Curriculum y Antecedentes

VITRAUXPERATTA
#522)#5,5-ª!24%3!.!,ªª
!,&2%$/ª%34%"!.ª0%2!44!
3DUWLFLSDHQOD)HULD1DFLRQDOH,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH$UWHVDQtDVUHDOL]DGDHQHO3UHGLR
)HULDU&yUGRED
(VWXGLR GLVHxR HMHFXFLyQ \ PRQWDMH GH ORV YLWUDOHV GH OD ,JOHVLD 0DUtD 5H\QD
%DUULR5HVLGHQFLDO$PpULFD&yUGRED
5HVWDXUDFLyQ GH ORV YLWUDOHV GHO %DQFR 6RFLDO GH &yUGRED SRU HQFDUJR GH OD
(PSUHVD&RQVWUXFWRUD³$QWRQLR%HFKDUD´
(VWXGLRGLVHxRHMHFXFLyQ\PRQWDMHGHOYLWUDOXELFDGRHQHO2UDWRULRGHO,QVWLWXWR
&DUGLROyJLFR0RGHORGH&yUGRED
3ULPHU3UHPLR&DWHJRUtD9LWUDX[HQOD;)HULD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH$UWHVDQtDV3UHGLR
)HULDU&yUGRED
5HVWDXUDFLyQGHORVYLWUDOHVGHOD,JOHVLD6DQ-RVpGH%DUULR$OEHUGL&yUGRED
3XEOLFDFLyQGHODUWtFXOR³9LGULR&RORU\3ORPR´HQODUHYLVWD³8WLOtVLPD1ž´HQOD
FLXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHVGHIHFKDGHMXQLRGHHVHDxR
3ULPHU3UHPLRGH+RQRU&DWHJRUtD9LWUDX[HQOD;,)HULD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH$UWHVDQtDV
3UHGLR)HULDU&yUGRED
5HVWDXUDFLyQGHODWRWDOLGDGGHORVYLWUDOHVGHO%DQFR,QGHSHQGHQFLDDFWXDOPHQWH
%DQFR%LVHOHQHOFHQWURGHODFLXGDGGH&yUGRED
3UHPLR 0D\RU GH $UWHVDQtDV $UWHVDQR $UWt¿FH \ 3ULPHU 3UHPLR &DWHJRUtD
9LWUDX[HQOD;,,)HULD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH$UWHVDQtDV3UHGLR)HULDU&yUGRED
5HDOL]DFLyQ\UHVWDXUDFLyQGHODWRWDOLGDGGHORVYLWUDOHVGHOD&OtQLFD6DQ$QGUpV
LQDXJXUDGDHVHDxRHQODFDOOH$YHOODQHGDFHQWURGHODFLXGDGGH&yUGRED
(VWXGLR GLVHxR HMHFXFLyQ \ PRQWDMH GHO YLWUDO ³&DPSDQDV FRQ *RORQGULQDV´
FRORFDGRV HQ ODV SXHUWDV TXH GDQ DO EDOFyQ YRODGL]R GHO 0XVHR (FOHVLiVWLFR 'HiQ
*UHJRULR )XQHV ³2ELVSR 0HUFDGLOOR´ DVLPLVPR VH UHDOL]y XQD H[SRVLFLyQ GH VXV REUDV
SRUHOWHUPLQRGHGRVPHVHV
5HVWDXUDFLyQ GH ORV YLWUDOHV GHO ,QVWLWXWR 2IWDOPROyJLFR &yUGRED %DUULR 1XHYD
