODSRĥ EODFLyQDODFXDOHVWiQGHVWLQDGDV(OFRQVHMRGDUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV GHFyPRHVWiIXQFLRQDQGROD/H\GH)RPHQWR\GHTXpPDQHUDODV GLVWLQWDVVHFUHWDUtDVVHGHEHQDGHFXDUSDUDLPSXOVDU\IRUWDOHFHU DODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVGHODVRFLHGDGFLYLO (QHOFRQVHMRSDUWLFLSDQXQVHUYLGRUS~EOLFRQXHYHUHSUHĥ VHQWDQWHVGHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVGHODVRFLHGDGFLYLOĪOSCīFXDWUR GHORVVHFWRUHVDFDGpPLFRSURIHVLRQDOFLHQWt¿FR\FXOWXUDODVt FRPR GRV GHO SRGHU OHJLVODWLYR IHGHUDO XQR SRU FDGD FiPDUD \XQVHFUHWDULRHMHFXWLYR Pablo González Ulloa. Foto: Myriam Corte. GP:Ĩ4XpWLSRGHUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVHPLWHHOFRQVHMR" PGU:'HQWURGHHVWHFRQVHMRKD\VHLVFRPLVLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDĥ OHVPDUFROHJDOSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDV\HYDOXDFLyQWHPDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV SDUWLFLSDFLyQ\FRPXQLFDFLyQUHJLVWUR\pWLFD\WUDQVSDUHQFLD $SDUWLUGHHVWDVFRPLVLRQHVVHDQDOL]DHOHVWDGRGHOD/H\GH)Rĥ PHQWR7RGDVVRQPX\LQWHUHVDQWHVSXHVQRSRGHPRVHQWHQGHU ODGLQiPLFDGHODVOSCVyORGHPDQHUDORFDO $KRUDWHQHPRVXQDQXHYD/H\GH7UDQVSDUHQFLDĨ4XpGHEHQ KDFHUDQWHHOODODVOSC"7UDQVSDUHQWDUVXVUHFXUVRVDFHUFDUVHDOD FLXGDGDQtDPDQHMDUVHFRQpWLFD(QHOORD\XGDQODVFRPLVLRQHV TXHHVWiQKDFLHQGRXQFRQMXQWRGHREVHUYDFLRQHVSDUDUH¿QDU HVWDVSROtWLFDVGHIRPHQWRDQLYHOIHGHUDO GP:Ĩ4XpUHWRVHQIUHQWDHOFRQVHMR" PGU:)RPHQWDUXQDPHMRUUHODFLyQHQWUHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\ODV OSCDVtFRPRWUDQVSDUHQWDUFDGDYH]PiVORVDSR\RV$GHPiV GHEHPRVSURPRYHUVXUHJLVWURIHGHUDOTXHHVGHPLOVXHQD PXFKRSHURHQUHDOLGDGVyORPLOHVWiQDFWLYDVXQQLYHOGH DVRFLDFLRQLVPREDVWDQWHEDMRVLVHSLHQVDTXH%UDVLOWLHQHXQDV PLO\&KLOHPLO 8QLPSRUWDQWHUHWRSRUWDQWRHVIDFLOLWDUHVWHUHJLVWURSHUR WDPELpQWUDQVSDUHQWDUDGyQGHVHYDQORVPLOORQHVGHSHVRV TXHHOJRELHUQRIHGHUDOGHVWLQDDODVPLVPDVYtDHO,QGHVRO2WURHV FyPRJHQHUDUEXHQDVFRQYRFDWRULDVHLQFOXLUDPD\RUQ~PHUR GHRUJDQL]DFLRQHV8QDPDQHUDHQTXHpVWDVVHSXHGHQUHJLVWUDUHV FRQYLUWLpQGRVHHQGRQDWDULDVDXWRUL]DGDV 7DPELpQHVUHOHYDQWHJHVWLRQDUHODFFHVRDUHFXUVRVSULYDGRV \DTXHHODSR\RIHGHUDOVLHPSUHVHUiOLPLWDGR\KD\TXHSUHJXQWDUVH FyPRDFFHGHUDRWURV¿QDQFLDPLHQWRV(VFRPSOLFDGRYROYHUD ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV DXWRVXVWHQWDEOHV XQD GH ODV JUDQGHV WDUHDV HVFRQMXQWDUORV¿QDQFLDPLHQWRVIHGHUDOHVFRQORVSULYDGRV(VWRVH ORJUDIDFLOLWDQGRODVUHJODV 2WURSXQWREiVLFRHVFyPRH[DPLQDUFDGDYH]PHMRUODVSROtWLFDV GHIRPHQWRFUHDULQGLFDGRUHVEiVLFRV\TXHpVWRVVHUHSOLTXHQ(V QHFHVDULRGDUFRQWLQXLGDGDODVHYDOXDFLRQHVVHxDODUFyPRYDQ PHMRUDQGRRHPSHRUDQGRODVFRVDVDSDUWLUGHHVWDOH\ GPĨ&yPRVHGDHVWHQRPEUDPLHQWR" PGU: 6H UHDOL]y XQD FRQYRFDWRULD DELHUWD D SDUWLU GH DKt SDUWLFLSDQWHVIXLPRVHQWUHYLVWDGRV'HHQWUHHOORVVHHVFRJLHURQ DFXDWURSURSLHWDULRV\FXDWURVXSOHQWHV\RWXYHODIRUWXQDGHTXHGDU HQWUH ORV SURSLHWDULRV 3DUWLFLSDUp HQ OD FRPLVLyQ GH SROtWLFDV S~EOLFDV\HYDOXDFLyQ\HQODGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQ\FRPXQLFDFLyQ 4XLHURGLIXQGLUODVDFFLRQHVWDQWRGHODFRPLVLyQFRPRGHOFRQVHMR DVtFRPRGHOLQHDUPHMRUHVHYDOXDFLRQHV GP: Ĩ&XiOHVIXHURQVXVLPSUHVLRQHVDOUHFLELUHVWHQRPEUDPLHQWR" PGU:(VXQKRQRUIRUPDUSDUWHGHOPi[LPRyUJDQRGHUHSUHĥ VHQWDFLyQGHODVOSCGRQGHVHSXHGHSODQWHDUXQSODQQDFLRQDO GHIRPHQWRSDUDODVPLVPDV(VPX\VDWLVIDFWRULROOHYDUODYR]GHORV DFDGpPLFRVGHOD UNAM\SDUWLFLSDUFRQRWURVFROHJDVDGHPiV GHHVWDEOHFHUYtQFXORVFRQGLVWLQWRVRUJDQLVPRVS~EOLFRVFRPĥ SDUWLUORVHVWXGLRVTXHKDFHPRVGHQWUR\IXHUDGHODVDXODV (VWDUHQHVWHFRQVHMRPHGDODSRVLELOLGDGGHYLQFXODUDFFLRQHV GHJRELHUQRFRQSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVFRQHOREMHWLYRGH JHQHUDU XQD PD\RU SDUWLFLSDFLyQ SHUR WDPELpQ XQFRPSURPLVRGHOJRELHUQRIHGHUDOSDUDLPSXOVDUOD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ\ODWUDQVSDUHQFLD 17 Ceremonia en el auditorio Ricardo Flores Magón. Foto: Myriam Corte. ¡Bienvenida, generación 65! Leticia Martínez, Myriam Corte e Ilse Becerril C RPR FDGD DxR OD )DFXOWDG UHDOL]y XQD VHULHGHHYHQWRVFRQORVTXHGLRODELHQĥ YHQLGD D ORV DOXPQRV GH SULPHU LQJUHVR (Q HVWD RFDVLyQ DGHPiV GH OD FHUHPRQLD LQDXJXUDOĦGRQGHHOLQYLWDGRGHKRQRUIXH -DLUR &DOL[WR HJUHVDGR GH &LHQFLDV GH OD &RPXQLFDFLyQ \ FRODERUDGRU GH MilenioĦ FDGDFRRUGLQDGRUGHFDUUHUDMXQWRFRQVHĥ FUHWDULRVWpFQLFRV\DFDGpPLFRV\FRQVHMHURV HVWXGLDQWLOHV RIUHFLHURQ FKDUODV LQIRUPDĥ WLYDV$VLPLVPR DOXPQRV GH ORV ~OWLPRV VHPHVWUHV IXQJLHURQ FRPR JXtDV GH VXV QXHYRV FRPSDxHURV GXUDQWH GLYHUVRV UHFRUULGRVSRUQXHVWUDVLQVWDODFLRQHV /DFHUHPRQLDGHELHQYHQLGDGHOVLVWHPD HVFRODUL]DGRLQLFLyFRQXQDFDOXURVDIHOLĥ FLWDFLyQDTXLHQHVFRQIRUPDQODJHQHĥ UDFLyQ GH HVWXGLDQWHV GH OD )DFXOWDG SRU SDUWH GHO GLUHFWRU GHO SODQWHO )HUQDQGR &DVWDxHGDTXLHQDSODXGLyTXHGHVGHDKRUD VHDQSDUWHGHODUNAMOD8QLYHUVLGDGPiV LPSRUWDQWHGHKDEODKLVSDQDOtGHUHQLQĥ YHVWLJDFLyQFRQHODFHUYRELEOLRJUi¿FRPiV JUDQGHGHOSDtV\XQDSODQWDDFDGpPLFDGH SULPHUDFDOLGDG³QRKD\QDGLHTXHFRPSLWD HQWDPDxRFDOLGDGUHFRQRFLPLHQWRVWDQ VyORHQQXHVWUD)DFXOWDGGDQFiWHGUD DFDGpPLFRVGHORVFXDOHVVRQSURIHĥ 18 VRUHVGHFDUUHUDWpFQLFRVDFDGpPLFRV \SURIHVRUHVGHDVLJQDWXUD$HVWRVH VXPDQVHPHVWUDOPHQWHXQDPHGLDGH D\XGDQWHVGHSURIHVRU´ $GHPiV GH UHFRQRFHU ORV PpULWRV GH ORV MyYHQHV SRU KDEHU SDVDGR ORV ¿OWURV HGXFDWLYRV UHTXHULGRV SRU OD 0i[LPD &DVDGH(VWXGLRV&DVWDxHGDOHVH[WHUQy VXEHQHSOiFLWRSRUKDEHUHOHJLGRXQDFDUUHD GHO iUHD GH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV ³/R LPĥ SRUWDQWHGHHVWD8QLYHUVLGDGHVTXHQROHV RIUHFH VLPSOHPHQWH XQD FDUUHUD VLQR XQ SUR\HFWRGHYLGDXQDYLVLyQGHOPXQGR XQDSHUVSHFWLYD(QWUDUDOD UNAMHVXQD IRUPDGHH[SHULPHQWDUVHQWLU\REVHUYDU GHPDQHUDLQWHQVDODYLGD6XFRQFHSFLyQGHO PXQGRYDDFDPELDUFRQODRIHUWDFXOWXUDO ODVFODVHV\ODVLGHDVODVOHFWXUDVOHVD\XGDUi DSHQVDUHQTXLpQHVVRQGHVGHVXVFDPSRV SURIHVLRQDOHV(VXQDIRUPDGHHQWHQGHUVH GHYHUVHGHFRPSURPHWHUVHFRQXVWHGHV FRQODYLGD\FRQ0p[LFR´ 8QDVHJXQGDUD]yQGHIHOLFLWDFLyQHVTXH KD\DQ HOHJLGR UHDOL]DU VXV HVWXGLRV HQ OD )DFXOWDGODPiVDQWLJXDHVFXHODGHFLHQFLDV VRFLDOHVGHOSDtV\SLRQHUDHQUHSHQVDUHOSDĥ SHOTXHMXJDED0p[LFRHQHOFRQFLHUWRGHO PXQGRGHODSRVJXHUUD3HURDGHPiVH[ĥ SOLFy³WDPELpQHVKHUHGHUDGHODVWUDGLFLRĥ QHVGHSHQVDPLHQWRVRFLDO/D8QLYHUVLGDG VHKDEtDGHVSHUWDGRWHPSUDQDPHQWHDODV FLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVSDUWLFXODUPHQWHFRQODIXQĥ GDFLyQGHOD(VFXHOD1DFLRQDO3UHSDUDWRULD TXH\DKDEtDUHSHQVDGRFyPRGHEtDGH HQVHxDUVH\TXpSDSHOWHQtDTXHMXJDUFDGD FLHQFLDHQODMHUDUTXtDGHOPRGHORSRVLWLYLVWD´ /D )DFXOWDG SURVLJXLy IXH FDVD GH JUDQGHV¿JXUDVFRPR-XVWR6LHUUD$OIRQVR &DVR 3DEOR *RQ]iOH] &DVDQRYD 9tFWRU )ORUHV 2OHD SHUR WDPELpQ GH PXFKRV GH ORV LQWHOHFWXDOHV \ FLHQWt¿FRV VRFLDOHV TXH DUULEDURQ HQ OD pSRFD GH ODV GLFWDGXUDV ODWLQRDPHULFDQDV ³$VLPLVPR KD VDELGR UHQRYDUVHUHLQYHQWDUVHDFWXDOL]DUVXWUDGLĥ FLyQ8VWHGHVVRQSDUWHGHHVWRDKRUD\YDQ DVHUWDPELpQUHVSRQVDEOHVGHVXIXWXUR´ /DSUHRFXSDFLyQGHQXHVWUD)DFXOWDG VXEUD\yHOGLUHFWRUHVIRUPDUJHQWHFUtWLFD TXH VH SUHJXQWH TXp HV OD VRFLHGDG VH SLHQVHDVtPLVPDVHFXHVWLRQHTXHHVWi KDFLHQGRHQHVWHPXQGRHLQFOXVRGHEDWD VREUHVXIXWXUR\HOGHORVGHPiV&RQ XQDQRWDSHUVRQDOH[SOLFySRUTXpRSWy SRUODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV ³&XDQGR HVWXGLDED HQ OD SUHSDUDWRULD PH JXVWDED OD ELRORJtD +DFtD DSHQDV XQD GpFDGD TXH &ULFN \ :DWVRQ KDEtDQ REĥ WHQLGRHO3UHPLR1REHOSRUHOGHVFXEULĥ miento del DNA \ OD GREOH KpOLFH (UD OD pSRFDHQTXHFUHtDPRVTXHSURQWRtEDPRV DFRQTXLVWDUHOVLVWHPDVRODUHOKRPEUH\D KDEtDOOHJDGRDODOXQDDVtTXHODVLJXLHQWH GpFDGDKDEtDTXHLUD0DUWHPiVDGHODQWH D RWURV SODQHWDV /DV FLHQFLDV PH SDUHĥ FtDQIDVFLQDQWHVFDPSRVGHFRQRFLPLHQWR PX\LQWHUHVDQWHV´ ³6LQ HPEDUJR HQ HVD pSRFD PH WRFy OHHUD2FWDYLR3D]\XQDREUDPX\FRQRFLGD HQODXQLYHUVLGDGSHURQRHQODSUHSDUDĥ WRULD La democracia en México GH 3DEOR *RQ]iOH] &DVDQRYD $Kt PH GL FXHQWD TXH ODV FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV UHVSRQGtDQ SUHĥ JXQWDVTXHQRKDFtDQODVGHPiVFLHQFLDV TXLpQVR\\RTXpHVWR\KDFLHQGRDTXt \SDUDTXp3RUTXpPLPXQGRHVFRPRHV WDQGHVLJXDOWDQLQMXVWRSHURWDPELpQWDQ LQWHUHVDQWH WDQ UHOHYDQWH 0H GL FXHQWD GH XQD IUDVH TXH WRGRV HVFXFKDPRV HV FXOWXUDSRSXODUpienso, luego existo./DIUDVH FDUWHVLDQDWHQtDXQDSURIXQGLGDGH[WUDRUĥ GLQDULD3XHGRVHUXQFRQMXQWRGHFpOXODV\GH iWRPRV\H[LVWLUSHURQRVDEHUTXHH[LVWR (QHOPRPHQWRHQTXHWRPRFRQFLHQFLDGH PLSURSLRH[LVWLUSXHGRGDUFXHQWDGHOPXQGR PHGLDQWHHOSHQVDPLHQWR´ ³$WUDYpVGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVDSUHQGt TXHODFLHQFLDPRGHUQDHVXQSURGXFWRGH ODKLVWRULDTXHWDOYH]QRKDEUtDH[LVWLGR VLQODUD]yQGH(VWDGRĨ4XpWLHQHTXHYHU FRQODELRORJtD\HOFLFORGH.UHEV"4XHFRQ HO SURFHVR GH DXWRQRPL]DFLyQ GH OD SRĥ OtWLFD VH VHSDUy OD FLHQFLD GH OD UHOLJLyQ \ OD ¿ORVRItD (O GHVDUUROOR GH OD FLHQFLD PRGHUQDQRSXHGHHQWHQGHUVHVLQODVWUDQVĥ IRUPDFLRQHVSROtWLFDVUHOLJLRVDV¿ORVy¿FDV GH ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV (VR OR DSUHQGt DTXtHQOD)DFXOWDG3RUHVRHVWR\FRQYHQĥ FLGRGHTXHHVWiQLQLFLDQGRXQDDYHQWXUD LQWHOHFWXDO IDVFLQDQWH /RV IHOLFLWR 6RQ DKRUDPLHPEURVGHHVWDFRPXQLGDG´ 3RUVXSDUWH&DOL[WRQDUUyDOJXQDVGH VXVH[SHULHQFLDVDVXSDVRSRUHOSODQWHO GRQGH DGHODQWy D ORV DOXPQRV WHQGUiQ ODSRVLELOLGDGGHFDSWXUDUXQDSUHQGL]DMH LQDJRWDEOH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH GLVIUXWDU \ GHVRxDU$xDGLyTXHODUNAM\OD)DFXOWDG VRQXQDHVSHFLHGHWLHUUDSURPHWLGDHQOD FXDOORVHVWXGLDQWHVWLHQHQHOSULYLOHJLRGH LQWHUFDPELDULGHDV\GHEDWLUFRQVXVSURSLRV FRPSDxHURVSHURWDPELpQFRQGRFHQWHV GHJUDQQLYHOLQWHOHFWXDO (QHOHQFXHQWURWDPELpQSDUWLFLSDURQ ODV SURIHVRUDV &ODXGLD %RGHN VHFUHWDULD JHQHUDOGHOSODQWHO&RQVXHOR'iYLODMHID GHOD'LYLVLyQGH(VWXGLRV3URIHVLRQDOHV\ /RXUGHV'XUiQMHIDGHO6LVWHPD8QLYHUVLGDG $ELHUWD\(GXFDFLyQD'LVWDQFLDĪSUA\EDī $GHPiV VH RIUHFLy D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV XQPHQVDMHGHELHQYHQLGDYtDYLGHRSRU SDUWH GHO GRFWRU -RVp 1DUUR UHFWRU GH OD UNAM DVt FRPR XQDV SDODEUDV GH UHFLELĥ PLHQWRGH$UWXUR*DUFtDGHOD&RRUGLQDĥ FLyQGH'LIXVLyQ&XOWXUDOGHODLQVWLWXFLyQ \GHORVDOXPQRVTXHVHGHVHPSHxDQFRPR FRQVHMHURVXQLYHUVLWDULRV )LQDOPHQWHORVFRRUGLQDGRUHVGHFDUUHUD EULQGDURQ FKDUODV LQIRUPDWLYDV HQ ODV TXH GHVWDFDURQ TXH FRQ OD DFWXDO JHQHUDFLyQ VH SRQHQ HQ PDUFKD ORV QXHYRV SODQHV \ SURJUDPDV GH HVWXGLR GH ODV FXDWUR OLFHQĥ FLDWXUDVTXHVHLPSDUWHQHQOD)DFXOWDGD WUDYpVGHORVFXDOHVVHRIUHFHXQDIRUPDFLyQ FUtWLFD FRQ XQD EDVH WHyULFD \ SUiFWLFD HQULTXHFLGD GHVGH OD PXOWLGLVFLSOLQD SXHV HOREMHWLYRQRVyORHVIRUPDUSURIHVLRQDOHV VLQRYHUGDGHURVFLHQWt¿FRVVRFLDOHV Universidad Abierta: arduo trabajo y disciplina 'HVSXpVGHSUR\HFWDUXQEUHYHYLGHRTXH VLUYLyFRPRLQWURGXFLyQDODKLVWRULD\DFĥ WXDOLGDGGHOD)DFXOWDGDVtFRPRORVREMHWLYRV \PLVLyQGHFDGDXQDGHODVFDUUHUDVTXHVH LPSDUWHQHQHOSODQWHO)HUQDQGR&DVWDxHGD HQFDEH]y OD FHUHPRQLD GH ELHQYHQLGD D DOXPQRVGHQXHYRLQJUHVRDOSUA\ED. (QHOHYHQWR/RXUGHV'XUiQMHIDGH OD'LYLVLyQH[SOLFyDORVQRYHOHVHVWXGLDQWHV TXHLQJUHVDQDXQVLVWHPDLQQRYDGRUTXH FUHy HQ 3DEOR *RQ]iOH] &DVDQRYD SULPHURGLUHFWRUGHOD)DFXOWDG\GHVSXpV UHFWRU GH OD UNAM ³HQ VH HVWDEOHFH el SUAHQHOSODQWHODOXPQRVHQWUDQDOD FDUUHUDODJHQHUDFLyQDFWXDOHVGHPiVGH DOXPQRV SDUD HO 6LVWHPD $ELHUWR +DFLD HODxROD8QLYHUVLGDGSLHQVDTXHHV WDPELpQLPSRUWDQWHFUHDUXQVLVWHPDTXH OOHYHODUNAMDPiVOXJDUHV\VHFUHDOD(GXĥ FDFLyQ D 'LVWDQFLD TXH DKRUD FXHQWD FRQ PiVGHFXDWURPLODOXPQRV´ 'XUiQLQGLFyTXHOD'LYLVLyQQRVyOR KDFUHFLGRFXDQWLWDWLYDVLQRWDPELpQFXDĥ OLWDWLYDPHQWHFRVDTXHDVXSDUHFHUVHKD KHFKRJUDFLDVDORVHVWXGLDQWHVTXH³VRQHO REMHWLYRGHWRGRORTXHKDFHPRVWRGRVORV GtDVĦQRVHFUHDQTXHVyORYHQLPRVORVViĥ EDGRVHVWDPRVGHOXQHVDYLHUQHVĦSXHVKD\ PXFKRTXpKDFHUSDUDTXHXVWHGHVSXHGDQ OOHJDUDHVWD8QLYHUVLGDG(OFRPSURPLVR HVGHQRVRWURVSHURWDPELpQGHXVWHGHV´ 5HVSHFWR D ORV UHWRV TXH FRQOOHYD HO HVWXGLRWDQWRHQHO6LVWHPD$ELHUWRFRPR HQOD(GXFDFLyQD'LVWDQFLDSLGLyTXH³QR FUHDQ TXH HV XQ VLVWHPD PiV VHQFLOOR /HVWHQJRXQDPDODQRWLFLDHQUHDOLGDGHV PiVFRPSOHMRSRUTXHUHTXLHUHGHXVWHGHVXQ DUGXR WUDEDMR GH DXWRUHJXODFLyQ GH GLVFLĥ SOLQDSURSLDSDUDHVWXGLDU1RVHWUDWDGH TXHQDGDPiVYHQJDQHOViEDGR\FXPSODQ FRQODVWXWRUtDVVLQRTXHVHRUJDQLFHQGH OXQHVDYLHUQHV\OOHJXHQELHQSUHSDUDGRV KDELHQGRHVWXGLDGR\OHtGR´ (QODPLVPDPHGLGDDSUHPLyTXH³DSURĥ YHFKHQDVXVDVHVRUHVH[SHUWRVHQODViUHDV TXHLPSDUWHQSRUHVRHVPX\LPSRUWDQWHTXH YHQJDQ\UHFLEDQHOEDJDMHWHyULFRTXHOHV GpODSRVLELOLGDGGHVHUFLHQWt¿FRVVRFLDOHV\ KDFHUGHHVWHSDtVXQRPHMRU´ $FRQWLQXDFLyQSUHVHQWyDORVFRRUGLĥ QDGRUHVGHFDGDFDUUHUDDVtFRPRDODVVHFUHĥ WDULDVWpFQLFD,OHDQDGHOD&UX]\DFDGpPLFD 6DVKDGH6LOYD\DORVFRRUGLQDGRUHVGH(GXĥ FDFLyQD'LVWDQFLD<DVPtQ5REOHV\GH,Qĥ QRYDFLyQ(GXFDWLYD*XVWDYR$QGUDGH 3RU~OWLPR\GDQGRPXHVWUDGHSOXUDĥ OLGDGORVWLWXODUHVLQYLWDURQDXQFKLFR\ FKLFDGHFDGDFDUUHUDSDUDHQWRQDUODSULPHUD GoyaGHODJHQHUDFLyQ Visita guiada. Foto: Myriam Corte. 19 El discurso sociológico, el más audaz de la modernidad: Fernando Castañeda Leticia Martínez P DUDHQWHQGHUTXpHVODVRFLRORJtDPRGHUQD HV QHFHVDULR UHYLVDU ODV FRQWLQXLGDGHV \UXSWXUDVGHODWHRUtDVREUHODVRFLHGDGXQ GLVFXUVRTXHDOWHQHUFRPRHMHHOHVWXGLR GHOVXMHWRHQVXFRQWH[WRVRFLDOLQYROXFUD XQDHQRUPHFRPSOHMLGDG\VHXELFDFRPR HOPiVDXGD]GHODPRGHUQLGDG$VtORD¿UPy )HUQDQGR&DVWDxHGDGLUHFWRUGHOD)DFXOWDG DOGLFWDUODFODVHLQDXJXUDOGHODFDUUHUDGH VRFLRORJtDGHOFLFORHVFRODUĥ /R DFRPSDxDURQ $UWXUR &KiYH] FRRUĥ GLQDGRUGHO&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV6RFLROyJLFRV ĪCESī OD VHFUHWDULD JHQHUDO GH OD )DFXOWDG &ODXGLD%RGHNODFRQVHMHUDWpFQLFD'DQLHOD )ORUHV\HOFRQVHMHURXQLYHUVLWDULR*XVWDYR 5RMDVWRGRVVRFLyORJRV /D VRFLRORJtD HV XQ SHQVDPLHQWR FUtWLFR DFHUFDGHORTXHSDVDHQHOiPELWRVRFLDO XQDUHÀH[LyQHQFDPLQDGDDORJUDUODFRPĥ SUHQVLyQ FDEDO GHO PXQGR LQVWDXUDU FDPELRV \ REVHUYDU GH TXp PDQHUD XQD VRFLHGDGHVFDSD]GHHQIUHQWDUUHWRVIXQĥ GDPHQWDOHV\SUREOHPDVWDQVHULRVFRPR ORVDFWXDOHVSUHFLVy&DVWDxHGD (QHOPDUFRGHXQDVRFLHGDGWDQFRPĥ SOHMDVXFRPSUHQVLyQLPSOLFDXQRGHORV PiVJUDQGHVGHVDItRVLQWHOHFWXDOHVDEXQGy ³7RFDDORVHVWXGLDQWHVGHKR\KDFHUIUHQWH D GLFKD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG HVD YRFDFLyQ GH TXHUHU SHQVDU LQWHUSUHWDU GHVFLIUDU FRPĥ SUHQGHU\H[SOLFDUODUHDOLGDGVRFLDOHVOR TXHORVOOHYDUiDFRQYHUWLUVHHQVRFLyORJRV ,QWHQWDUUHVSRQGHUDP~OWLSOHVSUHJXQWDV HQXQPXQGRTXHSDUHFHQRWHQHUVHQWLGR DQDOL]DUDORVDFWRUHVKXPDQRVHQXQHQWRUQR WDQFRPSOLFDGRFRPRHODFWXDO\GHIHQGHU HOGLVFXUVRVRFLROyJLFRVHUiQODVDULVWDVGHVX TXHKDFHUSURIHVLRQDO´ Abriendo caminos a la profesionalización del mercado laboral Juncia Avilés L XJDUSULYLOHJLDGRGXUDQWHODVDFWLYLGDGHV GH ELHQYHQLGD DO VHPHVWUH ĥ WXYR OD FHUHPRQLD SDUD UHFLELU D OD SULPHUD JHQHUDFLyQGHO3URJUDPDÓQLFRGH(VSHĥ FLDOL]DFLyQHQ&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV\6RFLDOHV SUHVLGLGDSRU)HUQDQGR&DVWDxHGDGLUHFWRU GH OD )DFXOWDG &ODXGLD %RGHN VHFUHWDULD JHQHUDO5REHUWR3HxDMHIHGHOD'LYLVLyQ GH(VWXGLRVGH3RVJUDGRDVtFRPR/DXUD +HUQiQGH]VHFUHWDULDDFDGpPLFD$UWHPLR $EDUFD GH9LQFXODFLyQ 5RFtR 2OLYDUHV GH6HUYLFLRV(VFRODUHV\)HOLSH3R]RGH ,QWHUQDFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHHVWDHQWLGDG (OREMHWLYRGHOSURJUDPDH[SOLFy&DVĥ WDxHGDHVDEULUXQDRSFLyQGLIHUHQWHGH SRVJUDGRHQODFXDOVHIDYRUH]FDHOGHVDUUROOR GH KDELOLGDGHV \ FRPSHWHQFLDV HVSHFt¿FDV SDUD HO WUDEDMR ³VH WUDWD GH XQ SUR\HFWR PX\LPSRUWDQWHSXHVDEUHXQFDPLQRGLIHĥ UHQWHGHOTXHKDEtDVHJXLGROD)DFXOWDGHV SURGXFWRGHODVUHÀH[LRQHV\HOVHJXLPLHQWR GHHJUHVDGRV\HOPHUFDGRODERUDO´ 'HDFXHUGRFRQORVUHVXOWDGRVGHGLFKR VHJXLPLHQWRFRQWLQXyORVHJUHVDGRVUHĥ FLHQWHVFDPELDQPiVGHHPSOHRTXHTXLHĥ QHVVDOLHURQGHOD)DFXOWDGKDFHDxRV ³ODUHODFLyQFRQHOPHUFDGRHVFDPELDQWH\OD IRUPDGHHQIUHQWDUORWDPELpQ(VSHUDPRV TXHODVQXHYDVKDELOLGDGHVOHVD\XGHQ\OHV DEUDQFDPLQRVWDQWRHQODWLWXODFLyQFRPR HQHOiPELWRODERUDO´ $GHPiVGHDJUDGHFHUDORVSURIHVRUHV TXHFRODERUDURQHQHOGLVHxR\SODQHDFLyQ GHODVHVSHFLDOL]DFLRQHVWDPELpQIHOLFLWyDORV DOXPQRVTXHYXHOYHQDVtDVXalma máter \ORVLQYLWyDTXHVHLQVHUWHQHQWRGRVORV Claudia Bodek, Fernando Castañeda, Roberto Peña y Rocío Olivares. Foto: Juncia Avilés. 20 DVSHFWRVGHODYLGDXQLYHUVLWDULD³YLYDQHVD H[SHULHQFLD~QLFDTXHHVODUNAM´ 6XEUD\y TXH ³DEULPRV HVWH SURJUDPD FRQPXFKRHQWXVLDVPR\WRGRVORVUHFXUVRV GLVSRQLEOHV(VSHUDPRVTXHVHFRQYLHUWD HQXQVRSRUWH\OHVD\XGHDXELFDU\GHVDĥ UUROODUORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVTXHOHVUHTXLHUH HOPHUFDGRGHWUDEDMR´ 5REHUWR3HxDSRUVXSDUWHLQGLFyTXHHQ ODSODQHDFLyQGHFDGDHVSHFLDOLGDGVHOOHYyD FDER XQ DQiOLVLV QDFLRQDO H LQWHUQDFLRQDO UHVSHFWRDORVFRQWHQLGRV\SHU¿OHVSURIHĥ VLRQDOHVTXHUHTXLHUHQHVWXGLRVVLPLODUHV HQRWUDVXQLYHUVLGDGHV(OSURJUDPDEXVFD IRUPDUH[SHUWRVFDSDFHVGHGLDJQRVWLFDU SUREOHPDVGHODVRFLHGDG\SURSRUFLRQDU VROXFLRQHVHQHOPDUFRGHODVFLHQFLDVSROtWLĥ FDV\VRFLDOHVDVtFRPRDFWXDOL]DUHOTXHKDFHU SURIHVLRQDO3DUDHOORHVWHDxRVHDEULHURQ FLQFRHVSHFLDOLGDGHV$QiOLVLV3ROtWLFR1Hĥ JRFLDFLyQ\JHVWLyQGHFRQÀLFWRVSROtWLFRV\ VRFLDOHV&RPXQLFDFLyQ\FDPSDxDVSROtWLFDV 6HJXULGDGS~EOLFD\2SLQLyQS~EOLFD 3HxD VHxDOy TXH GH FDQGLGDWRV DO SURJUDPDVHLQWHJUDURQFLQFRJUXSRVGH DOXPQRVTXHUHDOL]DUiQVXVHVWXGLRVGXUDQWH GRVVHPHVWUHVHQORVTXHVHFXUVDUiQ PDWHULDVRFKRREOLJDWRULDV\GRVRSWDWLYDV &RQODPLVPDHVWUXFWXUDODVFLQFRHVSHĥ FLDOLGDGHVFXEUHQWUHVUXEURVIRUPDFLyQ PHWRGROyJLFDHQWUHQDPLHQWRSURIHVLRQDO \SURIXQGL]DFLyQGHFRQRFLPLHQWRV $ORVQRYHOHVHVWXGLDQWHVORVFRQPLQy DTXHFRPRSULPHUDJHQHUDFLyQ³DVXPDQHO