&yUGRED%RXOHYDU&KDFDEXFR
5HVWDXUDFLyQ GH ORV YLWUDOHV GHO WHFKR FLHOR UDVR VHJXQGR SDWLR GH OD$OLDQ]D
)UDQFHVDFDOOH$\DFXFKRHQHOFHQWURGHODFLXGDGGH&yUGRED
6HGLFWDQFXUVRVGHFDSDFLWDFLyQHQHO&LUFXOR7UHQWLQRGHODFLXGDGGH&yUGRED
HQFDOOH2QFDWLYR%DUULR*UDO3D]
6HGLFWDQFXUVRVVREUHGLVWLQWDVWpFQLFDVSDUDODHODERUDFLyQGHYLWUDOHVHQOD8QLyQ
GH(PSOHDGRVGHOD&RQVWUXFFLyQ$UJHQWLQDFLWDHQ%DUULR&R¿FR&yUGRED
5HVWDXUDFLyQ GH ORV YLWUDOHV GHO %DQFR %RVWRQ 6XFXUVDO 1XHYD &yUGRED$YGD
+LSyOLWR,ULJR\HQ
(VWXGLR GLVHxR HMHFXFLyQ \ PRQWDMH GH ORV YLWUDOHV GHO7HPSOR (YDQJpOLFR GH OD
FLXGDGGH'HDQ)XQHV&yUGRED
'LVHxR\HMHFXFLyQGHOYLWUDOHQOD3DUURTXLD6DQ)HUPtQGH%DUULR/D)UDQFHHQOD
FDOOH&LXGDGGHO%DUFR&yUGRED
(VWXGLRGLVHxRHMHFXFLyQ\PRQWDMHGHOYLWUDORMLYDODOHJyULFRDO-XELOHRGHODxR
HQOD,JOHVLD6DQ-RVpGH%DUULR$OEHUGL&yUGRED
5HVWDXUDFLyQGHORVYLWUDOHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDODVYHQWDQDVGHO&DVWLOOR0RQVHUUDW
GHODORFDOLGDGGH8QTXLOOR&yUGRED
(VWXGLR HMHFXFLyQ \ PRQWDMH GHO YLWUDO ³&DVWLOOR GH 9LJDO]DQR´*UXSSR 6SRUWLYR
&XOWXUDOH3qUJLQH7UHQWR,WDOLD
5HDOL]DFLyQ\PRQWDMHGHO9LWUDO&LHOR5DVRGHO1RYLFLDGR&ROHJLR3DXOD0RQWDO
'LVHxRGHO,QJ5DIDHO*DQGROIR&LXGDGGH&yUGRED
5HDOL]DFLyQ\PRQWDMHGHODWRWDOLGDGGHORVYLWUDOHVGHOD(UPLWDHQ/D6HUUDQtD&DVD
GH5HWLUR)HPHQLQR2SXV'HL'LVHxRGHO,QJ5DIDHO*DQGROIR6LHUUDVGH&yUGRED
6HFRPLHQ]DHOGHVPRQWDMHGHODWRWDOLGDGGHORVYLWUDOHVSDUDVXUHVWDXUDFLyQGHOD
%DVtOLFDGHOD&LXGDGGH9LOODGHO5RVDULR&yUGRED
(VWXGLR GLVHxR HMHFXFLyQ \ PRQWDMH GHO YLWUDO ³6DQ -RVp 2EUHUR´HQ OD ,JOHVLD
3DUURTXLDO1XHVWUD6HxRUDGHO/XMiQORFDOLGDGGH&RORQLD7LUROHVD&yUGRED
5HDOL]DFLyQ \ PRQWDMH GHO YLWUDO ³ÈQJHOHV FRQ (VFXGRV´ HQ OD %DVtOLFD GH 6DQWR
'RPLQJRFHQWURFLXGDGGH&yUGRED
5HVWDXUDFLyQGHODWRWDOLGDGGHORVYLWUDOHVGHOD&DSLOODGH/D6DQWtVLPD7ULQLGDG
H[+RVSLWDOGH1LxRVFHQWURFLXGDGGH&yUGRED