FRPSURPLVRGHFRQWULEXLUDHVWHSRVJUDGR GH DOWR QLYHO DFDGpPLFR TXH VH PDQWHQJD SRUPXFKRWLHPSRHVWiHQXVWHGHV´ Tesis correctas y equivocadas sobre la realidad latinoamericana Juncia Avilés F XHXQDxRSDUDGLJPiWLFRGHHQRUPHYLWDĥ OLGDGVRFLDOSDUD$PpULFD/DWLQD(Q VH SXEOLFDURQ GRV REUDV IXQGDPHQWDOHV SDUDODVRFLRORJtDPH[LFDQDLa democracia en MéxicoGH3DEOR*RQ]iOH]&DVDQRYD\ Siete tesis equivocadas sobre América Latina GH5RGROIR6WDYHQKDJHQ³/RVGRVpUDPRV DPLJRVGHVGHWLHPSRDQWHVFXDQGRpUDPRV HVWXGLDQWHV´QDUUyHOH[UHFWRUGHODUNAM GXUDQWH HO ³'LiORJR PDJLVWUDO VREUH ODV SHUVSHFWLYDVODWLQRDPHULFDQDV´TXHFHUUy HO VHPLQDULR LQWHUQDFLRQDO A 50 años de las siete tesis: nuevas miradas tras medio siglo de la publicación de las Siete tesis equivocadas sobre América Latina. ³5RGROIR SXEOLFDED XQD UHYLVWD VREUH $PpULFD /DWLQD SHUR UHWLUy RWUR DUWtFXOR TXHKDEODEDVREUHHOFRORQLDOLVPRLQWHUQR SDUDLQFOXLUHOPtR$VtQDFLyHOFRQFHSWRTXH VHUH¿HUHDODIRUPDGHGRPLQLRPiVLPSRUĥ WDQWHGHODQWLJXRPXQGRFRORQLDOQRVyOR ODWLQRDPHULFDQR´ SURVLJXLy *RQ]iOH] &DVDQRYDTXLHQVRVWXYRTXH³HOFRQWH[WR HQTXHQDFLHURQODVSiete tesisLQÀX\yHQHO FRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV´ 5HVSHFWRDOFRORQLDOLVPRLQWHUQRFRQĥ VLGHUyTXHODREUDDERUGyXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFD GHXQDVRFLHGDGD~QPX\UDFLVWD\FRQHQRUĥ PHV SUREOHPDV GH GLVFULPLQDFLyQ KDFLD OD SREODFLyQ LQGtJHQD ³HO WH[WR WXYR JUDQ p[LWRHQWUHDQWURSyORJRV\VHFRQYLUWLyHQ DUPDSDUDORVFDPSHVLQRVUHYROXFLRQDULRV´ )LQDOPHQWHVRVWXYRTXHTXHGDXQWUDEDMR DIXWXURGHVDUUROODUODVSiete tesis válidas sobre América Latina. $OWRPDUODSDODEUD5RGROIR6WDYHQKDJHQ DJUDGHFLyD)UDQFLVFR=DSDWDGLUHFWRUGH(O &ROHJLRGH0p[LFRĪ&ROPH[ī)HUQDQGR&DVĥ WDxHGDGHQXHVWURSODQWHO)UDQFLVFR9DOGpV GHOD)DFXOWDG/DWLQRDPHULFDQDGH&LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHVĪFLACSOī\$UWXUR$OYDUDGRWLWXODU GHO &HQWUR GH (VWXGLRV 6RFLROyJLFRV GHO &ROPH[SRUFRRUGLQDUODVMRUQDGDV 6WDYHQKDJHQ FRLQFLGLy FRQ VX ³DPLJR PDHVWUR\PHQWRU´3DEOR*RQ]iOH]&DVDĥ QRYDHQTXHFDGDXQRHVFULELySRUVXODGR ODLGHDGHOFRORQLDOLVPRLQWHUQRSHURFRQ IXHQWHVGLVWLQWDV³ODPtDHUDODOHFWXUDGH WUDEDMRVVREUHHOHVWDGRQDFLRQDOIUDQFpV TXHVHYDIRUPDQGRPHGLDQWHODUHODFLyQGH ORV UHLQRV HXURSHRV (O YtQFXOR FHQWURĥ SHULIHULDVHKDEtDYLVWRWDPELpQHQ/DWLĥ QRDPpULFD (O FRQFHSWR GH FRORQLDOLVPR LQWHUQR HQWUy DO OHQJXDMH FLHQWt¿FR \ DxRVGHVSXpVVLJXHDKt´ 5HFDOFyTXHVXVWHVLVFRUULHURQFRQVXHUĥ WHWDOYH]SRUTXH³SXEOLTXpHQHOSHULyGLFR El día \ QR HQ UHYLVWDV HVSHFLDOL]DGDV SDUD GLVFXWLUHOWHPDFRQS~EOLFRHQJHQHUDO´ 6REUHODKLVWRULDLQWHOHFWXDOGHVXIDPRVR WH[WR H[SOLFy TXH VXUJLy GHO ³FRFWHO GH FRUULHQWHVGHSHQVDPLHQWR\DFFLyQ´TXHHUD CLACSO OD ENAH \ OD 8QHVFR HQ GRQGH OR HVWLPXODURQ D OHHU WH[WRV DFDGpPLFRV TXH DQDOL]DEDQ OD UHDOLGDG ODWLQRDPHULFDQD ³UHVXOWDGRGHHOORPHDYHQWXUpDHVFULELU PLVSURSLDVLGHDVHQXQ¿QGHVHPDQD\ HOOXQHVVHODVOOHYpDPLVDPLJRV´ 6WDYHQKDJHQ LQGLFy OD DFWXDOLGDG GH OD OHFWXUD PDU[LVWD GH VX WH[WR SXHV ³DOJXQRV GHEDWHVVHH[WLQJXLHURQSHURODOXFKDVHPDQĥ WLHQHHQSLHFRPRHMHPSOL¿FDQ6DQ4XLQWtQ RORVSXHEORVLQGtJHQDVTXHVHHQIUHQWDQDO (VWDGRTXHTXLHUHH[SURSLDUVXVELHQHV´ 3HQVDGRDVtUHÀH[LRQy³HOFRQWH[WRGHODV Siete tesis HFKDXQDPLUDGDDXQD$PpULFD /DWLQDHQHEXOOLFLyQSHURFRQXQDYLVLyQ SRVLWLYDGHOIXWXURFRVDTXH\DQRVHSXHGH KDFHUKR\´$OUHVSHFWRRSLQyTXH³VLELHQ DOJXQRV VH SUHRFXSDQ SRU KDEODU GH XQD FULVLV FLYLOL]DWRULD R XQ ¿Q GH pSRFD VLQ VDEHUFXiOVHUiODHWDSDVLJXLHQWHVRQPiV SUHRFXSDQWHVODVRSFLRQHVTXHQRVGHMD ODGHVWUXFFLyQDPELHQWDO´ (O KRPHQDMHDGR FXHVWLRQy HO UHSRVLĥ FLRQDPLHQWRGH$PpULFD/DWLQDDODOX]GH QXHYRVHQIRTXHVPHWRGROyJLFRVDVtFRPR HOVXUJLPLHQWRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVHQGyJHQRV H[SXHVWRVDO³SHOLJURGHXQDHVWUXFWXUDDFDĥ GpPLFD FRQWURODGD SRU HYDOXDGRUHV EXUyĥ FUDWDV\decisores´(QHVWHHVFHQDULRLQGLFy ³VH YH XQD QXHYD LPDJHQ VRFLRSROtWLFD HQ $PpULFD/DWLQDGRQGHODFODVHFRQYHUWLGD HQIHWLFKHVHFXHVWUyORVGHEDWHVODWLQRDPHĥ ULFDQRV SHUR OD GHVFHQWUDOL]DFLyQ KD DSRUĥ WDGR D OD DPQHVLD GH ORV PLVPRV´ eVWRV VXEUD\y KDQ FRQWULEXLGR D OD GHVFRQWH[ĥ WXDOL]DFLyQGHOKDEODGHORVVXEDOWHUQRV 3DUDFHUUDUVXSDUWLFLSDFLyQRSLQyTXH ORV FRPSOLFDGRV WHPDV GH GHVLJXDOGDG GHVHPSOHR HVFDVH] GH DJXD \ ELHQHV PiV TXHFXDOTXLHURWURPRPHQWRGHVSXpVGHOD VHJXQGDJXHUUDPXQGLDOUHTXLHUHQUHVSXHVWDV TXHQRWRPDUiQHQVHULRODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHV PXOWL\WUDQVQDFLRQDOHV³Ĩ4XpKDFHU"1HFHĥ VLWDPRVFRQÀXLU\HQUHGDUQRVFRQWRGRVORV TXHWUDEDMDQFRWLGLDQDPHQWHSDUDGHVHVĥ WDELOL]DUODVFHUWH]DVGHORLQHYLWDEOH´ /DKLVWRULDODWLQRDPHULFDQDGHORV~Oĥ WLPRV DxRV HVWi FRPSXHVWD GH RWURV PXQGRV SRVLEOHV TXH QR VH KDQ SRGLGR UHDOL]DUFRQWLQXy3HURHQHVWRVDxRVKD VXUJLGR XQD QXHYD VRFLHGDG FLYLO FX\R SOHQR SRWHQFLDO GH DFFLyQ D~Q HV GLItFLO GHGHVFLIUDU³(VSHURTXHWRGDYtDPHWRTXH HVFULELUODVSiete tesis correctas con que América Latina ha logrado liberarse en el siglo XXI6L \RQRORKDJRORKDUiQXVWHGHV´ 3DEOR *RQ]iOH] &DVDQRYD DSURYHFKy HQWRQFHVSDUDUHYLUDUTXHHQODDFWXDOFULĥ VLVFLYLOL]DWRULD³ODPiVSURIXQGDSRUVHUOD WHUPLQDO GHO VLVWHPD FDSLWDOLVWD PXQGLDO´ $PpULFD /DWLQD WLHQH HO SUR\HFWR OLEHUDĥ GRUPiVDYDQ]DGRDQLYHOPXQGLDO³HVWiHQ &XED\HQOD/DFDQGRQDHVFLHUWR\KD\TXH HVWXGLDUORVPRYLPLHQWRVTXHYDQDPRYHU DOPXQGRHQTXHXVWHGHVYDQDYLYLU´ Pablo González Casanova y Rodolfo Stavenhagen. Foto: Juncia Avilés. 21 “Gracias por no tirarme huevos” Elías Lozada “ /RV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV QR VRQ ULTXH]D FRPR WDO OD LQWHOLJHQFLD HV OD YHUGDGHUD ULTXH]D GH OD KXPDQLGDG 6L HO KRPEUH QRWXYLHUDODLQWHOLJHQFLDSDUDH[SORWDUORV UHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVHOSHWUyOHRORVKLGURĥ FDUEXURVODHQHUJtDVRODU\HyOLFDHVWDUtDQ DOOtFRPRDQWHVGHOD5HYROXFLyQ,QGXVWULDO VLQVHUYLUSDUDQDGD´VHxDOyHOHFRQRPLVWD DUJHQWLQR $JXVWtQ (WFKHEDUQH SURIHVRU GHO,QVWLWXWR8QLYHUVLWDULRESEADE\GHOD 8QLYHUVLGDGGH%HOJUDQR &RPRSUHiPEXORDVXSRQHQFLDEl capiĦ talismo como antídoto de la pobrezaHQODTXH VHSURSXVRFRQWHVWDUFXiOHVODQDWXUDOH]D\ ODFDXVDGHODULTXH]DGHODVQDFLRQHVHO LQYLWDGR SDUDIUDVHy D 7KRPDV +REEHV ³ODYLGDGHOKRPEUHHQHOHVWDGRQDWXUDOHUD VROLWDULDSREUHIHDEUXWDO\EUHYH&RQOD OOHJDGDGHOFDSLWDOLVPRODYLGDGHOKRPEUH FDPELySDUDELHQ´ 3URFHGLy HQWRQFHV D KDFHU XQ EUHYH UHSDVR KLVWyULFR FRQ HO ¿Q GH GHPRVWUDU TXHHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHODSREODFLyQPXQGLDO \VXGHVDUUROORHVWiQtQWLPDPHQWHOLJDGRVD OD KLVWRULD HYROXWLYD GH OD WHFQRORJtD ³HO Agustín Etchebarne. Foto: Myriam Corte. 22 KRPEUHLQYHQWyODLUULJDFLyQ\ODDJULFXOĥ WXUD GHVSXpV OD PHWDOXUJLD OD HVFULWXUD ODVPDWHPiWLFDVHOSHQVDPLHQWRJULHJR\ URPDQRODUHYROXFLyQLQGXVWULDOGHOVLJOR XVIII\ODLQIRUPiWLFDHQHOVLJORXX´ 0iVD~QVXEUD\yODVIRUPDVHQTXHOD WHFQRORJtD KD PHMRUDGR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GHH[LVWHQFLDGHIRUPDH[SRQHQFLDOHQORV ~OWLPRV DxRV ³OD HVSHUDQ]D GH YLGD KDFHGRVVLJORVHUDGHDxRVKR\HQSURĥ PHGLRHVGH(QVHQHFHVLWDEDQ VHLV KRUDV GH WUDEDMR SDUD JHQHUDU XQD GHOX]SDUDORTXHKR\VHUHTXLHUHPHGLR VHJXQGR<HOKDPEUHWDPELpQEDMyHQ HOİGHODSREODFLyQPXQGLDOODSDGHFtDHQ HVDFLIUDGLVPLQX\yDOİSHVHDTXH KR\VRPRVPiVGHPLOPLOORQHVGHSHUVRQDV HQHOSODQHWD0XFKDJHQWHFULWLFDORVJUDQRV KtEULGRV\ODDJURLQGXVWULDSHURORVHFRĥ ORJLVWDV QR SLHQVDQ HQ FXiQWDV SHUVRQDV QRPXHUHQGHKDPEUHJUDFLDVDODWHFQRORJtD HQODDJULFXOWXUD´UHLWHUy 3DUD (WFKHEDUQH HO SUREOHPD UDGLFD HQTXHVHKDFRPEDWLGRPDOODSREUH]D³OD MXVWLFLD VRFLDO DSXHVWD SRU OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GHOLQJUHVR\HODVLVWHQFLDOLVPRVLQHPEDUJR HVWRQRHVXQDVROXFLyQDOFRQWUDULRHVHO LQLFLR GHO FtUFXOR YLFLRVR GH OD SREUH]D SXHV QR VH GHEHQ UHJDODU SHVFDGRV VLQR HQVHxDU D SHVFDU 6R\ SDUWLGDULR GH XQD DOWHUQDWLYDOLEHUDOFRQXQDYLVLyQDQWURSRĥ OyJLFDGHOKXPDQRFRPRXQKRPEUHOLEUH \ SRVHHGRU GH YROXQWDG \ UD]yQ (O VXMHWR WLHQHODYROXQWDGGHVDOLUGHODSREUH]DODUDĥ ]yQTXHHVHOGLVFHUQLPLHQWRRODLQWHOLJHQĥ FLDHVODKHUUDPLHQWDSDUDVDOLUGHODPLVPD´ (WFKHEDUQHHQXPHUyVLHWHSDVRVSDUD ³FXUDU´ODSREUH]DHGXFDFLyQ\WHFQRORJtD FDSDFLWDFLyQ GHVUHJXODFLyQ LQIUDHVWUXFĥ WXUD \ FRPXQLFDFLyQ PLFUR¿QDQ]DV UHĥ GXFFLyQ GH LPSXHVWRV \ OLEUH FRPHUFLR ³1R TXLHUR OODPDUOR FDSLWDOLVPR SHUR Vt HQIDWL]DU TXH OD SREUH]D VH KD UHGXFLGR SRUHOOLEUHFRPHUFLR\HOOLEHUDOLVPRHFRĥ QyPLFR1RHQWLHQGRSRUHMHPSORTXHHQ PLSDtVVHKD\DUHJUHVDGRDSROtWLFDVSURĥ WHFFLRQLVWDVFXDQGRKDFHDxRVpUDPRV XQRGHORVPiVGHVDUUROODGRVGHOPXQGRFRQ HOSUHWH[WRGHGHIHQGHUODVREHUDQtD\ORV UHFXUVRV QDFLRQDOHV VH SHUGLy HO UXPER QXHVWUDPLUDGDHVWDEDHQ(XURSD\(VWDGRV 8QLGRVSHURDKRUDQRV¿MDPRVHLPLWDPRV ORTXHKDFH9HQH]XHOD´ 7UDV VX SRQHQFLD KXER XQD VHVLyQ GH SUHJXQWDV\UHVSXHVWDVGRQGHVHOHFXHVĥ WLRQyVLODYLROHQFLD\GHVLJXDOGDGHOQDUĥ FRWUi¿FR \ HO GHWHULRUR DPELHQWDO ORV FLQWXURQHV GH PLVHULD HQ ODV FLXGDGHV \ ODVFULVLVHFRQyPLFDVVHSRGtDQFRQVLGHUDU YLFLRV\GHIHFWRVGHOFDSLWDOLVPR $ORTXHUHVSRQGLy³ODSREUH]DKDGLVĥ PLQXLGRODGHVLJXDOGDGHVPtQLPDHQWUH HOTXHJDQD\GyODUHVGLDULRVTXHHVOD PD\RUtD \ HO TXH JDQD PLOORQHV QR YLYH PX\ GLIHUHQWH D ORV RWURV HO SUREOHPD GHOQDUFRWUi¿FRVHUHVXHOYHOHJDOL]DQGRODV GURJDV\DTXHHQWUDUtDDOOLEUHFRPHUFLR OHJDOVtKD\FRQWDPLQDFLyQSHURQLHQ DxRV QRV DFDEDUHPRV HO SODQHWD HV DEĥ VXUGRSUHRFXSDUVHSRUTXpFRPHUHPRV HQXQVLJORVLQRWHQHPRVFRPLGDDKRUD 0RQVDQWRKDKHFKRXQDODERUHVSHFWDFXODU HQFRQWUDGHODSREUH]DDO)RQGR0RQHWDULR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO\HO%DQFR0XQGLDOVHOHV VDWDQL]D SHUR VRQ HOORV ORV TXH PiV KDQ FRQWULEXLGRSDUDHUUDGLFDUODSREUH]DHQHO PXQGR´&RPRFLHUUHFHOHEUyVXLQYLWDFLyQ D OD UNAM \ UHFRQRFLy DO S~EOLFR FRQ XQ VLPSiWLFR³JUDFLDVSRUQRWLUDUPHKXHYRV´ El cerebro del equipo de investigación de Aristegui Elías Lozada “ 7HUPLQp OD FDUUHUD GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ HQODFES$FDWOiQDQWHVGHFRQWLQXDUFRQOD PDHVWUtDPHGLGRVPHVHVGHYDFDFLRQHV HQORVTXHWUDEDMpHQXQSHULyGLFR6HFRQĥ YLUWLHURQHQPiVGHDxRV<RTXHUtDHVWDU HQODDFDGHPLDSHURWHUPLQpGHUHSRUWHUR´ QDUUyFRPRLQWURGXFFLyQ'DQLHO/L]iUUDJD SHULRGLVWDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\MHIHGHLQIRUĥ PDFLyQ GHO HTXLSR GH &DUPHQ$ULVWHJXL GXUDQWH OD WHUFHUD VHVLyQ GH OD Jornada Periodismo de InvestigaciónRUJDQL]DGDSRUOD &RPXQLGDG8QLYHUVLWDULDGH3HULRGLVWDV(Vĥ SHFLDOL]DGRVĪCUPEī\HO&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV HQ&LHQFLDVGHOD&RPXQLFDFLyQĪCECCī /L]iUUDJD HQFDEH]y OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHOD&DVD%ODQFDTXHSXVRDOGHVFXELHUWRHO FRQÀLFWRGHLQWHUHVHVHQWUHHOSUHVLGHQWH (QULTXH 3HxD 1LHWR VX HVSRVD $QJpOLFD 5LYHUD \ OD LQPRELOLDULD +LJD $GHPiV GLULJLyODVLQGDJDFLRQHVGHO&DVR0RQH[HO DXPHQWR SDWULPRQLDO GH )HOLSH &DOGHUyQ ODVLUUHJXODULGDGHVHQODH[SORVLyQHQHO KRVSLWDOGH&XDMLPDOSDHQWUHRWUDV ³+D\TXHGLVWLQJXLUHQWUHHOSHULRGLVPR GH GHQXQFLD \ HO GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ OD ¿Oĥ WUDFLyQ QR HV LQGDJDFLyQ eVWD OD UHDOL]D HOSHULRGLVWD\QRODMXVWLFLDQLODSROLFtDQL SDUWLFXODUHVLQWHUHVDGRV´DSXQWy (O H[WUDEDMDGRU GH MVS DJUHJy TXH SHVHDTXHHQ(VWDGRV8QLGRVDOSHULRGLVPR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VH OH OODPD GH 6HJXQGR *UDGR HQ 6XGDPpULFD VH FRQVLGHUD GH /DUJR$OLHQWR ³(Q pO SRGHPRV HQFRQWUDU FXDWURFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHVXQWUDEDMRTXHVH HODERUDGHVHLVPHVHVHQDGHODQWHODLQIRUĥ PDFLyQTXHVHEXVFDQXQFDHVWiDODYLVWD VHGHEHYHQFHUODUHVLVWHQFLDGHSHUVRQDVR LQVWLWXFLRQHVSDUDHQFRQWUDUOD\VLHPSUH UHTXLHUHXQDEXHQDSODQHDFLyQ´ $GHPiV GH VHxDODU TXH VX WUDEDMR VH UHDOL]DPHMRUFRQXQDPHWRGRORJtDHVWUXFĥ WXUDOLVWD TXH SHUPLWD ³RUGHQDU HO FDRV´ \ HQWHQGHUHOLPSDFWRVRFLDOGHODSXEOLFDFLyQ VRVWXYRTXHDWRGDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHOHGHEH DJUHJDUYRFDFLyQSDVLyQODERUHQHTXLSR \H[SHULHQFLDSHUVRQDO ³3DUDVHUXQSHULRGLVWDGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ SULPHURVHGHEHVHUXQUHSRUWHURGHDSLH QDGLHVDOHGHODHVFXHOD\DORWURGtD\DHVWi KDFLHQGRJUDQGHVUHSRUWDMHVKD\TXHWHQHU H[SHULHQFLDHQFDPSRFRQWDUFRQXQDDPSOLD DJHQGDGHFRQWDFWRV\VREUHWRGRWHQHUHO ROIDWRGHVDUUROODGR$GHPiVKD\TXHHVWDU FRQVFLHQWHGHTXHHVWHSHULRGLVWDVDFUL¿FD JUDQSDUWHGHVXYLGDSHUVRQDO´D¿UPy /L]DUUDJDH[SOLFyDOJXQRVHOHPHQWRVGHO PpWRGR HVWUXFWXUDOLVWD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ ³ODWHRUtDGHFRQMXQWRVPHVLUYLyPXFKR SDUDHO&DVR0RQH[SXVHDVLHWHUHSRUWHURV DGHVPHQX]DUVHLVSUHPLVDVGLIHUHQWHVFDGD WHUFHU GtD GHEtDQ HQWUHJDU DYDQFHV SDUD HQULTXHFHUHOWUDEDMRGHVXVFRPSDxHURV 5HVXOWyTXHWRGRVORVUXEURVTXHFRQRĥ FHPRV FRPR IUDJPHQWRV PyYLOHV HUDQ FRQYHUJHQWHVHQWUHVt´ 7DPELpQFRQVLGHUyTXHHOiUEROJHQHDĥ OyJLFRHVXQDKHUUDPLHQWDPX\LPSRUWDQWH SDUDDPDUUDUFDERVSXHVKD\TXHFRQRFHU HO FtUFXOR IDPLOLDU \ GH WUDEDMR GH FDGD VXMHWR EDMR LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SHULRGtVWLFD ³VLHPSUH QRV OOHYDPRV VRUSUHVDV FXDQGR QRVGDPRVFXHQWDTXHIXODQRHVFRPSDGUH \HUQRRSULPRSROtWLFRGH]XWDQRDVtHPHUJHQ ORVFRQÀLFWRVGHLQWHUpV´ )LQDOPHQWH VREUH OD OtQHD GH WLHPSR \ ORV FUXFHV VLPXOWiQHRV LQGLFy TXH VRQ WpFQLFDVSDUDRUGHQDUGHPDQHUDFURQROyJLFD ORV KHFKRV R IUDJPHQWRV PyYLOHV ³(Q OD &DVD%ODQFDKXERFXDWURODFRQVWUXFFLyQ GHODYLYLHQGDODKLVWRULDGHDPRUHQWUH³/D *DYLRWD´\3HxD1LHWRODFDUUHUDSROtWLFD GHpVWH\ORVFRQWUDWRVGH+LJDRVXV¿OLDOHV FRQ HO (VWDGR GH 0p[LFR \ HO *RELHUQR )HGHUDO&UX]DPRVODVIHFKDVLPSRUWDQWHV \WRGDVFRLQFLGtDQODV¿UPDVGHFRQWUDWRHO DUUDQTXHGHODFDPSDxDODERGDHWF)XH XQWUDEDMRGHDxR\PHGLRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ TXHDKRUDWRGRPXQGRFRQRFH´FRQFOX\y Daniel Lizárraga. Foto: Myriam Corte. 23 EU y Latinoamérica, rumbo a nuevas formas de entendimiento Myriam Corte I QDXJXUDGRSRU&ODXGLD%RGHNVHFUHWDULD JHQHUDO GH OD )DFXOWDG HQ FRPSDxtD GH &RQVXHOR'iYLODMHIDGHOD'LYLVLyQGH(Vĥ WXGLRV 3URIHVLRQDOHV -RVp /XLV 2UR]FR \ -RUJH0iUTXH]SURIHVRUHVGHORVFHQWURV GH5HODFLRQHV,QWHUQDFLRQDOHVĪCRIī\GH (VWXGLRV3ROtWLFRVĪCEPīUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHGLR inicio el I Seminario Internacional Las Américas después de la cumbre de Panamá: proyecciones y perspectivas'HVSXpVGHXQDVSDODEUDVLQWURĥ GXFWRULDVHOHPEDMDGRU/XLV0DLUD$JXLUUH UHSUHVHQWDQWH GHO &RQVHMR GH 5HODFLRQHV ,QWHUQDFLRQDOHVGH$PpULFD/DWLQD\HO&DULEH GLFWyODFRQIHUHQFLDPDJLVWUDO³&DPELRVHQ ODYLVLyQGH$PpULFD/DWLQDHQOD3ROtWLFD ([WHULRUGH(VWDGRV8QLGRV´ $ORODUJRGHVXSRQHQFLD0DLUDVRVĥ WXYRTXHKD\WUHVIRUPDVSDUDFXDQWL¿FDU ODPDQHUDHQTXHDIHFWDDORVODWLQRDPHULĥ FDQRVHOVLVWHPDSROtWLFRQRUWHDPHULFDQR \VXSROtWLFDH[WHULRUHQSULPHUDLQVWDQFLDHO DXJH TXH DGTXLULy EU GHVSXpV GH OD VHĥ JXQGDJXHUUDPXQGLDO(QVHJXQGROXJDU FRQVLGHUDQGR OD DFWLWXG TXH OD SRWHQFLD GHO QRUWH KD WRPDGR HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ /DWLQRDPpULFD FRPR XQ iUHD PDUJLQDO \ GHSHQGLHQWH FRQ HO FRQRFLGR YRFDEOR ³WUDVSDWLR´(VWRVHGHEHFRQVLGHUyDTXH SRU GHVJUDFLD ORV SDtVHV GH$PpULFD GHO &HQWUR\6XUQRKDQORJUDGRGHVDUUROODU Dagoberto Rodríguez, Silvia Núñez, Luis Maira Aguirre y José Luis Orozco. Foto: Myriam Corte. XQSDSHOLPSRUWDQWHHQHOVLVWHPDPRQHĥ WDULRLQWHUQDFLRQDO 8QWHUFHUSXQWRFRQWLQXyVRQORVSURĥ EOHPDVGHFULVLVSROtWLFDGHVDFHOHUDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD \ DVXQWRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD PLJUDFLyQFXHVWLRQHVTXHSRQHQ³HQSXQWRV VXVSHQVLYRV´ OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HVWDV GRV iUHDVGHOFRQWLQHQWH /RVFRPHQWDULRVDODSRQHQFLDHVWXYLHURQ DFDUJRGHOHPEDMDGRUGH&XEDHQ0p[LFR 'DJREHUWR 5RGUtJXH] TXLHQ DSXQWy TXH OD SROtWLFD GH (VWDGRV 8QLGRV KDFLD /DWLĥ QRDPpULFD KD WUDQVFXUULGR VLQ PXFKRV VREUHVDOWRVSXHV³HVXQWUDVSDWLRWUDQTXLOR \ VHJXUR SDUD ORV QRUWHDPHULFDQRV´ 6LQ HPEDUJRUHFDOFyTXHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDVt IXHXQVREUHVDOWRFRPRHYLGHQFLyODUHDFĥ FLyQLQPHGLDWDGH EUGHIRPHQWDUODJXHUUD FLYLO\DWHQWDGRVFRQWUD)LGHO&DVWUR /DUHFLHQWHOLEHUDFLyQGHFXEDQRVSUHVRV SRUFDVLGRVGpFDGDVHQWHUULWRULRQRUWHDPHĥ ULFDQR\ORVDYDQFHVSDUDSRQHU¿QDOEORTXHR RSLQyFRQVWLWX\HQXQFODURUHFRQRFLPLHQWR GHO IUDFDVR GH OD SROtWLFD HVWDGRXQLGHQVH KDFLD OD LVOD ³&XED HV XQ HMHPSOR GH UHVLVĥ WHQFLDDODSROtWLFDGHEUTXHYLYHXQDQXHYD pSRFDORFXDOHVXQKHFKRVLJQL¿FDWLYRSDUD $PpULFD/DWLQD\HO&DULEH´ Opciones europeas para combatir la crisis Elías Lozada “ /RV~OWLPRVFDPELRVVRFLDOHV\SROtWLFRV HQ(XURSDQRVHSXHGHQHQWHQGHUVLQOD FULVLVHFRQyPLFDGHHODJRWDPLHQWR GHXQPRGHORGHGHVDUUROORFRQXQDSHOOLGR PX\FODURQHROLEHUDOLVPR´D¿UPy-RVp'pĥ QL](VSLQyVSROLWyORJRGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG &RPSOXWHQVHGH0DGULGHQODFRQIHUHQFLD Salidas europeas a la crisisRUJDQL]DGDSRUHOCEP. 