(VWXGLRGLVHxRHMHFXFLyQ\PRQWDMHGHRFKRPHWURVFXDGUDGRVGHYLWUDX[HQOD
SDUWHSRVWHURVXSHULRUGHODOWDUHQOD,JOHVLD3DUURTXLDO1XHVWUD6HxRUDGHORV'RORUHV\
6DQ0DUWtQGH3RUUHVGHO%DUULR0DUTXpVGH6REUHPRQWH&yUGRED
6HFRQFOX\HFRQODREUDGHUHVWDXUDFLyQ\PRQWDMHGHGLHFLVLHWHJUDQGHVYHQWDQDOHV
GH OD %DVtOLFD 0HQRU 1XHVWUD 6HxRUD GHO 5RVDULR GH OD &LXGDG GH 9LOOD GHO 5RVDULR
&yUGRED
&DEHGHVWDFDUTXHORVWUDEDMRVFLWDGRVVRQVRODPHQWHORVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDHQWLGDGHV
UHOLJLRVDV\S~EOLFDV
"REVEªRESE×AªHISTØRICAªDEªLOSªVITRALESªENªLAª
EDADªMEDIAªYªENªLAª!RGENTINA
&XDQGRVHKDEODGHORVYLWUDOHVDQWLJXRVQRKD\TXHROYLGDUVHGHORVURVHWRQHVGHODV
&DWHGUDOHV JUDQGHV YHQWDQDOHV FLUFXODUHV FRORFDGRV JHQHUDOPHQWH VREUH ODV SXHUWDV
UHSUHVHQWDQGRXQDJUDQURVDDEVWUDFWDFX\RHVTXHPDDSHQDVLQVLQXDGRHUDODFUX]
HVWRV YHQWDQDOHV DSDUHQWHPHQWH GHFRUDWLYRV VLQ VLJQL¿FDFLyQ SUHFLVD HUDQ FRPR OD
H[SUHVLyQPiVRFXOWDGHORGLYLQRSRUHOORSDUHFtDOOHJDUODOX]GHOFLHORKDVWDHODOPDGH
ORV¿HOHVHVLQWHUHVDQWHUHFRUGDUTXHSDUD'DQWH³HOKRPEUHPHGLHYDOSRUH[FHOHQFLD´OD
YLVLyQGHOSDUDtVRDVXPHDO¿QDODIRUPDGHXQDURVDGHOX]ORVURVHWRQHVFRORULGRVGHODV
&DWHGUDOHVVHUtDQSDUDORV¿HOHVXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOFLHORGHORVELHQDYHQWXUDGRV
/DLQGHVFLIUDEOH&DWHGUDOGH&KDUWUHVFULVWDOHVFRQVLGHUDGRV~QLFRHQHOPXQGRIXHURQ
UHDOL]DGDVFRQPH]FODVDOTXtPLFDVDFWXDOPHQWHGHVFRQRFLGDV
/DVYLGULHUDVGHOD&DWHGUDOGH/HRQVHGLFHTXHHVODPHMRUFROHFFLyQHVSDxRODGH
YLGULHUDVGHOVLJOR;,,,KD\HQOD&DWHGUDOYHQWDQDOHV\WUHVJUDQGHV5RVHWRQHVHO
FDWiORJRGHHVWDVYLGULHUDVRUGHQDGRVSRUFLFORVHVPRQyWRQR\H[WHQVRSHURQHFHVDULR
SRUODGRFXPHQWDFLyQTXHSHUPLWHFRQRFHUORVQRPEUHV\IHFKDVGHDOJXQRVPDHVWURV
YLGULHURVTXHGDQGRHOGHVFRQVXHORGHVDEHUTXHODVYLGULHUDVGHOVLJOR;,,FRQVHUPX\
LPSRUWDQWHVVRQXQDJUDQPLQRUtDPXWLODGDSRUUHVWDXUDFLRQHV
&RPR DVLPLVPR VXUJHQ HQ WRGD (XURSD ORV YLWUDOHV GH +DPEXUJR \ (VWUDVEXUJR HQ