6LQHPEDUJRGHDFXHUGRFRQODKLSyĥ WHVLV GHO SROLWyORJR HV HO PLVPR PRGHOR QHROLEHUDO HO TXH KD WUDtGR FRQVLJR XQD VROXFLyQ³ODVRFLDOGHPRFUDFLDVHQHROLEHĥ UDOL]y OD L]TXLHUGD OLEHUDO VH VRFLDOGHPRĥ FUDWL]yORTXHVHGHEHKDFHUHVUHJUHVDUDORV YDORUHVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHODVRFLDOGHPRFUDFLD RULJLQDGRVHQ(XURSDDPHGLDGRVGHOVLJOR XXGRQGHVHYHODEDSULPHURSRUHOELHQHVWDU DQWHVTXHSRUHOELHQĥWHQHU´ /DFULVLV¿QDQFLHUDHFRQyPLFDVRFLDO\ SROtWLFDHQHVHRUGHQIXHRULJLQDGDSRUORV 24 H[FHVRVGHOQHROLEHUDOLVPRTXHSDUD'pQL] HV OD ID] FRQWHPSRUiQHD GHO FDSLWDOLVPR PXQGLDO ³/D VRFLDOGHPRFUDFLD HUD OD FDUD ERQLWDGHOFDSLWDOLVPRSHURDOVHUDEVRUELGD SRUHOQHROLEHUDOLVPRVHDFDEy´VHQWHQFLy ³'HEHPRV HQWHQGHU TXH WDQWR FDSLWDĥ OLVPR FRPR FRPXQLVPR \ IDVFLVPR VH RULJLQDURQHQ(XURSDSHURKR\OD8QLyQ (XURSHDSHUGLyVXFRQGLFLyQFRPRJUDQ SRWHQFLD HVWi VXSHGLWDGD D ORV SDtVHV FHQWUDOHV HFRQyPLFRV TXH VRQ (VWDGRV 8QLGRV \ &KLQD 8QD FULVLV RULJLQDGD HQ 1XHYD<RUN FDPELy HO PDSD VRFLDO HFRĥ QyPLFR \ SROtWLFR GHO9LHMR &RQWLQHQWH (XURSDGHEHYROWHDUDYHUORTXHVtKL]R ELHQHQVXSDVDGR´D¿UPy (OSROLWyORJRFRQVLGHUyTXHQRVyORQR H[LVWHXQDWHRUtD~QLFDGHODFULVLVVLQRTXH D FDGD FRQFHSWR GH FULVLV KD\ TXH VXPDUOH XQPDUFRWHyULFR\XQFRQWH[WRHVSHFt¿FR ³SDUDFUtWLFRVIXQFLRQDOLVWDVROLEHUDOHVHVWD DFHSFLyQHVGLIHUHQWH(Q(XURSDVHHQWLHQGH SRUFULVLVDOp[RGRGHSREODFLyQHQEXVFD GH XQ PHMRU LQJUHVR +D\ SDtVHV FRPR 0p[LFRGRQGHODPLWDGGHODSREODFLyQHVWi HQ HO PDUJHQ GH OD SREUH]D R OD SREUH]D H[WUHPDĨTXpHQWLHQGHQHOORVSRUFULVLV"´ $GHPiV VH UH¿ULy D 6\UL]D Ī*UHFLDī \ 3RGHPRV Ī(VSDxDī D ORV TXH FRQVLGHUy HMHPSORVGHODIRUPDHQTXHODFULVLVHFRĥ QyPLFDFDPELyHOPDSDSROtWLFRHXURSHR ³VRQ PRYLPLHQWRV TXH KDQ YROWHDGR D ORV SULPHURV YDORUHV GH OD VRFLDOGHPRFUDFLD VLQHPEDUJRD~QHVWiQSRUYHUVHVXVDOFDQFHV HQPDWHULDHFRQyPLFD6RQXQDSRVLELOLGDG UHDO SROtWLFDPHQWH KDEODQGR SHUR QL HO PHUFDGRQLHOVLVWHPDHVWDEOHFLGRHQ(XURSD ORVGHMDUiRSHUDUOLEUHPHQWH´¿QDOL]y Rusia, Alemania y México en el tablero internacional Elías Lozada “ 5XVLD QR ROYLGD TXH IXH XQD SRWHQFLD PXQGLDOVXREMHWLYRHVYROYHUDVHUOR´ D¿UPy$QD7HUHVD*XWLpUUH]GHO&LGMHID GHO ÈUHD GH 3ROtWLFD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG $XWyQRPD 0HWURSROLWDQDĥ ;RFLKLPLOFRHQODFRQIHUHQFLD³/DSROtWLFD H[WHULRU GH 5XVLD GHVSXpV GH OD GHVLQWHĥ JUDFLyQGHOD URSS ´HQHOPDUFRGHODV Jornadas sobre Europa. (Q HVWD QXHYD HGLFLyQ GHO FLFOR TXH UHDOL]DDxRFRQDxRHO&HQWURGH(VWXGLRV (XURSHRVĪCEEīGHOD)DFXOWDG\FX\D¿QDĥ OLGDGHVIRUWDOHFHUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRVREUH WHPDV GH DFWXDOLGDG GH GLFKD UHJLyQ OD LQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWD FRQVLGHUy TXH ³SDUD HQWHQGHUOD5XVLDFRQWHPSRUiQHDHVLQGLVĥ SHQVDEOHDVLPLODUVXUROJHRSROtWLFRGHQWUR GH (XURSD GHO VLVWHPD HFRQyPLFR LQWHUĥ QDFLRQDO\UHVSHFWRDVXOD]RVFRQRULHQWH /D SROtWLFD H[WHULRU GH 9ODGLPLU 3XWLQ HVWi EDVDGD HQ GRV SLODUHV HO GHVDUUROOR HFRQyPLFR\HOSRVLFLRQDPLHQWRPLOLWDU´ &RQ OD OOHJDGD GH OD GHPRFUDFLD \ HO OLEUH PHUFDGR D ¿QDOHV GH ORV DxRV 5XVLDHQIUHQWyXQD³WHUDSLDGHFKRTXH´ FRPR VXHOH OODPDUVH D ORV PHFDQLVPRV TXHLPSRQHQHO)RQGR0RQHWDULR,QWHUĥ QDFLRQDO\HO%DQFR0XQGLDODORVQXHYRV SDtVHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQHOPHUFDGRJOREDO pVWD KXQGLy OD HFRQRPtD UXVD ³VX LQÀDĥ FLyQ IXH GH XQ İ DOJR TXH QR VH YHtDGHVGHTXH$OHPDQLDSHUGLyODSULPHUD JXHUUD PXQGLDO 0iV GH XQ PLOOyQ GH SHUVRQDVPXULHURQSRUKDPEUHHQ5XVLD HQWUH\\DTXHHOUXEORQRYDOtD \QRDOFDQ]DEDSDUDQDGD%DMRHVWHFRQĥ WH[WRGHVGH¿QDOHVGHODGpFDGDGHORV 9ODGLPLU 3XWLQ VH KD GHGLFDGR D IRUWDĥ OHFHUODHFRQRPtDUXVD\UHSRVLFLRQDUVX LQÀXHQFLDSROtWLFDHQHOPXQGR´ *XWLpUUH]GHO&LGVHDSR\yHQODWHRUtD GHOSROLWyORJRQRUWHDPHULFDQR=ELJQLHZ %U]H]LQVNLDXWRUGHEl gran tablero mundial VHJ~QODFXDO5XVLDHVWiGHVWLQDGDDOGHVPHPĥ EUDPLHQWRSXHVGHVSXpVGHODGHVLQWHJUDĥ FLyQGHOD URSSVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQHVWDGR SUREOHPiWLFR VLQ DFFHVRV DO H[WHULRU VXVFHSWLEOHGHHQWUDUHQFRQÀLFWRFRQVXV YHFLQRV \ FRQ JUDQ DWUDVR GHPRFUiWLFR \ SROtWLFR %U]H]LQVNL VHxDOD TXH 5XVLD GHEHWUDQVIRUPDUVXPHQWDOLGDGLPSHULDO HQQDFLRQDODVtFRPRLQLFLDUXQSURFHVRGH UHIRUPD SROtWLFD HVWDELOL]DFLyQ GHPRFUiWLFD \ PRGHUQL]DFLyQ HFRQyPLFD DGHPiV GH DGDSWDUVHDOSOXUDOLVPRJHRSROtWLFRGHODVH[ UHS~EOLFDV VRYLpWLFDV ³3XWLQ GH QLQJXQD PDQHUDHVWiGHDFXHUGRFRQORVFRQFHSWRV GH%U]H]LQVNLpOQRFUHHHQHOGHVPHPEUDĥ PLHQWRGH5XVLDSRUUD]RQHVJHRSROtWLFDV\ PXFKRPHQRVHQWUDQVIRUPDUVXPHQWDOLGDG LPSHULDO 3XWLQ TXLHUH TXH 5XVLD YXHOYD D VHUXQDSRWHQFLDPXQGLDO´FRQFOX\yODGRFĥ WRUDHQUHODFLRQHVLQWHUWDFLRQDOHV México es un gestaltungsmächten ³0p[LFR HV XQD SRWHQFLD HPHUJHQWH XQ MXJDGRUJOREDORFRPROODPDQORVDOHPDQHV XQ gestaltungsmächten´ VHxDOy 5RGULJR 0DUWtQH]PLHPEURGHOD&iPDUD0p[LFRĥ $OHPDQD GH &RPHUFLR H ,QGXVWULD HQ OD FRQIHUHQFLD ³/D FRRSHUDFLyQ 0p[LFRĥ $OHPDQLD\0p[LFRĥ8QLyQ(XURSHD´ 0DUWtQH] H[SOLFy TXH SDUD $OHPDQLD 0p[LFRHVODFXDUWDSRWHQFLDPXQGLDOVyOR GHWUiVGH(VWDGRV8QLGRV&KLQD\-DSyQ \HOSDtVPiVLPSRUWDQWHGH$PpULFD/DWLQD UD]yQSRUODFXDO³GHEHDSURYHFKDUPiVWDO VLWXDFLyQVREUHWRGRSRUTXHVXFRPHUFLR H[WHULRUHVWiGLULJLGRHQXQİD(VWDGRV 8QLGRV\VyORHOİD$OHPDQLD´ (VWR VyOR SXHGH LU HQ DXPHQWR +D\ PiVGHHPSUHVDVDOHPDQDVRSHUDQGR HQ0p[LFR\HQORVSUy[LPRVGRVDxRVYHĥ UHPRVPiVGHODQDFLyQHXURSHDSRUWRGDV SDUWHV³9LHQHXQSURFHVRELDQXDODSDUWLU GHPD\RGHWHQGUHPRVIHULDV\H[SRĥ VLFLRQHVGH$OHPDQLDSRUWRGR0p[LFRHO made in GermanyLQXQGDUiHOSDtVHO VHUiORPLVPRSHURFRQQXHVWURVSURGXFWRV HQ WHUULWRULR WHXWyQ HV XQD JUDQ RSRUWXĥ QLGDG´0p[LFROHLQWHUHVDD$OHPDQLDHQ WHPDVGHPHGLRDPELHQWHHQHUJtDVUHQRĥ YDEOHVH¿FLHQFLDHQHUJpWLFDVHFWRUVDOXG LQGXVWULD DXWRPRWUL] \ DHURQiXWLFD H KLĥ GURFDUEXURV(OSXHEORJHUPDQRDVXYH] SXHGH DSR\DU DPSOLDPHQWH DO QXHVWUR HQ GHVDUUROORGHWHFQRORJtDYHUGH ³0p[LFRHVWiHQODDJHQGDDOHPDQDGH FRRSHUDFLyQSDUDHOGHVDUUROORHVWRTXLHUH GHFLUTXHHQ(XURSDORYHQFRPRXQMXĥ JDGRU GH SULPHU QLYHO XQ VRFLR SDUD HO GHVDUUROORGHXQDUHJLyQ\DQRFRPRXQSDtV DTXLpQD\XGDUHFRQyPLFDPHQWH´D¿UPy %HDWUL]3pUH]GRFHQWHGHOCEE. 3pUH] DJUHJy TXH ³HO DFXHUGR HQWUH 0p[LFR\OD8QLyQ(XURSHD¿UPDGRHQHO WLHQH WUHV FRQFHSWRV FODURV HO FRPHUĥ FLR HO GLiORJR SROtWLFR \ OD FRRSHUDFLyQ (QWUDPRV FRQ FDO]DGRU D OD OCDE SHUR DOKDFHUORHPSH]DPRVDIRUPDUSDUWHGHO JUXSR GH ORV SDtVHV ULFRV VLQ HPEDUJR QRORVRPRVQRQRVVREUDHOGLQHURSDUD HVWDUD\XGDQGRDRWUDV]RQDVGHOPXQGR QRKHPRVUHVXHOWRHOVLVWHPDGHMXVWLFLDQL VRPRVXQHMHPSORHQGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV´ )LQDOPHQWHLQGLFyTXHHODSRUWHHFRĥ QyPLFR GH $OHPDQLD D 0p[LFR HV VyOR XQDSDUWHGHORVEHQH¿FLRVTXHVHREWLHQHQ FRQORVGLIHUHQWHVDFXHUGRV\DH[LVWHQWHV QR REVWDQWH ³OR PiV LPSRUWDQWH HV HO know how,HOFRQRFLPLHQWRHVPiVYDOLRVR TXHFXDOTXLHUD\XGDHFRQyPLFD´ Aumentando: construcciones y puentes. Dibujo: Adriana Godoy. 25 Víctor Alejandro Ortiz, Andrea Hurtado y Domingo Aguilar. Foto: Myriam Corte. Comprometidos con el conocimiento y las ciencias sociales Myriam Corte T UDVHQWUHJDUOD0HGDOOD*DELQR%DUUHGD DO PpULWR XQLYHUVLWDULR D ORV DOXPQRV GHODJHQHUDFLyQĥFRQPiVDOWD FDOL¿FDFLyQ DO WpUPLQR GH VX OLFHQFLDWXUD )HUQDQGR&DVWDxHGDGLUHFWRUGHOD)DFXOWDG LQGLFy TXH ³SUHPLDU D ORV PHMRUHV HVWXĥ GLDQWHVTXLHQHVGHPRVWUDURQYRFDFLyQGH FRQRFLPLHQWRGHVDEHU\FRQFOX\HURQVXV HVWXGLRVFRPSURPHWLGRVFRQHODSUHQGL]DMH \FRQODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVHVPRWLYRGHRUĥ JXOOR\VDWLVIDFFLyQSDUDWRGRVQRVRWURV´ -XQWR FRQ HO GLUHFWRU SUHVLGLHURQ OD FHUHPRQLD &ODXGLD %RGHN VHFUHWDULD JHQHUDO GHO SODQWHO \ &RQVXHOR 'iYLOD $OPD ,JOHVLDV \ /RXUGHV 'XUiQ MHIDV GH ODV GLYLVLRQHV GH (VWXGLRV 3URIHVLRQDOHV (GXFDFLyQ&RQWLQXD\9LQFXODFLyQ\GHO 6LVWHPD8QLYHUVLGDG$ELHUWD\(GXFDFLyQ D'LVWDQFLDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH (QHQWUHYLVWDSDUDGaceta PolíticasORV JDODUGRQDGRVFRPSDUWLHURQVXVLPSUHVLRQHV \SUR\HFWRVDIXWXUR Constante y riguroso $Vt VH GHVFULEH 9tFWRU $OHMDQGUR 2UWL] $XQTXHIXHUHFRQRFLGRSRUVXGHVHPSHxR DFDGpPLFRHQODVHFXQGDULD\SUHSDUDWRULD DOLQLFLDUODFDUUHUDGH&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV\ $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ3~EOLFD³QRWHQtDHQPHQWH PiVTXHSRQHUWRGRGHPtSHURQXQFDPH LPDJLQpTXHSRGUtDOOHJDUDVHUUHFRQRFLGR FRQHVWDPHGDOOD´ 26 ³(V XQ RUJXOOR LQPHQVR SHUWHQHFHU D OD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO0HGHMDXQJUDQ FRPSURPLVR VRFLDO HO GH GDUOH OR PHMRU DPLSDtVDOJUHPLRDOD)DFXOWDGGHVGH FXDOTXLHUWULQFKHUDHQODTXHWUDEDMH´ &RQORVFUpGLWRVFRQFOXLGRV\HQSURĥ FHVR GH WLWXODFLyQ 9tFWRU HODERUy XQD WHVLVVREUHFLXGDGDQtD\DFFLyQFROHFWLYD (QVXHQVD\RUHÀH[LRQyVREUHODVFDUDFWHĥ UtVWLFDVGHSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQHOVLVWHPDSRĥ OtWLFRTXHGH¿QHQDXQFLXGDGDQR\DVHD GHIHQGLHQGRVXVGHUHFKRVUHVSRQGLHQGRD VXV REOLJDFLRQHV OXFKDQGR R WUDEDMDQGR HQODFRQIRUPDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDSROtWLFR HVWXGLDUODPDHVWUtDHQ3ROtWLFD$PELHQWDO HQOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&DPEULGJH 3DUDHOODKDEHUHVWXGLDGRHQOD UNAM ³HV XQ DEVROXWR SULYLOHJLR QR WRGRV HQĥ WLHQGHQ OD GLPHQVLyQ GH WHQHU XQD HGXFDĥ FLyQ GH WDQ DOWD FDOLGDG SDJDGD SRU ORV FRQWULEX\HQWHV /D 8QLYHUVLGDG OD KDFH XQR PLVPR SHUR HQ HOOD HVWiQ WRGDV ODV RSRUWXQLGDGHVSDUDGHVWDFDU3RUHMHPSOR HQHOLQWHUFDPELRD3DUtVTXHKLFHHQVpSWLPR VHPHVWUH SXGH PHGLUPH FRQ DOXPQRV GH XQLYHUVLGDGHV GH WRGR HO PXQGR \ FUHR TXHODUNAMQROHSLGHQDGDDQDGLHVLHVWiV ELHQSUHSDUDGR\VLORVDEHVDSURYHFKDU´ Dedicada y meticulosa $QGUHD+XUWDGRVHJUDGXyGHODHGXFDFLyQ PHGLDVXSHULRUFRQPHQFLyQKRQRUt¿FD\ FRQXQSURPHGLRVXSHULRUDPLHQWUDVTXH HQODFDUUHUDHQ5HODFLRQHV,QWHUQDFLRQDOHVVH FRQYLUWLy HQ DOXPQD GH DOWR UHQGLPLHQWR DOREWHQHUSRUGRVDxRVFRQVHFXWLYRV (VWRVHGHEHFRPHQWyDTXH³VR\PX\ GHGLFDGDPHWLFXORVDPHJXVWDKDFHULQYHVĥ WLJDFLyQ\YHUTXHpVWDVHUHÀHMDGHDOJXQD PDQHUDHQODSUiFWLFD´3RUWDOUD]yQFRQĥ VLGHUDDOWHUPLQDUORVHVWXGLRVGHOLFHQFLDĥ WXUDFRODERUyHQXQDDJHQFLDGH1DFLRQHV 8QLGDVHQ0p[LFR\GHVSXpVHQOD$JHQFLD 0H[LFDQD GH &RRSHUDFLyQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDO SDUD HO 'HVDUUROOR GH OD 6HFUHWDUtD GH 5Hĥ ODFLRQHV([WHULRUHV(QEUHYHFRPHQ]DUiD Insistente y tenaz 7LWXODGR HQ &LHQFLDV GH OD &RPXQLFDFLyQ FRQ XQD WHVLV VREUH ODV HVWUDWHJLDV GH PDUNHWLQJ TXH VH XVDURQ FRQ OD VHOHFFLyQ PH[LFDQDHQOD&RSDGHODFIFAGH6XGiIULFD 'RPLQJR $JXLODU VH FRQVLGHUD XQD SHUVRQDPX\LQVLVWHQWH\TXHFXDQGRVH¿MD XQREMHWLYRORFXPSOH³VR\EDVWDQWHWHUFR´ (O UHSRUWHUR GH GHSRUWHV \ FXOWXUD SDUD HO SHULyGLFR El Financiero LQGLFy TXH ³HVWXGLDU HQ OD UNAM PH GHMD ODV JDQDV GHVHJXLUODFDUUHUDDFDGpPLFDFRQXQD PDHVWUtD\GRFWRUDGR$SDUWHGHPXFKRV EXHQRV UHFXHUGRV WHQJR OD VDWLVIDFFLyQ GHKDEHUGHVWDFDGRHQODXQLYHUVLGDGPiV LPSRUWDQWHGH/DWLQRDPpULFD´ “En la medida en que sacan 10, nosotros también” Juncia Avilés “ <DQRVRQHJUHVDGRVKR\YLHQHQDHVWD FHUHPRQLD FRPR OLFHQFLDGRV´ H[SUHVy &DUROD *DUFtD FRRUGLQDGRUD GHO CECC D ORVDOXPQRVTXHVHUHXQLHURQĦDFRPĥ SDxDGRV SRU VXV SDGUHVĦ HQ HO DXGLWRULR 5LFDUGR )ORUHV 0DJyQ HQ RFDVLyQ GH OD FHUHPRQLDGHHQWUHJDGHUHFRQRFLPLHQWRV DHVWXGLDQWHVTXHREWXYLHURQHOWtWXORHQ &LHQFLDV GH OD &RPXQLFDFLyQ PHGLDQWH WUHVQXHYDVPRGDOLGDGHV7RWDOLGDGGHFUpĥ GLWRV\DOWRQLYHODFDGpPLFR$PSOLDFLyQ\ SURIXQGL]DFLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\(VSHĥ FLDOL]DFLyQPHGLDQWHHVWXGLRVGH3RVJUDGR $GHPiVGH*DUFtDSUHVLGLHURQHODFWR )HUQDQGR&DVWDxHGDGLUHFWRUGHOD)DFXOWDG &RQVXHOR 'iYLOD MHID GH OD 'LYLVLyQ GH (VWXGLRV 3URIHVLRQDOHV /RXUGHV 'XUiQ MHID GHO 6LVWHPD 8QLYHUVLGDG $ELHUWD \ (GXFDFLyQD'LVWDQFLDĪSUA\EDīDVtFRPR *HUDUGR 'RUDQWHV 5RGROIR 0RQUR\ 2WKyQ&DPDFKR)UDQFLVFD5REOHV\-RUJH $UWXUR &DVWLOOR PLHPEURV GHO &RPLWp $FDGpPLFRGH7LWXODFLyQGHOCECC. (O SURIHVRU 1DSROHyQ *ORNQHU TXLHQ IXQJLyFRPRPDHVWURGHFHUHPRQLDVLQLFLyHO HYHQWRVXEUD\DQGRODUHOHYDQFLDGHODVQXHYDV PRGDOLGDGHVGHWLWXODFLyQSDUDORVWUHVPLO DOXPQRVGH&LHQFLDVGHOD&RPXQLFDFLyQ TXHDFWXDOPHQWHUHSUHVHQWDQHOİGHOD SREODFLyQHVWXGLDQWLOGHOSODQWHO $O UHVSHFWR *DUFtD H[SOLFy TXH HVWD FHUHPRQLDEXVFDGDUHOFDORU\FRORUGHOR TXHLPSOLFDXQDJUDGXDFLyQ³HVPX\IUtRLU SRU HO WtWXOR D OD YHQWDQLOOD (V XQ JXVWR YHUORVDTXtJUDGXDGRVSXHVWDPELpQHVOD FULVWDOL]DFLyQDODFRQVWDQFLD\GHGLFDFLyQ TXHSXVLHURQDVXVHVWXGLRV´ /D FRRUGLQDGRUD KL]R KLQFDSLp HQ ³HO HVIXHU]RTXHFRQOOHYyRIUHFHUDOWHUQDWLYDV SDUD TXH ORV FRPXQLFyORJRV VH LQWHJUHQ D OD IXHU]D GH WUDEDMR FRQ VX WtWXOR HQ OD PDQR $GHPiV GH LQFHQWLYDU \ HVWLPXODU ODWLWXODFLyQODVQXHYDVPRGDOLGDGHVHVWDUiQ HQUHYLVLyQFRQVWDQWHSRUORFXDOPHUHFHQ IHOLFLWDFLyQ WDPELpQ ORV SURIHVRUHV TXH SDUWLFLSDURQFRQHQWXVLDVPRHLQWHUpV´ $GHPiVH[SUHVyDORVSDGUHVGHORVDKRUD OLFHQFLDGRV TXH ³OD REWHQFLyQ GHO WtWXOR UHSUHVHQWDXQORJURQRVyORSRUDVLVWLUD FODVHVSXHVWXYLHURQTXHUHDOL]DUHOVHUYLFLR VRFLDOSDUWLFLSDUHQPRYLOLGDGDFDGpPLFD \ HQ SUR\HFWRV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ OR FXDO VLJQL¿FDXQFUHFLPLHQWRFRPRHVWXGLDQWHV \SHUVRQDVGHOLQHDPHMRUVXH[SHFWDWLYDD IXWXUR DVt FRPR OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG SDUD DFWXDOL]DUVHFRQVWDQWHPHQWH´ &RPR UHSUHVHQWDQWH GHO FRPLWp DFDĥ GpPLFR*HUDUGR'RUDQWHVLQGLFy³QR YR\DKDFHUOHVXQGLVFXUVRVLQRDUHODWDUOHV TXHGHODVFRPLVLRQHVHQTXHKHSDUWLFLĥ SDGRpVWDKDVLGRGHODVPiVHVWLPXODQWHV´ $GHPiV VH FRQJUDWXOy FRQ ORV JUDGXDGRV SRUREWHQHUHOWtWXORGHXQDGHODVFDUUHUDV PiVSUHVWLJLDGDVGHQWUR\IXHUDGHOD8QLĥ YHUVLGDG³(VWRQRVGDXQJUDQRUJXOORQRV UHIUHVFD \ UHIXHU]D HO LQWHUpV SRU HVWDU HQ WRGRVORVIUHQWHVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODH[WHQĥ VLyQGHODWDUHDXQLYHUVLWDULDĩ4XpPHMRUHV HPEDMDGRUHVTXHXVWHGHV3RUHOORWUDEDMDĥ UHPRVSDUDTXHDxRFRQDxRKD\DPiV\PiV OLFHQFLDGRVTXHDSURYHFKHQHVWDVPRGDOLGDĥ GHVGHWLWXODFLyQ\DOJ~QGtDWHQJDPRVTXH KDFHUODFHUHPRQLDHQODH[SODQDGD(QOD PHGLGDHQTXHVDFDQQRVRWURVWDPELpQ´ Mención honorífica 0DUtD(QULTXHWD$ULDV(VFDPLOOD 0DUtD*XDGDOXSH*DOYiQ+HUQiQGH] *XVWDYR$XJXVWR*DOYiQ4XLQWHUR 0DUtD*XDGDOXSH*yPH]9HOi]TXH] 0DUtD(OHQD+HUQiQGH]5RGUtJXH] 'HQLVVH-HQ\WVH\+HUQiQGH]5RGUtJXH] 'XOFH0DUtD-DUD5H\HV 0DUtD)HUQDQGD0DUWtQH]5RGUtJXH] 0RQVHUUDW-RVHWWH3pUH]&DPSRV -HVVLFD9HODVFR2VRULR 0yQLFD0DUtD8UELQD5DPtUH] $JUDGHFLyVXVSDODEUDV0DUtD(QULTXHWD $ULDV(VFDPLOODUHSUHVHQWDQWHGHORVDOXPĥ QRVTXLHQFRQVLGHUyTXHVLQOXJDUDGXGDV SDUDWRGRVORVSUHVHQWHVOD8QLYHUVLGDGVH FRQYLUWLyHQVXVHJXQGDFDVD $QWHVGHSURFHGHUDODWRPDGHSURWHVĥ WD HO GLUHFWRU GHO SODQWHO VH GLULJLy D ORV SUHVHQWHV\ORVIHOLFLWy³DORVSDGUHVSXHV XQDSDUWHGHHVWDFHUHPRQLDOHVFRPSHWH WDPELpQDXVWHGHVDO&RPLWp$FDGpPLFR\DO &RQVHMR7pFQLFR TXH QRWy TXH ODV QXHYDV PRGDOLGDGHVHUDQXQDRSFLyQPX\KRQURVD GH WLWXODFLyQ \ D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV \D TXH WRGRORTXHKDFHPRVHVSRUXVWHGHVVRQOD UD]yQGHVHUGHHVWD)DFXOWDG\8QLYHUVLGDG´ &DVWDxHGDOHVHORJLy³GHODPLVPDIRUPD TXHKDFHXQRVDxRVHQVXELHQYHQLGDSRU KDEHU HOHJLGR D OD UNAM ĦOD XQLYHUVLGDG PiV LPSRUWDQWH GHO SDtV QR HV SRU SUHĥ VXPLUĦ\SRUHVWXGLDUHQXQDIDFXOWDGGH FLHQFLDV VRFLDOHV SXHV HVR VXSRQH XQD YRFDFLyQGLVWLQWDGHTXHUHUHVFULELUWUDQVĥ PLWLUFRPXQLFDUGDUWHVWLPRQLR\FRQWDU HOPXQGRHQTXHYLYHQ3HURWDPELpQORV DSODXGR DKRUD SRU WHQHU OD FRQYLFFLyQ SRU FXPSOLU FRQ OR TXH VH HVSHUDED GH XVWHGHV\FRQVXVSURSLRVREMHWLYRV´ Primera foto como licenciados. Foto: Juncia Avilés. 27 Aprendizaje colaborativo en el foro del IEDF Leticia Martínez P URYHFKRVRHMHUFLFLRSUiFWLFRHIHFWXDURQ DOXPQRVGHVH[WRVHPHVWUHGHODFDUUHUD GH&LHQFLD3ROtWLFDDOSDUWLFLSDUHQMXQLR SDVDGR HQ HO IRUR Proyectos de presupuesto participativo como perspectiva de juventudes RUJDQL]DGRSRUHO,QVWLWXWR(OHFWRUDOGHO 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO ĪIEDFī (Q GLFKR HVSDFLR GH UHIOH[LyQ ORV HVWXGLDQWHV SXGLHURQ FRPSOHPHQWDUVXIRUPDFLyQFXUULFXODUDO WLHPSRTXHDFHUFDUVHDODVSUREOHPiWLFDV VRFLDOHVUHDOHVH[SUHVDURQ0DUtD6ROHGDG 5RGUtJXH]\7DQLD,OLiQ5RVDOHVGRVGH ODVSDUWLFLSDQWHVTXHFRQYHUVDURQFRQ Gaceta PolíticasVREUHVXH[SHULHQFLD ¿Qué las motivó a participar? 6HWUDWyGHXQHQFXHQWURHQHOFXDOVHSUHĥ VHQWDURQSUR\HFWRV VREUHFyPRYHPRVORV MyYHQHV ODV SUREOHPiWLFDV GH OD &LXGDG \ GH VXV FRORQLDV \ TXp SURSRQHPRV FRPR XQLYHUVLWDULRVGHOiUHDGHFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV GH FXDOTXLHU JUDGR DFDGpPLFR )XH XQ LQĥ FHQWLYR SDUD GDU D FRQRFHU QXHVWUD YR] \ FRODERUDUFRQDOWHUQDWLYDVSURSLDV /R TXH KLFLPRV IXH SRQHU HQ SUiFWLFD ORDSUHQGLGRHQOD)DFXOWDGLQYHVWLJDPRV\ HODERUDPRVXQGLDJQyVWLFRORPiVUHDOSRĥ VLEOH$GHPiVODSURIHVRUD.DUOD9DOYHUGH QRV D\XGy D SUHSDUDU ORV DVSHFWRV PHWRĥ GROyJLFRVDVtFRPRHOJUDGRGHYLDELOLGDG HLPSDFWRWpFQLFR\OHJDOGHORVSUR\HFWRV 1XHVWUDYHQWDMDIXHSHUWHQHFHUDXQD LQVWLWXFLyQTXHQRVGRWDGHFDSDFLGDGHV\ KDELOLGDGHVSDUDKDFHUXQDHYDOXDFLyQDVt FRPRGHOLQHDUUXWDVIDFWLEOHVGHWUDEDMR 3UHVHQWDPRVORVSUR\HFWRVPrevención del delito y desarrollo social. Propuesta de biblioteca infantil\Mejoramiento de la imagen urbana del Pueblo de San Lorenzo Tezonco, en Iztapalapa. (Q QRYLHPEUH SUy[LPR ORV FLXGDGDQRV YRWDUiQ SRU DTXHO TXH FRQVLGHUHQ PiV FRQYHQLHQWHSDUDVXFRPXQLGDG0LHQWUDV WDQWRVHJXLUHPRVWUDEDMDQGRHQHOORV ¿Qué estrategias aprendidas pueden aplicarse en la Universidad? (VQHFHVDULRTXHDODHQVHxDQ]DGHQXHVWURV EXHQRVGRFHQWHVVHDxDGDQPiVHMHUFLFLRV SUiFWLFRVGHDFHUFDPLHQWRFRQODUHDOLGDG\ GHPD\RUFRPSURPLVRFRQODPLVPD(VWH IRURFRDG\XYyDSHUFDWDUQRVGHODLPSRUĥ WDQFLDGHDUWLFXODUDFWRUHV\GHDSURYHFKDU HOFRQRFLPLHQWRWHyULFRFRQHOTXHFRQĥ WDPRV SHUR WDPELpQ GH JHQHUDU UHGHV \ WHQHUODFDSDFLGDGGHRUJDQL]DUQRVQRVyOR FRQFRPSDxHURVGHFODVHVLQRFRQLQVWDQĥ FLDVH[WHUQDVDODDFDGHPLD $OJR PX\ UHOHYDQWH DGHPiV HV OD LQVĥ WUXPHQWDFLyQGHHVWUDWHJLDVSRUTXHSRGHĥ PRVWHQHUPX\EXHQDVLGHDVSHURQRVDEHU FyPR DSOLFDUODV D TXLpQ GLULJLUQRV FRQ TXLpQ HVWDEOHFHU DOLDQ]DV 'HEHPRV KDFHU EXHQDV FUtWLFDV GH DFXHUGR FRQ OD WHRUtD SHUR WDPELpQ DFHUFDUQRV D OD SREODFLyQ \ HMHFXWDULQLFLDWLYDV/RVSROLWyORJRVWHQHPRV XQDJDPDGHSRVLELOLGDGHVPX\DPSOLDSDUD HVWUHFKDUHOQH[RFRQODSREODFLyQ /DHVWUDWHJLDHVHOSXQWRQRGDOVDEHU SODQWHDU \ H[SOLFDU XQ KHFKR HV YLWDO SHURWDPELpQORHVOOHYDUORDODSUiFWLFD\ María Soledad Rodríguez y Tania Illian Rosales. Foto: Myriam Corte. 