$OHPDQLD&RUN\&DQWHUEXU\HQ,QJODWHUUD6LHQD$VLV\2YLHGRHQ,WDOLD
/RV KLVWRULDGRUHV KDQ REVHUYDGR TXH HO DUWH GH ORV YLWUDOHV WXYR XQ ÀRUHFLPLHQWR FDVL
UHSHQWLQR\GHFD\yDOFDERGHXQVLJORHQHOVLJOR;,,ODVYLGULHUDVVHPXOWLSOLFDURQFRQ
VLQJXODUUDSLGH]
éHQXQDVRODJHQHUDFLyQOOHJDURQDODF~VSLGHGHVXHVSOHQGRUFRPRVLDFDEDUDQGH
GHVFXEULUODPDJLDGHODUWHORVPDHVWURVYLGULHURVFRPSXVLHURQVXVVLOXHWDV\¿JXUDVFRQ
XQD DXGDFLD MDPiV LJXDODGD SRU ORV SLQWRUHV SDUD VHJXLU GLGiFWLFDPHQWH OD HYROXFLyQ
GHORVYLWUDOHVVXQDFLPLHQWRVXHVSOHQGRUVXGHFDGHQFLD\VXUHVXUUHFFLyQSRGHPRV
GHFLU TXH HO PiV DQWLJXR GH ORV YLWUDOHV FRQVHUYDGRV GH RFFLGHQWH HV XQD FDEH]D GH
&ULVWR VLJOR ;, TXH HVWi HQ :LVVHPEXU MXQWR DO 5LQ HQ FX\R GLEXMR SULPLWLYR HV IiFLO
GHDGYHUWLUODLQÀXHQFLDGHORVPDQXVFULWRVFDUROLQJHRV(OGLEXMRVLPSOHODYLROHQFLDGH
VXV FRORUHV OXPLQRVRV FRQYLHUWHQ D ORV YLWUDOHV HQ DOJR QXQFD YLVWR HQ OD KLVWRULD GHO
DUWH GHVSXpV FRPR VL ORV YLWUDOLVWDV VH KXELHUDQ ROYLGDGR GH OD JORULRVD PDWHULD TXH
PDQHMDEDQSDUHFtDQHPSHxDGRVHQUHSURGXFLUORVFXDGURVGHORVSLQWRUHVODV¿JXUDV
VHUHFDUJDEDQGHGHWDOOHVHOGLEXMRSUHWHQGHPRVWUDUVRPEUDV\GHJUDGDFLRQHVDVtVH
HPSLH]DDLQVLQXDUODGHFDGHQFLDGHOR¿FLR
3HUR FRPR XQ IHQyPHQR FXULRVR HQ OD HYROXFLyQ GH ODV DUWHV FRQ HO 5HQDFLPLHQWR
)ORUHQFLDDVXPHODYDQJXDUGLDGHOFHQWURGHDFWLYLGDGHVGHVSXpVVHWUDVODGDD9HQHFLD
LQVHUWiQGRVHHQORVPHUFDGRVGHOUHVWRGH(XURSD2ULHQWH\HOUHVWRGHOPXQGR
(Q OD$UJHQWLQD ORV YLWUDOLVWDV TXH VH LQLFLDURQ FRQ HO R¿FLR IXHURQ PD\RULWDULDPHQWH
LQPLJUDQWHV &DWDODQHV KDFH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH DxRV DXTXH DOJXQRV KLVWRULDGRUHV
GLFHQTXHVHLQVWDODURQDTXtKDFHPiVGHWUHVVLJORVYLYLyVXHVSOHQGRUHQODGpFDGD
GHO
(QOD&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHVFXHQWDFRQXQDGHODVREUDVPiVKHUPRVDV³/D&DWHGUDO
6WHOD 0DULV´ GLVHxDGD \ HMHFXWDGD SRU HO 0DHVWUR$QWRQLR (VWUXFK XWLOL]DQGR OD PLVPD
WpFQLFDGHOHPSORPDGRGHOVLJOR;,,OHGHPDQGyFLQFRDxRVKDFHUHVWDPDJQL¿FDREUD
D
(QODDFWXDOLGDGVHUHDOL]DQLQ¿QLGDGHVGHREUDVKDVWDOtPLWHVTXL]iVQXQFDDOFDQ]DGR
HQODKLVWRULDGHODDUTXLWHFWXUDODVYLGULHUDKDQORJUDGRXQHVSDFLRSURSLRFRPRREUDGH
DUWHHQHVWDLQWHUPLQDEOHFRQMXQFLyQGHFULVWDOHPSORPDGR\FRORUHDGRSRUHOORFDGDGtD
DGTXLHUHPD\RUSURWDJRQLVPR\YLVWRVLGDGHQODGHFRUDFLyQPRGHUQD
%,ª6)$2)/
-ATERIASªPRIMASª
(VWi FRQVWLWXLGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRU WUHV HOHPHQWRV XQ YLWUL¿FDQWH VtOLFH XQ IXQGHQWH
VRVDSRWDVDXQHVWDELOL]DQWHFDO
/DVtOLFHDXPHQWDODGXUH]DGHOYLGULRVXEULOOR\ODUHVLVWHQFLDDORVDJHQWHVDWPRVIpULFRV
\TXtPLFRVGLVPLQX\HQGRVXIXVLELOLGDG
/DFDODXPHQWDDVLPLVPRODGXUH]DGHOYLGULRKDFLpQGRORPDVUHVLVWHQWHDORVDJHQWHV
TXtPLFRVSHURXQH[FHVRGHHOODRULJLQDHOIHQyPHQRGHGHVYLWUL¿FDFLyQ
/DVRVD\ODSRWDVDIDFLOLWDQVXIXVLELOLGDGODSRWDVDHQH[FHVRKDFHTXHHOYLGULRVHD
JLURVFySLFR
/D DO~PLQD DXPHQWD OD GXUH]D OD UHVLVWHQFLD \ OD SODVWLFLGDG GHO YLGULR IDFLOLWDQGR VX
HODERUDFLyQSHURGLVPLQX\HVXIXVLELOLGDG\SURYRFDHOIHQyPHQRGHGHVYLWUL¿FDFLyQ
/DPDJQHVLDDPLQRUDVXIXVLELOLGDGPiVTXHODFDODXQTXHPHQRVTXHODDO~PLQD
(Oy[LGRGHSORPRLQFUHPHQWDODIXVLELOLGDGHOEULOOR\HOSRGHUUHIULJHUDQWHGHOYLGULRVL
ELHQGLVPLQX\HVXGXUH]D
(OiFLGREyULFRDXPHQWDVXIXVLELOLGDG\VXEULOORLPSLGLHQGRODGHVYLWUL¿FDFLyQ
(OiFLGRIRVIyULFRLPSLGHTXHHOiFLGRÀXRUKtGULFRDWDTXHDOYLGULRGHOTXHIRUPDSDUWHHQ
HVWDGRGHIRVIDWRiFLGRGHFDOFLR
#/,/2)$/ª$%,ª6)$2)/
/DDFFLyQTXHHMHUFHQGLYHUVDVVXVWDQFLDVVREUHHOFRORUGHOYLGULR
Ï[LGRGHFREDOWR(OYLGULRFRQVRVDDGTXLHUHXQDFRORUDFLyQYLROHWDDPDULOOHQWRFRQSRWDVD
D]XOYHUGRVRFRQSORPRD]XO
Ï[LGRGHFREUH(OYLGULRFRQVRVDWRPDHOFRORUD]XOYHUGRVRFRQSRWDVDD]XOEULOODQWH
FRQSORPRYHUGH
2[LGXORGHFREUH(OYLGULRFRQVRVDRFRQSRWDVDSUHVHQWDXQFRORUVDQJUHS~USXUDFRQ
SORPRXQURMRVDQJUH
Ï[LGRGHFURPR(OYLGULRVRQVRVDDGTXLHUHXQWRQRYHUGHPDQ]DQDFRQSRWDVDYHUGH
EULOODQWHFRQy[LGRGHSORPRDPDULOORURML]R
Ï[LGRGHXUDQLR(OYLGULRFRQVRVDWRPDXQFRORUD]XOYLRODGRRVFXURFRQSRWDVDYLROHWD
DPDWLVWDFRQSORPRYLROHWDURML]R
3HUy[LGR GH PDQJDQHVR(O YLGULR FRQ VRVD DVXPH XQ FRORU YLROHWD RVFXUR FRQ SRWDVD
YLROHWDDPDWLVWDFRQSORPRYLROiFHRURVDGR
Ï[LGRGHQtTXHO(OYLGULRFRQVRVDDGTXLHUHXQFRORUYHUGHDPDULOOHQWRFRQSRWDVDDPDWLVWD
RVFXURFRQSORPRYLROHWDD]XODGR
Ï[LGR GH KLHUUR (O YLGULR FRQ VRVD SUHVHQWD XQD FRORUDFLyQ YHUGH ERWHOOD FRQ SRWDVD
YHUGHERWHOODDPDULOOHQWRFRQSORPRYHUGHDPDULOOHQWRRVFXUR
Ï[LGR GH RUR(O YLGULR FRQ VRVD WRPD XQ FRORU D]XO RVFXUR FRQ SRWDVD \ SORPR URMR \
URVD
Ï[LGRGHSODWD(OYLGULRFRQVRVD\SRWDVDDGTXLHUHXQFRORUDPDULOORFODURGHVSXpVGHVX
UHGXFFLyQTXHGDHQWRQRDQDUDQMDGR
&DUEyQ\D]XIUH(OYLGULRFRQVRVDSUHVHQWDXQFRORUDPDULOORFODURFRQSRWDVDDPDULOOR
RURFRQSORPRQHJUR
$QWLPRQLRGHSORPR(OYLGULRFRQVRVDDGTXLHUHXQDFRORUDFLyQEODQFDRSDFDFRQSRWDVD
EODQFDGLiIDQDFXDQGRVHWUDEDMDDDOWDWHPSHUDWXUDFRQSORPRDQDUDQMDGRRSDFR
,QÀX\HQPRGL¿FDQGRODFRORUDFLyQODQDWXUDOH]DGHOYLGULRODWHPSHUDWXUDODGXUDFLyQGH
ODIXVLyQ\HOJUDGRGHR[LGDFLyQGHODVVXVWDQFLDVFRORUHDGDVFXDQWRPiVEODQFRVHDHO
YLGULRWDQWRPiVLQWHQVDVHUiODFRORUDFLyQ\YLFHYHUVD
/RVSULQFLSDOHVy[LGRVHPSOHDGRVSDUDFRORUHDUORVYLGULRVVRQORVVLJXLHQWHV
Ï[LGRGHFREUH\VDOHVGHRUR URMR\URVD
Ï[LGRGHFREDOWR
$]XO
%Ly[LGRGHPDQJDQHVR YLROHWD
%Ly[LGRGHFREUH
D]XOFHOHVWH
Ï[LGRGHFURPRYHUGHHVPHUDOGD
Ï[LGRGHKLHUUR\SURWy[LGRGHFREUH
YHUGHERWHOOD
Ï[LGRGHXUDQLRDPDULOORFRQUHÀHMRVYHUGRVRV
#/-").!#)/.ª$%ª#/,/2%3ª&/2-!3ª9ª%3425#452!3
,!ª)-!').!#)».ª#2%!ª9ª2%#2%!ª#/.ª3%.4)-)%.4/ª9ª0!3)».ª
@+(55$0,(17$6
D75(),/$'25$'(3/202
E&257$9,'5,208/7,)81&,Ï1
F+2512(/(&75,&2
@&85626
@5(67$85$&,21(6
@75$%$-263$57,&8/$5(6
@(;326,&,21)(5,$ $57(6$1,$6