28 EXVFDUXQUHVXOWDGR3RUHMHPSORWRPDU FRQFLHQFLD GH TXH FRQ XQLGDG SRGHPRV GHFLGLU PHMRU FyPR KDFHU IUHQWH D SURĥ EOHPiWLFDVSODQWHDUWiFWLFDVLPSOHPHQĥ WDUODV\DOFDQ]DUREMHWLYRV(QFRQFUHWR VHUPiVFUtWLFRVTXHFULWLFRQHV 3UHSDUDU ORV SUR\HFWRV SDUD HVWH IRUR QRVUHPXQHUyFRQODH[SHULHQFLD\ODVDWLVĥ IDFFLyQGH³VDEHUKDFHU´SRUTXHDGHPiV FRPR FLXGDGDQRV WHQHPRV OD REOLJDFLyQ GHKDFHUDOJRSRUHOSDtV\QRHVSHUDUDTXH ORV GHPiV ORV IXQFLRQDULRV S~EOLFRV R HO JRELHUQRORKDJDQSRUQRVRWURV ¿Qué frutos les deja esta participación? (VWD H[SHULHQFLD IXH PX\ EXHQD SRUTXH H[SXVLPRV DQWH UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH GHOHJDĥ FLRQHVFRPLWpVFLXGDGDQRV\HOHTXLSRGHO IEDFHQWUHRWURV$VLPLVPRODVGLVHUWDFLRQHV VHWUDQVPLWLHURQHQGLUHFWRSRULQWHUQHW 3HUR OR PiV LPSRUWDQWH IXH TXH OD GHIHQVDTXHKLFLPRVGHQXHVWURVWUDEDMRV IXHPX\SRVLWLYD6DEtDPRVGHORTXHHVĥ WiEDPRVKDEODQGR\FXDQGRXQRGRPLQD XQ WHPD HV PX\ VHQFLOOR WUDQVPLWLUOR (QOD)DFXOWDGQRVSURYHHQGHODVKHUUDĥ PLHQWDV QHFHVDULDV SDUD GHVHQYROYHUQRV DQWH FXDOTXLHU UHFHSWRU \ PiV D~Q FRQ ODGLQiPLFDTXHOOHYDPRVHQODVFODVHVGH SDUWLFLSDU\SURSRQHUHQWRGRPRPHQWR /RVFRQRFLPLHQWRVREWHQLGRVIXHURQOD EDVH SHUR QRV DWUHYLPRV D VDOLU GH OD FRĥ PRGLGDGGHODXOD\QRVyORKDEODUDQWHORV FRPSDxHURV)XHXQDWDUHDSURIHVLRQDOTXH QRVSHUPLWLyUHFRQRFHUFRVDVTXHSXGLPRV KDEHUKHFKRPHMRUTXHQRVUHFRUGyODLPĥ SRUWDQFLDGHODSUiFWLFD\QRVFRQ¿UPyHO GRPLQLRTXHWHQHPRVGHOHVFHQDULR 1RV HQULTXHFLy PXFKR OD UHWURDOLĥ PHQWDFLyQSXHVORVSUR\HFWRVVHSHUIHFĥ FLRQDURQFRQODVH[SHULHQFLDVGHTXLHQHV KDEtDQSDUWLFLSDGRHQRFDVLRQHVDQWHULRUHV 3HURVREUHWRGRIXHXQDFHUFDPLHQWRDOD UHDOLGDGHVWXYLPRVHQFRQWDFWRFRQSHUĥ VRQDV TXH KDQ HMHUFLGR XQ SUHVXSXHVWR SDUWLFLSDWLYRJUDFLDVDORFXDOQRVGLPRV FXHQWDGHODVOLPLWDQWHVH[LVWHQWHV )XHXQSURFHVREHQp¿FR\FHUUDUHPRV QXHVWURV SUR\HFWRV LQFRUSRUDQGR ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV D ¿Q GH TXH QR VH TXHGHQ HQPHURVHMHUFLFLRVDFDGpPLFRV La dinastía Moreno. Foto: Lourdes Grobet. En su casa y con su gente Elías Lozada “ 3RUPLSXHEORKDEODUiHOGHSRUWH´HVHO OHPDGHOD$UHQD$]WHFD%XGRNDQJLPĥ QDVLRIXQGDGRKDFHDxRVHQ&LXGDG1Hĥ ]DKXDOFR\RWO \ GRQGH VH IRUMy OD 'LQDVWtD 0RUHQR GLULJLGD SRU $OIRQVR ĦFRQRFLGR FRPR HO ³$FRUD]DGR´Ħ SHUR IRUPDGD HQ VX PD\RUtD SRU PXMHUHV TXH KDQ SUDFWLFDGR ODOXFKDOLEUHHQ0p[LFR\-DSyQ(VWHHVHO PDUFR GH Arena Azteca Budokan GRFXPHQĥ WDO GH 2UODQGR -LPpQH] H[ DOXPQR GH OD )DFXOWDG TXH VH SUHVHQWy HQ HO DXGLWRULR 5LFDUGR)ORUHV0DJyQ\GRQGHVHGHPXHVĥ WUDTXHODOXFKDOLEUHHVXQHVSHFWiFXORGHO SXHEORPH[LFDQR\VHPXHYHHQWUHGHSRUWH WHDWURULWXDO\SURGXFWRWHOHYLVLYR -LPpQH] HPSH]y D UHXQLU HQ HO WHVWLPRQLRGH&LQWKLD(VWKHU5RVV\\$OGD 0RUHQRTXLHQHVPDQWLHQHQYLYRHOOHJDGR GHO$FRUD]DGRGDQGRKDVWDKR\IXQFLRQHVGH OXFKDOLEUHHQVXSURSLDFDVDGRQGHFRQVĥ WUX\HURQ XQ ULQJ LQVWDODURQ EXWDFDV \ VH IXQGyODHVFXHODGHOXFKD\GHER[2ULHQĥ WDO$Kt YLHURQ DFFLyQ HO 6DQWR 5D\R GH -DOLVFR +XUDFiQ 5DPtUH] 'U :DJQHU \ 0LO 0iVFDUDV HQWUH RWUDV PXFKDV OH\HQĥ GDVGHOFXDGULOiWHUR ³(V XQD IDPLOLD PX\ WUDEDMDGRUD \ UHFRQRFLGD HQ OD OXFKD OLEUH QDFLRQDO XQHMHPSORGHFyPRPXFKRVPH[LFDQRV VDOHQDGHODQWHVLQQLQJXQDD\XGDGHOJRĥ ELHUQR\QRVyORHVRHQVXFDVRFUHDURQ XQOXJDUEHQp¿FRSDUDODVRFLHGDGHQPHGLR GH XQ FRQWH[WR VRFLDO PX\ FRQÀLFWLYR FRPRHOGH1H]D´DVHJXUy-LPpQH]DO¿ĥ QDOL]DUODSUR\HFFLyQ ³&RQVWUXLPRVHOJLPQDVLRFRQQXHVWUDV SURSLDVPDQRVKLFLPRVGHDOEDxLOHVSORĥ PHURV\DUTXLWHFWRV$KRUDHOOXJDUHVXQD YiOYXOD GH HVFDSH SDUD OD GURJDGLFFLyQ \ HOSDQGLOOHULVPRKHPRVVDFDGRDPXFKRV MyYHQHVGHODVGURJDV\ORVKHPRVSXHVWR D KDFHU GHSRUWH´ D¿UPy 5RVV\ 0RUHQR TXLHQDFXGLyĦDFRPSDxDGDGHVXPDGUH\ VXVKHUPDQDV(VWKHU\&LQWKLDĦDODH[KLĥ ELFLyQGHOGRFXPHQWDOHQOD)DFXOWDG ³1RVRWUDV QR WXYLPRV RSRUWXQLGDG GHLUDODXQLYHUVLGDG\HVWXGLDUSDUDDERĥ JDGDVRGRFWRUDVĦGHVGHQLxDVKDFtDPRV PDURPDVGHQWURGHOULQJĦSHURDKRUDKDĥ EORXQİGHMDSRQpV\OOHYRPiVGHXQD GpFDGDYLYLHQGR\KDFLHQGROXFKDOLEUHHQ -DSyQ´H[SXVR&LQWKLD 8QRGHORVWHPDVGHO¿OPHHVHOWUDEDMR GHODVPXMHUHVGHQWURGHXQDPELHQWHFODĥ UDPHQWHPDFKLVWD\PLVyJLQR³1RVFRVWy WUDEDMRHQPXFKRVOXJDUHVD~QQRH[LVWHQ YHVWLGRUHVSDUDPXMHUHVLPDJtQDWH3HURHQ HVWHiPELWRQROHVTXHGyGHRWUDPiVTXH DFHSWDUODIXHU]DGHODVOXFKDGRUDV1RVRĥ WUDVQDFLPRVGHQWURGHXQULQJ\KR\RUJXĥ OORVDPHQWHSRGHPRVGHFLUTXHQRVKHPRV JDQDGR QXHVWUR OXJDU \ TXH HQ WRGDV ODV DUHQDV VH QRV UHVSHWD´ D¿UPy (VWKHU YLĥ VLEOHPHQWHHPRFLRQDGDSRUODSHOtFXODTXH FRQVLGHUy ³UHÀHMR GH QXHVWUD HVHQFLD QRV WRFDURQODV¿EUDVPiVVHQVLEOHV´ -LPpQH]WDPELpQDJUDGHFLyODSUHVHQFLD \DSR\RGHODDOHPDQD-DQLQD0|ELXVGRFĥ WRUD HQ &LHQFLD7HDWUDO SRU OD 8QLYHUVLGDG /LEUHGH%HUOtQTXLHQKDGHGLFDGRPiVGH XQDGpFDGDGHHVWXGLRDODOXFKDOLEUHPH[Lĥ FDQD6XOLEURY detrás de la máscara… el pueblo \HOGRFXPHQWDODioses de carne y huesoIXHURQ IXQGDPHQWDOHVHQODJHVWDFLyQGHOSUR\HFWR ³XQGtDPHWRSpFRQXQIROOHWRFRQODIRWRGH XQDPXMHUFRQODPiVFDUDGH$WODQWLVHUD HO¿OPGH-DQLQDHQFXDQWRORYLVXSHTXH TXHUtDKDFHUXQGRFXPHQWDOGHOXFKDOLEUH´ 29 Una orgía documental a cielo abierto Elías Lozada “ 3RUGLIHUHQWHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVQRVHKDEtD HVWUHQDGR KDVWD KR\ DTXt HQ &LXGDG 8QLYHUVLWDULD(VXQDFRQVWUXFFLyQGUDPiWLFD GH OD PHWDPRUIRVLV GH XQD SHUVRQD \ GH WRGRXQSXHEOR´D¿UPyHOGLUHFWRUGHFLQH (YHUDUGR *RQ]iOH] 6H UHIHUtD D El cielo abierto FLQWD TXH FXHQWD OD KLVWRULD GH PRQVHxRU ÏVFDU $UQXOIR 5RPHUR ĦDVHĥ VLQDGRHQPDU]RGHHQ(O6DOYDGRU SRUVXDFFLyQFRQVWDQWHHQIDYRUGHODSD]Ħ ODJXHUULOODDSDUHFLGDWUDVVXPXHUWH\HO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR TXH HQ PiV GH DxRV FREUyODYLGDGHXQDVPLOSHUVRQDVHQ HOSDtVFHQWURDPHULFDQR (OGRFXPHQWDO¿OPDGRHQPXHVWUD FyPR HO SDGUH 5RPHUR EXVFy HYLWDU OD YLROHQFLD \ OD JXHUUD D WUDYpV GH OODPDGRV FRQWLQXRV D OD SD] GXUDQWH VXV KRPLOtDV TXH HUDQ WUDQVPLWLGDV WDPELpQ SRU UDGLR 6HFRQYLUWLyDVtHQGHIHQVRUGHORVGHUHFKRV KXPDQRV\FURQLVWDGHJXHUUD6XLQWHUYHQĥ FLyQIXHWDQUHOHYDQWHTXHWRFyORVFRUD]RQHV GH FUH\HQWHV \ DWHRV SRU LJXDO ³1R KD\ ¿JXUD PiV LPSRUWDQWH HQ /DWLQRDPpULFD TXH 5RPHUR HQ (O 6DOYDGRU QL =DSDWD HQ0p[LFRVHDFHUFDDODDGPLUDFLyQTXHVHOH WLHQH DO VDFHUGRWH HQ HO SDtV FHQWURDPHĥ ULFDQR DKRUD LQFOXVR FDQRQL]DGR SRU OD ,JOHVLDFDWyOLFD´D¿UPy*RQ]iOH] /D FLQWD HV XQD PXHVWUD GH FyPR VH SUHVHUYDODPHPRULDDWUDYpVGHODLPDJHQ (OPDWHULDOWHOHYLVLYRGHFDGHQDVS~EOLFDV \ SULYDGDV IXH HVHQFLDO SDUD UHYHODU HVWD KLVWRULD ³6H HQFRQWUy XQ DFHUYR GRQGH QRKDEtDQLQJXQRHVODPHQWDEOHSHURKD\ SDtVHVTXHQRH[LVWHQKDVWDTXHWLHQHQXQD JXHUUD \ GHUUDPDPLHQWR GH VDQJUH VyOR DVt OOHJDQ ORV PHGLRV OD WHOHYLVLyQ \ DVt IXHTXHUHFRSLOpLQ¿QLGDGGHPDWHULDO)XH PX\GLItFLOSRUTXHHQ(O6DOYDGRUWRGDYtD SHUPDQHFHHOIDQWDVPDGHODCIAGHODXOĥ WUDGHUHFKD\ODXOWUDL]TXLHUGD\TXLHQWLHQH LPiJHQHVGHDTXHOODJXHUUDQRODVSURSRUĥ FLRQDIiFLOPHQWH´VHxDOyHOGLUHFWRU ³(V XQD RUJtD GRFXPHQWDO´ D¿UPy *DEULHO5RGUtJXH]SURIHVRUGH6RFLRORJtD GHOFLQHHQOD)DFXOWDGTXLHQIXHLQYLWDGRD FRPHQWDUHO¿OPH³El cielo abierto WHDEUH ORV RMRV WH PXHVWUD FyPR OD JXHUUD QR VyORHVWiOOHQDGHLGHRORJtDVVLQRWDPELpQ GH YHQJDQ]D 2EVHUYDPRV D ODV PXMHUHV WRPDQGR XQ SDSHO IXQGDPHQWDO SDVDQGR GHUHOLJLRVDVDJXHUULOOHUDV9HPRVODKLVĥ WRULD GH FLHQWRV GH YLGDV DUUHEDWDGDV HQ XQD JXHUUD GRQGH ORV SREUHV PDVDFUDQ SREUHVFDPSHVLQRVDFDPSHVLQRVDOJRSRU FRPSOHWRLUUDFLRQDO´ *RQ]iOH]DJUHJyTXHDWUDYpVGHVXGRFXĥ PHQWDOVHHYLGHQFLDTXHODVUHYROXFLRQHVQR VHSXHGHQHQWHQGHUVLQHOIDFWRUUHOLJLRVR HQHVWHFDVROD7HRUtDGHOD/LEHUDFLyQ³\RQR VR\FDWyOLFRSHURVLFRQVLGHURTXHOD¿JXUD GH5RPHURWHUPLQyVHQVLELOL]iQGRPHVRĥ EUHOD,JOHVLDFDWyOLFD´FRQFOX\y Everardo González. Foto: Myriam Corte. JDFHWDSROLWLFDVEORJVSRWP[ 7LHPSRGHDQiOLVLV #H[WHQVLRQ)&3\6 81$0SROLWLNDV SROLWLFDVXQDP SROLWLFDVXQDP 30 0LpUFROHVKUV 860 AM, 5DGLRUNAM La SCJN: sus ministros, la política y el agravio social México, UNAM-FCPyS, 2014 “ (V XQD HWQRJUDItD GH OD VRFLHGDG VL HO GHUHFKR DUURSD D ORV MXHFHV HVWH OLEUR ORVGHVQXGD´VRVWXYR-XOLR5tRVSURIHVRU GH OD 'LYLVLyQ GH (VWXGLRV 3ROtWLFRV GHO CIDE VREUH OD SXEOLFDFLyQ GH $QJpOLFD &XpOODUSURIHVRUDGHOCESGHOD)DFXOWDG /DSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODREUDIXHPRGHUDGD SRU 5REHUWR 2VHJXHUD FRRUGLQDGRU GH ([WHQVLyQ 8QLYHUVLWDULD GHO SODQWHO TXLHQ H[SOLFyTXHHOWH[WRFHQWUDVXLQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ HO SURFHVR MXUtGLFR GH GRV FRQÀLFWRV VRFLDOHV TXH HMHPSOL¿FDQ OD UHDOLGDG GHO 0p[LFR FRQWHPSRUiQHR Ħ$JXDV %ODQFDV HQ \ $WHQFR HQ Ħ DGHPiV GH DQDOL]DUHOWUDVODGRGHODIDFXOWDGGHLQYHVWLĥ JDFLyQGHORVPLQLVWURVGHOD6XSUHPD&RUWH GH -XVWLFLD GH OD 1DFLyQ ĪSCJNī D OD &RPLĥ VLyQ1DFLRQDOGHORV'HUHFKRV+XPDQRV 8QRGHORVREMHWLYRVGHOWUDEDMRDPSOLy 5tRV HV LGHQWL¿FDU FyPR VH GH¿QLHURQ ODV UHJODV SDUD ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GH OD PDWDQ]DGH$JXDV%ODQFDV\ODVYLRODFLRQHV HQ$WHQFRDVtFRPRXELFDUFRQTXpDJHQWHV SROtWLFRVLGHRORJtDV\SUHIHUHQFLDVRSHUDURQ ORVPLQLVWURVGHOD&RUWHHQHVWRVVXFHVRV ³(Q DPERV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV D~Q FRQ ODVLQGDJDFLRQHVGHOD&RUWHORVFXOSDEOHV TXHGDURQLPSXQHV(VWRVHxDODTXHORVMXHĥ FHV VH VLHQWHQ PX\ LQVHJXURV \ FDXWHORVRV GRQGHKD\DXVHQFLDGHOH\(QHOOLEURYHPRV Dialéctica de la imaginación México, UNAM-FCPyS, 2014 E OOLEURGH-DLPH7RUUHV*XLOOpQUHFRQVWUX\H ODYLGDGHOH[UHFWRUGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG\OD FRQWH[WXDOL]DFRQODKLVWRULDGHOSDtV'Xĥ UDQWHODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOWH[WRHQOD)DFXOWDG *XDGDOXSH 9DOHQFLD FRRUGLQDGRUD GHO 3RVJUDGRHQ(VWXGLRV/DWLQRDPHULFDQRV VHxDOyTXHDWUDYpVGHVXVFtQFRFDStWXORV HOOHFWRUVHDFHUFDUiDOLGHDULRGH*RQ]iOH] &DVDQRYDGHIHQVRUGHOSHQVDPLHQWRFUtWLFR \SOXUDOeVWHDGHPiVVHKDHQIRFDGRHQ EXVFDUXQSUR\HFWRDOWHUQDWLYRGHRUJDQL]Dĥ FLyQFRPRHO]DSDWLVPRGHOFXDOUHWRPyOD WHRUtD\SUiFWLFDGH³PDQGDUREHGHFLHQGR´ (O WDPELpQ H[ GLUHFWRU GH OD )DFXOWDG HV³XQLQWHOHFWXDOTXHSUHPLDODLQWHUGLVFLĥ SOLQDFUHHHQODUD]yQ\HOGHUHFKRORFXDO WUHVFODVHVGHMXHFHVIRUPDOLVWDVJDUDQWLVWDV \DFWLYLVWDV8QMXH]GHEHVHUJDUDQWLVWDDQWHV TXH DFWLYLVWD QR WHQGUtD TXH LQÀXLU VL HV XQ SHUVRQDMH SROtWLFR FRQ LQFOLQDFLyQ DODL]TXLHUGD R D OD GHUHFKD VLQR TXH VHD SURIHVLRQDO VH DSHJXH DO PDUFR MXUtGLFR \ JDUDQWLFHHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHORVGHUHFKRV KXPDQRV´D¿UPy 3RUVXSDUWH,YiQ*DUFtD*iUDWHSURIHVRU del CEP FRQVLGHUy TXH ³HV XQ OLEUR LPSRUĥ WDQWHSRUTXHUHYHODHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOD SCJNXQHQWHTXHWRGDYtDQRHQWHQGHPRV 6XSUHJXQWDFHQWUDOHVFyPRVHXWLOL]DHO GHUHFKR HQ ORV FRQÀLFWRV VRFLDOHV TXH QRVLHPSUHVHUHVXHOYHQLJXDO'HEHPRV SHQVDU\DHQXQDMXVWLFLDDELHUWDSDUDHVWR ODVRFLRORJtD\ODFLHQFLDSROtWLFDHVWXGLDQ FyPRSLHQVDQRFyPRUHVXHOYHQORVMXHFHV´ *DUFtD*iUDWHVRVWXYRTXHODREUDHV XQD DSRUWDFLyQ D OD VRFLRORJtD SROtWLFD SXHV ³DKRUD HQWHQGHPRV GH IRUPD PX\ FODUDFyPRODSCJNQRVHSXHGHGHVSUHQGHU GHOiPELWRSROtWLFR8QHMHPSORFODURGH TXH OD SROtWLFD FRQWUROD ODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV MXUtGLFDV HV HO QRPEUDPLHQWR GH (GXDUGR 0HGLQD0RUDFRPRPLQLVWURXQDEVXUGR´ )LQDOPHQWH&XpOODUVHQWHQFLyTXH³OD FODYHGHOOLEURHVODLPSXQLGDG(OHVWDGR GH*XHUUHURVLJXHLJXDO/RVDUWt¿FHVGHOD UHSUHVLyQTXHGDURQLPSXQHVFRQORFXDO ORVPLQLVWURVPRVWUDURQVXVLQWHUHVHVSRĥ OtWLFRVeVWHHVXQOLEURKHFKRFRQPXFKD SDVLyQ \ FDULxR TXH PXHVWUD GRV FDUDV GH OD SROtWLFD DFWXDO )XH XQD PDQHUD GH SURFHVDUHOKRUURUSHURQRVyORVHHQFRQĥ WUDURQFRVDVPX\GXUDVVLQRWDPELpQIXH XQDIRUPDGHGDUYR]DODVYtFWLPDVORFXDO UHVXOWy PX\ JUDWL¿FDQWH +HPRV GHPRVĥ WUDGRTXHHOGHUHFKRQRHVWiUHVROYLHQGR HOFRQÀLFWRVRFLDOHQ0p[LFRKD\XQDLPĥ SXQLGDGWRWDOODMXVWLFLDQRIXQFLRQD´ VHYHUL¿FDHQODVSiJLQDVGHOWUDEDMR´ DxDGLyODVRFLyORJD (QVXPRPHQWRHODXWRUH[SOLFyTXH XQDGHODVDSRUWDFLRQHVPiVVREUHVDOLHQWHV GH *RQ]iOH] &DVDQRYD WUDWDGD FRQ DPĥ SOLWXGHQHVWDELRJUDItDHV³VXFDSDFLGDG LPDJLQDWLYD SDUD FRQVWUXLU FRQFHSWRV HQFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV\UHHODERUDURWURVFRQHO ¿QGHH[SOLFDUTXpSDVDHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD \HOPXQGR7DOYH]ODVDFHSFLRQHVQRVRQGH 'RQ3DEORSHURORJUDUHFUHDUODVFUtWLFDĥ PHQWH FRQ REMHWR GH futurizar SRVLEOHV FDPELRVGHODUHDOLGDG´ $xDGLyTXHVXOLEURQRDJRWDODREUDGH *RQ]iOH]&DVDQRYDUHIHUHQWHDODVFLHQFLDV VRFLDOHVHQ0p[LFRSXHVVXSURGXFWLYLGDG QRKDOOHJDGRDXQDFDGXFLGDG³SRUHOFRQĥ WUDULRHVWiHQFRQVWDQWHFDPELR´ 31 Las ciudades imposibles. Violencias, miedos y formas de militarización México, UNAM-Coordinación de Posgrado, 2014 M DQXHO 5R]HQWDO ĦGHO FROHFWLYR 3XHEORV HQ FDPLQRĦ -RKQ *LEOHU ĦSHULRGLVWD LQGHSHQGLHQWHĦ \$QD (VWKHU &HFHxD ĦGHO ,QVWLWXWR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV (FRQyPLFDVĦ GLVFXWLHURQ DFHUFD GHO XVR GH OD YLROHQFLD FRPRIRUPDGHDSRGHUDPLHQWR\H[WHUPLQLR GXUDQWHODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODREUDGH'DYLG %DUULRVĦHJUHVDGRGHO3RVJUDGRHQ(VWXGLRV /DWLQRDPHULFDQRVĦ 6H WUDWD GH OD HGLFLyQ GHXQWUDEDMRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHOHFFLRQDGR FRPRXQDGHODVPHMRUHVWHVLVHQ&LHQFLDV 6RFLDOHVSRUHO3RVJUDGRGHODUNAM. &HFHxD VHxDOy TXH OD PDWHULDOL]DFLyQ GHOWHUURUHVXQDYtDSDUDHMHUFHUFRQWUROGH LJXDOIRUPDTXHODYLROHQFLDVLPEyOLFDPXĥ WLODFXHUSRVPHQWHVHLPDJLQDULRV³XQDGH ODVFRQVWDQWHVHQHOWUDEDMRHVHQWHQGHUSRU TXpODPLVPDSREODFLyQDIHFWDGDUHSURGXFH ODPLOLWDUL]DFLyQTXpVXFHGHSDUDTXHXQD VRFLHGDGYLROHQWDGDSDVHDVHUXQDTXHYLYH FRQXQLPDJLQDULRGHYLROHQFLD´$VLPLVPR LQGLFy TXH YLYLPRV XQ FRQÀLFWR FXOWXUDO HQHOTXH³VRPRVSRWHQFLDOHVYtFWLPDVSRU QXHVWUD IRUPD GH YHVWLU LQFOXVR VH KDFHQ UHIHUHQFLDVDODHVWpWLFDQHFHVDULDRDFHSWDGD SDUDSDVDULQDGYHUWLGR´ Narcoamérica 3RUVXSDUWH5R]HQWDODOXGLyDODYLRĥ OHQFLD HQ FLXGDGHV GH &RORPELD FRPR 0HGHOOtQ\&DOLGRQGHDSULQFLSLRVGHORV DxRV OD SULPHUD FDXVD GH PRUWDOLGDG HUDHOKRPLFLGLRDVtHQIDWL]yTXH³HOWH[WR GD SDXWDV SDUD GLVFXWLU \ FRQFLHQWL]DU VREUHODJXHUUDWRWDOTXHVHHMHUFHFRQWUD ORVSXHEORVPDUJLQDGRV´&RPHQWyTXH³DO KDEODUGHYLROHQFLDWDPELpQQRVUHIHULPRV DODVH[XDODODTXHHQIUHQWDQORVHQIHUPRV HQ ORV KRVSLWDOHV \ D OD SREUH]D HQWUH RWURV´(QVXRSLQLyQHOFDSLWDOLVPRHVXQ FULPHQRUJDQL]DGRHQWRGDVVXVFDUDFWHUtVĥ WLFDVSXHVH[SORWDH[SURSLDH[WHUPLQD\ KDFHOH\HVSDUDFXEULUORKHFKRVLQROYLGDU TXH³ODYLROHQFLDHVDQWHWRGRHVWUXFWXUDO \ VLUYH SDUD OLEHUDU WHUULWRULRV \ UHFXUVRV VHJ~QORVLQWHUHVHVGHOPHUFDGR´ (Q OD PLVPD OtQHD *LEOHU FRQVLGHUy TXHHOFDSLWDOLVPRHVHMHPSORSULPRUGLDOGHO FULPHQ RUJDQL]DGR FRPR FRQ¿UPy HQ WLHPSRVUHFLHQWHVODGHVDSDULFLyQIRU]DGD GH HVWXGLDQWHV QRUPDOLVWDV GH$\RW]Lĥ QDSD/XHJRGHUHDOL]DUXQUHFXHQWRVREUH ORTXHVHVDEHGHORRFXUULGRHOGHVHSĥ WLHPEUH HQ ,JXDOD *XHUUHUR RSLQy TXH HOSHULRGLVWDHVSDxRO-RVp/XLV3DUGRGXĥ UDQWHODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOOLEURTXHUHDOL]y México, Tusquets, 2015 HQFRDXWRUtDFRQ3DEOR)HUUL\$OHMDQGUD (OQDUFRHVXQDKHUUDPLHQWDSDUDQDUUDUHO 6iQFKH] ,Q]XQ]D HO WUtR IXQGy HO DxR FRQWH[WR VRFLDO GH /DWLQRDPpULFD HV SDVDGRXQDSURGXFWRUDGHSUR\HFWRVSHULRĥ XQ IHQyPHQR UHJLRQDO \ JOREDO´ D¿UPy GtVWLFRV 'URPyPDQRV TXH EXVFD contar lo que la gente hace y no lo que la gente dice. /RV WUHV VH FRQRFLHURQ HVWXGLDQGR OD PDHVWUtDGHSHULRGLVPRHQ0DGULG\HQ HPSUHQGLHURQXQYLDMHGHPLONLOyPHWURV SRU /DWLQRDPpULFD ³HVWiEDPRV KDUWRV GHQXHVWURVWUDEDMRV\GHFLGLPRVKDFHUXQ YLDMHVLQSHQVDUH[DFWDPHQWHTXptEDPRV DHVFULELUDO¿QDO(QWUHORVWUHVFRPSUDPRV XQ3RLQWHUTXHVLUYLyGHUHGDFFLyQ SDUD HPSH]DU D WUDEDMDU ORV UHSRUWDMHV DOOt FRPtDPRV \ YLYtDPRV \ OR TXH LED D VHUXQWUDEDMRGHSHULRGLVPRWXUtVWLFRVH FRQYLUWLy HQ XQR VREUH OD GLQiPLFD GHO WUi¿FRGHFRFDtQDGH&KLOHD1XHYD<RUN 5HDOL]DPRVORTXHPiVQRVJXVWDHVFULELU \YLDMDU´H[SOLFy6iQFKH],Q]XQ]D “Narcoamérica HV XQ HMHPSOR GHO QXHYR SHULRGLVPR HQ 0p[LFR XQ WH[WR TXH SURĥ GXFHHQWHQGLPLHQWR\DVXYH]HVSHUDQ]D´ D¿UPy0DUFR/DUD.ODKUUHSRUWHURMXGLFLDO GHVGHKDFHDxRV\HJUHVDGRGHOD)DFXOWDG “ 32 pVWHDFRQWHFLPLHQWRHVUHVXOWDGRGHORV SURFHVRV GH PLOLWDUL]DFLyQ HQ OD JXHUUD FRQWUDHOQDUFRWUi¿FR³OROHJDO\ORLOHJDO IRUPDQSDUWHGHXQPLVPRPHFDQLVPRDVt FRPRODIXVLyQGHOFULPHQFRQODSROLFtD TXH QR VyOR VH SHUFLELy OD QRFKH GHO VLQRGHVGHPXFKRVDxRVDQWHV´ (OWHUURUSUHFLVyHVSDUWHHVWUXFWXUDO GHO PHUFDGR GHO QDUFRWUi¿FR \ VLPXOWiĥ QHDPHQWHXQHOHPHQWRGHODJXHUUDFRQWUD ellos mismos. $OFRPHQWDUODREUDGLMRTXHHOSUR\HFWRGH 'URPyPDQRVHVXQHMHPSORGHTXHHOSHULRĥ GLVPRFOiVLFR\DQREDVWD³QHFHVLWDDVLJĥ QDUVH XQD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG XQ LPSHUDWLYR FDWHJyULFR'HPXHVWUDTXHODVFRVDVHYROXĥ FLRQDQFRQSHTXHxRVFDPELRVDSODXGRVX YHUDFLGDGHOTXHQLQJXQRGHORVDXWRUHV VHSHUPLWLyDOJXQDOLFHQFLDOLWHUDULD´ ³1R TXHUtDPRV KDFHU XQD REUD SDUD OD DFDGHPLD Narcoamérica HV XQD FUyQLFD FRQWLQHQWDOFRQXQKLORFRQGXFWRUHOWUi¿FR GH FRFDtQD (O QDUFR HV HO FRP~Q GHQRĥ PLQDGRU GH WRGR HO FRQWLQHQWH´ DPSOLy 3DUGR TXLHQ LQYLWy D ORV DOXPQRV TXH TXLHUHQVHUSHULRGLVWDVDGDUOHODYXHOWDDO R¿FLR³3DVDUVHKRUDVHQODUHGDFFLyQ QRHVERQLWRVLTXLHUHQVHUR¿FLQLVWDVOD SXEOLFLGDGGHMDPiVHOSHULRGLVPRHVHVWDU DOOtHQODDFFLyQVRFLDO´FRQFOX\yHOFRUXxpV (QHVDOtQHD/DUD.ODKUDQLPyDTXHORV HVWXGLDQWHVVHKDJDQUHSRUWHURV³SHURDXWRDĥ VLJQiQGRVH XQD PLVLyQ VRFLDO FRPR GLMR HO SRHWD0DULR6DQWLDJRPL SURIHVLyQHVGDUPHFXHQWD´ Alfredo Estrella Ronaldo Schemidt